, v Fresh Order DeLinocy Differential ae a gael, an octene utferendt) equation tes Fanctional celatiog befween an unkee’ Panton y2 786) and tS dectvalwes, thet is, as aqutlion of the Rar Boece ayiito! TE the equliog fagsuen seve corel Aecivalves, itis ealle portal difforel enue order The ‘order of « EE fecedid easton ty the order of the \ashest- order ake aft ia the equation, where fre AL isthe ihcarder dwisiee of Siferenteh epson is efancton V4) ants Ake equation, seltsfier the eat doaiedly. Exerdnce vleautary cates sing dg fererdiel equstons exch aS Shesk aqy* pst in ge the sober of = fferead acon ot wt WE wigue Fer equation a3 vis easy te aheck that yore is a bee. Whed we a solvtion for any choke oft Fhe coastay cally hoe ack of fonctions, each 9 “die is a sebtion af the ged eqn, This ok of cploons is ceferced to as L aeloken off the caustion: he Sifferentel eqostions encomnerta acelicstion dgchsche (or leonkegvah) an dank dens park Of iat problem: Sey kane for * fanetion sctiefying ght Cleferesthl ewes atch st = Aypsvorad Engi Fett fay Set 7) Anin other constraint’, nq Mebfmebts Lewin Kroyer p ses ln Krayei, Linder sco fay recent, Hectrnarbil RD Peacean' | helen Yoo ‘ Men Yacvebles fp Sclonan, Resear Beech FivasbBraap 5% ; 2 . eal a ae Poe the ‘nikial-vdle grolelern She By eta enix 5 0x S400 yool=2- a there we seek a fantlinn a7, defined and diPferertiy | for x in the vaderval §— 06x 489, abich gebisfies the given IyEfarentid equation a8 ich as the initial contitien re then x20. We sill show M\ak -s* z= = © costk @) sgn selofien of he sshd vee glen staked equation a. ee yols Fat tad eer a fle uth conlition ia aatufieds Saeed, for the Pana ¥en afned @) yoo “Be ge %eysOK 4 BEB. TE Fallags tat bx) 4546) = 2 a7 stalin Ths, (2) is = colton of (Ay, as we be chine) Wher Faced 8th an sghiebvalue groklen, Wee Mak ta Beene abve we 9 ukerested in he, foletnd questins? NL De anbtens axst l Lp a, sebthe exists, | wf ovque™ Mon ts be Pound TF the abi Sata found exoky, cant . 3 tow isthe see 4 ye cenaentely a eroxiantea 5 Can peopertes of the wlotoas be found -unbhovt Berk obbdsay the whiten |Erengle Consider He initial-value peoblen , fae Jegidii,- 10.cxslOn® yer: Eq vhs case beth ee wk yee satisky Iiffecedtd equation and he gen wait candilien. the Thearern Lak Plug) aad YE be eastnuovs fonctions of oat ge defined by alxcbk, ogee age & of the plat of R, then Shece exists «utile sobtoa seme ce Te weg) i xy oe of the inkek vale greblen yl) = Plage) y yes de sigfereatiable Pen aalisfies the ohio aad \ ethich This sation is Nervd hex ort differential equatn js comtered inthe sabectsl adxch- ee eek re fakcent a of J=fixg) wie called its solofion. Any aenber of this set is ecled 4 rol Ae gartetlar solvfien. Tt frequent} hac eens Aha exeg alenent isan of tWs ack be of Phe form Y= eLxje) vihere © A Da this este, WE with adopt Hhe cysual tn same bn achiteary cantor yuk conevhat imprecise convertion, of calling yess) He geerel goblion of ye f 0g)- (o)=-4- Eaamgle dS ays 3+ bsink , 06tSAA yokes ae 2c cosak ter sith +? wasnt Soa 5 aa Se egauaacsrtertet a BS 2 gece ee gecantt wastButy cafe costh Gea sinth stat 4 Gey cast fepsta tk + 84 Bshk 4 2 trbsnt geceastt peysiathet ezaint tts celetion of the atferentnl equatin abuse. (generat Bellon)? the conker y(o)=> yields os ybl= cist earth Likewise, the cortiton ye)e-t yields yie) =-4 == 241 30 sitchen O14 TO “Azden 42 wa BA Solitiey y= -2 cost 3 lath aer 7st ( octal) 7 ‘soletion aiPherestal definition, dys y' de, of Hee see That the normal can be aitbien exsisabertly 96 Th we cecal the J Piest-order eh Vow Roetian