|. eae [PREMIERPREP EDUCATIONAL CONSULT Success consists of daily victories, CELL STRUCTURE OBJECTIVES: MEANING OF CELL COMPONENTS OF CELL (LIVING AND NON COMPONENTS) SCIENTISTS INVOLVED IN CELL eae DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROCARYOTIC CELL AND EUCARYOTIC CELL PLANT AND ANIMAL CE. LEVEL OF CELL ORGANISATION DIFFUSION IN ANIMAL AND ANIMAL CELLS GENERAL B10LoGY us on: 08121358758, 08093972572 conracr’PREMIERPREP EDUCATIONAL CONSULT Success consists of daily victories MEANING OF CELL The cell is the basic, structural, and functional unit of life. The part of the cell that is Non-living in the cytoplasm is called paraplasm (cytoplasmic inclusion). Example of Paraplasm is Fat droplets, Starch Granules, Food reserves. ‘The part of the cell that is living is called the organelle. COMPONENTS OF THE CELL The cell can broadly be divided into 2 components: 1. NON LIVING COMPONENT 2. LIVING COMPONENT The two Non living components are: A.CELL WALL 8, CELL MEMBRANE me CELL WALL The cell wall is found only'in/plant cells and bacteria. In plants, it is made up of cellulose while in a bacteria; it is made up of peptidoglycans and lipopolysaccharides. FUNCTIONS 12 It gives rigidity, shape and structure to the plant cell. 2. Itaids in the free exchange of materials from their environment into the cell and vice versa. (cell wall is porous) 3. Italso carries out metabolic processes like storage of carbohydrates. 4, It prevents osmotic bursting of the cell page 18 CONTACT US ON: 08121358758, 08093972572 eeieealeiorcerPREMIERPREP EDUCATIONAL CONSULT Success consists of daily victories CELL MEMBRANE Itis found in both Eucaryotes and Procaryotes. it was discovered in 1972 Nicholson. The cell membrane is also ref bysy Singer and Garth ferred to as a Lipid bilayer, This is layers of lipids. because it contains 2 The component of the cell membrane includ: le: 45% lipids, 45 96 Proteins and 10 % The lipids found in the cell membrane are called Phospholipids. The lipid contains phosphates, Phospholipids are amphipatic molecules (dual polatites), They are elther Polar or non polar. re They pal Possess a hydrophilic polar head (phosphate head) and a hydrophetitnon polar tail (Lipid tail So Glycolipids are found within the membrane which helps to give stfu ‘membrane. S ‘There are 3 types of proteins found in cell membrane, 6 oa A. Integral (Intrinsic) protein: They are found et ned Si y A deep in the plasma membrane. 8. Peripheral (Extrinsic) protein: They are'found at the surface of the plasma membrane. ©. Trans-membrane protein: Thiéy fourid on the entire length of the membrane (Interior to exterior), wD The structure of the cell membrane is also the membrane. called fluid mosaic model because of the flexibility of of FUNCTIONS OF CELL MEMBRANE (BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE) ‘ive transport and movement of material in and out of the cell 2 Signal Transaction. y 3. Protein serves as enzymes in metabolic reaction. 4. Cell to Cell communication and identification. 5. Cell action potential acting with the external II from inter 6. Cell integrity by keeping the content of the ce environment. page 138 Lost GENERAL BTOLOY 72572 CONTACT US ON: 08121358758, 080939)success consists of daily victories pnenenpne? EDUCATIONAL CONSULT LIVING COMPONENTS OF THE CELL inismade up ofthe cytoplasm and organelles cyTopLasm ‘he eytoplasm sa semi slid portion and act asa medium of transport and suspension ft he cytoy _ other organelles. nx ak Gitoplasm + organelles (nucleus) = protoplasm as Oe The cytoplasm is made up of both cytosol (liquid portion) and cytoskeleton'Ysolid portion). ee wo The eytosol acts a solvent for most materials within the cell and itis the-ste for most metabolic processes. ~ SAY The cytoskeleton provides framework and shape to the cellvtt ednsists of a network of protein fibres for stability and movement. In Eucaryotic cell, the proteinSare arranged as microfilaments (small solid strands) and microtubules (very small protein cylinders). A fibres during cell division“ ad 8. Microfilaments: They contain Actin and Myosin filament and aid in organelle positioning and movement of substance in the cytoplasm. Intermediate Filament: They contain L Vimetin, L Desmin, L Neuro, L Keratin, and c. Vinscrestin filament. They are used for movement in the organelle and also for support and strength - CELL ORGANELLES Shor tips'on cell organelles: NUCLEUS, MITOCHONDRIA, CHLOROPLAST= Semi- autonomous (metabolic activities), DNA (Proteins), Large and double membrane. RIBOSOME= protein synthesis ENDOPLASMIC RECTICULUM= modify and package proteins GOLGI APPARATUS= transport proteins page 36 18121358758, 08093972572 GENERAL BIOLOGY CONTACT Us oF» »REMIERPREP EDUCATIONAL CONSULT Success consists of daily victories , CENTRIOLE= cell division VACUOLE= storage LYSOSOMES= digestion, removal and absorption of materials, DETAILED NOTE ON CELL ORGANELLES NUCLEUS 'tis double membrane and most conspi ofthe cell because it controls and regui genetic material (DNA and RNA) which x& MITOCHONDRIA ~ 'tis a bean-shaped organelle that isa site for respiratonyréactions and energy production. It is referred to as the power house of the cell. The innigximeinbrane is folded to form cristae, which are folded in the matrix (Central part of the mitocfionsrion). It contains specialized spores called porins which allow substances less than.40 1,900 Daltons to move in and out of its membrane. cw 5 ax at CHLOROPLASTS/PLASTIDS 2 colourless plastid that aids in seed germination, 2. Ghromoplast: itis a coloured plastid for photosynthesis ont seed production, 3. Elayoplast: It helps in the synthesis of oils and lipids. 4. Amiyloplast: it helps in the storage of carbohydrates. Proteinoplast: It helps in the storage of protein, RIBOSOMES They are non membrane organelle found in procaryotes and eucaryotes. Itis the site for Protein synthesis, and other places. They Page 137 GENERAL BIOLOGY CONTACT US ON: 08121358758, 08093972572success consists of dallY vic stories sv canner eovenTzonne pres jbosome type of ri the cell and they are thesis proteins which are needed wi They synthes! .e ribosome: They i 3. fre beret o any Par oF ME not atta proteins that are exported out of the cel and they are yme: They synthesis ° sou ot mic Reticulum. attached to the Endoplasmit _ OY ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM cy Is or network that transverse from the cell membrane to the fear nrc called Cisternae, which are continuous With the nuclear so They are channel membrane. It contains flattened envelope. Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum * Ap’ 1. Rough E-R: They contain ribosome attached to ther akahey help in protein synthesis and they modify the proteins produced. They also helpjin the transport of proteins in snd out of the cell: Ribophorins I and il are structures that helps to attach the ribosome to the rough E-R. Re 2. Smooth E-R: They do-not contain ribosome"a nd-they help in lipid metabolism, drug detoxication and glycogenolysis. =. Coy. GOLGI APPARATUS ‘They are cup-like organelles having membranes stack on one another. It is divided into cis and trans phase. The part where’matérials enter is the cis- phase while the place where materials eave is called the trans- phase. They help in packaging and transport of proteins in and out of the cell. itis known as.the working post office. It helps in the formation of organelles like lysosomes and acrosomes in the sperm cell too. . LYSOSOMES They are single- membrane organelle that uses certain hy i 'ydrolytic enzymes wh are membrane bound spherical sacs. vneswsnose BASS They Type of lysosomes 1. Primary lysosomes: They do not carr 2. Secondary lysosomes: 3. Residual lysosomes: y out any destructive or digestive process. They help in the digestion of materials They help in the storage of materials. CONTACT Us on: o8: 121358758, 08093972572 an GENERAL BIOLOGYaEMIERPREP EDUCATIONAL CONSULT ; , Success consists of daily victories 4, Autophagic lysosomes: They help engulf the whole cell. Its called helps in the digestion of foreign cellular substance by phagocytosis (eel wate pinocytosis cell drinking). If itis involved in non programmed cel corres and Apoptosis but when the death is programmed, itis called Autophagy. ris called VACUOLE They are large vesicles. They are membrane bound organelles with no specific shape. Tey” contain water with a number of different compounds in it. The main function of the storage. e CENTRIOLES They are non membrane bound organelle and microtubules. They contain chromosome around by forming fibres called spindle during cell division. Organelles in thé.céntriole are only produced when needed. os PEROXISOME “ They are similar to the mitochondrion in structure and{fupjcfidn but carries out breakdown of oxidant or reactive oxygen species (ROS). Peroxisomegontain antioxidants. ie cy _/MICROVILLUS They are only present in some animalcells. They are finger like projections on the outer surface ofthe cell, They increase the surface area of the cell for easy digestion of materials in and out of the cell. ers CIENTISTS INVOLVED IN CELL DEVELOPMENT 1, Robert Héoke used the term cell inthe year 2665. 