END TERM EXAMINATION [JUNE-2015) SI Uahoeny adsAhts Dtn we FOURTH SEMESTER [B. TECH) ow he tet oe COMMUNICATION SYSTEM in = M00 Ite Alemany foe qustons nctoding yuan no J which campy = We i.) What nA rec it ha pt rece mis oa oeaan coe ans a ea eo aa sey oh tt at a a ad 21 tte try ome cnn 8 pr pt om i ya aay sn tod ra acon ie naa contr berg ney to epnen,Pt n P aing bee mathemati ‘entire atari Fa = meninges o — neon it yn te at a eed rion, ' gi genetae emma nie a. Eva aE mane meee t “Gi Pd thermal onthe apo MCh hw : nee mpeg = Aenlnsetyfmtot) sy Thm id tat gh gat a tbe ‘hae daa pt Proprio A ve-fioe om Lew Tap = iat Lt the meri ofS ver THY acevo Why be ened oe opi tt ei a oT, woth eis Sa Fhe eprint ee ter pre he ate i (age rection apy tte (2) Great Seabiy more {3 eroman bain Beg in SHR Nadine pee Bm, laren regen ne G2 Show that an envelope detector cam be wed to demodulated AM with ‘he Sid of neatly abcd dingram Sepsting the nignalwavetoron at earonsa8 ‘ourth Samanta, Commanieation Sytamt stages shit hn rion hetween or rccm cng ‘haw: Envelope dtatr for ample modulation ive at age co an erm new ps inch ga ue want goiter Stn a eee ee oatAemenns[o%(ns-Lansess Lontas-fowres+—)] arbi res ea mail frgoeny aretha by low ae er avin eg von x re aD Nee TR ctstyanya ta? oa p= of-11Re} eee woe ace 4 pies and steps scree the capacitor Be= AE (1+ A, cant) and us por the AeA ound A Acaegd seta bi pee to wm wie fee a cwuatl « AA est eee nos WAnsmat Aveceinwet 23: AMI Hf inampleuda modulated witha Ks nud tone peatto peak mas voagein20¥& min 10V alter modulation: Pn omaidcbnd ie kummodulated RY cartier voltage, ore018 ‘Fourth Semester, Communication Soetems oper sideband Requeney = (+ 0.008) MIE {ae soba fosency = 0.000 Me 93.0) When Sts tarned te 555 ks ts LO provides the miner with an ‘np 10M Pn teagan o hh ‘ins ive Auinfrguoney ~ 800 He sinasesitpredacnd = 34 = swe bnow that em - b= Ke eo ott = fost 1 Univer Beh) Aba Books 2015-3 my 808 he cxtont abe obtained hy the requeney relation flower sean 2 InaBitle 10 069 176 aut Miele ack Diagram explain with working oF TRY & soe i Inga: etre ein mong Egat coon with eee (0 R-seotion: 1 general cont «pro-ulctr and an ample stage. They canbe nope it or tab combined cata Toe etal rs bere ce ‘ian adjustable centre frequency that toned the dened aries Te Drimaryparpors ofthe preselected staph inl bandistngoieveat ‘iret aad are enya the mag etry fm cr oe eterna cima Te RE Ample deine the seni oth pe ‘that he noe igre of th RF stag taken are othe esighing oes Arcot Shaver tht on apie The nvestans of ncn KP ampiforn (a) Grater gain and hence beter seatsows eu Set, Conmnieton Sytens laeeCanvertr This tion nella age an miner soca amae ts renee dance sods te ola tequeny tote ‘Staaten Hottest ea regunnne oe Jom Se cae reer eet ‘rguin state amplifiers for low fegoneey pol Morove ow frequency TF anplier Sas a etn cee erupt mii ELSES acer mediator ona Pte Specsareocnrnerepcrgeraenamiteme esac aaerim Y, rraooe [+f Sorpaanee |Site, bo[ ir | ct erover isthe frueny fin Bt et idan hen eral onecity stage Rtas wa igh rn sprang a me fegueex, Tals Up of alte, ee Bow iaity beens of ray capaane or beenbe of Cuping "Atvantge of perbatodyoeResiver over TRE ‘inertia fn tandwith, The EW remain constant ovr the entire operating "High sensitivity and aetvity (G)High adact channel recon 5) Discuss the. Simple Delayed & Keyed AGC schemes in uea in AM reception, wre provide thelr remove of RF smponents from the nding equeney oan rie edn glace a angi capacor itor Figure showa the rut ERIS tke acd wath tor ad simple AGC. Avon lume Sagi generliy prvi by uninga variable onstrate apt he ia Spine ss shown are - ‘ample AGC gta ule natasha ne rece guar ingot SEINE cacti she pnp On he ther ed eal AGG Te, ts Mig. Linear diode detector with rfiter and simple AGC tome purpom Pagure shows an urengement ts produce ele mA sprain Wik ‘Sr set cal lta, dad ymin dot shisha ar ale ‘Serorvlige in setactor ode incre. Also, whom th relied bine magnivade ‘tsoaa the agritads ote pets eathod eng of lode By stops tocol tnd BORG eaten wor ermal mous rh “4 . F |= ot ee ig. 2. Linear diode detector with delayed AGC AMPLIFIED AND DELAYED AGC: Going one step further, te delayed AGC ‘as ramped bee base nplifedSfee splat on reverat ete aed Pepin the nGCtahaonra tere Sn apes laoaeons Fourth Sema, Communication Stans “The pe emphasis bial high ps ie “Te tmning hugh eoqeny madating gal i chewed ty wing re-empae rene ‘as inven, reactance of € decent tnd motaating wang applied to FM mudd Sos on eenning The fnqusny reponse chracerac of HE ih pe SEAT Soweltieare Me romngir ome acrding thi pre aeranged care. ‘D-Emphasia Th ariel bating snes o th higher modalatng frequency inthe proces fica compensa the recive ya protescaled Dengan "Toc deedulaad PM i pind to the Deepa ict with nereas nF the eee ovo ening ott Seep cre wae eae, at mprovement Through Pre Empnsa and D Emphasis: Thar been prove hat inva ein hana geste fect on fhe higher medsating quency Theft ca Naan te eeasty the aloe ftodulation index np for higher modulating fee, J eaitrs Sorat ye modlating sgn i pond rough an negara bet the low edatng ‘sequeny forthe tate Sosued valor malting signa is then opp to 8 probes mlator (Gi) The predct modulator produce two sideband uch ha thelr reuan i 90° ‘Phase shied wth renpoctto te unmodeled cer (et dacuned esis at he output cmbing network, we gt FM wave. Tis rut waebne low cana fa ono vale the metas my {eo The carrer feuenry and the mulation index are then razed by posing the wave trough te is group alii1 Univer (BTA Bok amis-2 {Q7, ia) When the modulation frequency n an FM system | a 20" sda vege 23 the modo indo Caen te mas e ites sista moduaon nde han madlting nancy reduced 20 mw Vn = Bate rom tne ven ovation eer he m= 60 men 8 i ” M0 ttm Lam. 1 Sasto0 te “ 0 = fant 00400 + denote iia Pe canir es ya Pais ioc pore diaipaed = - wef = 30 10 we Ig = 2808 ” = RVing 1 dlosiota2 «a2 Ke ‘ Mi Sat p= fe 97.18) The equation ofan ancl modulated signal lae= 10.in QO"E + 3in oteivolt ane ml) = £04 200018 +05 04 400056 ‘What form of ania modulation he Find he eave modting 5 "at) = 1508 10000 xt Kal) = 1OHin(1OFL Bain 1060 oi "Thine of raquency modulation signal ” since op = We ” axe = 10 pe Po Zao aa25-2015, ourth Semester, Communication Sytem lato aha the a of Normale power where = nity chim then Fon Ve nO5 42.25 Watt = ae mate M0) ‘ideand power (50) 8h) atin he terme Nate Temper Nae igre Note io ‘ne. Nona Tompratre:t that emperaar whieh procs yeti amo of ples rough See ae souce— as Og ma| asin ter beck 1B, Univeriy-UTaeh-Akae Books 2015-29 = A KO/T97) whee m= Bi tne gen 2. Nolan Figures Ie dfioed as tho actual nin output power othe nite output when ihe gan pneu treated ar nlelens ‘Tomporature tobe at 200° Ke 17% a Tae 08 TRIG pe 1008 43. Nolee Floor: Ile that amount of oie power which rule a an ative effect What minim input gna wil ene am ott SX 8 in « a syuteon that has se input imposance 0 sm » (2) -000 Nota Figure = 10.002018 Fourth Somestr, Communication Stems. = 6 ™ 9. Write short nten om i: sei) ‘Bow. Te enprention ovat ia tose ai of Pin eee unde: saneye ss, = Tig rainy stevia rat shih Al [iisacrackinor sputaring wound Tw expen fr SNR, bens ofulas to breaking {Pa Taresold Medion en pion, mh trace como ‘iver minimum polergnal power Terese ron er sehived yung [rat democulator with negative oiack. Sacha omelator'shown ae PED Ke = Aeon wer tha tranemiied sign y= LAO) = bate se = ua | onrar 1 Univernit- me cuntcaton rete the compart of eal poet ith hy rlee re jeined asthe rato of signal power to the noiae power at the resign oie rai analy egret aoe Sao ee ne BiNyy ~ 10la6u PZ) he power canbe expressed in tri of signal wp ale wotagse a unde ema = el ‘Khas Notve Figure The nase gure Fe define wa the rti ofthe signal ne Sl np eins of recive or arphiier tot ‘eldeyonse atin spped to the output or oad exo. ‘Mathematica. ip _ input Noiwefcwe? Qutpot SNK” SNR,one. Youth Semeter, Commutation Stems Ay A ae ui it stage, sco sage an thick sage, repetiveyo mules Mp o sancvr Ie fey Ry retaliate enances