Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The following document has as intend and scope to describe the most useful concepts and
physic effects to know and use that are included in the Electromagnetic Field of Engineering.
AMPACITY
It’s defined as the máximum current, in amperes (A), that a conductor can carry continuously
under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating. Also described
as current-carrying capacity.
The ampacity of a conductor depends on its ability to dissipate heat without damage to the
conductor or its insulation. This is a function of the insulation temperature rating, the electrical
resistance of the conductor material, the ambient temperature, and the ability of the insulated
conductor to dissipate heat to the surrounds.
The ampacity for a conductor is based on physical and electrical properties of the material and
construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental
conditions adjacent to the conductor. Having a large overall surface area can dissipate heat
well if the environment can absorb the heat.
Derating is necessary for multiple cables in proximity. When multiple cables are in proximity,
each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of external cooling affecting
the individual cable conductors. The overall ampacity of insulated cable conductors in a bundle
of more than three cables must also be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the
derating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations
SKID
Son instalaciones modulares que permiten la fabricación, montaje y pruebas en taller evitando
en la medida de lo posible los tiempos muertos derivados del trabajo en casa del cliente. Con
la instalación de los SKIDs se pretende conseguir ahorro en costes ( sólo se fabrica y monta lo
estrictamente necesario), optimización en la puesta en marcha y reducción en costes de
montaje, disminución en plazos de ejecución y mayor fiabilidad de operación
HOT-DIP GALVANIZING
Hot-dip galvanizing (HDG) is the process of coating iron, steel or ferrous materials with a layer
of zinc. This done by passing the metal through molten zinc at a temperature of 860°F (460°C)
to form zinc carbonate (ZNC03). Zinc carbonate is a strong material that protects steel and can
prevent corrosion in many circumstances. Hot-dip galvanizing is also known as hot-dip coating.
PERMEABILIDAD MAGNÉTICA
La permeabilidad magnética nos indica con qué facilidad atraviesa el campo magnético la
materia, o sea si esta es buena conductora o no del campo magnético.
La permeabilidad es una caracteristica magnética de la materia (por ejemplo del aire, cartón,
aluminio, hierro). La pemeabilidad como se verá es baja en el vacío y es elevada en materiales
como el hierro.
Si se dice que el régimen del material es lineal, el campo magnético y el campo de excitación
magnética están vinculados, en un material dado, por la denominada relación "constitutiva":
Distinguimos entre diamagnéticos ( plata, cobre, agua, oro, plomo, zinc ...), paramagnéticos (
aire, aluminio, magnesio, platino ...) y ferromagnéticos ( cobalto, hierro, mu-metal, níquel ...)
materiales.
PERMITIVIDAD DIELÉCTRICA
En electromagnetismo, el campo de
inducción eléctrica representa la forma en
que el campo eléctrico influye en la organización de las cargas eléctricas en un material dado,
en particular el desplazamiento de las cargas (de ahí la notación ) y la reorientación de los
dipolos eléctricos
La relación de los campos eléctricos y de inducción con la permitividad, en el caso muy simple
de un material lineal, homogéneo, isótropo, y con respuesta instantánea a cambios en el
campo eléctrico, es:
Medios complejos
espacio .
frecuencia .
Para representar la permitividad de un medio que no sea el vacío, se usa una cantidad llamada
permitividad relativa o "constante dieléctrica". Esta cantidad relaciona la permitividad del
medio con la permitividad del vacío :
Permitividad de un material
Similarities: The autotransformer and the conventional transformer both work on the
principle of electromagnetic induction. They used copper conductor for making the
windings. The cores of both the transformers are made up of CRGO steel. The primary
and the secondary of both the transforms are magnetically connected to each othe
Grounding Transformers
Cortocircuitos
Impedancias
Measurements
In practice, the measurement of voltage UL1 and current IL2 leads to the absolute value Z of
the impedance. Together with measurement of the total loss Pv a t the current Il1 it is possible
to find the complex value Z of the impedance:
Equations for the calculation of the positive-sequence and the zero-sequence system impedances
of overhead lines with one or two parallel circuits (double circuit line) and without or with one
or two earth wires are given in IEC 60909-2.
If the magnetic coupling between the three coils without or with iron core is mall, the zero
sequence impedance is approximately equal to the positive-sequence impedance. When
calculating short-circuit currents in HV systems, it is often sufficient to use the reactance only.
The zero-sequence reactance X(0) is smaller than the subtransient reactance, depending on
the winding configuration of the synchronous machine