LESSON 1

HISTORY - “mother” of all disciplines in the field of the social sciences.

-“chronological record of past significant events”
-narrating one’s own experience (Oakeshott, 2003).
-an account of one’s own interpretation of his experiences in the past or of “the subjective
process of his own re-creation of the past events” (E.H. Carr, 2009).
-“an inquiry conducted by the historian in the series of past events into which he digs into (Carr,
2009). - referred to as “history-as-actuality” (Gottschalk, 1969).

3 APPROACHES OF HISTORIOGRAPHY
1. History from Above - regarded as a matter of what the powerful, the ruling class, the famous, the
colonizers, and the wealthy people thought of and what they did, and what the "ordinary" people felt and
tried to accomplish was insignificant and therefore not worth mentioning as part of history.
- chronicles written by explorers in the middle ages after a successful invasion of
unexplored territory
- Fray Juan de Plasencia - an Italian priest who was able to come to the country thru
the sponsorship of the Spanish king. His book “Customs of the Tagalogs” - told of
the daily lives of the natives in early colonial society and described the existing
social classes during this period.
-
2. History from Below - a movement that asserts workers, women, immigrants, and minorities have their
own respective stories or history. (Ka-May Cheng, 2012)
- originated from the British Marxist historian E.P. Thompson and the German historian Hans Ulrich
Wehler with his book “Historical Social Science” (Ka-May Cheng, 2012)

3. Pantayong Pananaw – focused on writing the development of the Filipinos alone.

- written by Filipinos about Filipinos, using the standards of the Filipino, written in
Pilipino language, and interpreted ‘exclusively’ by a Filipino.
- Bagong Kasaysayan (Reyes, 2002)
- Importance: the story of the Filipinos is interpreted by them, based on their
knowledge of their culture and national heritage, and written by them
Prof. Zeus Salazar - it would be much more meaningful if the country’s history could be re-written,
described and narrated by a Filipino.
Reyes, 2002 - This is what is called as Filipino historiography

HISTORIOGRAPHY - the writing of history using any of the approaches (History from Above, History from
Below, Pantayong Pananaw)
- involves historical writing culled from many sources in order to avoid biases.
- writing of history, a study on its methodology, and the sources that were used by
the historian.
- re-telling of one’s own significant/meaningful experiences inhis life.
- 3 Categories Of History;
1. Documents - include many classifications: ordinances, letters, written laws, statutes, resolutions,
personal data, or testimonies of witnesses to that past,
2. Relics or Remains - buildings, ruins, churches, temples; could be immovable objects
3. A. Artifacts - eating implements, cooking devices, kitchen utensils, work implements, work
animals (in the form of fossils); are portable items - “clue about the past simply by virtue of their
existence in a place”.
B. The Testimonies of Witnesses to the Past - of oral history wherein a historian interviews face-
to face a person who may either be a participant to a past event, or he had witnessed first-hand
a particular activity that had bearing to meaningful one.
- “the oral and written reports that describe an event” (Howell and Prevenier, 2001).

HISTORICAL METHOD - historians have to verify sources, date them, locate their place of origin and
identify their intended functions. (Candelaria and Alporha (2018).

Historical Source - objects from the past or testimonies concerning the past on which historians depend
in order to create their own depiction of that past (Howell and Prevenier, 2001).

Another type of classifications: (a) written and non-written, (b) published or unpublished and, (c) textual,
oral, or visual sources
 2 CLASSIFICATION OF HISTORICAL SOURCE
1. PRIMARY SOURCES - a source of historical data or information described as first-hand
- a source free from anyone’s interpretation.
- raw and unprocessed
- element of having a close and direct connection to the subject under study.