ot ‘age Sd sege espace ard, we mayor om anther sie (hati tune renttance ado oly rags homed vntance “Thee wine esiatancee int tw add tte pare combination of, and ‘ow nro cnviis nie igure td equalnt ain revrtancetw efos Ra ‘hag noe rote emt inception ‘ea = Rea He “Phe at Brant ois Basan forthe apireeven en Rego, me le ee eee eo eee Pn igh Ang? Aa Pao Re = a A (erray etme oe Be (te 7 ne pe trae} END TERM EXAMINATION [MAY-JUNE-2016] POLI! SEMESTER [bTECH) COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (ETEC-2081 [ECE} anf in Ca ee ca eres ef Se geting eran see gemenar ena arema nicer aa pin Pn noe al pe pete aioe en spmmtees ars Senter eee tw adi ths information. Te fn, faled amplitade modulstion er AML makes Sight JS SiS ae ‘signal ren the antenna to thatthe gna ean be processed by the tamer ‘Detctor: ean for suprating tessa intro om tear wae a antaigai thc done wits deta jut etn th ner eure ea SAE a i ei ei Fac aso ‘our Semester, Communication stems pudio amplifier This components to amplify te weak signal hat res eo LITEM caret can be oe lng pl rsa SSaaeccrae oo een “oteoure, there are many variations on thie tae ai recive eran, Many TEATS ear and ening crete nakon tobe end SSS Sipe ety see stat ee tern ‘Qi What ic binomial distribution? Bxpain. « ae vrcatity tory and tact, binomial strbution with artery a een ech dstrbuon te uber of succes sagen yan th cet reenter oscean with probabil 7 A Sov SES Bernt experiment Beroul a Sacceenlr ae juerbation i « Deru aetebuton. The teem SEERA ie peter inal ten of tate egnitcnnes a al ciowbetianisequenly wonta model the member of aceses it cae placer om popalton of ie Nth suming sapien tern anencat Une dws are oo inependent an oe rvuing en rttion, nt binomial one. However. forma sechetion LT Ta iron mains pod approxima, and wets “aiuie) Define and describe vertigal sideband tranmlasion, What ise ann Vesta Sidaband Trancmisson ‘Tovcan nue npn cathe sidbund iter in SSB SC an SoS parte wasted sdcband called vestige to aresti= eager arene lat ‘ote hint design the iehand ier ie simplifledtagreat extent Bo andthe toe psa ncensd hls rnertes Uo sgna we hve toi anerate¢DSB.SC signa and ten ET TEaLL aura chown in gre Tb ar pos he wate SASDEII SNS pareef nant tend et (0 Spectrum VSB Sena ese Be Gorn here = Mesuage band Ear atte sev dane plication of VSB a ein a eo ned sont ein er eee saTeandwsa warmed Sone ‘The beck diagram of Vb modulator ie chown below: a "Foc modeling sical xi applied to prduct modulator, The output of he Ther ingut ofthe poductmedsatr Te ota 2 En Wena) ‘Thus DEE Sc eagna is then applied on tba ter The design nic DEES solic theaeet hoteeekne ages bine Tips he wanted set und the vento the uoranted sideband tebe tran neti tbe ter be et ke spcrum ofthe VED multe sgn is ve by so = Miry-pienrsemrwoane Fourth Semester, Communiaton Systems ‘Demadalation of VSB Ware [PeDea etnram ft VSB demodulator ia shown as below: venwee [ss | a} ow Miorking Operation: modular thew malupied the ocal OSU TPE peed maaan em by Tee wt not abv zoe ap) “raking the Fourier transform on bth ade, we Ley 1039 -t) sana si[3ar spor dart] = ap = Six 120 13H aan = NAL -24 HUF) XU 23H) 1) =Yevxepaany fH +103 ‘expression represents the VSB modulated wave, ser tom in usm wl be chminatea bythe ers (Seamer nequene oF srodateowapat eg 1 de dhe above expresion for MUD represants the spectra of este van = Spoons 9-H 1) 1-1) Compare frequency and phase modulation, @ ae Comets dation Fete sodlaton technigue in which eit rea Freee, Men sig tanebnd ntarmatian sia ob rani ag eg santos ta considered tobe tuperor compare (he ‘irae gy et to beter ice immunity ana Ste bly to res he aang signals doe tothe capare ec. “Aavanage,daadrantages and upplications of FM Wiletags tnerenred inmate {Disadvantage Reqeirsbrger bandh [ER Univerity-/B Techi-AB Puaber amen ‘Botaeton Toasty ‘Advantages, deedrantagts and spphessens Ban == aerial sper ea ay cls Ar Ter arborea ee tshigne an eho ht are inane within Lig aolicn Qverail theory Th bare sncept and theory behind the suparhterody radi involes the proses of mining. This enables igals be Sunnie one equeaey Head more abot ruperheteredyne receiver theory & principle. Image response: Ons af the ey ores within the superbe! radio f that of image response’ ts ibe fr signals ont dftoant reqescis tu ator th a2} —{1] ‘havea be'ua whin iu Yet Red sare shoot saperiatoedynatcaver Bos reo o mpavlene ofthe errmsg ase tet: Orth ke anes ft pert mee site ete Uso ied resus as wae to pone‘outh Semeiter, Communication Systems vw o topology tle eeivr technolo is 2 ee eee etSerenk pee of sermosslator which can be ely “Th int a the eaperterede sire veto tha the ajay fe en Te done st : sieve Iegepoetinaniodir iter ce ee seprebnuretas pct a cama ‘equensy equivalent alae reaatance = 800 ‘hoketrwe = pe Behe earn mag 2 ip0-K. 1. 4p Compare NBM ned WHEN. a 9. Comper Nr widsban fequeng modulation and narewband ety woepidcband FM Mase tsar Cratr shan Lees Fe 2 Meany Geaeny20 e108 Sa te abn nde 8 1 ain eat as ager than BW of arrowband AL Spt ed around Fa SSCS a nano a enter ant 2 es ng temency 201103 Ae Fa eet erent Le ett pment oe ato A in 5 ones sal premier he ps wireless lt Univer Teh AB Publier aes oma, we define the probability of events in which the random arabe aks a ry way to by asin acmlaee eee en at aa Selivenasnerese ates fils PD cays wood side's ee MST Ea shaped I'any random variable x then Gaussian Gistvation ‘ition ef he ype efUarable trem pa et sare once earLeas Fourth Semele, Communion Speers 1 Jats ot if een, 2 [met aca 8 acm 3 persed neta a von AIRE" Statlonary:procoeet-one whove protmblity distribution 1» the teeth ype of sainany are fina. Arter, econo, nerd, ei ubich conforms tothe enguiie thesrem, The theorem ne wh nse toga! the ero erage ci ea la ren en cane Seems came, Ete serena tert Foren ater he samped dribwion ob he rhecton of ingle ered) rei cen tat sas mame “i ean wo seed yas, i in ale ioc pene ete rai. Se en perros 150 aa See eee ore ger woul be a example of acolo apa 2 pow pubs waht could tke on any valve between 160 ad Fear wey asin ant the amber fend, numb of hex ol oe ee Steet and panne tena nthe any nai Tomei nny eel forename 8 Peter aa ee pp W carrier i cimaltancously modulated by two audio we’ wine SaiAton peccontage of 8 and 6s respectively. What i the total ie ‘Bana power radiated? cs ‘ae 2, = 360 wate = ara G4.) Dicuss the Alter method of deand napprens + fo oma = oman om ‘sae, ig. Phase shift method for generating SSD signal Working Operations " "Themenage or tate polar odstr My ence, we gt etc rao th he wideband 90" degre $M, and through 090° ‘ase veh 9" pce sf ad pid othe lata Oniputoth, = a «Vota snd Outpotot = 5% Vata)commanatin Sr soe Fou Sema _ ‘ represents the SSB signal with only LSB‘ it rejects the soo Sh Ura HN pate ee umn = xan £0 vamos vpn HA rn ing 4 Pann Suppression of the wpper sideband aoe sata alats roe ‘Advantage of Phare Sal ak any eons he ease wP ener Se aw nto Snare aos modulating signal. (ter method hit sone te a a sigjoh ie practically difficult to achieve phe tae out nia te ihe AF nos oa {Pent impel 28 ae gna by meno he 4-H Serre ee eaeil trons ese FUT e [, Ualverity 8-7 Pablaer aoe Rar @.5. 