Quarter 2: Module 1 - FAULTS and EARTHQUAKES 1.

Body waves - vibrations that travel in earth’s interior

2 Types of Body Waves
Ring of Fire - refers to the region around the Pacific Ocean that are commonly hit by earthquakes a.Primary wave (P waves), also known as the compressional
and volcanic waves - push rocks in the direction they are traveling
eruptions. and can travel in all types of matter.
Fault - a break in the Earth’s crust along which significant movement has taken place.
b.Secondary wave (S waves), also known as the shear waves –
 Break - refers to a crack in the ground.
 Crust - refers to the outermost layer of the Earth. We live on the surface of the crust. displace rocks at right angle to the direction they
 Significant movement - the rocks have been displaced or shifted considerably. are travelling and cannot pass through fluids
Classification of fault according to their level of activity 2. Surface waves - travel in the earth’s or in core’s surface.
1.Active fault – known to have generated earthquakes within the last 10, 000 years. These are formed when body waves reach the earth’s surface. And cause damages during
2.Inactive fault – do not show evidence that it has generated earthquakes within the last 10, 000 an earthquake.
years, but still have the potential to generate an earthquake in the future. 2 Types of Surface Waves
Category of Faults (Note: depending on the displacement orientation) a.Rayleigh waves - shake the ground up and down
a. Dip-slip fault - the movement is up or down and parallel to the dip of the inclined fault surface. b.Love waves - shake the ground side to side.
They can be distinguished depending on the movement of footwall and hanging wall. An earthquake may be described in two ways:
Types of Dip-slip fault 1. intensity – tells how much a certain area was shaken when
1. Normal fault - one in which the rocks above the fault plane, or hanging wall, move down relative the earthquake reached that area
to the rocks below the fault plane, or footwall. 2.magnitude – the total amount of energy that was released
2. A reverse fault - one in which the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall. by the earthquake at the focus.
b. Strike slip fault - the movement is horizontal and parallel to the strike of the fault. The fault Foreshocks – the energy release and ground shaking before
block may laterally move to left or to the right with respect to the opposite block. an earthquake
c. Oblique-slip fault-has both the strike-slip & dip slip movements Aftershocks – the energy release and ground shaking after
How do faults produce quakes? an earthquake
Energy from inside the Earth exerts a force on the rocks along Effects of Aftershocks
faults. But the rocks do not move right away because of friction. 1.volcanic eruption
The roughness of the rocks keeps them from slipping past each 2.sinkhole - hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer.
other. But when the limit is reached, the rocks suddenly slip— 3.Liquefaction - a process by which water-saturated sediment temporarily loses strength and acts as
earthquake! a fluid caused by earthquake shaking.
Stick and slip – a process describe by the scientist where once friction Seismograph (seismometer) – a device that measures and records the movement of the earth during
is overcome, the ground suddenly moves and an earthquake an earthquake
occurs. Seismogram – data recorded by the seismograph
Earthquake - A vibration of the Earth due to the rapid release of Richter scale – a numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake based on
energy. seismograph oscillations.
Two Types of Earthquakes Mercalli scale – a scale of earthquake intensity ranging from I for an earthquake detected only by
1.Tectonic earthquake - caused by tectonic plates' movement relative seismographs to XII for one causing total destruction of all buildings.
to each other. Tectonic plates - layers of rocks & soil that are Seismology – study of earthquakes. (Seismologist – a person who studied seismology).
constantly moving due to extreme heat and pressure. PHIVOLCS (Phil. Institute of Volcanology and Seismology) – a government agency under Department
2.Volcanic earthquake - caused by volcanic activities, or magma's of Science &Technology (DOST), monitors earth movement map’s fault lines
activities PEIS (PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale) – uses ten levels to rate the strength of an earthquake
Focus - the origin of the earthquake. based on its effects on people, structures, and objects.
Epicenter - the spot directly above the focus on the surface Tsunami - a very high (30 – 50 m height of the wave and speed of 965 km/hr), large wave in the
of the Earth. ocean that is usually caused by an earthquake or volcanic eruption under the sea.
Fault line – the trace of the fault on the surface of the Earth. Note: Faults are found on land as well as at the bottom of the sea. When an underwater fault
Fault plane-this is where fault slip or movement happens. suddenly moves, a tsunami may be formed. But not all fault movements generate tsunamis. If the
Seismic waves – a vibration/energy passes through rocks fault moves sideways, the water above it will not be disturbed. The movement must be in the
Seismic energy – a type of kinetic energy as the stored elastic vertical sense, a sudden upward or downward motion.
energy is released when the rocks break along a fault Warning Signs of Tsunami
Two Types of Seismic Waves 1.strong ground shaking from an earthquake
2.unusual sea-level fluctuations
3.abnormally huge wave
4.loud ocean roar