2. SECONDARY SOURCE - the information it provides has already underwent a process of filtration.
- the information it carries has been screened, interpreted, organized, rephrased,
judged and simplified by a certain individual or group of individuals through the
historical methods to produce a particularly easy-to-read materials in making sense
of the past.
- Examples of secondary sources:
1. History textbook
2. Printed materials (serials, periodicals which interprets previous research)

OTHER SOURCES (OR MIXED SOURCES) - are documents that contain both eyewitness accounts of the
participant but may also include statements from family members of the eyewitness who told of the
details of the story.
- called mixed since it combines documents or printed materials, like diaries and
newspapers, or a written testimony like a court record.
- Examples: diaries and newspapers, community newspapers, or tabloids.
- Newspapers - published printed materials that contain narration of events and
situations locally or maybe globally
Bantay Kasaysayan - an organization of history professors who pursue history writing and re-tells these as
it is: “Ang kasaysayan ay mahalaga kung ito’y magagamit sa kasalukuyan upang magsilbing paalala, at
babala, kung ito’y pahahalagahan upang mapatigil o mapahinto ang katanghan (katangahan) ng
kahapon na maulit pa sa ngayon at sa hinaharap”

• History is a record of past events, a study of the past events that were considered significant in a peoples’
life. It can be written thru eyewitness accounts and declarations, or it may be retold by others who were
not participants to the event.
• Historiography is the science of writing history, and a study of its methods. It has three approaches
namely 1) HISTORY FROM ABOVE 2) HISTORY FROM BELOW and 3) PANTAYONG PANANAW. Sources for
writing the past events have 5 kinds: primary source, primary testimony, secondary source, secondary
testimony, and others (mixed sources). There are several types of these sources that include documents,
records, statutes, photographs, birth certificates, death certificates, artifacts, relics, and others.
• The importance or relevance of knowing and studying about one’s past stems from the fact that
governance policies and laws were crafted based on the knowledge of the past. It is also being studies
about in order to avoid mistakes of the past or at least prevent a repetition of it.

Historical Criticism - in order for a source to be used as evidence in history, basic matters about its form
and content must be settled: External Criticism & Internal Criticism
EXTERNAL CRITICISM - historical criticism that addresses the problems of authenticity of the evidence.
- process of scrutinizing every aspect related to its forms.
- to prevent the use of evidence that are fabricated, forged, and faked in making
historical claims
- physical form
- distinguish which evidence is a hoax or misrepresentation (Gottschalk, 1969)
Hoax- a humorous or malicious deception
External Test:
1. Date of the Document
2. Author of the Document
3. Anachronistic Style – general, specific time (ten commandments)
4. Provenance or Custody – (lupang hinirang origin)
5. Anachronistic Reference
6. Definitions
7. Ambiguities - kalabuan
INTERNAL CRITICISM - looks into the problems of credibility of the evidence
- Credibility - accuracy of the contents
- considers every significant aspect the existing evidence carries (Gottschalk, 1969)
Internal Test:
1. Identification of the Author
2. Approximate date
3. Author’s ability for truth – background/experiences
4. Author’s willingness for truth – biases/prejudices
5. Corroboration – not rely to the material but also look for other documents related to study we want to
established
Lesson 2
FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY ANTONIO PIGAFFETA
- 1519-1522
September 6, 1522 - a travelogue containing a cartographic and ethnographic record, existed first as a
summary, later as a fuller version published in 1524
Four known manuscripts: One is in Italian at the Ambrosiana Library, Milan, and three others in French
are located at other repositories such as the Yale University (McCarl, 2014).
- a primary source

BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
- Italian Scholar and explorer from Vicenza, Venice, Italy
- Eldest child of Giovanni Pigafetta to Angela Zoga
- Travelled with Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães)
- Acquianted with spice trade and curious about the world
- Returned to Spain on September 6, 1522
- Presented his book to the King and the people of France, Portugal, and Italy
- Died during the battle against the Turks as a member of the Knights.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- Expansionism, search for spices, accumulation of wealth and power (3G) GOLD,
GOD (Evangelism, Catholicism), GLORY
- Papal Bull “Inter Caetara” – Treat of Tordesillas
- [1505] Magellan is in service of Portugal travelling to India, Malysia, and Indonesia
- He abandoned Portugal and offered his service to Spain through King Charles V.
- On Aug. 10, 1519, Magellan set sail with 270 men and five ships
- Spanish officials furnished five ships for the expedition, prepared in Sevilla.
Magellan's flagship, the Trinidad, had as consorts the San Antonio, the Concepción,
the Victoria, and the Santiago.
- Victoria became the first ship to circumnavigate the globe in 1522, the only ship in
Ferdinand Magellan’s five-vessel fleet to accomplish the feat.
- The Victoria was 20.26 meters (or more than 66 feet) in length, weighed 85 tons
and had 180 tons of displacement.
CONTENT ANALYSIS
a. Went to Humunu Island (Homonhon)/ Watering of Place of Good Signs
b. Encountered a Ballanghai / balangay
c. Met Rajah Calambu brother of Mazua [Limasawa] Chieftain, King of Zuluan and Calagan [Butuan
and Cargua]
d. First mass during Easter Sunday, March 31 with the two chieftains
e. Looked for more islands to acquire supplies and provisions. Ceylon [Leyte], Bohol. And Zzubu
[Cebu]
f. By 7th of April, they reached the port of Cebu
g. Magellan evangelized and baptized the people of Zzubu
h. During the 14th of April, Magellan ordered the people to burn their idols and worship the cross
instead
i. Magellan died on April 27, 1521
CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE
- Earliest reference for Precolonial Philippine History
- Purest narration or characterization of Precolonial Society
- Christianity and the propagation of a religious life
- How early Filipinos fought and tried to derail initial attempts of occupation
- Culture, literature, and way of life or customs of ancient Filipinos during the 16th
century
- New discoveries in geography, marine navigation, cartography, and
multiculturalism
 KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN BY EMILIO JACINTO
1896 - Andres Bonifacio - Father of the Philippine Revolution & President of the Supreme Council of the
Katipunan, established a list of duties and responsibilities to be followed strictly by every member of the
organization known as the Decalogue
- Bonifacio found out Jacinto’s Kartilya and adopted it as the official teachings of the Katipunan

Kartilya - written to introduce new recruits to the principles and values that Katipunan organization
upholds (Candelaria and Alporha, 2018).

BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR

EMILIO D. JACINTO
-December 15, 1875, Tondo, Manila
-Josefa Dizon, Mariano Jacinto
- Liwanag at Dilim, Kartilya, Sa Mga Kababayan Ko, Kalayaan, Pahayag, A La Patria
- Utak ng Katipunan
- Namatay dahil sa Malaria
-Commander of the Katipunan in Northern Luzon
-Secretary of Katipunan
-Joined Katipunan at the young age of 18
-Editor ng Kalayaan (opisyal na Pahayagan ng Katipunan)

Utak ng Himagsikan – Apolinario Mabini

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT
-established in the year 1892 July 7 by the anti-Spanish Filipino at Tondo, Manila
-founded by Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Jose Dizon, Deodato Arellano, and
Valentine Diaz
-fight for the Philippine Independence from Spain and to unite the Filipino into one nation
-the society’s members were referred to as Katipuneros
-Kartilya - moral and intellectual foundation, used to guide the actions of Katipuneros
-the document was called Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Z.LI.B (Duties of the People’s Sons)
-“A united Filipino nation that would revolt against the Spaniards.” “The total independence of
the country from Spain”
CONTENT AND ANALYSIS
ANDRES BONIFACIO - Father of Philippine Revolution
-founder of Katipunan

EMILIO D. JACINTO - Brain of the Katipunan

∑ Significance of Living with a purpose

∑ Doing what is right
∑ Shows what kindness really means
∑ Highlights equality
∑ Show what honor should mean for a Katipunero
∑ All about being a Man of Word
∑ Gives importance to time
∑ Tells everyone to fight for what is right and fight with person who is at the right
∑ Significance of trust, that everyone must know how to keep confidential things
∑ Being able to lead the family
∑ Highlights everything a man must look at women’s identity
∑ Give importance to every action
∑ How to have character in dealing with life
∑ Shows the idea of the author’s desire.

CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE IMPORTANT HISTORICAL INFORMATION

- Give insights on Philippine History
- Serves as proof that the nation's independence was previously fought for by intellectual and
moral revolutionaries
- Sets moral standard and ethics to the Filipinos
- A wake-up call to engage in act of patriotism and nationalism
- Strengthen fairness and equality and eliminate prejudices
- Lays the foundation for establishing excellent governance in the present and for educating
people about honor, decency, generosity, and compassion.
 PROCLAMATION OF INDEPENDENCE BY AMBROSIO RIANZARES BAUTISTA
BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR
∑ "one of the unsung and unhonoured great Filipinos,“
∑ was the author of the "Act of Declaration of Philippine Independence.
∑ read the declaration during General
∑ Aguinaldo's June 12, 1898 Independence
∑ proclamation in Kawit. Cavite
∑ December 7, 1830 - December 4, 1903
∑ Age 72
∑ Son to Gregorio Enriquez Bautista and Silvestra Altamira
∑ arrested and imprisoned in Fort Santiago
∑ also known as Don Bosyong or Tio Bosyong
∑ a distant relative of the Rizal family
∑ Biñan, Laguna, Captaincy General of the Philippines
∑
• Attended the University of Sto. Tomas (UST) an earned a law degree in 1865
• Stalwart defender of the poor and laborers
• Member of Rizal’s patriotic association, Liga Filipina
• Joined the Cuerpo de Compromisarios
• Financial contributor to the patriotic newspaper La Solidaridad and an article writer for the
revolutionary newspaper La Independencia
• Became Aguinaldo’s political adviser
• Elected as the president of the Revolutionary Congress on July 14, 1899
• Succeeded Pedro A. Paterno as the second president of the Malolos Congress
• For the first time in the nation’s history, the present Filipino flag was officially unfurled, and the
national anthem was played (August 18, 1896)
• Philippine flag was waved Bautista, not by Aguinaldo

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT

• Philippine Revolution
-August 1896 – June 12, 1898
-Revolt against the Spanish rule
• KKK
-July 7, 1892 – Katipunan was established
-April 15, 1897 – Arrest of Bonifacio
• Pack of Biak-Na-Bato
-November 1, 1897 – signed constitution of Biak-na-Bato
• Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo Exiled in Hongkong
-Failed agreement of Aguinaldo and the Spanish government
The revolution started when Filipinos had enough of the violent Spanish Rule
∑ Spanish-American War
- April 21 – August 13, 1898 American Victory
∑ Battle of Manila Bay
-Also known as Battle of Cavity During Spanish-American war Led by George Dewey
∑ Treaty of Paris
- Signed December 10, 1898 at Paris, France
∑ Battle of Alapan
- May 28,1898 – Unfurled the Philippine Flag for the first time
After suffering from the Spanish Government and Friars mistreatment and the sacrifices and loss of brave
countrymen like Dr. Jose Rizal and the three martyrs (GomBurZa). The revolutionaries sought to reclaim
our country for our people

CONTENT AND ANALYSIS

• The document reveals the reason behind the Philippine Revolution and how we were
threatened by the Spaniards
• The kind of government established by Aguinaldo
• The explanation of our Philippine flag and other more truths in history often overlooked and
wrongly taught
CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE IMPORTANT HISTORICAL INFORMATION
v National Flag
∑ The blue color stands for peace, justice, sacrifice, and truth.
∑ The red color symbolizes bravery, courage, and patriotism.
∑ The white triangle represents fraternity, liberty, and equality.
 ∑ The large yellow sun symbolizes freedom, unity, democracy, and sovereignty
∑ The eight rays protruding from the sun are representative of the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Manila,
Pampanga, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, and Bataan
∑ The three five-pointed stars at the corners of the triangle represent the three major geographical
divisions of the country: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
v National Anthem
• The music of the anthem has been composed by Julian Felipe.
• adopted on May 26, 1958
• Originally called ‘MARCHA FILIPINA MAGDALO’
• Later known as Marcha Nacional Filipina
• May 26,1956, National Anthem is sung in filipino
• Minor revision were made in 1960s;is the version we sing today
v “Acta de la Proclamacíon de independencia del Pueblo Filipino”. We can watch and comprehend
how people and communities acted by studying history. By considering the past, we can assess
conflict even while a country is at peace.

