P6, exercise 1b answers Photo 1 Photo 2 Photo 3 Photo 4 Photo 5 Photo 6 Anastasia, daughter of Tsar Nicholas Il, with her sisters in 1906 John Kennedy, the US President, with his children (John Junior and Caroline) in 1963 Pablo Picasso, the artist, with his partner (Frangoise Gilot) and their son (Claude) in 1952 Mohandas Gandhi, the statesman, with his wife (Kasturba) in 1915 Leo Tolstoy, the writer, with his grandchildren (Ilya and Sonia) in 1909 Albert Einstein, the scientist, with his sister (Maja) in 1886P6, exercise 1c answers 1 Tolstoy and his wife (Sofia), Picasso and his partner (Francoise Gilot) Tolstoy and his grandchildren; Gandhi and his wife (Kasturba); Einstein and his sister (Maja) John Kennedy (assassinated); John Junior (plane crash); Anastasia and her sisters (assassinated) Caroline Kennedy AnastasiaP7, exercise 3a answers 1 Yes, all three options are possible. There is no difference in meaning or register between haven't got and don’t have, but in haven't got, have = auxiliary; and in don’t have, have = main verb. The use of haven't on its own, without got, is possible, but not very common, except in a few fixed expressions like / haven't time and | haven't a clue. 2 Yes, both options are possible. There is a difference in meaning. I’ve been making emphasizes the duration of the action, and it may not be completed, i.e. there may still be food being made. I’ve made emphasizes that the action is completed. In both cases ‘ve = auxiliary verb. 3 Yes, both options are possible. There is no difference in meaning; however, have we got to is less common in American English. Have we got to is more informal. Have we got to = auxiliary verb; Do we have to = main verb. 4 Yes, both options are possible. There is a difference in meaning: I’ve had some lovely photos taken = a photographer has done it for me I've taken some lovely photos = I’ve taken them myself In I’ve had ... taken, I’ve = auxiliary and had = main verb; and in I’ve taken, have is an auxiliary verb.P7, 1 exercise 1d answer Anastasia; conclusively disproved = completely and finally proved wrong John Junior / the Kennedy family (The as refers to John Junior, the this refers to the family); ill-fated family = unlucky family Picasso’s partner Francoise Gilot, and Picasso; a damning description = a very critical and negative description Gandhi and his wife, Kasturba; shared beliefs = things that they both believed Tolstoy's wife, Sofia; strongly opposed = completely disagreed Tolstoy; in the dead of night = in the middle of the night Einstein’s sister, Maja; sought refuge = she went to the USA to be safeP8, exercise 5a answer determined In American English the ris pronounced.P8, On On WD exercise 5c answers conscientious /e/ egg resourceful /9:/ horse sarcastic /ze/ cat thorough /a/ up spontaneous /e1/ train straightforward /3:/ horse steady /e/ egg self-sufficient /1/ fishP8, exercise 5e answers 1 anxious = feeling worried or nervous 2. lively = full of life and energy 3 nosy = too interested in things that don’t concern you, especially other people’s affairs 4 sociable = enjoying spending time with other people 5 stingy = not generous, especially with moneyP9, exercise 6d answer puts things off = delays things until a later time or date to the letter = paying attention to every detail get stuck = be unable to continue put together = to make or prepare sth by fitting or collecting parts or information together catches your eye = attracts your attention go round = follow a route head-on = in a direct way your gut feeling = your natural feelings that make you react in a particular way a white lie = a harmless or small lie, especially one that you tell to avoid hurting sb carry on = continueP10, exercise 1a Possible answers challenging — journalist, firefighter, police officer repetitive — supermarket checkout assistant, factory worker, cleaner rewarding — teacher, doctor, musicianP10, exercise 2a answers The jobs Emma is doing in the photos are wedding photographer, archaeologist, landscape gardener, journalist, and TV producer.P10, exercise 2b answers 1 Adegree 2 pros: a job for life cons: commuting, sitting in an office all day, she didn’t see the point of the job 3 She wrote a bucket list of jobs she wanted to try; she organized two-week placements; she saved money.P11, exercise 2c answers She liked alpaca farming the most and publishing the least.P11, exercise 2d answers 1 By networking and cold-calling — making applications, writing letters and emails, sending her CV, speaking to people. She got a flavour of the jobs; she found out whether she wanted to learn more about them or not. Because she wasn’t actually working, she was shadowing people. Being a farmer, i.e. feeding, looking after, and shearing alpacas; also being an entrepreneur, making children’s clothes from the wool and selling them to shops Finding spelling and grammar mistakes in textsP12, exercise 4c answers 1 It’s the thing that gives my life a pattern, and it stops me going mad. | make people think about their beliefs. 