6) Derive the relation between the output power of an AM transmitter sadepth ofmodulation ‘ess ‘So percentage power saving. naa Barns formula for the onantancus vale oan FM vliage Constant phase + Tg sedated phase ated phase Since wen, = faeFourth Semester, Communicatlon Systems (ECE fot = nest mt angle sen aspects eo eet 3 oe a iis cr ofthe informacion signa, after the demodulation procees, Th nyo = Amfetotfaconst) : = Ales tne) ae aoe Bei acanan Richalipt ae ie arene ee i * Ow he = uo 1 Avelesemion © sstodtaion nds or Fe ako. ma te (6.0) Want inpro-ompasia? Wy in itare? Sketch «(yplal preemphae inttata tensa pat tomes NS Se aac a tree es as See cipher mn Pe Ea eo gt ed pistes preven vd rib ne ta i ea ‘Sean pia AGC op cre ‘Sprain a arardcontrted ein stage, edbck gaia tnd gal comparcon Siete prorsts «trol er spa Fig? ‘The Fig. 2 shows an active pre-emphasis fetwork, which consi resid and inductor H's base an high passer Dierenist20-2016 ourth Semester, Communication Systems (ECE) ne “Tha AGC lop inanalyredin tract doed lop ain ora ranaterfntin) a te spcrlaresmperiantion the dicing aust ee ete rear wage varaon with erperatare. Guin ta “Armatrong frequency mogultion nate, 7.0) Whatare he rensonsfor ee end function of RP amplifies? (2) ater ee Tne empifer thas flows he Shane afte phare Caer mincreediatetreqvency o®— Menetupprnmrd caries laps Soe ee ttsdee The power ta of a RE ampere retains y, " ees imple see appa coisa the ted ita mia) ed ri concent withthe enable vale brads ent sie pean mA =) ra sina cpectors are ually tance ine rte te Sometime rarer dnd attest "Sh hee the ean nto 8 Ha corel (AGE requenly wae othe < ‘Se ins and hence te tranosondtaneet = rae a A Sent reise (PET) creat apped col are not Se ee oaipa esstances ofthe FET Seu Semicond, eae fas "Qr ) Explain Armstrong frequency modulation system. a = ee . a the tires mmethod beens he ‘Ane Armetrong method of FM generation nod inal dey varies the pons afte uri which ‘mee he ‘Peano erate shows the block Sngram of wideband FM generation (Sse “o - ‘pautrons method -Fig.5. Phas diagrams () carrier phasor () phate shifed carrier) aS Seasons vnaltant phasormans Fourth Semester, Communication Stems (ECE) 1 men that the output fom the combing ntmork i signal whose Phas ie ‘aie fs and magmas sary proporsal tothe magne oY [Toe medaaton inden a the utp othe combing wetwerh fe inadegute to PE EEN BE AENES SS Seat ta ented re w"Aombinaio o mages and miners are has placed to develop the ese ‘wante caer Wequeney wth "sts bequresy devas “The sow ofthe mer bac the changeit center fequecs hile the qtceme ofthe malupe Hak s he mula tha center Wegtey ae he Sse cern ets Hee semen tnd FM cute Sentey Sve [har lower and upper int of egired bandit (Gi) Short moines Shot muse arcs becuse curant conaata ofa wat numberof ‘hinge corner otrnvel throught conductor ‘rake tora ste, ths nee dependent upon the current Mowing and has 9° laicuship tthe tomperstare at which the ate operating neko sre eu mer pm Fee 1, [ettne IF) a]2016 Pourth Someta, Commaniation Stems (ECB) and to note rey na ‘agureintermuof none temperature et ee = CYeen(20ff)nt mente) cngiSin nf reduc Modular output iin by Wt ny cocaas Fy, eines nfneot cans» Sidi Bes em Oa corangy = Bohemtentey 0 vy = Sevimire Bay teotats — Pesngtinese — X= Cv,mrenso 0 = Hormona) FIRST TERM EXAMINATION [FEB. 2017] FOURTH SEMESTER [B.TECH] ‘COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS [ETEC-208) Nota Atempl tw euetonsnalating Qa, hihi ompatery Qiu) Whatiethe BLN-of DSB-FC,DSB-SC,S6BSCand VSIT (2) ‘Anu Bandwidth forthe given modulation vebmes Brijetag = 02 Hare: Carserequey rs BW = fale 1.) what inne ormataain ; 1. Thaved the attenuation of weak information signals. Sine inpet analog seal snetiow fegueney naare tod amare veel to ategustnn Bo hee signa et ee ere ears whe hap of endlation ass band sgl senate 2omprove the sgnal ually 41 To provide the maliptening environmentsant Fourth Samant, Conmenicton Speer {Q..(e) Prove thatthe total aren under the pfcurvete always equal. Ame Thepifenction en fc probity fenton whch provides the triton ito ane th rrp toe pry Tet w abe an example of Gaui tation nti 8) Lente Soe an = Tete Mee a Q(t) Deline wide sense stationary procene o ‘han Anerge ne oc roe ud be WSS fp of thi proce de utc th the shit time oi ‘Gi ty State and explain any two important properties ofjelat CDF.) se teh aero tg ara w Pryinny = | [ler rey Here Pays. 7 aint CDP a Pys) 2 Wken weree) = [Treen dats ar the marina CDF of Q2.) Yor singletons AM modulation derive the expression for total ranitiog over Pin tora of cartier power P, nad moduistion index™ ‘Ae latin ere pra rai an cei Rowe th me [Univer AB Pate aor = Aannp» Seanin resem Ps term ecarier =A, cont pe sien = "Aes ootsa rourth Semester, Comaniation Sterne ‘Output signal mit con ca be expand a lon cio = wo] ‘Atow pas steals onty “2 signal to pao through it whieh a moat Hey urine mlabe matter by 2 mit cam be recovered, frequency much higher han that) “Ear ut mcam and variance ofthe random variable X having and (o 2.) o af = Bx-mP Tue em-2xm) Text tin,- 2000, i mee nx « fetninee 1, University {Teh AB Paber sours ah Wesabe tae) @8. 0) Letxbe a continuous random varie with pal o oar rreny sa? (Determine hand seth fs), guess fen {Sanat Trou 2 eaten ae‘Ans. i) PDF I sande or probability datrbution funtion. Thi indies the dria of probeblity of ran vara wel eed ermulto i ner tribution Gauaian aerbtion Raytigh tieton oc: POF having he toting Seer ‘onan 0 [0 «1 maaan tin eg ety cna sxsay= [tote [CDP Tia fonction i alia camara function Ie Senet by oh Rote tg ome Fan) = Poxen) + Tawe Retain between aan i given by Erin sow «In communications theory, to mode! multiple path of nae sctteredsigale aching arora sragait = Phonic sciences to mode! wind speed. wave Meights and soundfight {Innginwaring to measur the iftine of an shee, where the atime depen anys Steen eterno raster, ah capers scat "Tamed imaging nent! ne variance n magnetic esnance aging na Feel ‘This Wolam elu wil sive the taal fr you, ging the Rayeigh expected value a7sour ath Seater, Comumnienton Syaem sca 4 Heh ae en iar wa ing etre Vern) = ahd, ‘The eapected vale the mean as Resign mis off ‘tm. rnp eat AM pans Aint ttan re Twaperien hy detrei ethos whi it den ring snes ane ated eet om eo Tie dente ty ora detection doe nt ne cnlope suse the ile guay well Duly won te tector an wd Pasi he tata yn ema A? ery to ee ates rumen oe al the out. To SODEIT AS TRE SITSA hee bande Te al ona SENS castt hceapatrthachange, bo thie may be provided by the ra ate lll, “VN. ee oe aes ceeseee goer mr ee tees ao oe ee onan ch tye wo artes Sn neta Soe tet ne rT aie eee pelle pd err] aster Stee a snare mai erate erecta nen acres “tdequate for small low cost radios es + Holeotive fang Those dtectrs are ual tthe aff of mci wae otartoeed se tnt wae rca amano et os runt salen at aaa rachthe crores amber veal the il seule wk enh ih eometnes estar Patani oar nto Tova and sentimental torture Te found {SsT'a'te path lente ave eomeleraiy afro tie combo prom can Miieerde fie othe Aa A a nett et anelive Spector ides haves certain turn-on vee. Acorn ine salage uns once cra sale otr thet abet pera maronaly Sincoace “Ane 4) VSR Tranamlsson: cae of SS modulation, whan a ibang t wait etchant ein witenee to avoid this Lowa, « technique in chosen, which is « compromise betwen pan set SS cede estagal Seba teehee Toa werd aS ‘Bit mse pa om hic he mame ee. ‘esa aban single band if ranemite, leds to lun of afrsation. Hens, te Sechigae Bas tiga Sieband Modulation or VSR Malan ie the proce whara pat of ‘be agpaed or vertige nase ang with one dsband AVS inal an be Mea Sown nde eens re ‘Aon withthe pyr neband parle wer eb i lning runeitd on alttngrth the tes Nery small wn sno her sie of VS order SCREENS ASE VSS elem omen etait trnamiaions, "Franominion Bands |Waitncmanon tah of VSR madaated wave rpresntad at Bm Waele wer, = Meanage bandit {= Wah ofthe weniga sidebandEND TERM EXAMINATION (MAY-JUNE 20171 ounth semcsren fe Tech COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS TETEC-206} oe ra “PEG. a) What inthe need of modulation in communication ryieme? Disnas. ‘Ans: Nendo madaaton cn understory the flowing pot.as-a0i7 Fourth Semana, Communication Systems (0) Herein the AM, he reqoeny and phase of ear remain (2)Since the ntaigney ieee in ha form mpl variation fig sso Soneiou af tne naan pve i the farm of amplitude variation randoms ‘Spade ovale are mn the ooo, ‘deci ron oA ert ecietin tn fede wey te attnn “ame J (2 rai characteris by variation of foqueny of cri with repec a he sedating imal m0. (yc oie on the PM signal eroded 0 ina tian raion Fa ete sn Pat ascompared othe AM OMe gvea by the lowing athena relation Se = a Detection n FM i fret tom that of AM hare variation of aunt ected oy te apa detec Sa eqursonly the PM dtaton passe rou ‘Gi ied detcton owed by LPC (Qi cp Dicewns maine alec Im AM and FM. o ‘Rac. Bact of rve AMM