Every year, the Philippines commemorates its anniversary of its Independence proclaimed on
June 12, 1898, in the province of Cavite. This event is widely received as a significant turning point in the
history of the country primarily because it signaled the end of over three centuries (333 years) of Spanish
colonization. However, in contrast to this popularity, most Filipinos especially teachers and students,
never get the chance to read the details of the actual document (Candelaria and Alporha, 2018).
The document was written and prepared by a Filipino lawyer named Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista.
This 21 page document was originally written in Spanish which indicates the level of fluency of Filipinos in
the use of Spanish language at the time. The original title of the document was Acta de la Proclamacion
de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino. Aside from being the author of the declaration document,
Ambrosio Rianzares was also the one who read and waved the Philippine flag during the declaration
(Viray, 2019).

POLITICAL CARICATURES OF THE AMERICAN ERA (1900-1941)

BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR

ALFRED WILLIAM MCCOY
• Born on JUNE 8, 1945, Massachusetts, USA
• 77 years old
• Citizenship: American
• Son of Margarita McCoy & Alfred Mudge McCoy, Jr.
• A professor of History at the University of Wisconsin Madison where he also served as Director
of Center for Southeast Asian Studies
• Specialized in Political History and Global Opium trafficking
• Majority of his works and research focuses on the Philippines
• He spent the past quarter of his life writing about the politics and history of opium trade
• One of the Famous books – Alfred Mccoy’s Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature Of the
American Era (1900 – 1941)
Awards Earned:
• Philippine Catholic Mass Media Award, Best book of the year for 1985
• Philippine National Book Award for history, 1986.
• Gintong Aklat (Manila Special Citation for History, 1987
• Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia – a classic work on drug Trafficking (blocked by C.I.A.) but
remained in print for more than 50 years and translated to 9 languages

ALFREDO ROCES
• April 29, 1932 (age 90 years), Santa Cruz, Manila
• Artist writer from the known Roces clan in Philippine Print Media.
• Known Journalist in Manila Times
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• During the American era (1900-1941), Philippine Political Cartoons Gained Full Expression
• Filipino Artists recorded national attitudes towards the coming of the Americans as well as the
changing mores and times
• While the 377 cartoons compiled in this book speak for themselves
• Historian Alfred McCoy’s extensive research in Philippine and American archives provides a
comprehensive background not only to the cartoons but to the turbulent as well.
CONTENT ANALYSIS
• The presentation of the cartoons varies from racial to conservative, vivid and wordy to express
the cartoonist’s views and languages used are either in English or Spanish.
 • The victims are presented in a bad story state to convey sympathy for the readers.
• The characters to emphasize on the “ good side” are shown in normal features while the “ bad”
emaciated, leering, laughing creatures, more on animal features than human.
• The artists, using the cartoons, illustrates not just their opinions, but broad image of the
Philippines under US
• The transition from Spanish colonial period to American occupation shows different changes as
well as in culture, society and political.
• The drastic introduction of democracy to a nation not properly oriented about it and its
consequences are far from ideas. This, it ushered free press.
• The rich remained affluent and powerful, while the poor people remained poor, desperate, and
victims of state repression.
Samples of Caricatures
• THE INDEPENDENT (MAY 20, 1916)
• THE INDEPENDENT (JUNE 16, 1917)
• The Independent on the 27th of November 1915
• Lipang Kalabaw on the 24th of August 1907
CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE IMPORTANT HISTORICAL INFORMATION
• The cartoons can be used to look at the political situation in the American era
• Clarifies historical information and served as an eyeopener
• Used as medium to inform the masses about the society’s condition
• Pressing issues are shown in the caricatures during this era
• Brought back patriotism

Political cartoons and caricature are form of art whose technique is centered on the exaggeration
of human features and poking fun at its subjects. Such art genre and technique became a part of the print
media as a form of social and political commentary, which usually targets persons of power and authority.
Cartoons and caricature became an effective tool of publicizing opinion through heavy use of
symbolism. Their ability to represent opinion and capture the audience’s imagination is among the
reasons that compelled historians to examine political cartoons and conduct historical examination
(Candelaria and Alporha, 2018).