y= 7) we deffacedal equal’ god Pengo), &y =P beg] dx Ta ack Pillows ote abil hoe ocensten Jy consider Uf fererttal equations of the form Uleg) dee Mlxg)4y = O- Chis MPfecential equation ts eqeiye fe the normal Pirstorde wchuevee N#O- equation yee Aves) a NG) | One case inwhich itis e983 jo save fhe equation Wlag] det Ning) y= orbs “hex HUxs) and Noi) ems each be factored alge racealy ido the product oft a Ructia of « only wd s Lackioa of oalys Sach equations are sald to be of the variables sepacable Aypr+ af Hg) = hts) 9) and Wig) = 60) S4) thenbod PORESERDSPIRIISSSTSSHSHHS HS EHOD Se RP Ba ea w www Whag)de-40 lag] 4=° ear be written as legs) Ant bx) 86) 457° vg eb) els Dividing Lath ales of the equebin aleve fo the eqielert ection hod s@)_ dee AOD arg SL dye ca) : 9) 4 fed and A eckan Gor otich Heeksngel tahoe” cubic con be iehegented Reeth Breage iad 34 olefin of He rakaleeke peel J dx—(gr Xs) ly = 9 yla)=-3- a boeg}ex — 36 sve) 47° (or ae Late tet 3a Since yU)s-3- Bak is, 9273 when x2 by dint= LGee)re go thet Le(te') = Lobe) tL = tes Set nee YWe-3£0F we most rite 4 bdyeo aoe ey seueel) +g = NC nol ne Aayey che 3° eye ae a 4 ar© yOn= xd diy dx = boy x a debe iatds dust ys x noth (taba ats ueEnact Dif farerbial Aqua tia s Vefiaiton “The differmbiel equation Mb dx#Nlxglés=o iagad te be exact if there ests a fincton ging) 5 Aly Org) = Max Nay LE wh a function exists, the eas cebces to dlylxyl)=0 ant He geval sslstion is glagl=e Unforhobely not avrg HF bert ts exacks but forvnabtly there Jron Haxeage® Viel equation HO Jdxe lag? ow gener exactnest based upon af ficedly differs Canction glag), the ial are equal, Flat 1s, : v3. 2¥3 & gery wyd¥ es Theoret “The firstoorder Nf fee ant Weg 4g = js exact ie a € fa md N hve costinaoss P* Jeivetues which sab F a4 at ay OK Ne ia the ght ia ane rector artie) opto Hal sists « fnck™o gd) Peaet Tf the equation fs exact, Hen Mere och thet E a jan NOG )g - "as geade Y= Me dy dB ‘3 Tt Follows shat CLPPPLERERITPR23 2328 “a aan. A 3 the Prskef these: aqetions ith cxspeck toy Dif Fereatiatiy and the second, with gabpedk he. % gields Bs, BH ow a ous In 9K aay 24 f the ficient bo gesrenbee Hhesrem ace of \) so we must he tyre) “ fee ee Hyl= & sige ta cg)= 389% é ay etleg)s 949 ely) = 3¥9 ae ' areeeyeed=? xB tyeelas Fg cays de Jae (aise sat gt) dy =? ‘a am 2M 25 eye Sia 0 dy" aus _ tiger 2043" ts not eek 28 son (often) ane rydye 0 iseak ox bet shat if ely og the equation Ly * \eals te aa exact eqtttons 2 cesvlbing es equation Cais called 9% saieegeat 9 factor for fhe giver eqtin) (itera) dor 945 = 2 soWwe aH on a ay aany nok 2% ck Lagos 80" t eek 23 kee axe Gee) eae fs geo) a5 ag fr Pardee NL) z =¥ ‘g)=9 eee 4 oi Ales ged ec) =? Babs y= 3 Show thet gegen ne ts not exact, bet Sh aie) a leads Ho an exact of ea Cap n CeeS 2 hry el aw eg pot excel 3m | teenMe dyenda = (2 c = (Bye) sega tape) 3 do 2 Bop ke 4e'ty) =Wbey) ty xy ey ave a fet) atyle- 4. cetyl=eg ol 3 ae gpl? ! 1 mye - yr Le te Exact Equations Equations Re duct Tris a fack Het vey Pidteerder i ffecedl equtin gs lxa) Le sled by reducing Losed Pare con ceaection oy melting TEMS apreeqeiste Fegeating Fackor Fer thak con be seuted in ol the equation te an exttt fabegeatig factor. Thay) ie cabled on M xg) axe NLag)dy =O if bhe ’ Both gard Se ccwe eth expnerh as eeetien ad tHe poder“ 9(48) Neches henegereous near equation La jgtdge ql Te SL mith fron ie eats peleed hee 16 qlxlzo. Ea BNE ose? he eats he veriables are pagans OM 3a cede? ts eqaulert 49 45 poder veh Aeectly #2 yeld s wd veo beara Dag afpdx= he The aa of whege* ahea ac Boe then aaeing fr tang fps) bx =bae Hey hee, COL s sa agenda Bal / Par conwtaione pode ee ) selena of y+ dade Sng oe and it follows ast Si. ane) ores c ecel calvon of 4 rr 20 is seus sce : ge Phas, the 3 wate Pht — ale bia ST Mles op He Memgesess nui tb a sear alle of the siktion gre FOI The wm of tee ot ‘ iy Fim atte ob Sf tt = oeIgdadve 38 bee i > parr aera Hin ge c ktcheis Fabing the git seetd de, ge 3 yields: freting ay sendin, | setae ae +ye es) 4 Atye tL a3] {meds haa tt can be obser ved that the Pancion ©, pebegesting Faber Foon Vhis eave aoacm a Fondion af x only, could have been si Gee Reiger, wan, Bara” Ud aide of Phe nedhenegeneent eqution, A enema Joab onal make exact « Hulkig'3"9 ie Smee Vode be sie the cight-bw 4 Be eaye th) a faction of x only, Pacts which adkes fhe benageneet eqn Fhe aethonegeeett equi, 4+ pidy 209, w aking | fader & Lg Bee inkage eg elelg ad pull fa ae dhe squstoa i 4 Sey oy artelfe e Jekions above, 8" secdx sped x ere, POG be). avd awhich, using the ealel Ta ar eenten es Cs ield de This eauchin con be stegeted Aveety by Setx)dx rr ge (Sea) 8 toe ac eqeivalatly pois ean yee Lerfe Mw de]: asian oy per taael “oP anunkin J gebtiog, y= € L le tiny coe hte The genes Sa getly 2404 euuts of ThE 9e Re tis ec sara aaa pectelae colon x : ote: ade, 4g Plxdda 5 2PM ade, of the nonhenaginenss ©The jwpectal facts be cones eqns sets eylee js nn tnbegentea see gare] L # Solve the iitialvalee prablen i sa = Baty es 40) plas conte hea ex aesdee” eel" bs a yotettee yo) > 1g Find Hhe_ general sabia 43, Ly 23x, Bee “cen ting Waenr Roca 13 spldis & sate I ae - 4 cyto] 2 pxtxtl] ged = patehaaere _ | pdatedie J we +)¥ Figd The general solution of gr Gr3e-g) 2 =o. sThia equablon ingot Wnear fn gy Che enuse Ae JB), bet kis Vrear ia Xe Rewriting eavaklen, 3 saith Fhe cales of x ont 3 4x derchanged, yields 20 fee (a3e9) Hoo ee The inteyrah apse 4x gle *5 2 [x3 3 yt fre ged poet Find a selvtion far the inital yalue, problen - at , te2 c 10, , Eo wlan & O° . ae oe ‘ Pecke operat bake echay eaten sismliaene 3 e fice 2 a ne Renters) fees? ese eae 49 ose esl Let] . 4 pe po (es im ee aero as (at4sfT = ds atts eee)” T =o8 res Foe) +e zoo bFe + a Essa gre est atat ox S.(0+5)" ee, eteThe gearcal sollien of the Vinear equalien aL 4 4 poly= a) % = Setq) dx Poof the Ferm yeSurde, where Shee solylisn of the aueclated hemogesent eqution and dix i GBP ( SOR ay dx is aw cartieler caloten peous eqyetion, 1s a gueeal 1 of the aca honage f he following pathid-valee protleas hy ae Fand solekionsae Fak solobins of the following inibial-value gre btens » 22 BB sees; Wen, at 429 oe fe ad die ttt ot! aes WD ote Bere] i etic pvetlen, Ne See dE ot No Noted «Pad gee sdvbioas Pe the Galloving easstions? Se fan x xp 4349 ver 4 wee ence “lL Alen ee gd 49 (ug) ax + Oye i: Akey xl =9 (Gt > i i 3 oe we [ets te £ Cus i: ysl i (ei) i aR te Ve= Ke deg) elt | fe gave (gee 2g Hel) 9™ 0 dx, Sef! oo Sy = OES is ars aesfecgsogd eere wey tet Pctorler evsten sehen treks col ta cg) Nev) 9 =P wrk yabieates a 7 pestle Se keg EX 23 acess 5 de ogres) Ste easencbly Fide dag 8 007" gveg) 472 4sFind gerrel soloHont arty if aittel conditions are giver, 24 Lind geblins sabisfylag these tata candi ens x ay gde = ogy yk Cis -x] dO ; A sas) wt) ad aa. x(¥-$) 2? e ye as =§°44 (gta) dnegtdy=? as (tap de + SNE? (eg) yh? Ce we ede d y=? 