3 Night receptionist isn’t a very impressive job. It's great to be travelling in the opposite direction to most of the traffic. 5 Have unpredictable days off from Monday to Friday 6 With almost no chance to enjoy other hobbies or interestsP12, exercise 4d answers NO nF WN = made it missed the point never think twice hold my own keep my nose to the grindstone has long gone fair enoughP13, exercise 5a answers 1 999 operator — Some people call emergency services for trivial reasons. university lecturer — Sometimes his / her students don’t pay attention, which is frustrating, but sometimes they respond positively. A&E doctor — There are too many patients and he / she’s overworked. fashion stylist - Some fashion models are very difficult to work with, and he / she had to stand up for him / herself. political advisor — His / Her boss isn’t properly qualified for the job. dental hygienist — He / She understands that people don't like going to the dentist, and tries to help them to relax.P13, exercise 5b answers result consequently, so reason because purpose to, in order to contrast Although, Yet, However, though, despiteP13, exercise 5d answer | want to find a job nearer home so that | don’t... 2 | didn’t tell my boss how bad | thought his idea was, so as not to... 3 Being a junior doctor is very demanding, partly because of... 4 Even though | was offered a good salary, | ... 5 Our sales have gone up dramatically, and as a result, we... 6 Staff will be given a bonus payment in December due to the... 7 |wasn't offered the job, in spite of having... 8 The company has not been able to find a buyer, therefore it will...P13, exercise 5e answer 1 | want to find a job nearer home so that | don’t have to spend so much time commuting. | didn’t tell my boss how bad | thought his idea was, so as not to lose my job. Being a junior doctor is very demanding, partly because of the long hours. Even though | was offered a good salary, | decided not to accept the job. Our sales have gone up dramatically, and as a result, we need to hire more staff. Staff will be given a bonus payment in December due to the rise in annual profits. | wasn't offered the job, in spite of having all the necessary qualifications. The company has not been able to find a buyer, therefore it will be closing down in two months’ time.P14, exercise 1 Part 1b answer Eliza's overwhelming memory of her childhood is of being with her family on the farm, surrounded by travelling musicians, listening to music, singing, and playing.P44, 1 exercise 1 Part 1¢ answer He started playing the guitar in the 50s. In the 60s he helped to create the folk music scene in London. He was friends with Bob Dylan and Paul Simon. The Watersons are a folk group from her mother’s side of the family. They are from Hull. They were important in the 60s folk revival and in the development of folk clubs in the north of England. Her mother’s grandmother brought her mother up, as her parents had died. Her mother’s uncle played the trumpet. Her mother’s father played the banjo. He used to listen to music on the radio and learn the songs he heard. Her grandmother used to sing The Spinning Wheel when Eliza was young. The farm had three houses in a row — one for Eliza and her parents, one for her mother’s brother and his family, and one for her mother’s sister and her family. They kept a lot of animals. There was always singing and music being played at the farm. Her parents’ friends were touring musicians who often stayed on the farm.P14, exercise 1 Part 2a Suggested answers Eliza Carthy was probably quite an independent and confident child. As a mother, she focuses on her children and organizes her work around them.P14, exercise 1 Part 2b answers No, she wanted to be a writer. 2 To bring Eliza up, and because she didn’t want her to grow up touring and travelling. 3 Six 4 She sang all the songs. 5 She now tries to only work at weekends and during school holidays, so that she can take care of her children during the week. 6 SleepP14, exercise 1 Part 3a answer When she was growing up, there were always a lot of musicians around, so now she doesn’t like working alone.P14, exercise 1 Part 3b answers T F (She has a 13-piece band.) T F (The Watersons were her mother’s relatives.) ah wWwN = F (She plays two musical instruments — the violin and the guitar.) T N QD F (She is showing an interest.) 