REVISITING CORAZON AQUINO’S SPEECH BEFORE THE U.S CONGRESS

BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR
TEODORO "TEDDY BOY" LOPEZ LOCSIN JR.
• Born on November 5, 1948 at Manila
• Son of Teodoro Locsin Sr.
• Studied at Ateneo de Manila University and Harvard University
• Press Secretary during March 26, 1986 – September 14, 1987
• Speechwriter of Corazon Aquino
• Philippine Ambassador to the United Kingdom since August 30, 2022
• Secretary of DFA

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• Feud between Ferdinand Marcos and Ninoy Aquino
• Declaration of Martial Law (September 21, 1972)
• Assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino (August 21, 1983)
• Snap Election
• Marcos signed Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972, placing the Philippines under
Martial Law. However, announcement was made on September 23, 1972 [the start of 14 years
Martial Law in the Philippines]
• People’s Power Revolution (Feb 22-25, 1986)
• Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA)
• Corazon’s Presidency
• Speech of President Corazon Aquino during the Joint Session of the U.S. Congress ( September
18, 1986)
• 1987 Constitution [pinalit ni Corazon Aquino sa constitution ni Marcos]
CONTENT ANALYSIS
• The death of her husband Ninoy Aquino
• Ninoy’s death was the third and the last time that Cory and children lost Ninoy
• Cory introduced the democratic that she claimed as coming also from her husband
• Restoration of democracy from authoritarianism of Ferdinand Marcos
CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE IMPORTANT HISTORICAL INFORMATION
• Corazon "Cory" Cojuangco Aquino functioned as the symbol of the restoration of democracy and
the overthrow of the Marcos Dictatorship in 1986
 • The document is relevant in the philippine history especially in the diplomatic and political
history
• This document contributed to Philippine history as it traced back the first step of the country to
restore democracy the Marcos outlawed.

After the eventful overthrow of the Marcos Dictatorship in 1986 through EDSA People Power,
Cory came out easily as the symbol of democracy. As the widow of the slain Senator Benigno “Ninoy’
Aquino Jr., the leader of Marcos oppositionist, Cory was seen mourning by the public. She was then seen
as the torch bearer of all that her husband fought for. Though without political experience as she was a
plain housewife at the time, people begun to see her as the symbol of hope and freedom— the sentiment
that made her president.
On September 18, 1986, seven months since she became president, Cory went to the United
States to deliver a speech. Before the joint session of the U.S. Congress and with a prepared script written
by Teddy Locsin Jr, Cory stood and spoke with eloquence and passion. This historic speech of Cory holds
answers to questions related to political uncertainty and international diplomacy the Philippines had at
the time (Candelaria and Alporha, 2018).

LESSON 3

Perspective – the way how you see or view things which is basically anchored to what you have already
knew.

Historical interpretations - judgments of historians on how the past should be seen, hence the history we
read, though based on facts, is strictly speaking, not factual at all, but a series of accepted judgments
(Candelaria and Alphora, 2018).

Multiperspectivity - a way of looking at historical events, personalities, developments, cultures, and

societies from different perspectives - means that there is a multitude of ways by which we can view the
world, and each could be equally valid and equally partial at the same time
- history is a construct— it is open for interpretation. But let us be warned of this
because one’s interpretation could change the way we view our selves as a nation
with a country and identity

CONTROVERSY 1: The Cavite Mutiny

1872 - historic year of two events in Philippine history: as significant as the 1896 and 1898
1. Cavite Mutiny
2. Martyrdom of the three priest or GOMBURZA

- four primary sources:

1. Jose Montero y Vidal
Spanish officials
2. Governor General Rafael Izquierdo
3. Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera - Filipino scholar
4. Edmund Plauchut - a French writer

Truth is freedom and freedom is the foundation of a sincere love for our nation

CONTROVERSY 2: The 1896 Cry of Rebellion

Journalists during this time would use the phrase “el grito de rebellion” which translates to “the cry of
rebellion” to describe the beginning of these momentous events (rebellions) that were rampantly
happening across Spanish colonies.