9 2 use we ode onetf od es gee vee petted eee _ eMtlex) + 2 dy =0 Seaclase)® "54 sae ia) get) —et(ieal s oe9) =e ~rechniques UiPfecenial equation Reduchion -of- Ordér The gered 3050 fag ss'}=o FF atthe The tndepedeat qadoble x2 66 He bead ey ya nising Fron he equation here ee aot a duce, the ge equine one Gist oe dee Cae T Missing degrder variable Ta this cat Yhe eaustion vane hire Foren 1 Wis pea ss!) a, The wibstitetions Rij lodges. BREE as pededgy od beet f8 ae hn te fue) =°, deerder variable Hons i wthah ill 6 cele the gwen ef which is oft first order, & Find a sobHor of the ini Hel 3433 2; yo) =4, the depadat variable ¥ aval prablen yd =o. ye mmtelag +26 ese a Piateecdar equator ines, we iM ee thn lty fe br rt tr tlre) 26 sa SK er ale we F yacial Cae D Ming poder yo 2 a tis oo the eget an He for flys) = © the substitutions usel ease £ fly eaf)=° = ‘ Iygeh contens Fee nang east Weir cate, wee wie wehteh contel os he chen role fe orike ail cadeee Hhis egtton and Hees make Fhe sobs tittons gp seedt Las a cewlk, equsblan isy ts cadned go EC nese ) => Circuit a gies: order. # Find the gee Sion, SL + dD ifs isey geste coaster. Sarda? j. aes pak fo Se de sles pewtge? seprcatle pir esghe® peat i. east Neat . a scifegere & eee ee se ei" wht ‘ en tort) lee nw) rae y Bork ih Srlerb)e sins cobt cosas yer" enke Bork ye SL shisre mnt eux snk] BH con (Gh s(goubrrt (ae yok Uitey cout» cmt kare wTigges Ene yoerah lation of He seemndoerder equals oe fh etsco cag be writen as either ‘ a) geciemerasine or geeasial where Qyand Ge ae arbibeary comabidtsy Find 0 telobten of the tntHal-vabe preblens y+ 4y = 95 geht, yi(e) = 0 ‘ The gerersl golukeg iS geeisinae +e os : The ceadiken ye) =2 yields Nasa are Dig fecebiatiag Phy gene selon yields Yin da cate sensi” oa 2eq eys0- sheestx % Fad the genteel selefion of gelyarsy =? The hdepodat eariable 1 nf sing The hemeserents eet rh 2 chisel psitkr ess) 0 79 gets, ) =o vy (oes + (bay #253 uty sug Hex bY 425970 29) Uta ug dh Mes =o (urs tures) dy 49 ae i So, te ies Sears a aso day + —— iy (use 183 pg Be Sra Gorn 2 MYT aye galt 13 ance a islus)-< p ue ‘i 3 ny apo lBe ges) ws'(Z2)-° devly: begets, et yarslowy women aoe hee ee Se jiytqe awet nett Hae sdulien vsing Aku arecedore aauchions Find Hee soldking of the Allming # xf+3y=0 : dee mat ote axce ay DeFinhion A aaheix te 9 ceckangabe array of ings the Ming Par now ak least will be eaquidered to be ceal or complex renters), The usval way of Averibing ao gerteal make, vith © Matrices and Sysbens of Linen Equahiens cows and ec colemns ‘5 ony OS mye me He | my me : st mae es mien Mey SY One says het Vee mabic Me abore has order ¢ by © Coxe}; by agrerment The coud sie be always Vistel Pirst, Tre ateekle ote Baek Phe rut subscript on Yee evry my indicates Hie cou ia which He ankeg cers while the second subseripy indleakes Phe chao te wchith & occurs, The acdoed pate Ci.) i4 called the addecss of He ewtey mig and Me eatery bs he Ly) position of Mis miy The eky my will be aatt be have cow index {ard eclena index 5, He sag thet fue nckeveet are eqiel if Hhey are idetieal in avery vey, the tif bheg have Yhe came site and Khe same dean ia each postin Exomple “the maleic D, & — oot oh? 0 ee has order S by 3 and weld usually be deserioed as a square mebeix of order 3. Moreaer the matrix D te abso an example of a Singoral makeix,Ap teug 7 [eee esta 1: thu, 9 diageel mabeix of order A cagld be written eDgh dy dan, das, 2+, ded The aiegren in the Figure tadienkes the order celetten between the subscripts In vactous parks ofan cr by & mnakeic, Far ithstrstion, we nunne Hhek Lew A cquare matrix whose fuer triangle tabries ace all vere Us called an upper teangehe mate, while: a squere maleic whose upper brinaguler eabries are all tere is called 4 leuer belangihe matric, 200 le]3 -5 0 is a huser Fetangelar onsketes Soe of order 3 while pe] here 8 ie I: eer is mn upper Helangslee mobein of $8 0. Fe9! order 3, upper telangplar ‘entelery poser > ons with, Fevangy le extetsis pire mig with Fy, Figure DeFia'hieg Ae sabeatrx of He mmebetx Mis a mebeie obteleed From by deleting eretein rows andthe calemas of He Sone inpartat specced kinds of subemeldees of Nhe ree mateie Wace, 4) fev] = Leng min vee mic], theith row of Me saa oe eeea) calybe) - }#] acai PY, the Sth ecknn of Me . om} . 