Understanding the Text
1, Wha toe main pe of souks Jot authors ety? Ge one
‘angle fae pe
2, cording tone Dds, what ve forces hot topeber te dominant cute
(tie nes Ste
Reflection and Response
‘onan espn lpg sc Oo ou ae? Wy oh
Te Don fre
‘zoe ot knercanconeon et Whom woul ou ado Tat?
‘Why? Dari atest tree peop
5. Taman tt Gana ng ota ata t nar
{ermal na caalneanng Tho onsite whee
‘Sorc thesyraoiom ote hme oat.
Makiog Comectons
f theboudort oe conen ote gan ath et
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feet ner re goip potent nanan ce Come
‘neers fomaton, evel helasing tots, ary on ma
Les Heyoos has contovted
it the ea on the
ooytldng community. A
protessor st SUNY Brighton,
Mopreodhasathrea nine
from Building
Otherwise:
Bodybuilding as
Immersive Practice Soverhsemacinn
| Leslie Heywood academe seis of ports aod
lara aeons bodyouldng asa precon of Aaah
\decogs of woes dominance an nti owe.
[uitsnaratec tt mate heen cis) hat competi
terol based body-bultng and is long-term detrimental health effets
can be read asa symecdache for globalization and its “grow oF ie”
Imperatives that ignote externalities such 3 long-term environmental
‘damages: 2) that bodybuilding was moe fll part ofthe mainsteat
| thelate1980saty 1990s than it now for spclic economic nd ea
} tara easons and tha, ya strangely itera ernment of the economic
‘soba etish with capital growth bodybuilders now ser ikea historia
‘tachronism, oat of sep with more atte tines the New Austen"
fmphasis allows us to explore the potentiality of bodyviing in
‘ferent moda: tat of immersive practic
| But Before the “Goodbye to All That": Postmodern
| Fantasy, American Exceptionalism, and the
‘Transcendence of the Flesh
at aspted 1 describe the eof rac
{he lision of content, the “image everything” rush of consumerism
that characterized the deregulated 1940 4 deregulation that ushered
Inthe ea of “globalization” and that preached an eat of image i
nothing else. Everyday was afr of theater, people playing wth sg
fers to maketh ook present the mesage of the da, image ofthe dy,
“self ofthe dy. A canta of surfaces, a "be-all that-yu-cate" fs foral Postmodern theory pronounced the death of thes the author, and
that eveything was text—thit san endlessly earangeable collet
ofsigns that had no aed pedeteraiate pattem or shape, and ths was
the te nature of elit according to this mode of conception. The pet
fect word forthe emergence ofthe bodybuilder 383 dominant cultural
‘mage, and bodybuilding a3 mainstream practice
That’ when hit me,” Fussell writes, desrbing his reactions to his
‘eto bodybuilders as he ate and fed a ited down with the bes of
them,
Aad theater. Every word they uttered, every move they made seemed
reer ohne, fat, a ay peformance i sen on stage That
{splined oh pregnant pass tf dering thee knew from the mag
‘zines Line ke You got tay unr. oF a wk ar, oo tings wl
Papen tc of eng oii gmc eat is at is
A very iteral form of “play” in which your own body ts the
«onstruction ste the bodybuilders dream is the dream of endlessly
reatrangeable flesh, the manipulation ofthe material without limits,
theultimate victory over *nature™ “while my legs spasmed through
the night, writes Pssel “V/ dream oor Mata the so-called “Golden
Fal rly desig the ays pono soy ines
‘more than ay othe bodybuilder, [Platz had given p everthing to vers
‘he course of nature He hd ben born witha miserable srr, hs ips
nasty tough st rt of 315 squats or 0 sight ps, hgh
‘ruining seston interes with vomit ant ln, Ton he thes te
You don’ ke the body you were bon with? You don’ ike he shape
buted? That's ok, tha’ just ie
‘cause you can physically remake Youset however you'd like. Here
Fussell gts atthe way the concept af postadern plasticity combines
vith ealetMeologis of seltdetermination ideologies intins o the
Jnyger cultural dreamy of American exceptionalism —to cca a ultra
context in which bodybulding could lou fora time
“ina beliant analysts of the ideology of Amencan exceptional,
| ltrary clr enti Donald Pease dtins that exceptions” as"
American exceptionalism has bo taken o mean the America fs “stint?
rd so “expla
ws of historical progress (meaning that i i an “exception” to the laws anu
Pehaps most fluent tothe American pyehe “the bei that
the US. was unencumbered by Barope’ histone traditions” bids 11).
While the deste fora sense of personal sovereignty and pe
‘bodybuilders may have universal infections there may Bes pater
(a Gt es Teas eae nents as adr RepEneRE ART MERITS Exes ALTA FAIA rebin Sd—*Amercannes for bodybuilding in that the Keology fantasy of Amer
ican exceptionalism has parallel with a bodybuilders preoccupatio
The bodybuilder who seeks to cape his
senetic somatotype and remake bit
ology of American exceptonaitsm
sought w exc the poles seca, nd
Individual boay fom ts European, and
puticlasy British, antecedents” and
Sart again a new foundation, the caler
‘on with breaking fe fom the past
starting to bid anew i one tat hasbeen diet imported nto body.