Mexico - “Cry of Dolores” (September 16, 1810)

Brazil - “Cry of Yparaga” (September 7, 1822)
Cuba - “Cry of Matanza” (February 24, 1895)

August 1896 – Filipinos declared our own rebellion—our “cry” against the said colonizers.
Manuel Sastron - Spanish historian, 1897 book, “La Insurreccion en Filipinas”

Teodoro Agoncillo used the term “cry” to refer to that momentous event of Katipunan tearing their
sedulas accompanied by a scream.
CONTROVERSY 3: Did Rizal Retract?
Jose Rizal - hero of the revolution because of his writings that center on ending colonialism and liberating
the Filipino minds because he believed that these are the initial steps toward the creation of a Filipino
nation.
- the writings were largely scrutinizing the friars whom he referred to as the major cause of injustices and
sufferings of Filipinos.
- the retraction of Rizal is a proof that Jose Rizal took back everything he said against the church and died
as a Catholic.

Four sources of Retraction document of Rizal:

a. December 30, 1896- first text published in La Voz Española and Diario de Manila on the very day of
Rizal’s execution
b. December 31, 1896- second text appeared in El Imparcial on the day after Rizal’s execution. It is the
short formula of the retraction
c. February 14, 1897- third text appeared in Barcelona, Spain in the fortnightly magazine La Juventud. It
came from an anonymous writer who revealed himself fourteen years as Father Balaguer.
d. May 18, 1935- The alleged “original” text was discovered by Father Manuel Garcia, C.M. in the
archdiocesan archives after it disappeared for thirty-nine years from the day of Rizal’s execution.

LESSON 4
A. AGRARIAN REFORM POLICIES – Analyze the agrarian policies pursued by Ferdinand Marcos
(1965-1986) up until to the present administration, President Rodrigo Duterte.
i. What were the agrarian policies of each administration (give the highlights only)?
ii. Do these agrarian policies able to address the problems of our farmers (e.g. no land, lack of
farming equipment and capital)?
iIi. What are your recommendations to solve the given issue?

B. PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION – Analyze the four (4) constitutions of the Philippines (Malolos
Constitution, 1935 Constitution, 1973 Constitution, and 1987 Constitution).
• MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
-In 1899, the Malolos Constitution, the first Philippine Constitution—the first republican
constitution in Asia—was drafted and adopted by the First Philippine Republic, which
lasted from 1899 to 1901. The constitution specifically provided for safeguards against
abuses, and enumerated the national and individual rights not only of the Filipinos and
of the aliens. The legislative powers were exercised by the Assembly of Representatives
composed of delegates elected according to law. The Government of the Republic is
popular, representative, alternative, and responsible, and shall exercise three distinct
powers: namely, the legislative, the executive, and the judicial.
• 1935 CONSTITUTION
-The 1935 Constitution, which featured a political system virtually identical to the
American one, became operative. The system called for a President to be elected at large
for a 4-year term (subject to one re-election), a bicameral Congress, and an independent
Judiciary.
• 1973 CONSTITUTION
The 1973 Constitution: draft presented to President Marcos by the 1971 Constitutional
Convention on December 1, 1972; deemed ratified by Citizens' Assemblies held from
January 10 to 15, 1973, proclaimed in force by Proclamation by President Marcos,
January 17, 1973. The declaration of Martial Law through Proclamation No. 1081 by
former President Ferdinand E, Marcos in 1972 brought about the transition from the
1935 Constitution to the 1973 Constitution. This transition had implications on the
Court’s composition and functions. The Justices of the Court were appointed by the
President alone, without the consent, approval, or recommendation of any other body
or officials.
• 1987 CONSTITUTION
The 1987 Constitution established a representative democracy with power divided
among three separate and independent branches of government: the Executive, a
bicameral Legislature, and the Judiciary.