3) The eed by cob eabuttclc of H obbsied by deleting Nhe ith ab Ek calenn of Hts call the miner of Hoe Cl] pst row ay CRA und will be dneted by Bins (A) (A). Rramgle Ff A a3 meee ge 42 fs q tha + fogta)- 15 6 + 83, cal, (A) = ‘|: maine] a and Hing (Ale E ele ‘ anttoned above are Alogh Phethree spect tte! 28 sabnade is o A Fhe ane mast Frege ‘adautwredy ee Vs con i : fbr emele poctition a mabicn inte mu [Om 5 a ow | \ Hy Bn MS Teac | nasy.mn* : as? Fmyange oat ese ae | fae Mae “| ay tat ! om] i ET Gud wabrtues wile called partitioned mabeies or Ltd netriess Fe tins where 0 prclian Za maul of partieslar qakecesh are a agystele Tae eset oe venient +8 eet tie ee 1 “le aa Be ae | te] aston oe f=] 00 3 2+F i erty ee a pio RSG Y Shy Nanay a a ejore aaz ay{ Th, L iF dg Lim de] acd oieThenebix T wold be Jesejleed. as Usek upper triangthe 5 wahile Bis std te bee Usk diagonal Wie nent briePly cansiier Whe. avesbin fam" For Phe monnt wiestll consider Hees. cnneeFl # Atthere do mabees come fo His question {) Systems of Itese algebraic. equallons: 2) Systeat of fiest-arder Maser Aifferedbel aus blens 3) Analy he geometry aatfer vector algebre. Systems oft Wnear algeheete equchias, A ypicel suck 2x-By+h aye fs Aytty—Fe att. Ascatthed with Hats epiton are fee led anabrices: “The coefifiuieat metets 2-3 & ele The input ante cE a “The outpat matte ef bh The -wynted mate wan 2 y x ocaikys] 27%! ayes off Brstoorder ime pfeil epttions: ve aN bee TE Aae ah tied ee Oe peste ae oe Rati ale), (4) Vinear syste of om equations tn 9 unknowns? dragon! Arithmetic. Operations on Habefees Hateic adbiton is 0 segy aimee operation | inubrices of the sume sine is abbined singly Woo plced elemets, The formal defiathion Pellets? Defithion! EL hand B ore inekefees oft order on by 4, Hhen Xhe or, AtB is Nem bya atric sabisfing enkiy( A48) = ents (A) + eat (8) = arya bt The son off tw> Ading Lhe correspnttcl, Dre ted 2uSeej, and S2423,.-0 08 Emopl pp hen ue eas Ae Motos at F] and B=} o 1 35], fo 3 5 0 #9 24 thea f 342 2th 4th G48 5-2 Io AtB=}iao 5 m0 Lo Sth Hm tS eo 22 2 lost 949° FHA ong TELE A883 524, BD GARR RRRA AAR RRE ERE O OOS sea PP |Example : Host poms j : oro { wt ope n %,.0°.9 Geegoles |2 dhe iS ee He S= yo ofaey |e Vhe tere anche ite Hak o 8 8 of order Sky3- tsi eLdPiog 24 dated. ly itethacen ,atbrtbes 280 ETE ag cz the sem Was Phe some order 9 eadh sean matrices ace sald to be enfarmabl mores we on enforceable Asfined, Hak 1g, if they hove The some Oe a herd — brie adibiog hae He Polowing popes! Mts. far aditton if AR Ler, 1) Conmuteties thetic, Arb: 64h 2) Associative: Hnekis, AA er c)= at 8)4e elenut for mnakerx dlttent 8) There ts sa Hed thats, there is a an for each mater As 4) There isan shaieig hr BOTA anigee 5) Carncellabten Lew t heb ts % Jax Z setiaPylag ze AR ALHve savers Coagehve) Heat ts, Por erch inakeig — A satisfyiad AtcA}E" fp Rabo Att, thea b= oy a mabeix, Sete defined and A.ts940 Definition spy ise sealer fs Fre Bg 8 they the b J, ext (bn = ea ta) ebay: Exanpe re es ase fe pnt a o S$ 8 Fo then 2 A-36 = 2A+E36) = o wae |e ok go yo \F] -24 -2h ole p-1o 2S -(s | ote eal to}= addon jaad Theron Lek Nand 6 be confarmable Re ek band aw be arbibearg sealers, Ther, 1) (at)A sq AeA 2) aCAte) sahrab 3) alba) = Gb)A 4) 4A=8 5) OA=Q Lue mite Deflation Let RaLh tao tim) be a rot actin of order mand let 2 Ce i be a cobmn matrix of oeder m. We define Wee Paul RC. to be the nonber 4 TR al SB ] 2 eect tata = YS * = LA ...tmS] } em DeFiet He. 7 Let A be an mm bya vmekrin, and let 6 be an n by Pp matrix, The predict AG is defied fo be the m by ¢ oat whose eatries are defined Wy Sa ext glWB)= hoo, (AKI (8) « Laie sta a) “| ba = ay bas teiabay+...