and PM spcen can be underatod by the flit snare. {Nola in AM receiver osing envelope dtaction) So Man's Valiwminleoeus Ascot fmt dt hen tel average pow atecnad withthe inal after modulation ~ oa nnd ola being olfre at tha menage tnguenin if, No 1 Univer eh) Pbliabee oom, = Sreatop volts) Sees aa eer a ‘inaly he nolan and medulated signal an be expremed ce yee {he above show ig aes the phaser diagram of AM with arrow band moe and sate cup of demelaletar ven nite [Noles performance for the FM system: The noi model for the FM system con berepenemed by te allwing dinar aO-E = A12017 ‘ourth Semester, Communion Sytame LP Universi (8h AB Pana sorr-as oie in FM stem the flowing model mere important 2nd scaled th curmuativedtribton faction ince tscumlates al urn shone postive oe which the pray randoms sea oes Se eh 9 eee = Wozrwet We above stage e more reponse for using sie crmtscticoeen| ‘nd) = nfo) nln) (Dri) =O. Impenete event ‘he noinecan be expremedin envio wd phasor a unde (ORF "nil = niomtws oo face athe envelop and For dinette random variabe ‘Hehe phase mactey « Snaen x0 = [alovenge}”™ snd pane ea nee Here nt fm = 600 5 ater Couette eee, Peet ee E a a inky wo} Poe ina 2g on Demme sinc il epee al in stamens all geermarrre mean Spopmaccec comme aoaourth Semester, Communication Syetemt tye) = [pide fe) to = dno ‘Te tne relations gv the ntereatonship of PD a (EDP is cwaye e non-nepntie quanti pany o Jawe 21 ‘Under PDP area etwas nity potion endo vriabe ing between two talons io een by thefowing fe pero What are the diferent sources of noise Diseue. aa, ‘Ane. Didorent Sour se (Gy External oles Ti vine ternal tthe syetem nd under thi ager te ilowine pes comes ( Atmonperc Notes (G) Bern tervetial nla Unive. THeh AR Pata sow ae Be GG) ae 1B: Bandwidth to be considered” 2, = OTB She in pvoranc erty igi ata ENR, = 100g — = te Nolte figure iano a important parameter to erate the noe performance of onmuncation rate: It ale ale tas aris enated ty F 8, @ Define Joint ditrbution function. Explain ite various . JOINT CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION JOINT CDF)is-2007 ourth Semester, Communication Systems Inept n even ante ame ty veda ‘Sgro en CO rir ann reine ane Meaning con ‘aru va it DF nh rea he di ae nc empl See we ropertoa of Joint CDF aq tsteratemnnaten at i a ‘Property 2h nt COP ‘eaition afjoit PDP Porta cing random variable inter fits CDF ae under sy, we can define theft PDP ofthe wo random variables X and Y eee z ete » Sri c a POM he pri irate of he it CF with ee ‘Sulaenlysoveived. ‘Significance ofjoit PDF Ingle random variable X, he filing equation tll us te el the HDPE Tate pani Ute erage frm st nds = Raskexede) iota for ewe radar varales nd, we can rite the expression se Fytnpidrdy = PacXexednys veyed) [L Univerty- {8 Toh AB Pbaber Tartu ratarmaheattern tiem psTaa to DP a amarante Ths seem propery 2 fe Rearing The derive nn et finan must be nampa fncion 1nd ODP derive fjaat CDF ich ns aon negnivefanctonof= 48d Hence, joint PDP must alway be non-negative. ‘Property 3: Te al vue darth atae represented by the int PDP inane? Ta oar property 3 fing PDF Timtusneey ot 5 Fruepina tr demon even anne ers a ioe keen te re en and testi yt 9 By dein oft PDF, me [frvimne. [ERE Mee atts. sm ut ne ve reds dint COP agen ‘Therefore, batting this in equation (, we et avin vie dy «(PoC caY SIMI is-2017 Fourth Semester, Commniation Sis RusleYsescotmthndosmtindeieny en probit ot tuaring inthe terval om £9 ven bythe vole der he ‘Sine eprsented by thejnint PDF. - ve ake Tyrer sncaty 2 AT Rook) 5 RT a rn ve Ree cate: Wena rea seat pten ef Wn cea ses ahr npr aa thane canbe Similars forthe anda vib Y we can wit ha, ovcreny « [HO the twe rand arabes Xan ¥ ae mutually independent then, Pagie) = Fu Fy) renee, Fan Fig, wo Tana toe Pi eX sep <¥E9) = = Teena ” WP = dope. peasant a vm lng Sar ae « at mm _ Tose enema ‘A Given modulating signal «mil, . im © Carrier = <(t) = 20sin (Bn 10% : fe + sincera “ Vm 2 IOV. fy 100 8‘Ateramplitde mdslaton two sideband wil be enarted (2) Upper sdebona (USE) ee (2 Lawersdeband SB) Seite Amptnt Compenmnr SE» S472 Bandwidth of ASCvgnalie = 2 4.) xplain cotecter modulation method fr AM gemeratlon. : ith th if elector a easton canbe woe a + #t _! LP Universo AB Pbiber soya sh cave ia i nen tthe tae of tain Q, wih i asad in cae iofuning sen psd hough he gt ‘power amplifier geourlly ase 8 ean camera umes merece aceeannies rsdn Sees ae ee ee ieee,Troe intl weenie _ me lnk + = eure utpometaaeratnes —% + A004) 5.0) Rapninthe Armaan metodo reneration oF © uthod of FM Generation nthe Armetreg mod o ide aot tia Fat sotatned thor pase adulation Artal onllactor canbe ed ‘mated thy taueney sbi ey high, Tus mods widely sedi pace aor eaten vos tne hase modeler to nree a equenay mde w= Gperation ofthe Armatrong fethod Tho etal enlarger he cri at ow Gaquency play MAE ngonewek ad 90° Phase sitar "ip The medulating signal i paoed through an integrator to boost the ot efi unt ran he onbnane se stn ino ith poate pr tne ah at at 1 Unie {8.Hch AB Pabiaher sour-25 (The vomedlated crea 0 hited whan are aed a the conbinng ‘Arm Strong method of generation (0) At the output combing neuer, we gat Pi weve, Tie FM wave ha ow cartier, tion ave toe edulaten nam {Go The carrier roqueney ab th woluition aes are then ried pang the ac sane iso te ot group ftp m SASS opeednsbandeiath singe Carsonraie. Ce) ‘Ana Modulating sgl euency = 1000 Hi ‘Andi voltage 22 Va Froqoaney deviation n= 4 ie = ay = 4 ww elt = aaoms) Soe MBM ~ 4000 = Ka) i, = 22 2ases? [LP Uaivernt-(B-eh A Plan, aout fram the relation given inegn(t) at ‘This willbe forthe fequency mdlation| Here yam ond w= kmse-2017 Fourth Semeser, Communication Sytem Digital Modulation: {a Dig demodliton suite very much pera and eingt as compared Here in dgtal modaation the carer character change in dnt manner ‘and ch scenes ar ald athe Sigal modlation themes or keine ~ Hatton veut i odulation of VSB with Block Q17. (6) Describe the modulation and "Ans. Refer Qo nd Term Eeaminat Qs. Explain: @8.(a)Preemphaste « Ans. The ie has gener effet onthe higher modulating aque an ler nes Thus ith higher freqeneer whore atiaally boned and renamed, ‘Srrespondingoutpatereaver an n god mpromment ino muy an expt ‘Thr booting of higher modlaing quent nxordanoe ith the prearranged Core calledPreemphasn ad the nent te ree ald Be enpa ‘Take two modalatngvigals having he same nial aupitae with oa thee pe ‘cephat wheros the othe uated te rie il aur hae de spas ‘Toe rat nal bya factor oto cova thas bth nignle hee the sume plea the receiver before medalaton The nut of peeniphanie In equney medals ‘readosting ulin sound ransznssionncomparying in tle hs teen aan ‘rondcsting Ss: The urge at Ln i for dehing emphases mendardaed mt considered the higher modulating undies muse not be ever emphaneed. Toe ‘ode graph ale that 16 Ks signal are pr-emmpeniy about T7dh with Sa Te {gure should have been 126 db must tw ade cei by sxe the 18 A drvation iemphasin were ppliedtompitedemodninon sme impronemea wuld ‘ts revut ote not ne greta ain frequonny adulation betes te she ‘Modulating frequencies in ampltade mnfslton are mare aflectsa Sy ceec sun) ‘ther Apart fom tat t moldbe cl to nteduce pees pavtalry jew of higher numberof aclvre wet 2 Ue 0 Rane nintnphn| ee ee tet eet Py tc session ecm int ia est : hee ten ee ee SSS Se ner rena eet Eng iepemer nonstick jenn 1 Tadb ef improvement in mise can te eionena an) 27 oP a ‘What is Pre-Kimphasie? cael eer ment nga lover nerd cmpenate ‘ch rs eas noo alow te gh Reancy modaing Mol re De-emphasie oo ugh regency gal that bose tthe trum eon, Toe esophone ecto sai tn ret ig mia Ye ean naan ‘The above cic hows pssv deemphasis network cooing of resistor and scspacitr Is banal a Low Pane Pierro Integra The pre rahi eptt into th FM modo and» dena stwork the ua fhe Pa Ample vontvity fstor _subatiating oan. Cn eq We) = Alt hAyeora, fen T Aeeen yh A A eotagt =o at Aa 8 ace 0.8 7A contd eB) ocanta—B whens ie Modula 2 Aces testing omits Memon 2 allen Power of DOD arabs 2, stom taste mt thes « vie) = ant Rag meters rm ieee DSB-FE contains (Single tone 1 Garnier Sigal eta 2 One Upper Sidband at, +f 3 One lamer Sidsband at/,~fe 1 Unlensy-(B-TRe Akash Books 4 8.0) Give the notations and exreaton for statistical average, Stationary epee ine nerecs ends 3 ‘Bot = Mean Square value X moe) = [P%alahdm, mean mt it robbii any ensemble average of XO amb a afc Serengeti ay Matta attr ‘Autanary random proea aid tba erga mean ifthe Time average ands iy = fxd ry trot 0 en Ab arsrmaly td with ond (0.4.