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    MPile Manual

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    Konstantin Arhipenko

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ..@ we GcoDelft . ° MPile User Manual (Release 3.7, February 26, 2003) lle User Man ~Relese 3 ~Gseopeltt brary 26,2008 Mile User Manual @scobeltt February 26, 2003 Table of Contents PREFACE... ‘About MPile. About GeoDeltt. About Rijkswaterstaat. 1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Capabilities 1 LLL Soil springs: 1.1.2 Soil interaction models 1.2 Limitations. 13 4 Sign convention. Units 1.5. System requirements. 1.6 Installation... 2. GETTING STARTED. Using the mouse to select objects. 24° Getting Help 2.5 Project properties 2.6 Howto 2.6.1 How to create a new project. 2.6.2. How to enter calculation data... 2.63 How to save your project data 2.6.4 How to start a calculation.... Set 2.6.5 How to view & print calculation results... 18 2.6.6 How to backup your calculation files... 3 WORKING WITH MPILE. 3.1 Soil menu 3.1.1 Soil ~Layers. 3.1.2 Soil —Profiles 3.1.3 _ Soil - Interaction Mode 3.2 Pile ment... 3.2.1 Pile- Types... 3.21.1 Pile Types - Wood 32.12 Pile Types— Steel 32.13 Pile Types— Concrete round 3.2.14 Pile Types — Concrete square 3.2.1.5 Pile Types — User specified 322. Pile~Tip Curves 3.2.3 Pile —Positions..... 3.2.4 Pile ~ Check Intersections 3.3 Cap menteone 3.3.1 Cap—Location . 3.3.2 Cap— Mass. 34 Loads ment. 3.4.1 Loads ~ Cap table 3.42 Loads — Ship... MPile User Manual -Release 3.7 --@Geobelft February 26, 2003 3.4.3 Loads~ Surface Loading Areas 3.44 Loads ~ Surface Loadings 3.4.5 Loads — Soil Displacement Profiles .. 3.4.6 Loads ~ Soil Displacements 3.5 _ Calculation memu 3.5.1 Calculation - Executive Commands. 3.6 _ Results menu. 3.6.1 Results—Report 3.6.2 Results —Top View 3.6.3 Results — Charts. 3.6.4 Results —Cap Plots. 3.6.5 Results ~ DucBots 4 THEORY een 4.1 _ Soil behaviour. 4.1.1 Lateral P-Y curves for clay (API. 4.1.2. Lateral P-Y curves for sand (API) 4.1.3 Lateral P-Y curves (P-Y Soil) 4.1.4 Lateral P-Y curves for sand (API undrained), 4.1.5. Axial T-Z curves for sand and clay (API)... 4.1.6 Axial T-Z curves for sand and clay (P-Y Soil).. = 4.1.7 Axial T-Z curves for sand (Cone) on A 4.18 Axial T-Z curves for clay (Ratio). 42 Calculation models 4.2.1 Cap Interaction Method. 42.2 Poulos Method... 42.3 Plasti-Poulos Method. 423.1 Introduction. 423.2 Plasticity and single pile behaviour. 423.3 Introduction of plasticity inthe Poulos metho. 423.4 Implementation in MPile... 423.5 _ Special considerations when using this calculation mod. 4.2.4 Mindlin Method. 42.4.1 Mindlin Interaction at Short Distances. 4.2.5 FEM Method [MPile User Manual - Release 3.7 ~-QScobeltt Februsry 26, 2003 Preface About MPile MPile determines the three-dimensional deformations and forces deformation of pile groups, interacting via the pile cap and the soil, as a function of loading. MPile offers for this purpose a unique combination of intemationally accepted design rules and special soil interaction models. History © Release 1.0 of MPile, containing only the Cap interaction model was released in 1993, In October 1995 the official version 2.0 was released, containing the full set of originally anticipated calculation models. © Release 2.1 of MPile; December 1995: new features have been added to improve the user-interface and the graphical and numerical output ‘+ Release 2.2 of June 1996, the magnitude of the load can be varied in succeeding load steps and the cap centre can be situated outside the origi. ‘+ Release 3.1 of November 2000: first Windows version. ‘© Release 3.2 of July 2001: Plasti-Poulos method added Release 3.7 of February 2003: Improved iteration process for the Plasti-Poulos ‘method. Improved input and output. Separately licensed modules. About this manual This manual provides an introduction into MPile {Chapter 1], explains how to get started [Chapter 2], describes how to use MPile [Chapter 3] and supplies ‘theoretical background (Chapter 4]. The same information is also available in the on-line help. Currently, a detailed description of input fields is available only in the on-line help. About GeoDelft GeoDelft is one of the world’s most renowned institutes for geotechnical and environmental research. GeoDelft is continuously applying its growing knowledge ~ through consultancy, measurements and predictions — to projects that are often very challenging. GeoDelft actively stimulates the dissemination and utilisation of its knowledge, especially through dedicated software such as MPile. For more information on GeoDelf, you can visit the GeoDelft website: http-/vww.gendelft.nl. For more information about geotechnical software, including download options, visit http://www delftgeosystems.n. About Rijkswaterstaat Rijkswaterstaat (RWS) is part of the Dutch Ministry for Traffic, Publi Works and ‘Water Management, RWS's tasks include the regulation, construction, ‘management and maintenance of public works. By supporting the development of MPile User Manual ~ Release 3.7 February 26,2003, ‘MPile, RWS is facilitating the uniform and reliable design of sheet pilings. For more information on RWS, visit http://www,minvenw.nl. MPile User Manual - Release 3.7 February 26,2003 Capabilities 5 1 Introduction MPile determines the three-dimensional deformations and forces deformation of pile groups, interacting via the pile cap and the soil, as a function of loading. ‘The following paragraphs describe MPile’s capabilities [§ 1.1], limitations [§ 1.2], applied sign convention [§ 1.3], applied units [§ 1.4] and installation requirements [§ 1.6). 