CE Amplifier +Voc Low: 2. Rg Re an frequency Mid sreaeeaey Vee \ High frequency ace Ce. Ay. region Ne Rz { i 5 <—_—Bw——>} aT Re i 1 i. fy Frequency ——> requency response curv Single stage CE amplifer Ceo ee a ameeneae Functions of Circuit Elements : Biasing Cireui The resistances R1, R2, RE forms the biasing and stabilization circuit, Ri resistor is used for the forward bias, the R2 resistor is used for the development ‘used at the output itis called the load resistanee, The RE resistor is used for thermal stability of bias, the RL resistor is Input Capacitance C : This is used to couple the signal to the base of the transistor. If this is not used; the signal source resistance will come across R2 an thus change the bias. C)2 allows oply a.c. to flow Emitter bypass Capacitor Ce: This is connected in parallel with RE to provide a low reactance path to the amplified ac signal. It is not used, then amplified ac signal slowing through RE will eause @ voltage drop cross it thereby shifting the output voliage. cme ase nm mT Coupling Capacitor Ce : This is used to couple the amp! only ac. to flow. Above Working : The 2 circuit diagram shows the working of the common emitter amplifier circuit and it consists of voltage divider biasing, used to supply the base bias voltage as per the necessity, When a weak input ac signal is applied to the base of the transistor, a small base current flows. Due to transistor action, a large ec current flows through RC and a large voltage appears across RC and hence at the output. Therefore, a weak signal applied to the base appears in the amplified form in the collector circuit. Voltaze gain of the amplifier i the ratio of the amplified output voltage to the input voltage. ified signal to the output device. This capacitor allows Frequency response and bandwidth: The voltage gain for different input frequencies can be determined. The frequency response charactersties is drawn by taking frequency along X-axis y plotted on a logarithmic scale and vollage gain (AV) along Y-axis. It can be seen that the gain decrease for very low and very high frequencies but remains constant over mid frequency region ‘The frequency response of an amplifier is usually specified in terms of the upper and lower cut-off frequencies of the amplifier. These frequencies are those at which the output power has dropped to by *3dB points or where the voltage gain has dropped to 70.7% of its mid-band value f 1: Lower cut off frequency is defined as the frequency in the low frequency range at which the gain of the amplifier is 1//2 times the mid-frequency gain (AM). f vu: Upper cut off frequency is defined as the frequency in the high frequency range at which the gain is 1/V2_ times the mid-frequency gain (AM). Bandwidth: is defined as the frequency interval between lower cut offand upper cut off frequencies. BW=fU-f1. ‘The bandwidth of an amplifier must be sufficient to accommodate the range of frequencies present within the signals that it is to be presented with,se Reversal ‘common emitter connection, when the input signal voltage increases in the positive half cycle, the base urrent Ip increases, in turn collector current increase Ic \:2r=#5s because Ic= Bln and the voltage drop IcRe increases. As VCC is constant, therefore, out voltage VCE decreases. The total instantaneous output voltage Vcr is given by: Vee = Veerlc Re In other words, as the signal voltage is increasing in the positive half cycle, the output voltage is increasing in the negative direction i.e. 180° out of phase with the input. In other words, there is a phase difference of 180° between the input and output voltage in CE connection. This is called phase reversal. * The phase difference of 180° between the signal voltage and output voltage in a common emitter amplifier is known as phase reversal. pet AC ait Figure 9.36 (a) Transistor as an amplifier (6) Input and output waveform showing 180° phase reversal. Predicting amplifier performance For a bipolar transistor operating in common-emitter mode the required characteristics are IC plotted against VCE. One end of the load line corresponds to the supply voltage (VCC) while the other end corresponds to the value of collector Ie Te= VCCIRL ‘The quiescent point (or oper: that exist when no-signal is applied to the stage the base bias current is set at 60 1A so that the quiescent point P effectively sits roughly halfway along the load line. This position ensures that the collector voltage can swing both positively (above) and negatively (below) its quiescent value (VCQ), 4 ie