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Book Chapteron Microgreens
Book Chapteron Microgreens
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Table 1. List of some of the important microgreens.
Commercial Microgreen
Botanical Name Family
name colour
Arugula Eruca sativa Mill. Brassicaceae Green
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minerals such as source of Boost eye sight, used in
Ca, K, S, vitamins A, C, strengthen the garnishing, good
protein, K and minerals immune system, source of
enzymes and Ca, Fe, Mg, P, build strong vitamin B,
chlorophyll. K, amino acids bones, prevent antioxidant and
and protein. cancer, lower carotenoids
down blood
pressure
Carrot
Rich in β-carotene, phytonutrient like lutein and zeaxanthin, Good for
beautiful skin, cancer prevention and anti-aging.
Source: www.greenharvest.com.au
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Tsai’ received the highest rating for texture, taste and general
acceptability.
Pinto et al. (2015) carried out comparative analysis of mineral
profiles in microgreens and mature greens of lettuce and
observed significantly higher content of minerals like Ca, Mg, Fe,
Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo and Se in microgreens compared to mature
greens. The presence of lower level of nitrate content in
microgreens than mature greens signifies their importance as
safer food item in human diet particularly for children.
Xiao et al. (2016) analyzed mineral composition of popularly
grown microgreens of Brassicaceae family and found variable
potential of these microgreens with highest Ca, Mg in
cauliflower, P in broccoli, K in arugula and Fe in kohlrabi purple.
All the microgreens analyzed under study for the presence of
heavy metal Cd were found free from this toxic element.
Germination:
Lee et al. (2004) studied the effect of different seed treatments on
seed germination of beet and chard and observed higher final
germination percentage (FGT) of 99% and 91% in beet and
chard, respectively through matric priming treatment. However,
seed treatment with H2O2 registered earliest germination in both
the types of Beta vulgaris. They further studied that horizontal
vermiculite orientation resulted in a higher germination
percentage along with longer radicles than vertical vermiculite
orientation. Shoot fresh weight was little affected by vermiculite
orientation in beet but was reduced slightly within the vertical
orientation when seeds came from the bottom rather than top.
Whereas, horizontal vermiculite orientation gave greater shoot
fresh weight in chard than the vertical orientation.
Fertilizer requirement:
Kou et al. (2014) studied the effect of different sources of
calcium on hypocotyl length of broccoli microgreens and
observed significantly higher hypocotyl length with 10 mM
CaCl2 application. They further compared fresh weight, dry
weight and calcium content in broccoli microgreens raised with
water and best treatment (10 mM CaCl2) and reported
significantly higher value of these components in microgreens
sprayed with CaCl2.
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Light requirement:
Brazaityte et al. (2015) carried out an experiment to determine
the effect of UV-A on antioxidant content of beet microgreens
under different lighting regimes with different degree of UV-A
supplementation. The study revealed that supplemental UV-A
resulted in increased DPPH radical scavenging activity. The
lower UV-A irradiance level have no effect on phenol content but
it increased significantly at +402 nm supplementation and
anthocyanin content was also greatest under UV-A
supplementation of +390 nm. Ascorbic acid significantly
increased at +366 nm UV-A radiance which was further higher in
+402 nm irradiance in EXP-2. At higher irradiance level, all
supplemental UV-A had a positive effect on α-tocopherol content
of microgreens with highest level in +366 nm. They also noticed
greater effect of supplemental +366 nm irradiance on flavonol
index. UV-A exposure increased nitrate content in microgreens,
however maintained below the limit not affecting human health.
Viktorija and Akvile (2015) studied the effect of different light
treatments on growth and nutritional parameters of mustard
microgreens and observed no gain in hypocotyl length, plant
height and leaf area in LED compared to control (HPS).