Duulding psychology and sbcuitare
Anomalous” exemplary, and unencumbered these three adj
tives ae hey destiptors of bodybuilding lore, absolutely centeal 10
tis about the tunamental project bodybutlding becomes. Ax Fussell
tlre he attitude he and is fellow bers share: want to ook Uke
Somhing you've never seen bone". Is saying, of rather seaming,
tht is worked had fr, achieve, an undeniable difeence encoded in
the leah A diference worth, apparently, compromising ane’ longterm
heath, aod even dying fo: tokd mysel that taking steroids was au
Ing what vs peralied to ordinary mortals, Iwas my own alchemist, 1
Sait, ansmoting the base meal of nye the dros, nto gold” (bid
22), Transimting the ow nto gol, bling a phys that a
tc ort dlference, exe on the sical laws that limi the deve
‘opment of others, providing a physic ial to which others ena 0
Should aspire, Fell enacts te hndametal exceptional drama ofthe
body nuke, neatly combining its ferent strands into alvin, breath
“(here may be a particular
“Amarcanness" for body
bulangin that the ideology!
fantasy of American
exceptionalism has paralels
with a bodyouider's proce
cupation wit diteence from
the masses."
HenvooD fam Gulag Obeviso 208
isorialy speaking bodybullting began at dhe tu ofthe twentieth
century, was mainstreamed inthe 1980s when Arnal Sehwnarencgger
35 The Terminator became the masculine ical, and began to fallout
ff favor atthe en ofthe 1980s, when on amas seale gyms conve
themselves to “tts centers” and no grunting’ came a ites center
rule. Atmy own gym, my talming partners ana {were eptimanded by
the gym ower for letting the loca ewspaper take a pict of us ale
Ing fora ttessatcle—we were “tow big” he si. He was runing a
fines center, not a gym, and hed’ want to intinkate anyone We
talked about it nelgnantly for days, bat we knew our days mere num
bere, Now, chains such a Planet Hiness matket 9 “no dent zone”
here supposedly everyone can ean without being evaluated forthe
‘quality of thew physique, and grunting fom the strain of liting heavy
‘weights is explcly frbidden sn gyn rales. The bie tnoment of ody.
bunling hegemony was dad
"Grow or Dio": Economic and Bodily Imperatives in
the Late Twentieth Century
This wajectory wasn't random, arses following te expansion
fhe loa economy and ergustion andthe relents empha
conomic growth expt externalities, Like a loal economy fone wld
cmmedup stan, any bodybuilders eopecally competitive Dut
a nape Inge a nt ah a
‘ phamaceuteas nthe efor to pum themes up And pump they
‘id—boaybuiders in the 1990s and tough to today Deeme stot
inh righ ots a ing hohe ee
Coleman, who more than 20 sn contest shape Even Douers
theme are quting this direction
Note how ESPN shower of Bing sows Bk th 80 a arty
9%. Tan the To ight ado wl wate pce et eet
antes ad poe Bd nD. Ou sprt hs bays eo a sae
{ue but wit the mass monsters of ada tk out every Chace we ha
saceed and make Podyutins mainste 1k thi ant, ease
‘dying i ota normal ati aad ha prof wy Tove tan i's
special tomes ot for copa Person hie the mas motes hese
{ses ot new goals which ne you could gor [eM shows tha
ps ome tee tat fDi fns the tr aru seSomewhat good a whan comes the genau we ae taking ten tps
Ick (Bigcles, “Dn The Wood of Baahbulding, Hew Bi is TB?” hp
ones comin pihnsc0.m ase Jae 1 2010)
“Te general public which may have embraced extreme masculaity
as an dea more in the mi-1980s through mid-1990s than does to,
hatesits. Aware of and sympathetic tothe kind of stigmatization
bodybuilders face, Lee Monaghan’ tady of the knowledge speci to
bodybuilding subculture attempts 1 put bodybullding drug use Into
perspective
the reported global “abuse” of sterouts among sym members —
‘roma ith te spp thin of eee aa wily cose dager
‘sunt pogroms “bead” smyth he pa ek
taken pe ae Win Ws lei ad pp dae ach
‘dein tle orf in hema ad pse anger
ond of gtd Pl ot sty appt ut oa de
‘dupe the prot of Bere cos mee ntl ey gsc
1 the ie ny, ad cada to Mane te mari of ey
fn “excessively” musa fmte ode i i amore cae aston the
Spon an pt of omar sing rss anh pork
{or ths bods tgs the mate i of "fing ody
‘As Monaghan so convincingly shows, bouybuiders are well sare
‘of public perceptions and exist in perpetual dialogue with them even
2 they pride in thee diference from dominant standards, Monaghan’
Study “explores the sustainability ofthe sky” practice of bodybuilding
4s paricipants endeavor to construct and maintain appropiate bodes
{ud dents (Monaghan 2000 2),
‘As Managhsn points ou, "bodybuilders ae fa trom a monolithic