(a) Explain the nom-coorent detection of tmpiltude modulated ware, perteileinstunmielenprnion toned ana sippiginte smpe aie % “hn Rnvelope Detector se actiuie ned w dnc donedsat hile AM weve Potowing net lt fines cor 1 wandard deviation f= Ee a “Tis envelope dts const fea pa tas: He te ads the Bri ete er iter evininn a parle combination of the rsator and the Sein reo applet seaming toh deer We now theandard ‘mora wave ie a = ASL bgtncovog nthe poitivebalfcyle of AM wave the dade conduct andthe cpactr chars wee a een te ale af AM were ap han ti val, he Soop rte ac han th cpm nl dace rach ea ee cera eel of wave. When the val oCAM wave greatar than a i ee Lode conduc and the proces wil be rpeated.1B Univesity (B-- Aaah Book = i Sutad as Vestgie Siduoead (VRB) tchaiqua be word vestige “rhe main hares to hare tat detection RC< Fig cueceemmnercmee sees (Re re sp Aan etcetera ec ee erry ere ater cea cece anes Si tebe cece eee pe ee Bee err eee: f= Width of the vestigial sideband oo exetcenenen br a eect Bee ery Fe3.0) st Sodulation Dicedvantagee Ths pita matan ere neal ising he monn | YSBMOSInion Didone = ton high for thie value of RC chosen there will come 3 point in the detection of the ‘+ Demodulation is complex. ie sone so iaseaecnes ee ‘ra dodsaton Appleton ‘oth lant nthe medultin ind pponcen 3 te Cine | Yan teeta aytenion of VSD rhe numiton wretant has te theoretically bee very amall and this will make it likely clash with the sf television signals. Also, this is the most convenient and «(ietent technique when seireens fri bw eignficantly roster thm Sdwidthweags is considered.END TERM EXAMINATION [MAY-JUNE. 2018} FOURTH SEMESTER [B.TECH] COMMUNICATION SYSTEM [NotesAteptny le questions including Qn. Lahioh ie compulary Atsue mi ‘Ans A er having Gaussian shapod respons ean be shows a allow: fori! [LP Unlvesity {B.Tech} Akta Bask * a Eo] oma ey mae Sibir“ narrator inate sade ih sere satan Cp na anary Sneath] KR “ah igri atin long he ine iiye Inpracice, for Sbs where we ony cnn acens one shgle realisation ry Cand there [re may cant of ths, orgadty asa we ean ontace’ the eatin average, “An automatic gin conta needs to be plemented sothat it enanees the reception. £eGcan dna om te reapbnn anise same aroun, [tte uae output cotanually meade ndjusting: Wik mony sperit rode bey ‘tact pit sgn ie AM Some contr ver tina apa "70 or 80 dB, the audio needs tobe conraled accordingly: ‘ha ie reunite that whe ening toga omeearth Seer, Communion Syetame = ‘AGC implementations ‘Foeimplementnton oem sutemae gain cone! will doped onthe design othe nent gh Aerie nt aaron Pag = Bn LIM te — cleang wil at be corer ecrdingly another utp oe th ose for these modo viding being present and time cones were applied, ton the AGE would be far and remove ny pede ‘Sian fw the ocoog gal “The AGC nando toe ale msl de niga to Be recived ofl within an sccpthie range ad tain end to netommodat the eet of aig fr wha 3 Abinaryaymmeteie chanel i given by flowtng ees “Atach time Tne eae or Us AOC yet to repent sharp cng ‘naga strona "Decay mes Te the ie tht aes fr the AGC ta eure tote value afer a eral n tore ora transient ie oie Svea 'Q-1- a) HEN Ie (Wy, expron the same in AB bite be error the probability bined by the Binomial ditbuton mrs ronne 1 satay ne PEs ie ZS Pa» (Zotar 2.1.4) Btatch tne PSD andAsiosorrlaion fctontorwhiteniee. ar Soesitevey pre naa part ht nat re i sn mtny picasa oe spretbtiad fy twists cee Most Gyantafrnc ene mic page aur an seo = Me Smee 6) = 8 wherein Dire in 2.0) Whatiebinomial dition? Discuns @ TiN ote Giciocrelued eens moaaes ene nn etn ech ‘tema: sucewpstrtne wh rok) iste caled a Hero wal of Beeld oh esp eero-2018 outh Semeter, Communication Sytem aoe ntonf a atamatic gin onl wil dependon the even re ysis lag the AO rived fom thelan agen othe rear ‘tne fre ver opona that enn be 0 Te Tent output te mon wil wed purer othe AGO voltage are fram, te demo er niet nennenytoanear tha "P Univeri- {Nah Akash Boo maT tlocorrelaon fnstion andthe PD aa white ale prese shown in Fg 3 yt ayaa rm ng nie rz eels ochre ortho oingin enon re ne esos nnn pate upaay Stake fom he aptier cinta ne Wp tenth AGE web Pate anemia nine at yack tne: Trirn hen tan or he AGCysam oregon aeharp canes sna ena neva with at 302A naey Symmetric Channel (BSC) hasan ervor probably P erg Lea) ESN ie 10 CW), exprens the samen etetiere [Ban ax dommunetso thn herr sn oh Oren oe epenmed thew Sle cay, ok aa See eet ae ae tt function peony, Probab fe bain bythe oo « (Zoran W sie the oof bits in which errr oto besbarved 2.0) What ie binomial dstribtton? Dinca sue) = os ‘dom triable oneing mga bi ot sucnenuyenReufone with pene saamrtlrothocereath orb 1-9) Ag exe enparier where tw real constant and cal the intensity ofthe white nee, The conrtzpantingnoeniation tention ren -Ryte) = 2E8C) where) the Die ta a{LP Unter (8b Akash ates ‘Th noma tribution frequent weed a medel the numberof cman cama nce tase ith roplcasent vm 2 ppeletion ef ene Heh sapling SRB cEetiase Tesneewent the drawn area tndopendent nd ne revalng ‘Seren a “satitoten ents boml ae: However fr 9 mach SESPGET A2 tin incsbuconrmain ond approsination and sway Sareea ine random variable X fllowsehe binomial dictribution wih deiner atipc otk weenteX = Bimgh The probity oferetng emnty IERESETIN WAG ven yee probe non fon fen) = Pikno «naan: (Jeon oo (2) = stem sashimerenens tens eset caer serey Set eaeer asiioemnanees pmo orton eee (ea ee Scat a ae reas 4 (a) Show that the carver atthe ‘Ame Since in AM the ttl power tbe trait ie given by. ean occupies 2% ofthe AM signal r= niet)Farm 8:08 (Car Sgn rm 9: ba) Squared medulatieg gna Term 4:00 om he AM wave with onysdbunda ‘hrm 8:6 Btn): Sqated Carer ne 2th athe fe terms term fn oe onl whereas snennteriarai ne rei gnerte the i wavs x wmplitude modulator andere swe wituiscnn toe tach medlatr create mal iistaretaw Matar nh th vi tn Pray atte tito creas uses nonlinear slemente wth e «dide for te “he amplitude andthe phan afte sean Bok thse delta power medulte srs SgeTO “hector Tin canboertncersanai dete arate a een lot oan eg thermo rant rer onng he quae aw modulator eld be undeatond er an ogni sar Sreitanown ne eecblow sero LL if pl Bene! ee srt cahother andthe Equation for FM wave 5) = xin B con afs) o ware ae A, = the amplitude oft erie ode) = aogerooapeo m 1, © angular fequoney oth ver =, met sate seal asi FMand Wideband PM, om naN nat com Cf) «Bate» Bom F eae eee Bee eeeao18 orth Semester, Communication Sytams 7 sewn inmate communications vc on plce mrt, ambulances, ie mtnacmearenrs os gta SSRTRRU SPs ep recive tthe same fguency, then both wl be Se aie vn ‘an ey wy wench rey ated 1 eee eect geisumecna sheren Ait ne narow chase bandwidth which a 2PM mtn “Eke omnia! ac pemncrsc neem compared Al equipments wbichareiaspensve ana eletivey simple. orig FM sone trey initedaine f iht, he area reception for FM Q's ty Explain S9B tranamiasion. Why iit wed o elects Fe eter Sry ses eqing en way rao comaancaon soiatontvimce HP range, where nie fete inthe medium Bequeney ere ely tw sideband in AM. ion or SSB derived from amplitude medution (AM? and SSB modulation overcomes asumber of Uwe disadvantages ofAM Single sideband 1 Univnsy-B-he-Akaeh Boo ar ‘any ster applications wheretro way adic neg senlapus wala 236 By removing se fh compen tthe eda A sgn penile ti pio tose how an A sgn ca be improved ylang at he epee ‘fea "tan end tata camara nal wham nose reese ‘cof kites ow oer sim reson at Regu Ata le sent ey tate ann rep vith ui he tha nance wih pend nxt vee thatthe op fancy tat eld ona he cai esicent in wrmn othe ower