8TP15, exercise 2b answers BR wn = ONon basically introduces an important or fundamental point really introduces an interesting or unexpected fact / mean introduces more details or clarification apparently introduces something that she learnt from someone else (she doesn’t remember it herself, but she’s been told) in a way shows that she is uncertain of course introduces a clear fact As to introduces a point she wants to address anyway shows that she’s introducing a new angle on the topicP15, exercise 3d answers 1Yes 2important 3 totally 4 Yes 5opportunity 6 hopes Joanne is responding to Alice’s points and encouraging her to speak.P16, exercise 1b answers 1 So that the boys could give each chocolate bar a mark and write a comment. To give the boys something they knew well, that they could compare the products against. They had to taste each chocolate bar, mark it from 0 to 10, and comment on why they liked or didn’t like it. Because they knew a lot about all the chocolate bars that were available. They were very enthusiastic and took it very seriously.P16, exercise 1c answers 1 Along white room like a laboratory, full of pans of chocolate and other sweets cooking, with scientists working on their inventions 2 Working in the lab and suddenly creating something that tasted wonderful, and running to show it to the owner of the factory, Mr Cadbury 3 He imagined Mr Cadbury tasting his chocolate carefully and then congratulating Roald Dahl on his wonderful idea. 4 He used the experience in his book Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.P16, exercise 1d answers 1leap 2grab 3concocting 4 bubbling away 5 rushing 6 slap 7 pictureP17, exercise 2a answers 41 when | was looking for, | remembered, | began 2 |used to picture, | used to imagine, | would come up with, | would grabP17, exercise 2b answers specific incidents in the past: the past perfect, the past perfect continuous repeated or habitual actions in the past: past simple (often with an adverb of frequency)P17, exercise 3a answers Aah Wn = From the age of about seven till | was sixteen... When | was little... When | was a young child... From the age of about nine... When | was at primary school... When | was a kid...P18, exercise 5a answers Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3 Age: about three Memory: letting go of a balloon outside Emotion(s): devastated, heartbroken Age: three or four Memory: having a book read to her Emotion(s): annoyed Age: two and a half Memory: breaking a Christmas decoration Emotion(s): resentfulP18, exercise 5b answers 1 Between the ages of two and four 2 Before that age, children don’t have a clear sense of their own identity, they don’t have the language skills, and the part of the brain needed for memories isn’t fully formed. 3 Strong emotions, like happiness, unhappiness, pain, surprise, fear and events related to these things, like the birth of a brother or sister, a death, or a family visit, or a festive celebration 4 Because they tend to be family stories that children incorporate into their memory.P18, exercise 5d answers Around 40% of people say they remember this. 2 Achild seeing him- / herself in a mirror doesn’t realize that the person is him / her. 3 Achild can’t have a memory of a past event before he / she has learned to use the past tense. 4 Evolutionary theory suggests that human memory is linked to emotions / feelings which are related to protecting yourself. 5 First memories tend to be visual, rather than smells or sounds. 6 If your mother tells you about the first word you ever said, that becomes something you think is a memory.P18, exercise 5f answer The story: He was sitting in his pram as a one-year-old baby. A man tried to kidnap him. He remembered his nanny fighting to save him. His parents gave her a reward (a watch). Years later, Piaget’s nanny confessed that she had made the story up.P18, exercise 6a answers NOOR WD = adulthood, neighbourhood friendship, membership, partnership, relationship curiosity, generosity, possibility awareness, happiness, illness, kindness, sadness boredom, freedom, wisdom celebration, frustration, imagination, temptation achievement, amazement, disappointment, excitement, improvementP19, exercise 6c answers adult — adulthood relation — relationship free — freedom curious — curiosity happy — happiness celebrate — celebration NOaPwnd = disappoint — disappointment The two endings which often cause a change are -(a)tion and -ityP19, exercise 6f answers 1 loss 2 amazement 3 relationship 4 possibility 5 danger 6 disappointment 7 belief 8 imaginationP19, exercise 7a answers He was moving house, and they arrived at the new flat in the dark. He ran around the rooms with a torch. He felt excited about the idea of living in a flat in the dark; he was disappointed when the power came on the next day and he realized what he’d imagined wouldn’t happen.P20, exercise 1b answers 1 (old) German and (Norman) French 226 346 4 Pronunciation 5 More slowlyP20, exercise 1c answers 1 It’s looking for alternatives to English spellings that will make it easier to write correct English. 2 They have less time available to learn other subjects. 