1.1 Capabilities prescribed loads surcharge interaction pm via cas a displackment Toad Pw interaction via soil +. Tesistane MPile offers the following functionality: all pile types, either standard or user-defined; pile sections with different properties; options for oblique piles; pile head clamped or freely rotating; sand and clay layers, drained or undrained, with common input properties; influence of the pile foot resistance; load on the cap by moments, horizontal and vertical forces, rotations and displacements; load by horizontal and vertical soil displacements; surcharge; cyclic, static or stepwise loads; dynamic load by ship collision (Ducbot model); ‘multiple models for the interaction between piles via the soil Graphical output of displacements, shear forces and moments in top view Graphs of cap deformation versus loading. MPile User Manual ~ Release 3.7 February 26, 2003, 6 Introduction 4.4.1 Soil springs MPile describes the relation between pile and surrounding soil by the use of horizontal and vertical soil springs. MPile determines the relation between the stress and displacement from the design rules of the API code. You can also supply the relationship via direct diagram input. Reative Sess The design rules require only common soil parameters for each layer. You can determine these parameters from CPT results. The design rules differentiate between soil type (sand, and clay) and load type (drained, undrained, cyclic). Asan important feature, MPile always includes hysteresis in the stress- displacement model, if plasticity is involved. This means a different behavior uring virgin loading, unloading and reloading 1.1.2 Soil interaction models Besides the pile interaction via the cap, MPile also offers unique features to model three-dimensional interaction via the soil. All these interaction models are based on linear elasticity. You can combine them with the previously mentioned non-linear relations between pile and soil. This way, MPile achieves an optimal balance between the accuracy required and the efficiency desired. + Poulos. The classic analytical Poulos model determines the interaction only at the level of the pile heads, assuming homogeneous elastic soil and vertical piles. MPile offers additionally the Plasti-Poulos model, that can be used in tion with soil plasticity + Mindlin, The Mindlin model determines the interaction along complete piles, using partially numerical analysis, and assuming homogeneous elastic soil with optionally oblique piles. + FEM. The FEM (Finite Element Method) model determines the interaction along complete piles totally numerically, assuming optionally layered elastic soil, with optionally oblique piles. 1.2 Limitations ‘When working with MPILE the following restrictions apply: * The unit weight of water is set to 9.81 kNin’. © A horizontal groundwater level is assumed within each soil profile, ‘The program does not support a sloping ground surface. Piles may be combined with different soil-profiles. Pile-soil-pile interaction effects however are based on piles in a halfspace with a horizontal surface. ile User Mant ~Relese 3.7 ‘Sseoveltt Febuary 26,2003 Limitations z * No excess pore pressures can be applied, other than manually defining p-y curves. * The coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, KO, is constant with depth for cach soil layer loads are static and non-cyclic, except the dynamic load in the Ducbots model. ‘+ Loads/displacements, moments/rotations can only be applied to the top of the pile through the pile cap. ‘* The pile is modelled as a linear elastic beam with compression and bending (no shearing) ‘+ Single piles have no torsion resistance (pile groups however, do!) ‘+ The availability of different options for different models is summarized in Table 1. ‘© The numerical restrictions for the various calculation data will be discussed with the relevant help topics. Table 1 - Availability of options for the different models Cap _| yes _| Yes | No No yes _| No | #75 Minatin] Yes | Yes | Yes || No No | Yes | 25 (1 layer) t FEM | Yes | Yes | Yes | No No | No | ~25 (layered) Duebots|_Yes_| Yes | _No Yes No_| No | ~75 Poulos | No | No | Yes No No | No | 200 (1 ayer)” Plasti- | Yes | Yes | Yes No No | No | 200 Poulos (1 ayer)” “© The soil system for pile-soil-pile interaction consists of I layer only. MPile User Manual ~ Release 3.7 46 ‘February 26, 2003 Sscodelte 8 Introduction 1.3 Sign convention ‘The program uses a right-handed Cartesian co-ordinate system (see below). The direction of the positive Y-axis is opposite the gravity direction, pointing upwards. Positive translations and rotation signs comespond with positive load and moment. signs. YOy 1.4 Units ‘The units used by the program are shown in the table below. Co-ordinate meter Volumetric weight kiloNewton/meter’ Cohesion/Undrained kiloNewton/meter” Shear strength kiloNewton/meter™ Friction angle degrees Force kiloNewion Pressure kiloNewton/meter* Moment Displacement Rotation* Cone resistance** kiloNewton/meter” Mass*** kilogram * : Inthe input rotations have to be specified in degrees, in the output however they are in radians. ‘Note that the cone resistance is in KN/m2 and not in MN/m2 ! ‘The acceleration of gravity is assumed to be 9.81 m/s2. Pile User Manual ~Release 3.7 eoDelft February 26, 2003, ay ae ‘System requirements 9 1.5 System requirements ‘You will need the following configuration to run MPile: ‘© IBM-compatible PC with Pentium processor ‘* Windows 98/2000/XP or Windows NT 4.0 (Intel) operating system. ‘A minimum of 64 Mb RAM ‘A minimum of 10 Mb free hard disk space * SYGA monitor. ‘The following display settings are supported for MPile: Colour: + 65536 colours / high colour 16 bits Resolution: $00 x 600 with small fonts 1024x768 with small fonts 1024x768 with large fonts To display the MPile Help texts properly, the Symbol TrueType font must be installed on your system. 