+ otgba) « a, ween writ Hhis releien mere. = = cat) eaky ; (8). Udng seamabiog ach eS ents (Ab) = za Exanpke 2 ° Given eps os ce Jes 2 eonpote Abad 6A,Be [ Row, (A) Coly(6) fouo 6A) col,L6) Row, (A) Coly 6) Row, (A) Col, (6) te-4 of ‘| 2-1 of % i ' ¢ | p-4 [4 Fy] oI [4] | 1 6 | agdjetilateort —— Daostetbea) r946 cet 4 TY a attd paxbecaet peaprevaseedat [= Js ann apo ‘Jo a Stelaey =e ow, 18) Col, (A) fa,6) cot (A) fos 6) Cal A) =| favo, (4) ColiLA) ow, (6) C0024) Rowe 6) Ns! a Kowg(6) GIA) Rew) cal oS stage ail alt es cael ant iy Ce 4d cal i 7 Cs LS coh acl 4 gf) oy vats : i z [oe = 4 40 4,9 40,02) 44 | = |. eae 6CN-43 go-utr) |e ae 42 #64 Lit) [or bi?) 26 FF-R | obsecse Vit Ab and BA ace ack equal, tn fact hey are nok even the ene svt!Fxenple 5 rs J oF le a1 don aseE SEL es Cael ohte eacPy S1Ltel = Ld Agsin, AE# BA, although inthis care Ab and GA are the seme sites Bxangk ee oo and AT aad BF 4° sole elo ale os 4-1 2 nests fess jors+ a Med is be Eg [tos sans so-+ bee log. asta e | uereale gaee te 8790 . a2 ati out ‘ sea paz at ; ap nth 2 e os | brSrie Gad eo as os hye Al wes os B gos ff-t a als eintacs, ernen eee f Seg tt 1a32| | pate eee Oe i ga a2) a =fat ow ual to Bieta’ Adie: Q) 2p te Asssome Hat Ais an man mateix ant het Bis an sxe meta. The product AB is defined HP sat only if nee Phat is, VE aod only if the rnber oP ccbmans of Hoe Pest Pachee equals Phe number of routs of Hee secagh Facer, Ln thin ease. ‘the prodeet lees A and b are wala Al [S34 a2 of al al AB isan mxp mafeix. We say Hhat two met confiemable for enultipltcation if the product A® is eBacd The nobakinal scheme beled 1s commanly used?A = Aw & fone “ARP Nan — tf the e product AG is defied, Hoe grebic 6A ony 0¢ mney ant be defined + % Pred Sa fack, the product 6A is fined Hand only if pom Ta this case BA is an S B.A bk : xen — Byer if te matrices AB and the same site. The products AO and 6A size iP and only if mea: are square naheices of ~ Even 12 A and B are Ste xa makes, Phat is, wana S80. Ath defiaed, Hhey mary not he BA ace be’ are loath defined and of the ome jR ante =35F dat is, if and maby § fhe seme acder, pe matrices off order a, we pl’ fe ce co gnize Hest exer, Vt is bnportenl conclude phat A= bA-Hem Ufferert, S's a hard prolion bn Ab and BA ace aot abaays matrix Yheery Find matrix A (he aad B connect e diegers\ abr — The a kyo Tp 09 C4 eee ABazhy Chak, act Ta a he The mmarein Ln i all, matrices J cammate, with = git 6 the i| sahsfies 14 Ab: BA)- Ltn calisfies: BZA unless men), an ty mnaderin of order ae g called: he fant! Net, the wlosertet is Tin tp he size Chl is See Pear Sie, oon ee ote c, ikiseg very Sak eAZ GDA, where clzdgtoe, vege The makes cS isealled @ gear mabeixe For tus matrtces hand 0, the on A+® and ¥he product iPank only Af A ond Bare square meteis AB are beth defied ofthe same oder, dvix, — TA As a square me if pla) =e puxtertes efae ReAk, ReAR and soe then we ra Ss amy poljsomia\ Alyva At, f the poltemal pC) ack for Phe cons ptAl=aet rayne at them Atle call ptt) Heewebe 0 Vote the necessity 0 of writing, a constr yf eal es a.) % s]; Ss Comer AB and hs sis AaB defined? bd Lf H tare As A.B= Peal “lp = [ aes ons} be a ak eee, fo 305 i 23 BAZ if] bs a ia Harta, J 15 24 [esta s4ib, cfte otf Le 20 4 Ons ast defn d e 4 fee ‘ pees wes a) wld e- NY vectfy Hast es) SE USHNS. Does sOH4H) ore i 1-4 245 oF Beale 433 [> sre wl (faq 32 4 o v6 o rast. ova Hy om FS] ps6 ond FSI ys aya 03. 