3 There is no agreed way. 4 It makes it more likely that they will re-offend.P21, exercise 2b answers 1 dishonest /dis'pnist/ Rule: the letter h is nearly always pronounced /h/. Common exceptions: heir, honest, honour, hour, exhausted. allow /a'lau/ Rule: the letters ow are often pronounced /au/, as in blow, window, below, but are also often pronounced /au/, as in frown, towel, now. At the end of a word, the letters are usually pronounced /au/. Occasionally, the same letters have different pronunciations according to the meaning, e.g. row /rau/ (= argument) but row /rav/ (= a line of seats). These are called homographs. river /‘r1vo/ Rule: the letter / + consonant + e is usually /a1/. Common exceptions: river, give, live (the verb), since. whose /hu:z/ Rule: the letters wh are nearly always /w/, but occasionally /h/, e.g. whose, who, whole. All the same pronunciation Rule: the letter j is always pronounced /ds/. chorus /'ko:ras/ Rule: the letters ch are usually pronounced /{{/, but occasionally /{/, e.g. machine, chef, cliché, when the words are of French origin, or /k/, e.g. chemist, architect, when the word comes from Greek. sure /fo:/ Rule: the letter s at the beginning of a word is nearly always /s/. The only two exceptions are sugar and sure, where the s is pronounced /{7/.8 All the same pronunciation Rule: the letters aw are always /9:/ when they come at the end of a word, or when aw is followed by another consonant. 9 reporter /r1'po:to/ Rule: the letters or are usually pronounced /9:/, but are usually /3:/ after a w, e.g. work, word, world. 10 All the same pronunciation Rule: the letters ir are always /3:/ when they are followed by a consonant, but are pronounced /aro/ when followed by an e, e.g. require.P21, exercise 2c answers chime /tfarm/: verb; (of a bell or clock) to ring howl /haol/: verb; (of a dog, wolf, etc.) to make a long, loud cry jaw /dgo:/: noun; either of the two bones at the bottom of the face that contain the teeth whirl /w3:1/: verb; to move around quickly in a circle worm /w3:m/: noun; a long, thin creature with no bones or legs, which lives in soilP21, exercise 3a answers they're, their, thereP22, exercise 5a answers 1 acollocation = a common combination of words 2 a phrasal verb = a verb combined with an adverb and / or a preposition to give a new meaning 3 asynonym = a word or expression that has the same meaning register = the level or style of language that is appropriate for the situation in which it is being used 4 an idiom =a group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual wordsP22, exercise 5b Synonyms and register answers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 G (ill-fated is more formal) D (siblings is more formal) | (conversation is more formal) A (task is more formal) B (benefit is more formal) J (opposed to is more formal) C (resign is more formal) E (man is more formal) F (resemble is more formal) H (require is more formal)P23, exercise 6b answers 1 alcohol 2 atreadmill 3 agirl 4 a blockbuster 5 acupboardP23, exercise 6c answers pounce on = move suddenly forward in order to catch sth borrow = take and use sth that belongs to sb else pick up = take hold of sth and lift it up resurrect = bring a dead person back to lifeP23, exercise 7c answers F (It’s been changing for over 1,600 years.) F (The monks invented the alphabet.) T T T F (They borrowed from each other.) NOaOfwON = F (There are 375 million native speakers and 1.5 billion learners.)P24, GRAMMAR exercise b answers 1 2 | have got to pick my mum up from the station. If we buy a dishwasher, we won’t have to do the washing-up. | haven’t seen him since 2010. They managed to get here despite the heavy traffic. / despite the traffic being heavy. / despite the fact that the traffic was heavy. The train was cancelled due to snow / due to the snow. She wore dark glasses so as not to be recognized. My aunt was always baking biscuits for us. If one learns a bit of the language, the local people... 9 Jane and Martha see each other once a month. The children wrapped the present by themselves.P25, CYU exercise b answers 1 2 a oon D T F (They can only recognize that a sentence in their own language sounds different from a sentence in a different language.) F (They learn objects first.) tT F (They can often use simple words to say how they feel or what they want.) F (Some produce larger chunks.) T T TP26, exercise 1d answers 1 If you want to be a good lover, be a great hater 2 Share the hate, ruin the date Giles Coren likes the idea of the app; Victoria Coren Mitchell doesn't.P27, exercise 1f answers 1 V: One of the key dangers of the internet is that it encourages us to give everything an immediate verdict... 2. G: Just as | knew from the first kiss that this was a woman who had no time for sandals on men... 3 V: Nevertheless, like most apps, it would pass the time happily enough at a bus stop. 4 V: More openly expressed hatred in the world — just what we need! 5 G: My wife and | have absolutely no interests in common. None. 6 G: The idea that a romantic life together is about sharing your stupid hobbies is deluded and childish.P27, exercise 1g answers 1 eager 2 Boy 3 aversions 4 loathe 5 bond 6 singletonsP27, exercise 2a answers 1 genuinely enthusiastic 2 sarcasticP28, exercise 3b answers She feels (felt) very nervous. Because she has been using dating apps unsuccessfully for years.P28, exercise 3c answers Challenge 1 1 In a bookshop 2 No because it didn’t feel natural. 