-> predictshape

1p)/p-- bp)bp-bp of molecules

(p
13 PERIODICIT 4
-

↑ detrmn. it's
(importantt o
stronger 4) domains

↑ shells R had charge, Iadded to repulsion

H - r
H
-
H
VESPR 23bp reacRr1Y
↓ principle quantum shell. L I Ip
be aren'tshared
↑
nuclear charge, more pull smaller AR
betw.2 atoms
each 1p reduces andle by 2.50
-

↑
shells ↓R anions

18001se-domains:
cations a mere
mains.LINEAR,

Axz -6bP
12008Ben,
less shells e-> dispension, 0 o
-
- 0
3bp
total pull ↓ ...............
aremoved from E level E IEFF
zbp!-

80 :
↓

uninaoimain: ......... seaboard

2/n
one ben 10.50
- polarity"ofmoi.depas
- -

!
farthestfrom
Y
nucleus Be B;MGAN90;p-S +

1078
polar bonds in

-68- -
·

AR ↑ IE d same level Fill upshells so · orient. of

polar
bonds (shame
thatone full,
mol.)
phigher E is
3
.
.
l onepair -> not
⑭I easier repel
to
ERAPTFE-ALLOTRODES OfCarbon equal polarity ! =>
summet
polar
are summer,
Furthestfrom A ARL more E bonded to (M2);

F
-
attraction c 3
I
chelasueae
nucleus greater is
single layers, 2D, hexagone ·
Used In
ran.planar &
easier as AR ~
trigonal planar touch-screens
Axan. In parallel layers

smaller atoms N nuclear charge 4 more attraction

w//200 b.angles. = oraoodcondbetterthanonebetw
lauers.
·

-
bestt hermal
cond,

900pcond. (de.e
·
strong,
-

in betw ·
almostcompl. transparentthin,
->
between a
layers carrychral Nexible, mp
more attraction nucleus
bondinge · bad heat cond
hardestk nown
900d lubricant
! noacondaeiteteen
0

0.4- 1.7
DIAMOND to substanceScooboasenergy
↑ AR, d attraction & MC ↑ nod. Charge NAR ->
attraction
tetrahedral
SILICONDIOXIDE
SILICONC
SO +MD -
H2SOs Sulfurous ad +ULLERENE
CgO triqh.planar uoxygens
cow.bonded to
si
by
each is

SOS +

H20 ->
H2SO4Sulfuric id (notplantmol.be fixed formula Si US
to

catom bonded to 60C (sphere) · strona

Py0c 6H20 ->
4H3POs Phosphorous Acid else
nomito:smichactossomeerroel.Insolone
+

H20
PyOp H2O 4HsPO Phosphoric
Acid. !
base
+
+
->
->
metal
+

0 void inside used

for
· strong
· non-cond, electr
base strongly held together
·

H20
2N0z Oz O in medicine be all atoms are
+
->
transpry drugs
+

nitric acid nitrous acid

·metal oxide 128
+

2mX
NO Oz teHzO
+
-> 4HNOc Nitrous -
Acid @ 2m Xz
+ ->

FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS BENZENE ALKANES

R-C -
H
R-CH0
Chltzn+CHO ↳no addition reactions Combustion (CO2, Hc0)
↑Aldehyde
Ketone
anal
⑪
R-CO-R' CnHenO
G boud length Free Rad. Subs. (CI., C(z +
4 c)
+

anone R-C-R
COO
↳
hydrogenation enthalpy ALKENES
Carb. Acid CnHen, CnHznOz Hydrogenation (Ni 1809 tH2
Esteranoace p-c-o-R' R C00-R
-

M
M
M
Ether R
-
0-p) R-0-R' CnHznt2 OCmHzm
↑
a Halogenation Br CI +

.
R
oxy-alkame L 1200
always in middle
Hydration (000, to atm)
-

2ntzn 1 [N AIC CnHentiOH

C
sp2 H20
alcoud
Nitrilenitrile R -CEN
+

catal.