1.6 Installation ‘The installation procedure for MPile will vary according to the system ‘configuration and type of license. GeoDelft will provide the proper installation instructions, together with the installation software. If you have questions about installing MPile, please contact the support team at GeoDelft: support@zeodelf.nl. -MPite User Manual ~ Release 3.7 Sseodeltt February 26, 2003 10 ‘Mile User Manual ~ Release 3.7 @scopelft February 26, 2003, ‘Ss Top View Layout 4 2 Getting Started ‘When you launch MPile, the main window appears. In case of a network installation, you will be asked to select the modules for which you want to claim a license. ‘The main window contains a menu bar, an icon bar, and a Top View Layout window. ‘+The menu bar gives access to all functionality for input, analysis and result viewing. Read the How to sections [§ 2.6] for a quick introduction into all common tasks. See Working with MPile [Chapter 3] for details. The icon bar [§ 2.2] gives quick access to frequently used functionality. ‘The top view layout window [§ 2.1] displays the pile group layout. 2.1 Top View Layout ‘The Top View Layout window is the focal point of MPile. It displays a graphic represen of our project ata nd provides ey access ote main input ndows, allowing you to edit and add project data efficiently and MPile User Manual - Release 3.7 --@Geobelft February 26,2003 12 Getting Started 2.2 Icon bar The icon bar of MPile contains the following buttons. ‘To manipulate the graphic representation in this window, the following buttons are available: ‘When you point your cursor at one of these buttons, a tooltip is displayed, explaining the function ofthe button. 2.3 Using the mouse to select objects By using your mouse, you can quickly edit objects (i. layer, piles) in the Top ‘View Layout or add new ones: * Edit: Click an object with your right mouse button to display an input window displaying the corresponding data. Edit the data as required and save the changes. © Ada: Double-click an object with your left mouse-button to display the corresponding input window, which allows you to add another object to your project. Move one object: Hold down the left mouse button on an object and move the mouse to drag the object to a new position. + Move several objects: Draw a rectangle around the objects you want to move. Hold down the left ‘mouse button in the rectangle object and move the mouse to drag the selected objects to a new position. MPile User Manual -Release 3.7 ‘Sscoveltt February 26, 2003 Getting Help 13 2.4 Getting Help ‘There are a numbers of ways to find the help topic you are looking for: Screen help FI Press F1 for help on the window in which you are working. Contents Click this button in the help window for an overview of the available help topics. You can look in a Table of Contents; an Index or you can use Find to search for specific words. Searching by word Click this button to search for help topics on the basis ofa specific word. Browsing through, Use these buttons to browse through a help series of help topics, which follow each other logically, Extra information — The hand, which is displayed when you move the mouse over text, marked in ‘green or over an illustration means that you just have to click for more information. tn this way, for example, you can click on Water level or on 2 To print the help you have two oj © Inahelp window, cc | to print the contents of the window; ‘© Mark a line in the Contents tab of the Help Topics window and click If you mark a line preceded by [, only this topic will be printed. If you mark a line preceded by Sor o all corresponding topics will be printed. In order to display and print the help texts properly, the Symbol true type font must be installed on your system. 2.5 Project properties ‘These settings determine the project information used on printout and graphic plots. Pile User Manual ~ Release 3.7 ~-Qseodeltt February 26, 2003, 14 Getting Started Rear MPile User Manual ~ Release 3.7 ~QScovelt February 26,2003, Project properties 15 ‘The View Layout tab allows you to customise the display settings for the Top View Layout window. By enabling the Save as default checkbox the selected options will be active every time you start MPile. ‘The Graph Settings tab allows you to set the Display options and project limits. ‘These settings apply only to the current project. (Mite User Manual ~ Release 3.7 February 26, 2003, 16 Getting Started 2.6 How to... create a new project [§ 2.6.1] center calculation data [§ 2.6.2] save project data [§ 2.6.3] start a calculation [§ 2.6.4] view and print calculation results [§ 2.6.5] back up calculation files [§ 2.6.6] 2.6.1 How to create a new project ‘To make a new calculation, you must follow the steps below: 1. Click #21 o select the New option in the File menu, A new project will be started 2. Choose the Model option from the Project menu and select the model to be used for your calculations, For background see [§ 4.2]. 3. One by one select the options in the Soil, Pile, Cap and Loads menus. ‘Which options are available depends on the model you have selected. ‘When you have finished entering all the necessary calculation data, you are ready to start a calculation, 2.6.2 How to enter calculation data After selection of the model and input of general project data via the Project ‘menu, you must enter the actual input data via the Soil, Pile, Cap and Loads ‘memus. In many windows, adding data starts with creating a new data record (for instance, a new layer or a new pil To do this, take the following steps: 1. Ctick HBR o ada anew iter to the end ofthe ist or click LEE to insert ‘one above the currently selected item. Pile User Maal ~Release37 ~Qseodeltt Ferny 26,2008 How to 7 2. Enter a unique name or number. You can further edit the list with the following buttons: + Click BBBBEH to detete the selected data item from thelist. + Click HEHE]. rename the selected data iter, . cus to move the selected data item one position up or down in the list. 2.6.3 How to save your project data To save your project data, take the following steps: 1, Select the Close option from the File menu. ‘MPile now prompts you to check for unsaved data. 2. Click fed 3 In the window that appears, select a location and enter a filename (not necessarily the same as your project title). 