INSTRUCTIONAL COMPETENCIES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

TEACHERS IN A PRIVATE SCHOOL IN PASAY CITY:

THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO STUDENTS’
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

A Research Paper Presented

to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of

National Teacher’s College

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

in Special Topics in Philippine Studies

by

FRANCIS N. FRIA

MaEd Social Science

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Chapter 3

Methodology

This chapter deals with the research design, population, corresponding sample

that were used as respondents for this study, the research instrument procedures for

gathering the data, and the statistical treatment of the data collected.

Research Design

To determine the relationship between the instructional competencies of the Social

Science teachers of STI College Pasay-EDSA Senior High School department and the

academic performance of the students on their Introduction to the Philosophy of Human

Person and Personal Development subjects, Descriptive-correlation research design was

used in this study. Descriptive-correlation research design is the most appropriate research

design for this study because it seeks to determine the degree of linear relationship between

the two variables; the instructional competencies and the students’ academic performance.

Population and Sample

The respondents of this study were the Senior High School students of STI

College Pasay-EDSA from Grade 11 and Grade 12 students in their first semester

academic year 2022-2023.

In order to come up with the sample population of the study coming from each

year level, the following formula was used:

N
n=
1 + Ne2
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Where:

n = number of samples;

N = total population; and

e = margin of error = 0.05.

The current population of the Senior High School students of STI College Pasay-

EDSA and its estimated sample (based on 5% margin of error) is given in the table below:

Table 1
Distribution of the Population with Percentages per Year Level and Estimated Sample with Percentages per
Year Level

Estimated
Year Level Population % %
Sample
Grade 11 152 53 % 45 54 %
Grade 12 135 47 % 40 46 %
Total 287 100 85 100.0

The stratified random sampling was used to ensure that the different groups in the

population are adequately represented in the sample. For the, study the year level served as

the stratum. Table 1 presents the distribution of the population by year level. The total

population of the Grade 11 is 152, that is 53% of the total population; the Grade 12 have

135, that is 47 % of the total population. By using the formula to get the sample, the

researchers came up with the figure of the total sample size. In orderto distribute this

sample size evenly by year levels, the population size of the year level was divided by the

total population and multiplied by the total sample size. Thus, the process gave the

following figures of sample for each year level: 45 students from Grade 11 , 40 students

from Grade 12. After obtaining the concrete sample size from
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the different year levels, researchers randomly selected at least two sections for each year

level where the number of students approximate the estimated samples needed. This

process was done for the convenience in conducting the survey. In order to come up with

the estimated number of sample, the researchers randomly and evenly eliminated the

entries of the collected data.

Instrumentation

The main instrument used in this study is the questionnaire which was prepared to

find out the instructional competencies of the faculty members involved in the study as

perceived by the students.

The survey questionnaire was validated by teachers who are currently in anacademe

and pursued graduate studies in the field of education. The alterations that were looked into

in the questionnaire were mainly of the manifesting behaviours in particular instructional

competency that is being evaluated. The phrasingsof some of the items were changed into

more understandable and acceptable ones considering the accuracy of the behaviours.

As for the reliability of the instruments for the questionnaire used for the Senior

high school students in evaluating the teachers’ competencies, pilot testing and reliability

testing were conducted.

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Table 2
Equivalent Mean Range for Verbal Description of Perceived Instructional Competencies

Scale Verbal description Equivalent Mean Range

1 Rarely 1.00 – 1.50
2 Sometimes 1.51 – 2.50
3 Often 2.51 – 3.50
4 Always 3.51 – 4.00

As for the academic performance of the students concerned in the study, the first

and second quarter grades Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person and Personal

Development subjects were gathered. In analyzing the level of academic performance of

the students, this study made use of the rating scale that is applied in STI College Pasay-

EDSA’s Senior High School Department. The scale below indicates the rating and

description of the grade equivalent as presented in the 2018 edition of the STI’s Student

Handbook.
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Table 4
Scale for Student’s Grade

Percentage Equivalent
95 and above Excellent
90-94 Outstanding
85-89 Above Average
80-84 Average
75-79 Below Average
74 and below Failed

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers sought permission from the Assistant Principal of the Senior High

School Department to conduct a study on the students of high school department. Upon

approval,the schedule for the survey was set.