Amineine R-NY e Amino CnHin+ 1NNz

Polymerization= 7
Amideae R--NoCarboxamide/Amido Cutant CONA
break double connect

Nitriles R.et 1

Hydrohalogenation n
->
+ HBr
Br

R-C00H+R'OH -> RWOR+H20

Alkyl Saturaled
Alkanoate single
a

carb. acid alcohol Ester

Unsat. ->
double, triple
catenation
-

tendency ofidentical atoms to form bondsH-Bonds

covalent in Carb. Acid, notEsters
C =
0 ->
EN ->
Dipole-Dipole
->
B.P., sollubility towards Soluble, NB.R insolable dB.P.

=
away

branch chain isomerism

position isomerism Priorities ->

C0H, CHO, Y., on, =

S
=, (l-Br, 2H3, GH5
functional groupisomerism
 gtR.A.M is the welanted ava. the
of masses ofa l l it's is stopes, relative o fC
to atom
R.A is the % atoms
of wispecific atomic mass found in

naturally occurring sample an

of element.
potometer is used measure
to of masses ofd i f. Isotopes they R.A. sonf.no.otesinsobese enerqu
c VX

siblee
=

&
1
idbl oz
continuous:all line:only sharp discrete dif. frequencies.
colours in unbroken sequence, colours prod by UV

lines canu. at be energy levels inside atom are closer agether at4 en. levels.
Hund's Rulesingly we same spin then abL.

HEISENBERG UNC. PRINC.Can'tknow TOCOF b u t

I
pobilIy f inding
of iti n anatomic orbital
part excl.
Aufbar: ben. istw ith -

in...."
N gaseous
Alkali, Alkaline E.
m, trast, Anictans, Chakogus, Halogens, was gases, cathansas, Actalas. SISelectronic man -
A solid m

glant covalent
metallic
net +
charge exp. by v.2s.
plant 10nIC

1R
shielding es 2eff z
=
-
5 AR structure

↓ +
ions are smaller than parent
metallic character

->nuclchargeneareadaet
2 pin n.c,
2ancimoreth,elaina
ve-procetmarerless
more e on "

1J
-lose
-> -

1/2EFF ↓ AR n.C4, ARe

↓
esarecloserto attractort
-

↓ MC
-> shielding is constant e- is same -> increases
-
↓

↓ ↳ ARA c shielding a (more shells) ↓ attrac tor. - The as feel

0.es);d/ smaller
more pull stronger e l attr
no.shelsanend
OccupshellskiesareNote
a" (auc. <
radius.
no ofshells
4,
shell, outer is are on
shell;more inner a s moreshielding
-> constant
no of

new
E
A
<- => 101. Ofr eactivity

↓ "AR
L metals. non-metals glue
lease ofe l to
awaye-)

#
nothbl.gas. buti s
bonanatupe.cron.nettenant
Same as I are added. measure Of
the ability an atom has attrac t
to

IE('IE: X(g) X (g) Mp covalent

bond
-
e
+
-

ability
EA toselaaine's
c on
EN a shared pair of his in a

22 no nbl+

gases).

n.C4, ", bAR,

-> n.c., more DAR, I sI
at
stronger he 4, on dAR

itmolstructure
more strhar shell,
end M.C. more same
->

↑
->

↑IE EA attract on
(0
↑EN
attraction nuc
to harder t o
remove stronger el.attrcta.
↑ ↑
->

no. of , ARP, weaker awlno.of greater attraction to sharedpair

shells -> ofe s
occupied
↳ Shells
no. of , RAR, weaker el. attract. ↓ ↳
is+EA:X(g) Xca)
-

-> a
easily removed e
4, PAR; lessIweaker
mR.Structurehadeve
+

->
exoturm no. ofOccup.n levels el.att.

+values
yre forcesbet d. m e s
-

and mix
ENDOTHERMIC:bceh. Srequredours (q) +

EA

!
properties 1
Bendothermic attrac tion buldist. IE EN
eis repelled by alray-lon,

/N00 (exceptions!)
->

derivedMarechalaproperirestors
↑
AR causes m. bonds to
energy needs to be aulb, for this to directly
Be 1B
occur.
weaken
measured

octet rule eXpts:

bropotaceousatoms, atoms

Is
lonk character En e
1 molecule.