4, Click Save. Note: You are advised to allocate a separate directory to your project files. ‘This makes it easier to find your files and will also make it easier to create a backup. 2.6.4 How to start a calculation Note: When you start a calculation, any previous calculation results will be replaced. If you want to save previous results, print the results or make a copy of the project file. To start a calculation, take the following steps: 1. Make sure you have entered all the required data. 2. Select the Executive Commands option in the Calculation menu. This option is not available for the Poulos model.) 3. Ifnecessary, change the displayed settings. 4 Click cea, confirm the settings. 5. Select the Start option in the Calculation menu and click| or Click H in the menubar, e Press F9. MPile User Manual ~Release 3.7 ~-Qscoveltt February 26, 2003 18 Getting Started ‘A new window is opened which will display the calculation steps and any error messages. 6. Once the calculation has been completed, close the window to return to MPile and view the results. 2.6.5 How to view & print calculation results To view calculation results, take the following steps: 1. Start a calculation and make sure no errors occurred. The options in the Results menu will now be activated 2, Select the Report option from the Results menu if you want a full report of your input data as well as the calculation results. Select another option from the Results menu to display various graphical representations of the results. 3. You can always print the information displayed in this way by taking the following steps: 4. Check the Frame settings and Plot options in the Options menu, 5. Click HS to print the results or select Print Active Window from the File 2.6.6 How to backup your calculation files ‘To make a backup of your project data (Which includes the calculation results), all you have to do is create a copy of the following project files: ° *PIL Input file (ASCID): the input generated by the user is stored in this file. You are strongly advised to backup at least these files regularly. * *SET ‘The preferences you have saved as default. * | SDAT These files contain the generated input for a FEM calculation. + *PIO Output file (ASCII): After a calculation has been started, all output is written to this file. If there are errors in the input, they are also described in this file. + +PPD Poulos dumpfile, + *GRD FEM graphical data file (Cap, Mindlin, FEM, Plasti-Poulos, DucBots). * “PB Ducbots data file that can be used by the BOTS programme. «| &MAT Input file, created by MPile containing the interaction matrix for the FEM analysis. Pile User Mamusl Release 3.7 --@seobelft February 26, 2003 Soil menu 19 3 Working with MI ‘The following paragraphs contain global descriptions of different menu options. Descriptions of specific input fields are currently only available via the on-line help. ie Soil menu [§ 3.1] Pile menu [§ 3.2 Cap menu [§ 3.3] Loads menu [§ 3.4] Calculation menu [§ 3.5] Results menu [§ 3.6] 3.1 Soil menu 3.1.1 Soil — Layers All soil layers that will interact with the piles in the entire calculation must be defined here. To add a soil layer you must add a name to the list of soil layer names atthe left- hand side. The soil layers entered here can be selected with the Soil Profiles. The soil parameters will vary with the selected soil type. 3.1.2 Soil — Profiles ‘This option provides the means to add, delete, change and view the soil profiles. ‘These soil profiles are used for the pile-soil interaction and are therefore not present for the Poulos model, which only has elastic pile-soil-pile interaction. To add a soil profile you must add a number to the list of soil profile numbers at the left-hand side. The soil layers entered here can be selected with the Pile positions. MPile User Manual -Release 3.7 ~-Sscoveltt February 26, 2003 20 Working with MPile Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. 3.1.3 Soil — Interaction Model At this point you can specify the profile that isto be used for pile-soi-pile interaction. Since this interaction is elastic the data for this interaction profile differs from the “regular” soil profiles The input data will vary with the model used for the project: * The Cap and Ducbots model include cap interaction only, therefore no interaction profile is asked for when using this model © Forthe Poulos , Plasti-Poulos and Mindlin model an interaction profile consisting of one layer is required. For the FEM model the interaction profile can be composed of several horizontal soil layers. The layer boundaries of this Soil interaction profile do not have to be ‘consistent with the layer boundaries of the soil profile of each pile itself. This ‘means that the composition of the pile-soil-pile interaction profile is based on the engineering judgement of the user 3.2 Pile menu 3.2.1 Pile — Types All pile types used in the calculation must be defined here. To add a pile tyne you must add a name to the list of pile types at the left-hand side. The pile types entered here can be selected with the Pile Positions. Mile User Mans ~Relne 3.7 ~“Gseoveltt brary 26,208 Pile menu 24 ‘The parameters will vary with the pile type selected. For details, click the required pile type: * Wood * Steel * Concrete round * Concrete square * Userspecified 3.2.1.1 Pile Types - Wood If the selected material is wood, the following data must be entered for a calculation. po po Karn Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. Types — Steel If the selected material is steel, the following data must be entered for a calculation. Fora steel pile a pipe pile is assumed. This means that the eross section is always tubular. 3.21.2 Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. MPile User Manual - Release 3.7 ~-Ggeobeltt February 26, 2003, 22. Working with MPile 3.2.1.3 Pile Types — Concrete round Ifthe selected material is "concrete square", the following data must be entered for ‘a calculation. Note that regulations exist, determining concrete quality . gran Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. 