rom Roam Shivn, Tue Werner or Navin marian 1 OF the Division of Labour‘ ee Disuion of han The greatest improvement? in the productive oie fee powers of labour, and the greater part oie skill, powers, dexterity, and judgment with which itis any where directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the division of. labour, 1 may te ber ‘The effects of the division of labour, in the gencral indestod fiom 4 business of society, will be more easily understood, sartala e005 by considering in what mannee it operates in some particular manufactures, It is commonly supposed to be caried furthest in some very trifling ones; not pethaps thatit really is carried farther in them than in others of more importance: but in those trifling manufactures which are destined to supply the small wants of but a small number of people, the whole number of workmen must necessarily be small; and those employed in every different branch ofthe work can often be collected into the same workhouse, + [Thisphrs, fused at al betore this time, wat not fi 4s probably de to a ponage in Mandeviliy Fae ofthe Ber fem, (Sah TEL a, P.335: "Cito... When ence men come tobe governed by writen fe si the sok Somes on apace. No number of men, whe once they enjoy qlee snl nee ‘peed fet his ighbour, willbe lng without eating toaldesadsabiede da fer He edad yx Cnn ae hime erty Ges to imitate what he es ater do, whith the easen a sane eee a the sane thing: this hinds them fom melrating thle cemtion eee hey Se always wishing frit bute wll whall apply bins the long bey ced teow, whit neter provides fon, a thitteeleehutya out maken at fh ‘tem they nor nly become wt tone another, but the els {mployment themaves wil, inthe sme nomber of year receive mast en lnsprovements, than fall had ben promscsouly falowel by ceery one aac Hon, believe you are psf ight there andthe th of what you sy mine {0 conpicuou ait rin watchmaking, whichis come toa hgher ee ofpveeos, thane would have bee rived at yeni the whole hd alwapsscmetred iceman, smext of one pion: and lam persaded that even the plenty we have of lets ‘walos the exctncar aid beauty diy maybe add orate ety Soran that hae been made ofthat at nto many bancher! 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"The oceasions for those diferent sorts of labour returning with the different seasons ofthe year, iis impossible that one man should be constantly employed in any one of thei. This imposibilty of making s0 complete and entire a separation of all the different branches of labour employed in agriculture, is perhaps the reason wwhiy the improvement of the productive powers of labour in this Jets does not always keep pace with theiriinprovement in manufac- tures, "The most opulent nations, indeed, generally excel all theix neighbours in agriculeare as well as in manufactures; but they are ‘commonly more distinguished by their supetiorty in che latter than in the former. Theie lands are in general better cultivated, and hav- ing more lbour and expence bestowed upon them, produce more in proportion to the extent and natural fertility of the ground. But this! superiority of produce it seldom much more than in proportion to the superiority of labour and expence. In agriculture, the labour fof the rich country is not always much more productive than that ‘Of the poor; of, atleast iti never so much more productive, 2 it ‘commonly is in manufactures, ‘The cotn of the rich country, there- fore, will not always, inthe same degree of goodness, come cheaper to market than that of the poor. The corn of Poland, in the same degree of goodness, is as cheap as that of France, notwithstanding the superior opulence and improvement ofthe latter country. The om of France is, inthe corn peovinces, filly as good, and in most years neatly about the same price withthe com of England, though, Jnopulence and improvement, France is pchaps inferior to England. ‘The com-hnds of England, however, are better cultivated than thote of France, and the comn-lands* of France are said to be much better cultivated than those of Poland, But though the poor coun tty, notwithstanding the inferiority ofits cultivation, ca, in some seare, ival the rich inthe cheapness and goodness ofits corm, it Gan pretend to no such competition in its manufactures; at least if those manufactures suit the soil, climate, and situation of the rich country, The silks of France are better and cheaper than those of Tingland, because the silk manufacture, at least under the present high duties upon the importation of raw sik, docs not 3 wel suit 6 her and ine preceding} 1 fd treads 'hes] [A cad the cut] Division oF LABOUR u the climate of England as that of France.! But the hard-ware and the coarse woollens of England are beyond all comparison superior to those of France, and much cheaper too in