uss. Toe aris wa sendy sate sgea and nal Sine inarmation eal proving rec rie Sands ren Sine paste it Expat wit he help ofa BB with waver ach noe ‘Ans, Ther are various waysta measure or det! the anpltede opposed the ower oa waveform Hare well consider eo th simple y most poreable Fala, ste the Bnelope Detetor “This i excentaly jaa halve rcir which charges capacitor ta voltage = tothe peak stage of the inmomingAaM waver, st When the np wave apt ‘teary te capacitor voliage i ncenne vie the ectying dia When the inputsEE Te ised gio, Toe pple eer appens bonus the caper wale SERS TSS tweet tucsee po ofthe ipa Ad we ‘Advantage und dinadvantogesot diode envelope detector ‘Tne Ail ce envelope decor as ban cnn aued or many Years Eavelope detector advantages Low conte doe dtc ely require the we of fw low cost component “rnc in fru ate dl nie ren ab roo ng Sacre smplement twas rlbie end dnt require Pavelope detector dindvantagees Dintortiom: As the dae detector aula it introduce iterton ent tht Tecective nding: One of tinue inexperience nthe shor md ‘never were the Manion reload a that sleet. Te ie LP UniversittB Tech Akath Boks “8 upto detector isnt se to cma te fc ofthis inte way that seme einer detecors ae able, and a a rent, distortion secure whan wlecne adie aes $Semattvit, The dnd detectors oto easiest me ser type Tio 9.0.) plain the Superbeterodynerecciver What isimage frequency and imestion waystorsiectit oa ip tics tar mr ng ears) males at ase ‘Base waperheterodyac receiver theory Toe superbcteryae reciver operses by taking the sigoal on the icraing ‘to ce anal trough athe ays pores tds exe need ere ‘Tldisote amped y the amplider ages (ter wil te rected. Tuning tinsel eoennl che ay eee ineunney ofthe eal cxilator This changes te meeng ape eee ah ‘Soulsare be caverted dew anl tie to pass brea ec,‘owrth Semester, Communication Systems alte exe vera SS Mt sod beah ADS TIS tang te Requester wig Bofagitatersporbetardyes acer Fee ine sapereteradioeeadio proces is hat wey elective Bed a ee aco thse far eu perform any variable Seavey On Saeeey BT Sy aa lees eequeny than the insoming signal and ngn SISTED porter tot betray TESS RL Ey oncom toe inter ee egocns componett calle os itraedaterequency (UP) 0s Sie anal equa pret roms Se eee acre usally ent an antenn, RP ample, is, oad hi Wupitar Semcon AF sophie mds apeuer |) ages TERE SRE Tag eh te macetorms othe otpat ofeach block ee naperbeereyas ret, he ocoming signal arourh the een i sited rele the tnageganacy sa then smplied by the RF aspliier TT ge pptner cm bet slat and amply a parila caries reqency switln he Abestunt range’ Onl the ected requneysnd io siebands ae ‘sed spon though he spies ec eeltae cnc gata rd requeney cae adits frequangy 1 Beguenty fy aoe ea liar seta operates fogs The mined RF SG eMced with te lal otianr Bequeey combining ofthe tre signals neo the mine which produces sum and ceo teauasey hats etn inning caver gal aed lal osellatr signal, sears ar td foe far + "Tac Bogen Vp farted bythe ler andthe emsining dare frequency age - fe) signal whichis a down converted frequency signal i called (trermnaataqeltey dP eamer Uy "fae fa TT ren ofa onlin same athe quency to which RF ampier stated bass Selstr stun ta fequeney that ay Welter higher lower at {hentia tequency by a amount qua tothe frequency. + the modulation ofthe IP carier sgn i same as that of the original case: signal and it hac fae requeney of ¢SSEis whch s smpiied by one oF more ES Pit IF cg ie amplified with he lp oF ample which ae ts evel ‘he information station presse Alan the amphier falls ost of the ein ‘Mdwidin requirements of the reaver. "TP amplier operation re independent tothe fequeney a which recive tuned nsntaing the sala and sonitvty ofthe nuperbetradyo rceve ‘SSundorbly constant throupheat he taning range fhe recive LP Univeriy {Bec -Abaeh Boks mn “This ampliied IF sgl is apliedtothe detector to detect the information ssa component om S55EHE topos he ogealiatrmain da cas ‘erairn the form of adie 3 The deter stagetiminaes on of sideband which stil proce and seosratas ha RF fom th baie compen te other sooo. seca TehT oem frd tanta wound th master “Thereerted ato snl iathen applied tothe AF ampli neeae sui runs eel ofthe sgl ata prove enough ain re te opener of iendphone Aspe iconnacta tothe AP ample to play he ui infrmatio in ¢,Animpartnt prt speretredne reine Asta gin omtrl ACC) ich even othe Ri and miner sage nore to gnerie conta Pat Tipe fal arin nper spn 7 Senerhtrodne rao ever in apie oing more compat than sone ofthe ter ren ofes mang vantages ater prtormanc ee erat) ‘hesclectity Iie more ceny sce rms ntetad sod arog Soa ‘hn other forms ike TRF and ropeerative revere 8.8. sing only sa crt hmong procnang operation, ‘Ans What the frequency’ ofa waveform? Fora simple wavelike sinewave the it = Acie +4) the waves equensy An slterastive nyt represent uch sd then ident su) = Anon here @ =f 9 the wanes Phase ty echinsant¢ Far asimpl sinewave ast constant valsoand @ 1 icenses sey ith neste ate sou a oaaeons Poort Secente, Communication Syste ‘We can define the PM wave prodared when we madlate marie aguas, ssa saat gal mite “au — Aconcaf i fn = hohe athe stntanous request we han Te WA ng areca se mala tem Te etree“ RY Te Fetod Shane goto coch wit "fendoating ana AScSn wn engender) ERE SSN OCREISSETy dag te oper ebeteuion and integrating Yo rt io = feta [fie eee icane athe Modulated (PM) wave a8 having the orm ‘sty = ACosI0,e ein = 2ischni medals beng used produces, The instantaneous frequency of the PM ave will in = roa, 5 comparing te sve mentioned relations we fd int — sas We ow something stot tt culo a avance-= nay et ovioun whether the inal Mor Pirtoulmed Tutt corte wees fregurny and phase vary fom moment fo teen, Maeateay speaking AE Pace tae twine Te el Epurcoete tht one enrerpend so modulation patiarn which ein difiretaat {AIT reduc yt ater he awe cha thie mouse cama FM & PA rguteats and oe our onions Sot one api theo. The bad per ‘SE pace wien have tone in tvene wich pe af modlation wing tedifen mento oer heeded intra cect Tn genera owee 2k Fite Pi waver srecbroulyaiterent sen sat move Se aa -Acecaei [LP Univers¢y {B.Tech} Akash Books 2 17.0) Explain the threshold etfectin FM How can Precmphasi and De emphusinimprove ihe hresield ae ‘ea een dle Crna at heme {nun'FM receiver when foie it the dented egormation signal. 1eoecars at bot {dis ronson stdin tho ntrductn huch ar apoint wher the FSA [Nuneimpeovetsnt ls mconred lest Pt heal pitt bi tae TSHIAnE Gel shaee are randomly varying) may inwantancoslybave amuse ‘Fibterihan thd athe wanted gua Whea hs happens the soe il predic 4 Tides change nthe phase of the Fi domaduatr aut in am win sm, Sees spe tes are frst pp ran me T pee-mphaais {Frama fretting the relative amin ofthe modulating wolaes ‘or ener nt esos Wom 3 8 epprotmnely 8 “Tlowever r-ampaia doe a the trapemitr andthe deemphasis TRtine snstant of 8p te npetied ete RC ar 12 eter for Pre-empsis oot eam 1 P'Setne ranma be modulating sign pane rough simple network sich afer tn igh egacay compo tare tan bowen ampeoena. 