3.2.1.4 Pile Types — Concrete square Ifthe selected material is concrete round, the following data must be entered for a calculation. Note that regulations exist, determining concrete quality . Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. 3.2.1.5 Pile Types ~ User specified This option allows you to define multiple segments. For each segment used, a “ will be displayed where you must enter the required data. This offers the possibility ‘of multiple sections with a different diameter or stiffness for each section. -MPile User Manual ~ Release 3.7 ‘February 26, 2003, Pile menu 23 Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. 3.2.2 Pile — Tip Curves Pile tip behaviour is determined by the ultimate tip resistance and by the load- displacement behaviour before reaching this ultimate resistance. In MPILE the end bearing capacity (ultimate tip resistance) is specified in the ile position menu since this value may vary with different positions. The pile tip curve specifies the load-displacement behaviour (in terms relative to the ultimate level) and is therefore more related to the pile type (e.g. driven or bored). This allows for fast specification and/or change of the tip behaviour of multiple piles. To add a pile tip curve you must add a number to the list of curves at the left-hand side. The pile tip curves entered here can be selected with the Pile Positions. Tater Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. MPile User Manual ~ Release 3.7 February 26, 2003, 24 Working with MPile 3.2.3 Pile — Positions ‘The pile position in the 3-dimensional space can be specified here. In order to do this the position of the pile head has to be specified as well as the skewness and the angle in the horizontal plane. From these data and the length of the ple the program calculates the position of the piletip (or the end of a segment). To add. apile position you must add a new number to the list of piles atthe left- hand side, z i? Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. Giitical Pile: Only for the Poulos and the Plasti-Poulos model a critical pile number is needed. For the Plasti-Poulos model the pile type of the critical pile is used to determine the equivalent Young's modulus of the interaction profile. The critical pile can be selected in the pile positions table by using the space bar to toggle between “Yes” and “No”. Pile positions can also be entered in the pile position table. To allow fast input of regularly spaced pile groups, a pile grid can be generated based on spacings in 2 directions. -MPile User Manual - Release 3.7 ‘Sscodeltt February 26, 2003, Cap menu 25 Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. 3.2.4 Pile — Check Intersections ‘With this option a check can be made whether the positioned piles intersect. The check is performed for all piles and their combinations. For a large number of piles this may take some time. Piles are considered to intersect when the sum of half the diameter of pile 1, half the diameter of pile 2 and the intersection tolerance is smaller then or equals the distance between the pile centres. PPiles that fail the intersection criterion are marked by a connecting line. Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. 3.3 Cap menu 3.3.1 Cap — Location No special data is needed for the pile cap itself, only the centre of gravity and Toading can be defined here by specifying x, y and 2 in the global co-ordinate system, Loading conditions are always applied to a single point ofthe pile cap. Serer ~-Gscoveit ed 26 Working with MPite Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. 3.3.2 Cap— Mass Required for Ducbots model only. In the Cap Mass field you enter the weight of the cap. The mass moment of inertia, ‘must also be specified for the x, y and z directions. Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. 3.4 Loads menu 3.4.1 Loads — Cap table Load conditions are always applied to a single point of the pile cap. The point of application is the centre of gravity and loading. For each direction a choice can be made between: © load controlled (forces and/or moments) ‘© displacement controlled (displacements and/or rotations) © neither, Depending on the load conditions, the magnitudes of the applied load or the prescribed displacements per load step and per direction have to be specified. Mile User Manual ~ Release 3.7 February 26, 2003 Loads menu 27. Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. 3.4.2 Loads — Ship Required for the Duebots model only. In order to calculate the consequences of the collision of a ship with a pile cap, you ‘must enter the ship's parameters. Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. 3.4.3 Loads — Surface Loading Areas Required for the Mindlin model only. ‘Mite User Manual - Release 3.7 covet February 26, 2003, 28 Working with MPile Surface loads can be specified for the Mindlin model. The loads may consist of triangular or rectangular shapes with load values for the comers. Over the surface an interpolation of the comer values is used. Loads can be applied in all 3 directions. To add anew area you must add a new area number to the list at the left-hand side. Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. 3.4.4 Loads — Surface Loadings Required for the Mindlin mode only. In this window you can select the areas to be used from the list of surface loading areas defined earlier. Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. MPile User Manual ~ Release 3.7 February 26, 2003, Loads menu 29 3.4.5 Loads — Soil Displacement Profiles Required for the Cap Interaction model only. ‘The soil displacement profiles allow for soil movements to be taken into account. This is done by specifying the soil displacements in all 3 directions at certain levels. These levels can be chosen by the user. Since it is also possible to specify the load step from which point these displacements will be taken into account. ‘Modelling the influence of down drag (negative skin friction) can be done in this way by specifying the vertical displacements with depth that are responsible for the negative skin friction, ‘These profiles can only be used with the cap model. ‘To adda new profile you must add a new profile number to the list at the left-hand side, Soil Displacement Profile Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. 3.4.6 Loads — Soil Displacements. Required for the Cap Interaction model only. In this window you can select the profiles to be used from the list of soil displacement profiles defined earlier. For each pile one or mote profiles can be selected with its applicable load factor. For example it's possible that pile nr. 1 has 1 time the displacements of soil displacement profile 1 whereas pile nr. 2 has 0.5 times the displacements of soil displacement profile 1 plus 0.5 times those of soil displacement profile 2. Here also the load steps have to be specified in which the soil displacements are to bbe applied. For example for negative skin friction this can be done after the cap loads have been applied. (Mite User Manual ~ Release 3.7 ~-@Scoveltt February 26, 2008, 30 Working with MPile Displacements Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. MPile User Manual ~ Release 3.7 eobelft February 26, 2003, a a Calculation menu. 34 3.5 Calculation menu 3.5.1 Calculation - Executive Commands For the Poulos model no data is needed for executive commands. For the Plasti-Poulos model the following dialog will be presented Command: Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. For the other models the executive command dialog is: -MPile User Manual ~ Release 3.7 February 26, 2003, 2 Working with MPile Click the Help button for information about the different input fields. 3.6 Results menu 3.6.1 Results — Report ‘The Report option in the Results menu gives access to the report generated when the project was last calculated. The content of the report varies with the report type that was selected when starting the calculation. ‘To save the report you must print it. It will be overwritten when a new calculation is started. Click £5 to print the report. esto | . sevcloped br ope t116 S:\Omutehei dng MFA Le eutsanp Les BHPoutsb. rit Ooepae ete I] Peevine dace este MPite User Manual - Release 3.7 February 26, 2003, Results menu 33 3.6.2 Results -Top View This window shows the graph of the chosen parameter (e.g. displacement, bending ‘moment or shear force) in the chosen direction (x,y or z) for all piles. It is possible to select 1, 2 or 3 of these parameters on the screen simultaneously. Data are presented in the global co-ordinate system. Use the on-line help to display information about the icons in the right hand side panel. 3.6.3 Results — Charts ‘This window shows the graph of the chosen parameter (displacement, bending ‘moment ot shear force) against depth. It is possible to have 1, 2 or 3 of these charts on the screen simultaneously. Mile User Manu ~Relese 37 ~Qgeodeltt February 26,2008 a4 Working with MPile ene ae Use the on-line help to display information about the icons in the right hand side panel. Data are presented in the local co-ordinate system. bic Unr Mal —ilae 37 4 ean 25, 203 sooner Results menu 35 3.6.4 Results — Cap Plots ‘This window shows the graph for the pile cap behaviour: a bending moment against rotation ot force against displacement. It is possible to have the two graphs ‘on the screen simultaneously. Use the on-line help to display information about the icons inthe right hand side panel. [MPile User Manual - Release 3.7 ~Gseoneltt February 26, 2003 36. Working with MPile 3.6.5 Results — DucBots This window displays the results for a DucBots method calculation. Use the on-line help to display information about the different parts of the window. MPile User Manual - Release 3.7 4 scopelft February 26,2003, Soil behaviour 37. 4 Theory 4.1 Soil behaviour For lateral loads the method described by Matlock (Matlock 1970] is used. This method describes the soil resistance for a single pile by a So-called "P-Y curve" approach. A "P-Y curve is a non-linear force (P)- displacement (Y) relation. The method is accepted by the API [API 1989], and DNV [DNV 1977]. For the vertical loads a comparable method can be used (T-Z curves) and besides the "negative skin friction" option is introduced. NOTE: In the following sections the internationally accepted notation is used: a lateral soil resistance curve is called a “P-Y” curve. The y in this curve is however not related to the axis system that is being used by MPile where the y-axis i in the ical direction, In the MPile axis system a P-Y curve will be in the X-Z plane, so is a “P-X” of “P-Z’curve (in the local pile axis system). A similar thing applies to the T-Z curves that are in the MPile Y direction; so it is a “T-Y” curve in the local pile axis system. 4.1.1 Lateral P-Y curves for clay (API) According to the API [API 1989] the ultimate resistance depends upon the failure mechanism of the clay which differs for shallow (pus) and deep depths (pu). The API presents the following formulas: Pu =3te, +74 Tee, Pa =9* Cy Where: Pu = ultimate resistance at depth H [kN/m2] = the undrained shear strength [kN/m2] D = pile diameter [m] Y =the effective unit weight of the soil [kN/m3] J = dimensionless empirical constant H_ = depth below soil surface [m] For J a value of 0.25 -0.5 is recommended, In the API the shape of the API curve for soft clay is not given as a continuous curve, but is defined by a small table. The points in this table are part of the continuous curve given by the formula: MPile User Manual ~ Release 3.7 4 ~-Zseoeltt February 26,2005, 38. Theory 2 oft} for yS8y=p Po Ys P=P. for y2Y9 Where: Yo =25€)D £:0 =the strain, which occurs at one-half the maximum stress on laboratory, ‘undrained