45 53,-P]e PE sr a (usy)s <> *| me Ju 2o]fs 6 LF, 6100 okt HOF Fags < 66.5 “Ebe FASB Oth S4S4i2 3S phe 8! vd oe = [it et alusfr sal[E2i ‘J [em none ew se] af) 490 gt cal Eh at nen. 6439 ede 23 “ a a 6 ; Hee [a eG x1 4aett] * rr: tiie) = = esa? a Fer rs ag es3) mt ified. ees ' PEs “ars, ano 3] $ eg [RSF 7 tt ae @ al ood! zr Ae °8 Of oft o =I) : bate: Din Weltwe 9 9K oe - es tr go 3a qt nt 9 (: Socle 0 Vaseut eck 2a ( Snpte a pees 2 ° Oo 384y ~ fraparbies of Baked Hulbipliestion Hatetn snolhipliceln is sat commutative; thetts, AB and 6A are re sreenwrily egal. fetes my be bhe cero mebrix, so | the prodbct of foo msnztee mae Heke cancltion lau te bold; thet we esa cebeily got expect “a mullip is, AB=AC, AzO does nol te gered tpl Hhek BHC, _ There wre waltiplerkie. Neity elenets Gar sqve matites, bok aot all Acices Wave mulbiplicntive tnverses. LB fs « ome Higlicahive omeecd SAUere omejavese of A if BA=AB=T H Theron “The associative law peoopis bebe! Tf Ab and © are any mn abeices such that the probets Abad 86 ar re defied, thea ALB C= ae)c. The dtstetbobive law If A,Band C are ary me ¥¥ T hesred etait Aeband AC are defined, then (At8)C = AC+BC. Ef AtB and CA are defined, then © CAB) = CATE. \evces # Prvof of the bhesren ‘Astine “Hak Als wi by 9, 8 tara, byb, end © is 4 bys. Then, ABC) ond (AB)C are beth m by s matrices; fo damestrete thet they are equal, it will cof fice to show Shel | ext (AUG) = eng (a0)C) i foreach ieMtrensm ad for each JaU2,.-+ 8. Sam | ent; aneaeeatly ore ba) : ! i %, ent (NE) = Eta ej L80) = au en Shue Ucig the asedtia ad diskribotive laws ie ordinnsy malplicabin this reduces to ents (A(8¢)) = ed an Ubka eed) * je ( Saab, = ( bot Stathely, ents (RBI) = z enti (AS) erty; api vl (anbus es - The erder of summation may be ceversed lrecause the sums are Fite to see this, Let sus anbgucud, and, 6 caastruct the a byt netic © defied by exh b5)s sur, Now fen Siar Sta He the com of dail Yheclenedrs of ©, conprted bey adding the elenats ie aah aban ard ther adding the costly eakinn suns, Similarly, sepes Foy Ske cepremite Yee sin of fhe elena of S comptes by adbtag Lise stheneXs - nice pons and Yhyy adding We eeslbhag cou sons. Clenly,Phese tuo suns are equal.) nt e i eek ape F A ae ee ent (ABIC see ea 83 = SEL Since the abwe argeneyt holds for each of the celeviat chsices oF: and 5, Hhe proof is complete: Kx Proof of Khe tHheeren Kesing Chak {hank €8 sale il by atonal Moats: Go tea leg * The, AC+BC ad LAHBIC ace sth m by + makcices, Thas, in, order ty prove that they are equal, H+ Mh seffrce So show that ent ys (At) c) 2 enky; (AC4 6c) forench ish2)...,m art for each joUj2,-ck. ant}; (AB) = aj pba tain baste + ainbay - ent5(A48) = aja bs; for 12128,...mard patty 2 2 enki ((a48)¢) 2 oy (48) entyy (8) =H, bansbinden). / | Ustag the dishethative lar of erdinary arthunete, Hhts ceduces te js ott (rasde)= 2 Caney ebnceks) = Zaeeus Zee, Hreace ton casyeerky AED. Agia, searding RD, this Lecones ent yy (CA88)C) =e, (AC) Fenty (BC) = ankyy CAc+8¢). The fregaag argant — does not deperd on i ard fs sal M@)e= Ac+8C.lt Dehn ey aw aquere. matrix ont & antiefies Ata Shae, then 6 is 5 mwltiplientive jute of AT A has a avl\Wplienbwe taverse, then Ais said te be aensingslerpor jwatible, TL A dees nok have mneliplicedioe inverse, Hk