2 The simples fm enh sone nase igh pe ta of the pe SOW, wong Syeafeaton dau ine omatan 8 microns un) whar = RC, Any ie enn atamuatiog thine equensie by the amount by whic hey aio Es «+ Such crest hana ctf equa oo of222 He This mean tha frequen ignerthan 120 He wl he Hoarty onan, Ts utp spite gerne wi fequeney ta ate of 6B per octave ‘The preemphania cure ieabownin Figabove Pree craitnarenns th eneray ete of the higher Eequency signals 1 ey aed te become erngcr hn he high ese oo components SADR igaat to ue tio nd incensn tte and eys2018 Fourth Semester, Communion Sytame (oypreanpnst cre + Thopreempharie cual hasan upper bros taquenyf, wher the inal : fe = Ryo ,°2°0) lac beyorl he aio rangh An, erst + eeu nt atte very i han 9 ee to +o retarn th roqueney semanas ts normal lawl a de-mphasi rule + This simple low-pte fter witha constant of 7 ji. See figure + efeature eu off of 2122 He and cass signa above this quency tobe ‘The reponse curve i shown in Fig () A a rout, the pre-emphasis a the tranoittr fe oxoty fet bythe davemphisis creat a the reeier providing ® ‘The combined effet of re-emphaas and deemphasis et nerence the Bish "Unie {Teh Aaah ska 28 $7.00 Pind the thermal nie at the output of the RC circu a sow aie Ana, Using these equivalent adel wing eitr with a veltage source, whieh ss peed throug aw eae lm pun ia Te nue power te chat Seminar nto ge pc ety oer a enue mann’ le on op = Me waurn vt HO = Tapa Me Ios the 0 bandwith er The power spectral deny ofthe ‘Computing By by pugeng inthe exreson or AV),as-2018 Fourth Semester, Cammancation Sytant LP Univer {Beh Aaa Boke aa 20 Sagat town sage na NF = 2 and nin of 26 oginginNy=4KTR and By= the mine power ate outs Eo = Ne a ‘Ane rom th Given ge ber, 202 vce nina, invtimpaanns a snes Sah aa Find he men igure of tin even am outa S coe) Brcorioas ae rs ery Ame TOS sewn = 5000 He on towed Nosetere = aa: eS @o tosto ‘en ovr alae figure cv ae eee ie by Fe nekct Fa = SOG oe “Taking temperature tobe normal (300 XD Fa etanencTey = SxGae ary at0xs0 .9.Wete Short mata ay thre) ea) - (Noise in Abt Receiver ering velop Detection. Nate Power?) ‘Ana SN alsa nt Siew ‘nsier th lowing eer ml of AM yam nay vt, ‘We know thet the Ampitde Modulated (AND wave i) = Actin) 2 dex iostwateWw 2s.2018 Fourth Semen, Communion Stent - i) = A, conta) A, yl co On) ‘Average pomerf AM waves ANA ek, miONDA ASAPH penene ey ‘Average poner of mise in the mesage bandwith ‘Subatitite, these value in channel SNE formula (SNH (Average Power of AM Wave) (Average Power of wane ia = XM ege = ALDINE + Pie the power ofthe masaage inal =A!/2 ‘Assme the band pes nine ined with AM wave the chanel a shown he stove pur. Tis cotnaton applied sth npr of AM demadaator Hence, he input oA demedaator = si = xivem = = A, obymoyeosop) inf eo) = HO = AeAsngnonfieotes)—ngisiniag) C2) ‘hae ann rn sn qundrae pan component ais The tpt tt eater ag a inert sar ga y= fag eacrontnon at singlnt » = divaAeA Kin.onfd Average yorr th demesne gel p= (AE go) AMEE ts a (MEY AS ‘Substitte, these values in output SNR formula {Gh ygrs(Areoge Pere omdlated vga reage Porro mie x ce (NR yay = AEP Suttle in Figur of merit of esr frm 7 - SMa umes - += (GRE Unies Aba ie ae ‘Therefore, the Figure of meet of AM reir an thane G2) Nein In PAL Recaption ‘Tae equation fr instantaneous phase in paw mulation ee Km eS te Wher, TE in the phase unity 1 mloisthe meno sina! ‘Toe standard equation of angle modulated ware ie mes Aeon a i) ‘Subsite van inthe above gaat, Meeting signal mi) of then the equation of PM wave lb "ab = A,cos fer Boos mt) cs et yo) 2 Pe modaation ners h-K Praae adulation td in mate ommuniationeyteme, while frequency ‘motultion te uedmaiiy br FM bvadeanng Teecnal tani ten one dh i = 247) inion mods ha ingram othe tral ote dames tp. i ‘Sho Aeon oy 0 emo Laer Mo mice +e0) I jetepownoation ‘hace dingran oS in at show blosane Pourth Semana, Commanletion Sytem cca, fortiennd occ ote ome st iain = ™(Y48) eneconan We hoow tat he - 2 a iaiagytomeonn i asa opt be sos ognton (dom sno nf nt ain oo) : ho St caffe a > sa = san (EE) ug LP Univer. TRch- Adah Bosh a nen ha above sigalin appa an nto wp tar, we wl ge bw nan (Ag at ‘Tarefere the Figure of ert of DSBS recive 0. a Noten n 880-90 Receivers 29, per f= fics | emnconcnn sh et se eo hd to = eat ngs pero R06 oe wr 7 cage por ie a th oan edith ie chanel SNR for haee = SES ae22018 Poa Somes Commit tans = cite = BA ‘omen nie and wih SBC mated waa eh a bey attra rs ean nappa me ape odor oe Se pests ree ean coos Beatlemania ‘eninge ie gr rh Ti i pin oS ae Sere = epi Bef ao) mene nga) ere Sp entaf f cntet hom (SHE) ng igs ii ar zion eintpto borat vw et, ty = Seowoni eth ve) ae Substitute, thee value in ouput SR formula Average Power of demodulated signa (gene = “Gg Forefoot - cana = (AE) a Smut thevals in Fr f mon ef SBS rer ome p= SNBlosmc ee (ana ya) re “Thera the Figur of ert of SBSC racier FOURTH SEMESTER [B.TECH] COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (ETEC-2121 ‘Note: Atnpt any thee qution including gato hich incompeoy | FIRST TERM EXAMINATION (FEB. 2019] | required for signal transmission are proportional where. ithe wavelength Since ae ‘So when we aed the carrier at gh aquony the deren pipe dimensions are edund “G Mitploxing can eal be aeheved with the el | Canal to nie rt improver after modulation | Qh to Rapin teslgiennce got Proce In reference tox rand "An, etx (be rand procs hen sito be gute time average [asta nina = of -700)] - 30-mF fone ams ted |one | ea.to-compar the 558 $C and DERI rma bandwidth and power savin Ain give the practical application of VSB. a22018 Fourth Semester, Communiation sytem ‘Ana. BW of DSB SC = ho: BW of SSBSC modalated wave = 2m/Eon Power o DSBSC = Pr~AmeAcaR “Qa in the demodulation process of DSU-FC using envelope detector, now ins Sus ef tiaseconstnnt RC determine the distortion in received nwa as sneer inne 08 8.21 42) B oto - a [LP Universe (8.cht-Ahash Boke jet Pan hin Wuthotne te S60 Gonerntons rea - oe and Mendon 9° phanehiingaahe earn aE ose Janene pe Yrnwmane Morking Operation: The message signs i sep ‘My gn thru 30" phe shir te produt molar Mynee we {ih entre at oie be wknd 6" deme par hr ‘eu tree tat, = Sin ait [Adder Output = sles) 8)» sit) or. ‘Adder Output = Vist)n ntti § 0) si ei ta th adr lari hn he pies adr ‘Seppresson oth upper band ‘Here, the modulate an the are inal are api othe upper balanead retain dre att any phase shit Whefea, ath thee gale ate 0 ‘have ahited snd then aplind wt lor uanced lator “Advantages of Pave Sut Method 1'Team generate the SSB sina tay frequency, ro the frequency up converter stapnio no voroel anasto a gens digi ner math. ops thfn eto rte nding ga is eae eal" eon, ate prem repawe sito 8 a allt tao menses wichmos Fourth ements, Communion Ha td Bee ianiermny aitebated in the range O23 ° “Km Aranann posse XO gen bY So Aoowtet +4) and defer c = Rt a ae Mo = Acting 10 Tatty cong sinus cin) f Atsruenet Aung one Ros froxe-ow a Jemtns cenit 19 108 te solved tstat the elation gen inequation ‘agiven random variableX pai given £2) =(ae*where iin relation Between and Tiong CDF “i Pind the probabity that c= Jace = 1 Unity 8-7 Ae sks anos Krtode = flehan att ‘Communication chanel ae avn wo catagories namely guided media and soguieaece "Guided Media In tht atepry th communion devs tached io eachother depict Sein of men a sa awa ae ssedin LAN Gar nas nett ar eer na ron vos oper Tae ‘ein ofits para open ofon ang itn asta 103 ‘2 Comxial Cable Thay areas known at conse and caries sgnle with Nigh fragman rane Thay arate Bem naagie oper ee Toe bandwith 0) nes ‘Sore than twisted pateble They are alco used in LAN, ‘bier Opti Cable~Thy weight rancor ata saveryhighapecdofbilions anced Phey are nade ‘Numa hie Thy ar ated with pss size hown a “Unpued Media: nth frm the data i tranaered in he form of waves. This means tnt hey Sonat revel long specie atha] —feveamonn @2% tie | —a ‘Tees two mudelatrs ar ranged in blennd onion ncrdertsoppes the ‘ver sgnal Hone, scaled a alannd modulator "The une crierngmal = cor) appled a ne fe fate ta these tne AbmogiatarTharmodulting signals ppd e anater imps he pper Shemelg elnino ana me i) Akama) 22) = Abate a [Neen the DSBSC wave x) by oubeneting rom 210) The summer sk wand) END TERM EXAMINATION [JUNE 2019} FOURTH SEMESTER [B.TECH] COMMUNICATION SYSTEM [ETEC-212] etek an fe qmtans nding 0h comply Aan iin (az prcate 1.0) List tne rnsons for ing an RF amplifier in AM receivers. ‘Ane. Tha HP amps bss he RE signal inthe mie Ie bs bond ning and ‘Several ado stations sone, te miner utpa canbe very complex. However, the oly $ivleel intestine urd ata ere nd feevoont) wil always be 05s oy psa 1 ou 1 ile BPE nod pos "Qi. Explain the Errrain coherent detection of DSB-SC. o ‘ow onc i ia feeeysne warned by loa cit,2018 owt Set, Cmmanetion ptr, (1) Dene san een nag and mera os FZ Note cntota ty the amps F 1 Nate gure Noise power can be atraatieyrprevened by sma fous emperatre Th, Gonkn FDR ele Mot mpeg Se Osere Dirton arsiieloh irl tbat ty foe gig tr -eeaeesbee ‘The erase unilrm dition cre lst