the same degree of goodness In Poland there ate said to be scarce any manufactures of any kind, a few of those coarser houschold manufactures excepted, without which no countey can well subsist. “The advange» This great increase of the quantity of work which, Tre tiveti=” in consequence of the division of Iabour, the same ae number of people are capable of performing,? is ‘owing to three different circumstances; fitst to the increase of dex~ teviy in every particular workman; secondly, to the saving of the time which is commonly lost in passing from one species of work to another; and lastly, to the invention of a great number of ma- chines which facilitate and abridge labour, and enable one man to do the work of many.4 Gitmpered Fitst, the improvement of the dexterity of the seers workman necessarily increases the quantity of the ‘work he ean perform; and the division of labour, by reducing every ‘man's business to somne one simple operation, and by making this operation the soe employment of his life, noessacily increases very tnuch the dexterity of the workman, A common smith, who, though, secustomed to handle the hammer, has never been used to make rails, f upon some particular occasion he is obliged to attempt it, will scarce, Iam assured, be able to make above two or three hun= ded mails in a day, and those too very bad ones. A smith who has Ibeen accustomed to make nails, but whose sole or principal business hhas not been that of a nailer, can seldom with his utmost diligence 11 ret "becaseth sie nce doce not ut the elinate of Engh] sli 8 patna ad ech We P21 es meget don hh intent on en Tart da uve a pert de Ponvgs, ells genet ete rattle ree elt ne Mian amore Te opcotion cece homme dent. Tel ouvrct eft et we fr re ese dg chon te te one se cho: a il tive qe chacung ‘eer rome Fogo i etc on allo are! Dae fe got ela aon eperletionnent néceaiement ee mad nombre eure pre qe difice quill even renconte quelques ‘EySapabe de FenchiedeSombinc, et de trouver ein seul mayen qu pie es eked sco deat ela moyen td eprget In mtr, on dallonger Pa a Se nga parte mace now iy ee ‘Esvre sla commode?—BBuytepi, Yom. 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Com- pated, indeed, with the more extravagant hoxury of the great bis prcommodation must no doubt appear extremely simple and ea dnd yor it may be true, pechap, that the accommodation of an Buropean prince doesnot always so much exceed that ofa indus- trious and frugal peasant, 2s the accommodation of the later ex ‘eds that of many an Aftican king, the absolute master of the lives fad liberties of ten thousand naked savages. ken bolily tom the MS. ofthe ar’ eetures, "Bean's Tyesae by Foran Toe chap a Warne oe covenant § a3; Mande Foe of te Bet pt bn Rema Py su Koeke, ill Go thn Hae, ia pon Blaney and Goins by § 1 Ble Less, pp 161-162 and te] + rh pararagh wt proba enya be oonded on Mi cuaprnn it Of the Principle which gives Occasion to the Division of Labour ————— stieastiengg This division of labour, from which so many ad- Melfi vantage ace dexived isnt orginally the fet of ezernty 0 Say human. wisdom, which foresees and Intends ange” hat general opulence to which it gives occasion. Teis the necessary, though very slow and gradual, consequence of a Certain propensity in human nature which has in view no such ex tensive utlity, the propensity to tcuck, barter, and exchange one thing for another. : : ean 4. -Whethee this propensity be one of those oxigina Joadimen Tone. principles in eee ey of which no farther ccount can be given; or whether, a ems more probable, it be the ecestary consequence of the faculties of reason and spech, it be- Tonge nae to our present aubject to enquire Tes common tal en, sang be found in no other race of animals, which seem to know anther this nor any other species of contracts. Two greyhounds, in carting down the same haze, have sunietimes the appearance of teting in some sort of concert. Hach tums her towards his com- anion, or endeavours co intercept her when his companion tans Per rowards himelé This, however is mot the effect of any contact, but ofthe accidental concurrence of thei pasions inthe same object i that paticuar time. Nobody ever saw a dog make a fac and Jeiberae exchange of one bone for another with another dog. [Nobody ever saw one animal by its gestures and natural ries signify Toanether, this is min, that your; am willing to give this for that. + [Leg itt nt ee of my sono elation by the ste of ait ike he ei ey mn oul alow the employment of hither, refered ‘evra Seon ta ry aye etek The ena sat the et of tail wi recone a ea oma Tower dv, ce meses Sac what object there could bein exch another) Ww. 1-6 ” vantage of excreting mec cone bone for8 ORIGIN OF DIVISION OF LABOUR [ox. 1 ‘When an animal wants to obtain something either of a man ot of another