↳) depends on dif. Fey2v.e- in 1

a
acid-base character

A Bevinc.ocNta.A
In ENvalUeS.
vanper
e
| properties nan

NIC:bassoinc
&
nbi cases (grp. 18):leastreactive be unable lose
to gaine, colourless, monoatomic
10 mg(0H1)c
2Na0H.cmq0
+

Na,0 1 0
+ -
Alkali(grp.1):very to
stra), form (physicalgood
H20;martz,e H20(most)
reactive (all tonic comp.wham card, I , area shiny sort. When cut. polar-closer
2(i)
+

L120 1Ha
+ ->
+

skiCONCSRICONDIXEetaneda, a
- >
·EULLERENECCONan.paee by
Rb Ion-dipole forces
Alkali CS

pumiao
+ H20: Li Nak
betw.MOmOL. CIOnS

floats fl. fl. SinKS sin, (sphere)

unarogunsinnaraxotsee
catom bonded 60C
to

normaletronasmoicactusomones stronasie,Nonearestals
V19.7122.
Gentle 122.
V.V.f.expire polent rel.
+

12
PH 14 PHIL PHM
-

PHIL PH(L) held beseen

-> all colourless

halogens (A):diatomic ALl atones C mOL.

->
mar., v.reactive nm, form ion.comp IHCIOy (chloric add)
21207 +H20
·
->

(bhusicalcoloured,

changeforsaye,esrend
when a con with am
gradual aca) ·cz + 10 - 2 xc o

Halogens A l ka l imetals:2m + X2 ->

CmX
palle solid
our

oneoroneononopposonorous · Si8n
I
+
101
doesn'tr eact wlwater
-

-> 5,832
-

+
H20

1
physical properties
(2Nm) acIdIC
lonic

10 (m +NM) basic predicts hape ofmolecules

P-P>1p-bp)
bye
IONIC COVALENT -> detron i sa
↑
strong el. atfrcti. importantto
·MpIDP
domains
d u e to
betw.lonsa lattice.
repulsion
H-F -H
VESPR reaCRr1Y
-> transfer ofhis creating tons
->
sharinges, creating a molecule rest
due el. attraction betw.Op.cions ARA-SNra.Attin.betrcons stop.chate bearen'tshade andle by 2.50
to - el. atreth. beter shared pair is a nuc each 1p reduces

bromo-noxo
ofbonds to
b re ak

cono
a re

str.SINGLEPOvBLEIApiionGqualent
-> lOns held together in lattice
by ionic bonds which held zgether lifsoOE loquararytarS Pcharans.DAn.
o -
0- 0

by el. ttr.
(grp.
I
I don'thave tend to
a volatility ability
tovaporize

- nzmaroaimararizewiniranian
↓ neutral comp. m volatility
formats ↓ (non-volatile

Escon
↑
b of bp

orinEritE-tzys
ldffice
4,05 orient. otpO 0)
-> ·
structure:coordination no shows the s
number of ions surrounding allen ion
in strctr.
v solubility
l onepair

-Solubleinpolarnsolves
-> not
are on
summet.
chemical rxn: some bonds break others form =>
polar
5-:mostEN

laRuce Kalinoi rocaralienanin F

conization:process by which I are transferred
b ete.atoms, occurs when atom loses a passes
lons! [] ·causes consomOveseSubtrOM &
·
Used In

touch-screens
them directly an
to gains them
atom that nm)
(mto
CHYDRATEDS
bond length:measure ofdistric beta. I bonded
①PREFIXES Ol for COU. bond Δ Selectrical conductivity = ·

-
bestt hermal
cond,

womenforceapplierscameraatomsoclntsonraedison costresearce
nuclei almostcomply transparent
thin,strong
end
·

brittle
bond strength:measure breakbond
ofen.rea, to NCOs hydrogensee ↓Brittleness - usually
hardestk nown
900d lubricant

meculargeo:bondnatnon-bonoreales substanceScoobonsiteanaconde.!+e
0
Nyammonium
Go hydroniom DIAMOND to cond.