compression tests of undisturbed soil samples. In MPILE the P-Y curve for clay is modelled by 3 parallel elasto-plastic springs. ‘The springs are chosen such that the resulting multi-linear spring characteristic is correct at displacements of 0.1*ys0, yso and 8*yso These values have been chosen because the initial stiffness of the curve is, relatively high compared to the stiffness at larger strains, and a correct description of the stiffness at small strains greatly influences the overall results of the calculation. For the determination of the value es) the following table can be used. 4.1.2 Lateral P-Y curves for sand (API) -MPile User Manual ~ Release 3.7 According to the API [API 1989] the P-Y curve for sand can be defined as: Pot ptien| A +] A*p, Where: P= the lateral soil resistance ‘A. =a factor to account for cyclic or static loading conditions. A =029 for cyclic loading A B.0-0.8 H/D) > 0.9 for static loading February 26, 2003 Soil behaviour 39 Pu =ultimate resistance at depth H [kN/m] MPile User Manual - Release 3.7 ebruary 26,2003, 40. Theory k = the initial modulus of subgrade reaction [kN/m’] y “the lateral deflection [m] H = depth [m] Note that the definition of pu as given by the API differs for clay and sand: for clay the dimension of pu is kN/m? whereas for sand pu is in KN/m! As with clay the ultimate resistance ps at depth His the smallest of the values of ‘Pus and pod. These values are defined by: P,, =(C, *H+C, #D)* 4H P, =C, *D# YH Where: Y the effective soil weight (KN/m’] efficients determined by figure 6.7.6-1 of the API the average pile diameter from surface to depth H [mt] InMPILE the P-Y curve for sand is modelled by 5 parallel elasto-plastic springs. 4.1.3 Lateral P-Y curves (P-Y Soil) Its possible to define the force-displacement relation of the soil according to the wish of the user. Therefore a number of points has to be entered. The curve must be ‘monotonously increasing and the first point must always be (0,0). 4.1.4 Lateral P-Y curves for sand (API undrained) This special API-rule may only be used when the DucBots model has been selected. No further information is given here about scope of MPILE. is model, as it outside the regular 4.1.5 Axial T-Z curves for sand and clay (API) For vertical loads the calculation method is comparable to the one used in horizontal direction, An elaborate description of this method is given by Coyle and Reese [Coyle ea. 1966] MPile User Manual ~ Release 3.7 --@eobelft February 26, 2003, Soil behaviour 4 MPILE offers the possibility to determine the ultimate skin friction in vertical direction according to the API. It should be noted that this option applies to open- ended steel tubes. Skin friction on the inside of the ple is therefore not included. In order to obtain the correct ultimate bearing capacity of the pile the pile-tip resistance has to be determined according to the API; minimum of annular resistance + inner friction or full tip area resistance (plugging). For materials other than steel “user specified friction curves” can be used. In MPILE the spring stiffness can be specified by entering the displacement (dz) corresponding with the ultimate resistance (Rs). A correct determination of the value of this spring stiffness is not trivial. In design codes usually only the overall pile-friction behaviour is described. That is the development of the pile-shaft friction related to the settlement of the pile tip. For example the Dutch code NEN 6743 gives 3 curves for the development of the pile friction for soil displacement piles, augured piles and bored piles. However, for the local pile-soil displacement at the pile shaft surface the influence of compression/extension of the pile itself needs to be included. Furthermore the behaviour of soft, compressible, soil layers and that of stiffer ‘granular layers will be different. ‘To obtain accurate load-deformation behaviour these matters have to be included in the analysis. As a rule of thump values of 2 mm for sand and 5 mm for clay are often used as values where the maximum friction is reached. It should be noted that these values include the elastic deformation of the soil around the ple. In case of an analysis that includes pile-soil-pile interaction this elastic deformation will automatically be included in the analysis and should therefore not be included in the spring stiffness. In that case a very stiff soil spring is recommended (maxirmum, friction at a displacement of 1 mm). For the skin friction in cohesive soil the API gives: f=aeC, ‘Where: o =0.5* y0.50 if y> 10 yo =cu/P,! P| = effective overburden pressure at the point in question Q = undrained shear strength For the skin friction in cohesionless soil the API gives: f£=K*Py *zan(8) Where: K —_ =coefficient of lateral earth pressure 8 —_=fiiction angle between soil and pile wall P,' = effective overburden pressure at the point in question -MPile User Manual - Release 3.7 ~-Sscovettt February 26, 2003, 42. Theory 4.1.6 Axial T-Z curves for sand and clay (P-Y Soil) It is possible to define the force-displacement relation of the soil according the wish of the user. Therefore a number of points has to be entered. The curve must be ‘monotonously increasing and the first point must always be (0,0). 