he f a | "Toe POF fa random varabieXfaewings normal estrbution given by poe dT] ne sd variance ofa endo viable X whish said tebe normally 1-10 What aro the advantages and diendvantages of Mover AMY) ‘Ans. Thefhequncy modlation (FMD ha the lowing aetages over AM: Pi reciers may be ted with amphi Haters rem the empltade spel Sytem a 1, University {Beh Abad Books 2019-8 1 The amplitde ofthe PM inv constant Ie than independent literate the ‘nmin salt tdelaton depth wheres, ition pth orem InP, al the pwr wtf where asin AM, mato the power ‘FMTbrodeata opera in the appar VHP and UHF fequeney range a whi ‘hers hppene tbe nas taint MP dH ange ecco by AB bonds. "@2, (0) Draw and expinin the mathematical model for communteation ‘Ane, Communication chant cab of he lowing IP 1 Adv Ney channel nth spat type ena ea output can be writen at =a 0 0) = aan) (@) Linear Alter chanaet © 20 = sor moen 0 = feconeciton (2) Linear tie variant ter channal ere Str eepnsnis changing wrt ine, ao La t-O = MeKEDonD oer "i 18the marginal ps of 2) and fo). oa “Are nnd’ independent? pat of random variable X and ¥ i 3) =roan ‘earth Semeran, Commninton ayn 1 Unianlg- (Bch Adath Book en oa, end asses LmpePrxens f.rinae cae wens 2.) 20 foray val Marsan! Pat 8. Eri (= Beanie + fe -GL fo = foarte } Sando = itebation nthe interval, 8] are p= al-z ‘Ana-Th given uiirm arbatin ‘aot aga ait Pes thane random ty dan anton BP ers een rm « SE hth OW tactile ne ii fC a Tren fala we know ath CDP Psa ote ‘bia muh expressed ators oa PDP” fe) = Frnt, © ofthe Probab Dnsty Pantin {iia peobaity denny fnction fora continous rade aisle Xthen1 Ualveriy 4B Thc-Akath Books 101s Fig. shows the lo tiagrant ofan SSB mdulatorwhish operat on th prince ea nde ssomadeind “wo | woof ‘or a ‘Thence willbe Lees sesen axes design topos the Seid band ” ‘anh sotto the product modulator we gw the DSB.SC modulated wave whi contnna the two sdebants oy “Toe bendpase Site wil pas nly ene of hae sdsbande and produce the SSB smofaaiad wave at aout a) A 00 W casero modulate to a depth of 7%, Case te ta poe ttcd wave nou. rgnal and conventional AM ses “Ane, ator Qa) Prat Tr Examination 2018 Page No, 32018) 5.) Bxpain the operation ofan envelope detector for AM eignla. Cleary cexpinin diagonal clipping intuch detectors. “Ana. Hater Qc) End Term Brinton 2018. (Page No 17-2018) ron he tlophone ara nl havea Requeny range errand + The hight requancy inte ops ef th senange signal ia W Hasould be |= | | pose _ | | ~ | |oi ote Jar fot Sehtting he lee, em eqn esha quan: ot, terete r/o Pinon uw tee finan inde) = afer) Substituting the valu of Wetrom equation (i) imequation (i) My = Accor® Manag!) ‘Above ithe equation frequency Hodulaan 4.0) nan Fo eyntem, when the audio troquency (AP) i 800 Ha end te ‘Av veltage to B1V, the devin a9 te Ie AP ‘eoreared ‘22V, what ta the new dovaton? Ite AF vllng aie tr 0 whee AF {saropped to 300 fx what the deviation? Pn he modulation trent oc ‘sete Expiain te direct metnodo generation of FM sigue: = ‘hm ve ake f= fools o8 hte Preanncy senatety Preueney deviation fa reuencydetin fr [LP Universi: Aka Boake 2010-18 rn, = 2001-02 KH) {Q2. (a) Beplain the folowing with regpct to Made Receiver o (@) Micer dl) Saectivty i Sonsitvay 0 AGC Ame) Mixer: The gal fe th nar stp en othe RP-P converter, (prea an rhving rec ga toe pe eine [Eequnncy tthe othr apt Th resltant output as sau of two eguenee {1 pode yee muzr ws in clled ate intermediate requeney {Phe production o 1 belpe im the Gamodelason a ny station signal ha ny ‘vier fequeney Honn al ignale are translated tot Sed erier equa fo ‘Siegen meee “an Seteciiey 1m meron AM svi defied at iy oar orc Adiecetchannal jection ofthe recnper ean be sine from the slactvty sacar Reopen mae ana i mcton ontreby snes ower The sgn bandwidth shouldbe narrow fr beter lectiviy, 1 Graphically cect canbe reponeted ns curve shown in ig which dpi he samt fred tthe anwantad sig ard te taned ran iW i (Senter Senn oa ester i abit to deny and amplify wank signal tthe peoverant “Teicen detine terme of lage hat ut be appied to the input termine aba entero proes sander output Power wish in mentored the ooapet =tn gin contr AOC) mechani whan bn oer nif he aio senate rd sorte ine gegen om rear Me Tate mateia cm outpr nsotan "ENCE tacitate toning vryng signal tenet atom providing «tan ety ciated eins ft np gala the oo SEEEACC eee bated erry ne te rece em atin tin “Gis ay Por an Abt wrondanr- mend ruper heterodye receiver with an I, sav 5 (eu Seah cocttstorfragueney of 46 Kis, 60 kis, and 1088 is, Be a one) Determine ine atage roquenc. Celene the TF for (rocclecor Qot 100, a ‘o Pym) > too ate pylon = 1088 aa (ay tmags eaoeney ome oor @ = 1001010) Dee at 1P Unineriy- (8. Akash Barks goat 2+ wan 24 (a Areeiver compecied oan antenna wows rsintance In50 nas 2 ‘oinereinance of 202 Calculus the recovers noise Heer Sone taditscqucon se tompene ‘© - Pe the Rime mee 0) wnat are the diferent intern noine inthe receiver? Epi ttn Perma oi oo “Ane Ths vn rece y he rsiver component whl fencing. The Sab ot i rata eres ae cp tte cng i rorya Soepedrabtenreitecctcie a (SEE Paw lec tthe coy mation the parties in the body AZT" tr SEER icin tn hic enna the parle f body become nro‘Thos we Set Nits Seve dn propor othe Vendvnh over whieh is ‘ovr which tiewe2019 perth Semester, Commurisnin sea, ar Where, Pr «Main site power outat of iti Scena constant = 13810 Joules abn a Abecle tperetore Fe een pee win a ard nthe mes chee es rr teenth plate aro a et a com rks note ie Fr ee er inns rea oy mpuing Avice A SPP egret em "So dreaon of tie ain utp The eves nema, SiStae lp ee Sram teed re oe oder amber af mer rere netably cuppere and Aural ERCP Me unage ttn for Sing empbatine standardaed 0k a cn ncn in supitade moduaton are mere affected by nice than 8 ‘sola et mold be feu winraane reempaie andde-epat daa ae er ie olalaer servos nse ener olieation would Deeded SSSRIIIS Te owefagher number fvecavere we wane ‘What is pas? Tnphsie she prose of iosng tb Amplitude Vs Praquncy character oti Suc Ecce ened hy tase wile wanemionn or recep of What ie Promphaae? ‘Sila wit higher madalation quencies nae lower SNE. rer to mpc ‘thio th high tegucney signal ave smphasied or bested fo, aplitade ot che {tenemitr scion af communicates rn prior tthe teduaton pres, That ‘Stic pe cupbaasneterh line tet fequeny madsatng signal to modus ‘hccaiece hgh leva te coure ore equ v= ‘De czaphasin i th inverse proves prempass ned to attenuate te Mh seoqauay sal that stein a erento scion, The Gcrpnin nctrork ‘Setciver section restores te erga! amplitade Ve eqeeycharceriztcn ofthe {Stormatin sgn ene datodalton poss Th preemmpbasi and deems ‘SSSI Tear uuorm st threo he modulating ine eeeey epee ‘scapn I stanealya Low Pes Ptr oan etograar The rv rps ean {sivnt eft FM meuatr and doopharissatwork te output ofthe Fa sea ingrves te Silt None at for highr modulating seal oasis, ‘Satpducng wore wnfrm SRR at te output of aemodulaor Pre-mpusi: The mie nuppronion by of FM dacrents with he meres sn tops or ncn eres in Ser sernecrnisc reson a Moaaaee ro20-2019 Fourth Semester, Communication Fig. 4. Deemphasis circuit «The pre-emphasis process is done at the transmitter side, while the de-emphasis process is done at the receiver side. ++ Thus a high frequency modulating signal in transmitter before modulation. To compens: are attenuated or de-emphasized in the receiv performed. Due to per-emphasis and de-emphasis, is maintained constant. 1 is emphasized or boosted in amplitude ‘ate for this boost, the high frequencies rer after the demodulation has been the SIN ratio at the output of receiver « The de-omphasis process ensures that the high frequencies are returned to their original relative level before amplification. = Pre-emphasis circuit is a high pass filter or differentiator which. allows high frequencies to pase, whereas de-emphasis circuit is a low pass filter to integrator which allows only low frequencies to pass. Q9. (b) Write a short note on Noise in DSB-SC receivers. 65) ‘Ans. Refer to @.9. (¢) End Term Examination 2018 (Page No. 30-2018).