However, artificial light treatment affected nutritional parameters
significantly with highest impact of LED 250 treatment on
ascorbic acid and total phenol content with at par response in
LED 150. Whereas, total anthocyanin content was significantly
higher in microgreens grown under LED 150 treatment. Artificial
lighting also increased flavonol and ABTS+ significantly over
control irrespective of LED lighting.
Disease Management:
Pill et al. (2011) studied the response of beet to damping off
upon treatment with Trichoderma harzianum (Th) +
Trichoderma virens (Tv) and observed lowest degree of damping
off in seeds treated with ThTv at the rate of 1 mg per seed ball
under 0.5 and 1.0 (Pythium aphanidermatum) levels of
inoculum. However, seed treated with 0.25 mg recorded early
germination.
Post Harvest:
Chandra et al. (2012) studied the changes in off-odour of
chinese cabbage treated with different sanitizers and packaging
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films during storage and observed minimum undesirable off-
odour development in microgreens sprayed with citric acid
followed by ethanol, when stored in polyethylene during storage
time.
Kou et al. (2013) studied the effect of storage temperature on
changes in aerobic mesophilic count and tissue electrolyte
leakage of buckwheat microgreens and observed significantly
higher bacterial count(1-2 log CFU/g) in microgreens stored at 15
and 20 oC than those stored at 10, 5, and 1 oC after 10 days of
storage. Microgreens stored at 10oC showed minimum activity of
bacteria even after 14 days of storage. Similarly, microgreens
stored at lower temperatures revealed minimum electrolyte
leakage and remained constant during all the period of storage.
The OTR level of 16.6 (m2 s Pa) turned out to be best storage
atmosphere for minimum electrolyte leakage, which was at par
with the level of 29.5 (m2 s Pa).
Looking to the impoatance of these edibles, Department
of Vgetbale Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry,
Navsari Agricultural Uniersity, Navsari has also initiated
experiments on effect of different light sources on growth and
quality of different microgreens. The Horticulture students of
college are given skill development training on the copmponent
of microgreen cultivation under Student READY programme.
Microgreens: Growing Process
Now-a-days people are becoming aware about
importance of microgreens. So, inhabitants in rural, urban area
and peri-urban locations can utilize nutritional potential of
microgreens at home and market. Although, growing process of
microgreens is very easy but commercial basic requirements of
microgreens it need to be taken into confederation for successful
cultivation of microgreens. Some important requirements of some
of the microgreens are given in Table 2.
Material and media
Microgreens cultivation is not much costly because as
they do not require much tool and material to grow. Selection of
growing trays for the commercial cultivation should have good
drainage capacity. Size of growing trays can appropriately be
chosen depending upon availability of space and ease in handling
and transportation of living microgreens. As far homestead
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cultivation is concerned, one can even use deposable trays for
successful cultivation. Media should preferably be inert one like
cocopeat, vermiculite and cocopeat alone or in combination of
3:1:1. As the concept of microgreens cultivation relates to
provide pesticide free and nutritional rich food, so treatment with
any chemical pesticides should be avoided. Moreover looking to
vulnerability of microgreens particularly to damping-off disease,
seeds can be treated with Trichoderma harzianum and
Trichoderma virens alone or in combination (1 mg per seed ball).
This practice is very important when trail is used as growing
media (Pill et al., 2011).
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Growing tray with Tray filling by Desposable tray for
small hole for better media homestead production
drainage
Sowing
One essential practice followed before the sowing or
spreading of seeds in media is soaking. Seeds of spinach and
fenugreek require soaking for getting good germination
percentage (Table 2). Then seeds are sprinkled over the media
with high density and covered with paper towel/
vermiculite/cocopeat. Generally, bigger sized of seeds are
covered with vermiculite or cocopeat and smaller seeds with
paper towel.
High density sowing in media using High density sowing in media using
reusable tray seposable tray
Aftercare
Though, microgreens do not require much care after the
spreading of seeds,howeversufficientmoisture should be
maintained through fine spray.High light requirement of 12-16
hours ofperiod should preferably be maintained along with low
humidity and good air circulation for better growth and
development of microgreens.