2. Robert Brown described the nucleus as a characteris SP célls bétween 1831 and 1833. x Sehletcen Ce and Scere Ne cells by cell division in 1855. Vi ‘i revi 4, Virchow showed that cell arise from P ei Plea cel 3 pet ne used the name protoplasm tO describe the eal er 6. Haeckel sostablished the fact that the nucleus was re transmitting heredity characteristics: p in 1950. 7. Jansen invented compound microscope in ical body in body plant gist) produced cell theory pel? enerat 810000" ent nin a972572PREMTERPREP EDUCATIONAL CONSULT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRO‘ success consists of daily victories CARYOTIC CELL AND EUCARYOTIC CELL PROCARYOTIC CELL No nuclear membrane present. EUCARYOTIC CELL Nuclear membrane is present. No membrane bound organelles. Presence of membrane bound organelles ‘All Unicellular. ‘Mostly multicellular and few are unicellular. DNA is scattered in the nucleoid DNA is enclosed in the nucleoid. '5._DNAis circular. DONA is linear. a 6. DNAis not associated with histone DNA is associated with hi fohe proteins. proteins. a” 7. One chromosome ‘More than one chromosdme plasma. Plasma Ay 8. Lack microtubules Have microtubules 9. Reproduction is asexual (Asexual reproduction). Reproddiction’is Sexual or asexual 10.Ribosome are 70s (505+ 30s) i.e. smaller. Ribosomevare 80s (60s + 40s, _ larger a aN ‘sy ee ony PLANT AND ARIAL CELL Se SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PLANT ANDIANIRMAL CELL ORGANELLES ARE THE PRESENCE OF: Cytoplasm, E-R, Ribosome, Mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, Microtubules, Nucleus. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL 1. Cell membrane and cell wall present. Only cell membrane is present. Starch granule is present, Glycogen granule is present. Chloroplast and other plastids are present. ABSENT. Vacuole is large and present. One or more small vacuole. Centriole present in lower plant forms. Centriole present in all animal. Rectangular (Fixed shape). CONTACT US ON: 08121358758, 08093972572 Round (Angular shape). pase? GENERAL BIOLOGY-RPREP EDUCATIONAL CONSULT Success consists of daily victories eDucat su PREMIEF DIAGRAM OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL Plant Cell Animal Cell ~ LEVEL OF CELL ORGANIZATION anization namely: There are 4 levels of cell. 6 2 Celllever i” 2. Tissue level, Oraqn'level 4. Systenj evel oy CELL LEVEL They aré most! 3 the fonction o 'y unicellular organi "sms lke bacteria or yeast. They have cell each performing all a living organism, TISSUE LEVEL, These are group of cells working together performing a particular function GENERAL BIOLOGY CONTACT US ON: 08121358758, 98093972572B PRENIERPREP EDUCATIONAL CONSULT Success consists of daily victories ‘BtamptaS: of Animal tissues are: Epithelium (lining tissue), connective, skeletal, nerve, muscle, blood, grandular tissue. Example of Plant tissues are: meristem, epidermis, collenchyma, sclenchyma, parenchyma, ‘Some organisms exist only at the tissue level of orgar ation E.g. Coelentrates (Hydra, Jellyfish, ORGAN LEVEL They are group of tissues working together to perform a particular function. Example jsfhe™> stomach that is composed of epithelium, muscular, grandular and blood tissues. More’ ‘examples of organs in animal include the brain, eyes. Example of plant organs arelowérs and root, nov SYSTEM LEVEL Coe a The system is a group of organs performing a complex function. Humans’nd other mammals have 7 main systems: “ AY < . Circulatory, digestive, nervous, respiratory, reproductive, ritery, ‘muscular, skeletal systems. Qe pe) DIFFUSION AND THE. PROBLERD OF size a The rate of diffusion depends on the organist Surface area to that is in contact with the Surroundings. This depends on the surfacelaréa: volume ratio: As an organism gets bigger, the volume and surface area gets bigget butiot by the same proportion. Le. The smaller the organism, the larger surface area to Volume ratio. Organisms also need to exchange heat with their surroundings. Large animals have small surface area: volume ratio as an advantage and lose less heat than small animals, age? owTACT US ON: 08121358758, 08099972572 GENERAL BIOLOGY a