anitnal, it has no other means of persuasion but to gain the favour of those whose service it requives. A puppy fawns upon its dam, and a spaniel endeavours by a thousand attractions to engage the attention ofits master who is at dinnec, when it wants to be fed by him, Man sometimes uses the same arts with his brethren, and ‘when he has no other means of engaging them to act according to his inclinations, endeavours by every servile and fawning attention to obtain their good will. He has not time, however, to do this upon, ‘every occasion cl society he stands at all times in need of the co-operition and assistance of great multitudes, while his whole life is scarce suficient to gain the ftiendship of a few persons, In almost every other race of animals each individual, when itis grown ‘up to maturity, is entirely? independent, and in its natural state has sueasion for the asistance of no other living creature, But man has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethten, and itis in vain for him to expect it from their benevolence only. He will be ‘more likely to prevail if he can interest theie selE-love in his favour, and show them that itis for their own advantage to do for him what he requires of them, Whoever offers to another a bargain of any kind, proposes to do this. Give me that which I want, and you shall have this which you want, is the meaning of every such offer; and itis im this manner that we obtain from one another the far greater patt of those good offices which we stand in need of, Iti not from the benevolence ofthe butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that ‘we expect our dinner, but feom their regard to theit own interes. ‘We address ourselves, not to cheit humanity but to theit sel-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of thet advantages. Nobody buta beggar chuses to depend chiefly upon the benevolence of his fellow-citizens. Even a beggar does not depend upon it en- tirely. The charity of well-disposed people, indeed, supplies him with the whole find of his subsistence, But though this principle ultimately provides him with all the necessaries of life which he has ‘occasion for, it neither docs nor can provide him with them as he has occasion for them, The greater part of his occasional wants are supplied in the same manner as those of other people, by treaty, by barter, and by purchase. With the money which one man gives i he purchases food. The ald cloaths which another bestows upon hi he exchanges for other old cloaths which suit him better, or for * [Missin inte in e-Bay" ocr ite ower down all ,) cu. n]—ontGit oF DivisION oF LABOUR 9 lodging, ot for food, or for money, with which he ean buy ether food, cloaths, or lodging, as he has occasion. ‘isenanngl ty As itis by teaty, by barter, and by purchase, that Meee guiten We obtain from one another the greater part of Iie, those mutual good offices which we stand in need of, so it is this same trucking disposition which originally gives occasion to the division of labour. Ina tribe of hunters or shepherds 1 particular person makes bows and atrovs, for example, with more readiness and dexterity than any other. He feequently exchanges them for cattle or for venison with his companions; and he finds at Jas hat he can in this manner get more catle and venison, than ifhe himself went to the field to catch them From a regard to his own interest therefore, the making of bows and acrowe grows to be chief business, and he becomet acort of armourer, Another excels in making thefeames and covers of thie litle huts ot moveable houses. Hes accustomed to be of use in this way to his neighbours, who re- ward him in the same manner with cattle and with venison, tll at last hefindsit his interes to dedicate himself entizely to this employ- ‘ment, and to become sort of house-carpenter. Inthe same mannet a thicd becomes a smith or a brazier; a fourth a tanner or dresse of hides or skins, the principal part of the clothing of savages, And thas the certainty of being able to exchange all that sueplus part of the produce ofhisown labous, whichis overand above his own consump- tion, for such parts of the produce of other men's about as he may have occasion for, encouragesevery man to apply himself to a partic~ ulat occupation, and to cultivate and bring to peefection whatever talentor genius he may possess fo that particular species of business. * dis gg rete The difference of natural talents in diferent men is deere of thet jn reality, much less than we are awate of; and the thay henanst very different genius which appeats to distinguish Siffre, "men of different professions, when grown up to rmatutity, is not upon many occasions so much the cause, as the ‘effect of the division of labour.? 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