4.1.7 Axial T-Z curves for sand (Cone) ‘An altemative method used in the Netherlands is based on the cone resistance, according to the Dutch code NEN 6743: f=arq, Where = dimensionless factor, usually between 0.005 - 0.014 for eohesionless soil depending on the ple type used. qe= cone resistance 4.1.8 Axial T-Z curves for clay (Ratio) An alternative method for the API in cohesive soil is a user-defined factor. For the skin friction in cohesive soil the API gives : f=a#C, where: = dimensionless factor. C= undrained shear strength 4.2 Calculation models In MPILE there are several different methods to calculate the behaviour of a pile group. Each pile however, except for the Poulos and Plasti-Poulos models, is modelled by a series of springs representing the compression stiffness and the bending stiffness in both directions perpendicular to the pile. The pile is connected to the soil by sets of springs representing the lateral and axial pile-soil interaction (p-y and t-z curves respectively). In the present version of MPILE the following calculation models are available: * Cap Interaction Model With this choice a calculation is performed with cap-interaction only. Pile-soil interaction is elasto-plastic, but pile-soil-pile interaction is not included. The calculation is performed using the Tilly program, pre- and postprocessing is done by MPILE. '* Poulos model In this case a fully elastic calculation with pile-soil-pile interaction according to Poulos/Randolph is performed. The calculation is performed by a special module of MPILE, so the Tilly program is not used for this model. MPile User Manual -Release 3.7 ~Ggeodeltt February 26, 2003 Calculation models. 43 ‘+ Plasti-Poulos In the Plasti-Poulos method plasticity effects are included in order to obtain more realistic pile-group interaction effects. © Mindlin modet In this case a calculation with elastic pile-soil-pile interaction according to Mindlin (constant Young's modulus with depth) is performed. Pile-soil interaction may be elasto-plastic. The calculation is performed using the Tilly program, pre- and postprocessing is done by MPILE. * FEM model In this case a calculation with elastic pile-sol-pile interaction fora layered soil system is performed. Pile-soil interaction may be elasto-plastic, The calculation is performed using both a built in Finite Element Method and the Tilly program, pre- and postprocessing is done by MPILE. © Duchots model ‘This model can be used to analyse the effects ofa collision of a ship against a pile/pile group. The calculation is a dynamic analysis based on the cap interaction model. The calculation is performed using the Tilly program, pre- and postprocessing is done by MPILE. An interface for a special computer program for ship-dolphin interaction (BOTS) exists, so input for this programme can be generated. NOTE: The parameters needed to perform a valid calculation depend on the choice of model. Changing the model means a careful check of all other input data is needed. The program automatically checks whether all necessary data is available, but it is recommended to check whether the actual values still apply. For the Poulos and Plasti-Poulos models, the present version of MPILE supports uniform piles only. 4.2.1 Cap Interaction Method In this model the piles are connected to the pile cap, but there is no pile-soil-pile interaction. Only the soil resistance for each pile is considered, and the pile-head to pile-head interaction through the pile cap. The pile-soil interaction is elasto-plastic. The calculation is performed using the Tilly program. 4.2.2 Poulos Method In this case an elastic calculation with pile-soil-pile interaction according to Poulos is performed. For an introduction of the technical background of the method see [Poulos 1971} The Poulos model is the simplest model using a fully elastic approach, in which the soil is considered to be a homogeneous elastic half space. Interaction factors between pile heads are derived from relatively simple analytical formulas. Furthermore only interaction in the loading direction is taken into account. Interaction normal to the loading direction is considered to be zero In the Poulos method interaction is considered to be constant for the pile length, and is therefore determined using pile top positions only. [MPite User Manual - Release 3.7 Sscodeltt February 26,2003 44 Theory In MPILE the equations derived by Randolph [Randolph 1981] are used to determine the interaction coefficients for horizontal loading. This method is based ‘on the concept of "critical depth”, and therefore correct for flexible piles only. Flexible in this case stands for "piles for which an increase in length does not affect the horizontal load-deformation behaviour of the pile head’, ‘This method does not use the Tilly program, but consists of a separate module that generates and solves the applying equations according to Poulos’ theory. ‘The user will have to specify a Young's modulus (E) and a Poisson ratio (v) which he considers appropriate for the profile. MPile User Manual ~ Release 3.7 February 26, 2003 Calculation models 45. 4.2.3 Plasti-Poulos Method 4.2.3.1 Introduction ‘A commonly used method to determine pile group efficiency and the distribution of loading in a pile group is the method described by Poulos. In this method pile soil pile interaction is purely elastic. For small groups with a low loading level this method provides acceptable answers. However when loading levels are high the calculated pile ¢>soil pile interaction is too high resulting in low group efficiency. In the Plasti-Poulos method plasticity effects are included in order to obtain more realistic pile-group interaction effects. 4.2.3.2 Plasticity and single pile behaviour Single pile load deflection curves usually have a shape as the one shown in the figure below. Force-displacement; laterally loaded pile Figure: Force-displacement relation single pile This curve implies that: ~ Initial (elastic) stiffness is high = Stiffness reduces with higher loading levels due to soil plasticity. 4.2.3.3 Introduction of plasticity in the Poulos method ‘As can be seen from the figure above the displacement for a load of 2 KN including soil plasticity is about twice the one based on the initial (elastic) stiffness. For a higher load level the difference becomes bigger: for 4 KN the difference is about a factor 3. (MPile User Manual - Release 3.7 cobelft February 26, 2003, ae a 46. Theory From the load displacement curve of figure 1 such a “plasticty-factor” can be ‘determined for each load level. Since this factor determines how much bigger the

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