gall te be singeke or poacinver bible: All qonaeeo square matetees have muliiglicetive lnverses) eeckataly any matic with « xerecou oc aero calenn 1s stnayler etnee If # has a cere cou, oo does AB far witty matrix 6. A omvdric moy be singuhe even iG all AschemeNs ace neateres Pang ateices ds have melbipedbve nue ses. TEA is square and ABET, then BA=T alsor ample 1 2) 220 sass fx ae The mabrix aft >| hes ae i mulbipliestive. invtese, fale Hes HE Exemele ee eee The wverse of £39, 2°97] 5a) ys ilt uel tz] 1 2 e980 is Ue), aol 2 £30 24 aq £244 Z foo ul “ ea ra ong ree 3 Blasees at 3) 4] Ra teey ' vedy 264-2) 2 44) 1-24 293 o ttn) ~4-e) 10-6) o 182) He) ° cohol s4le3/-cagoule ies 98 to) 169) +/23° -j2te ae Ver ee ae was acne eRe: a amikiplicntive nurse. of a nomingoler metric A is deoked by A” (we never wri ke ee the next step, amid be tewrtte “e/a. Th wadldastibe aleor whether Hitt aetabtep acest AT*S oe 8At) Pefinibiag The onigHe Thearen The aulhipleatiee inverse hes the following properties: t) Tf Kt ensts, Phe (AY ZA. a) TF ego ond AM exists, Then Gea) Saat. 3) EP wt pd OE exist, Wren (ABTS oe tee ak ak Lae © Bb lnGahews sertth eda le|i oe aan sat bat }LO° H9HD+d HED “| * eB4hnh | tard A242 Baas RS tet te eine Ls te a sae 250 oo | las ca JP ns 5 & : ot a kb) = ate ese -Se10rb 345-18 sac} Es G | cyeqet 42 agate 3at at-le3 og tre rt - af ee i H ria dtd =) L]58a ame “Transposition DAI Ce A ie an mtg marin then AT, the defined by ests: (AT) 2 ent lA) = ag - The mateix AT can bee thought of o* by Inbeccheagisy rout and esbenns ans pose: of A, is the a by om matrix the maton obkalved, Prom A Enangle =e es Ke aS]: Vote that acl att ore 1k under teansposition. ae oe” F Pee the elena matrix -_ ah aw fy -2 3 0 isa cow matrix. Gz [ 3]: Oe. ps defRaittoq : i TE Ads an a bya compler matrix, ther the egy of A ts Hr m bya comple metris A de Pred ee erty yA) zenky(A) = By The trays Ae cor Hrwaifag cog of A is then by complen anateix defied log Mz B's AT ar by ext (AY) = entgCQ) + Fem dle. rv 4 ae 0 ge oe est Ast * 3 2 2-3 Avs) s-ht Si ogcpherer) The transpose has the follewtag properties? 1) YTS A fr every metcte Ae 2) (AamyTs ATHBT PATS Sdefhred- BD (as g8® Por any seder sand ary octet 6. A) (ARTE RTAT it the product M6 ts defined: 0 act defuibion of the transpere off a mabtix, entig MTS ent UT)= eatyhA) 52 KA asdeined- 2) by the defiltog off matrix addition and Keancpasi tion, eaky (ped) = entry; (Ber8) = anki Weed y (8) ees CT) tent 8) = ects Case’) Thus (At AE 3) Suppore that Ais m by a and 8 is n bys Foy and (AB ad BA are both + by mWowy by the deflation af The transpase and the SeCrition of matrix. moltidicabion, ety (ay) = enti LAG) = 2, entu Aor) : Se ng) = Leh) onde) ia Then, AG is on lyse = Sotig lit )ent,\ serty OR). This, (AO as chained. Thecen The franjaytte has the Lalloasing, propectes! ATER fhe avery cong aavtrix A. 2) (AHF RE if MB is defined 3) Ca@ 28 far any eonpler scolar @ ond any mattis 8. 4) (nB)*= A® ifthe probel AB is defined. DeFinibon A. real mateix Ao is synmécic. if AeA. he tach matrix ® is skew syomerle ff CB A complex enshrix fh is Hermitian if Wet. A complex aetrix Sis skew Henittag if se.The matrix clonets off a skew sgmnctrie mm steix roast be ear Ss is a Hermitian matte, ond Framele o 7 3 6] iz 3 3] 3s 8 isa skeo Cathy eee Moke thet the dingel wf a mou 7° ae i s-| 34 SHEE] skew Hermitian The digel chents “ar -4 I of a Hernibiog matrix aust ke real while the dingoral element's of a skew Hermitian mateix must be pure Tnagiaary: | ma b=]! as Le] compat ATE ond A, 37 ack cat SPSS an) Le ‘ed 2 eae pay “ah ft? mon Fer 1 e