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Light watering with fine spray
Nutritional requirement
As microgreens cultivation is aimed at to provide organic
edible for better health of people. Fertilizer requirement for
microgreens production is very minimum, which can easily be
achieved through organic sources. Otherwise, one can also spray
solution of 10 mM CaCl2 i.e. 1.10 g per 10 litres of water (Kou
et al., 2014).
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Stage of Cutting and harvesting microgreens
Utility
In recent years, consumption of microgreens has
increased along with consumer awareness and appreciation for
their tender texture, distinctive fresh flavors and concentrated
bioactive compounds such as vitamins, minerals, antioxidants as
compared to mature leafy greens.
Homestead utility
Microgreens are vivid in colour, so can be used in plate
presentation and garnishing, which introduce hidden tangy
flavours dishes. A tiny pile of microgreens can also be used to
add flavours in salad. India represent vide variety of eatables in
daily diet, nutritional enrichment of which can be done with
microgreens.
Some of the homestead utilities of microgreens are presented
below:
Commercial Utility
Microgreens are highly perishable in nature and it
can’t be stored for a long time in open as well as refrigerator
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conditions. To overcome this problem and to fullfill commercial
utility of microgreens, they are sold as living microgreens. Living
microgreens are the freshest and most nutritious greens and can
be stored in the refrigerator for up to 14 days or at room
temperature for 4-6 days with daily watering. They are sold in the
market at rate of 100g/Rs. 200. However, branding of
microgreens is very important to make commercial utility
successful so, proper packaging of living microgreens is essential
to attract masses particularly new generation towards this new
class of edible vegetable. As is being done in developed countries
like USA.
Microgreen Troubleshooting
Weak, skinny microgreens: The plants need more light
compared their mature counterparts, otherwise microgreens may
become weak and skinny.
Overcrowding: Excessive dense sowing may cause damping off,
however it can be easily overcome by treating the media by
Trichoderma.
Wrong sowing time: Some seeds may not germinate at very high
or very low temperatures.
Over soaking: Over soaking of seeds may result in dead seeds.
Conclusion:
A new class of edibles popularly termed as
‘Microgreens’, are concentrated with various bio-active
compounds like vitamins, minerals, antioxidants etc. for health
promotion and disease prevention. So, it can be inferred that
higher level of antioxidant in tartary buckwheat microgreens may
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be helpful to deal with oxidative stress. Microgreens of
amaranths possessed higher amount of bio-active compounds in
contrast to full greens but showed specificity with respect to
cultivar. Similarly, higher level of TAA in cabbage,
phylloquinone and violaxanthin in garnet amaranths, β-carotene
and lutein in red sorrel highlighted the importance of individual
microgreen for various phytonutrient compounds. The higher
level of minerals in most of the microgreens can be used as health
promoting strategy to meet the requirements for elementary
dietary intake. Matric priming could be important for better
germination in Beta vulgaris. Broccoli microgreens raised with
the application of CaCl2 showed higher fresh-dry weight and
calcium content. UV-A irradiation supplemental at +360 was
important to improve antioxidant property of microgreens.
However, microgreens exposed to various UV lights
supplementation responded variably for various phytochemical
compounds. Similarly, cultivation of mustard microgreens under
LED 250 increased ascorbic acid and phenol content, whereas
total anthocyanin content was found to be higher under LED 150.
Susceptibility of microgreens to damping off can be minimized
through seed treatment with ThTv.Spraying chinese cabbage
microgreens with citric acid followed by ethanol was observed as
best treatment to avoid undesirable off-odour, when stored in
polyethylene. Buckwheat microgreens showed minimum activity
of mesophilic bacteria even after 14 days of storage at 10oC.
Modified atmosphere of 16.6 (m2 s pa) OTR was observed to
maintain lowest electrolyte leakage for freshness retention in
microgreens.
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