The first and second quarter grades Introduction to the Philosophy of Human

Person and Personal Development subjects which served as the measure to academic

performance of the students of STI College Pasay-EDSA in Senior High School

Department for the school year 2022-2023, was collected from the Office of the Assistant

Principal for Academic Affairs of the Senior High School Department with a notice to all

the subject teachers concerned upon the approval of the Principal.

Treatment of Data

The collected data were analyzed, interpreted, and the implications were

determined with the use of both descriptive and inferential statistics.

To facilitate the tabulation and tallying of the data gathered, the researchers made

use of the Microsoft Excel 2010® and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS

(Statistical Package for Social Sciences).

For the students’ perception of instructional competencies, frequency distribution

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was used to measure the number of responses and its magnitude with the sample. Also, the

study made use of the mean, standard deviation, and ranking to describe the perception of

the respondents in their instructional competencies style.

The mean is expressed through the following formula:

∑X
̅X=
n

Where:

̅X = mean

ΣX = sum of all data value

n = number of data items in the sample.

The standard deviation is expressed through the following formula:

2 𝑛 ∑ 𝑋2−(∑ 𝑋)2
∑ 𝑋2−(∑ X)

s =√ 𝑛
or s = √
𝑛−1 𝑛(𝑛−1)

Where:

s = standard deviation

X = each score

̅X = mean

n = number of data items in the sample.

Σ = sum accross the value.

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The researchers retrieved Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person and

Personal Development subjects first and second quarter grades of the senior high school

students from Grade 11 and Grade 12 in the school year 2022-2023, with the proper

permission from the Senior High School Principal. In order to measure the academic

performance of the students over the two quarters, an average of the grades in two quarters

were calculated respectively for all the subjects concerned.

Bivariate Correlation Analysis with the Pearson-Product Moment Correlation

Coefficient was used to determine the relationship between teachers' instructional

competencies and students' academic performance. Pearson-Product Moment Correlation

Coefficient (PPMCC) is a measure of the correlation of linear dependence between two

variables X and Y, giving a value between +1 and −1 inclusive which is widely used in

the sciences as a measure of the strength of linear dependence between two variables

(Ariola, 2006). The Pearson-Product Moment Correlation Coefficient is expressed through

the following formula:

Where:

r = Pearson − Prduct Moment Correlation Coefficient

x = value of the variable 1

y= value of the variable 2

x̅= mean of the value of variable 1 y̅

= mean of the value of variable 2 Σ

= sum accross the value.

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In analyzing the correlation of the instructional competencies and

academic performance of the students, this study made use of the correlation scale

that indicated the interpretation on the correlation based on the value of r obtained.

Table 5
Correla
tion
Scale

Value of r
Between ± .80 to ± .99
Between ± .60 to ± .79
Between ± .40 to ± .59
Between ± .20 to ± .39
Between ± .01 to ± .19
Interpretations
High correlation
Moderately high correlation
Moderate correlation
Low correlation
Negligible correlation

Furthermore, in order to find out the significance of the correlation made,

p-value was interpreted accordingly. The p-value is the probability of obtaining a

test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed, assuming

that the null hypothesisis true. A p-value that is less than or equal to 0.01 indicates

that the correlation made is highly significant because the p-value would suggest

that there is only 1% probabilitythat the null hypothesis is not being true, and

thus accepted. On the other hand, a p-value that is greater than or equal to 0.05

indicates that the correlation made is not significant because it exceeds .95 which

used to mean something is good enough to be believed. Thus any value in between

the two values is considered significant at 0.05 level which gives 5% of margin of

errors which means that the null hypothesis has a 95% chance of being true (The

Survey System, 2010).

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