3 She thinks it might work for some people, but not for her, and gave it 2/5. Challenge 2 1 Inaclub that had minigolf 2 Yes, with someone called Rob 3 She recommends trying something new outside your comfort zone, and gave it 5/5. Challenge 3 1 Atasingles’ event 2 No because there was an awkward / embarrassing atmosphere and the three men she approached weren't interested in her. 3 She didn’t think singles events worked, and gave it 1/5. Challenge 4 1 In arestaurant 2 Yes, with her blind date, Tom 3 She thought it was a good experience, and gave it 4/5.P29, exercise 3f answers 1 She suggested going to the doctor. She suggested (that) | go / went to the doctor. She suggested (that) | should go to the doctor. 2 | suggested visiting the museum. | suggested (that) they visit / visited the museum. | suggested (that) they should visit the museum. 3 He suggested talking to her. He suggested (that) | talk / talked to her. He suggested (that) | should talk to her.P29, exercise 3g answers 1 She learned that there are many opportunities to meet people in real life. 2 The advantage of real-life dating was that it gave her a buzz and boosted her confidence, but apps have the advantage that you know beforehand whether people are single or not, and whether you have things in common. 3 She is not going to rule out real-life dating in the future, but will continue to use her apps.P30, 1 exercise 1a answers executed /! eksrkju:trd/ = killed, especially as a legal punishment blow up /blaz ap/ = explode Civil War /‘siv| wo:/ = a war between groups of people in the same country Revolution /reva'lu:fn/ = an attempt by a large number of people in a country to change their government 4 troops /tru:ps/ = soldiers in large groups captured /'kapt{ad/ = caught a person and kept them as a prisoner or in a confined space looted /lu:t1d/ = stole things from shops or buildings after a riot, fire, etc. treaty /‘tri:ti/ = a formal agreement between two or more countries casualties /’kaguolti:z/ = people who have been killed or injured in war overthrown /auve! 6 raun/ = removed a leader or a government from a position of power by force coup /ku:/ = a sudden change of government that is illegal and often violentP30, exercise 2a answers capture, captive / captor, captive, capture command, commander, commanding, command execution, executioner, execute history, historian, historic / historical looting, looter, loot rebellion, rebel, rebellious, rebel revolution, revolutionary, revolutionary, revolt siege, besieged, besiege survival, survivor, surviving, survive victory, victor, victoriousP30, exercise 3c answers succeed /sak'si:d/ (verb) = achieve sth that you have been trying to do engineering / end31'niarm/ (noun) = the study of how to apply scientific knowledge to the design and building of machines, roads, bridges, etc. gripping /‘gripi/ (verb) = hold on tightly to sth stirring /‘sts:rm/ (verb) = move sth round and round with a spoon in order to mix it thoroughly servant /'s3:vant/ (noun) = a person who works in another person’s house and cooks and cleans, etc. for themP30, exercise 3d answers succeed (verb) = come next after sb and take their place / position engineering (verb) = arrange for sth to happen, especially when this is done secretly to give you an advantage gripping (adj) = exciting or interesting in a way that holds your attention stirring (adj) = causing strong feelings servant (noun) = a person who works for another person, company, or organization (e.g. a public servant, a civil servant)P32, exercise 5c answer Adrian is positiveP32, exercise 5d answers 1 That if there is a film that is the only thing people ever see or know about a historical event, then it becomes accepted as the truth. 2 The scene when Kirk Douglas and all his friends stand up and say, ‘lam Spartacus.’ 3 Very few. That he was a man who led a rebellion and many people died (were crucified) at the end. 4 It was completely invented in the film. 5 That Braveheart was about the idea of Scotland as an independent country.P34, exercise 1 Part 1a answers Classics refers to the study of ancient Greek and Roman culture, especially their languages and literature. A classicist is an expert in ancient Greek and Roman language, literature, art, architecture, or culture.P34, exercise 1 Part 1b answers Professor Beard thinks the right way is to ask people questions about their contemporary culture and geography. The wrong way is to look at obscure and complicated ancient literature. She thinks we can learn how to deal with a lot of political issues we have nowadays.P34, exercise 1 Part 1c answers ...once had a Roman fort or military camp there. ...the Romans made it the capital. ..-assassinate leaders and take over. Bon = ...tell the Senate about it and then execute the leading conspirators without trial. 5 ...fesponses to modern-day terrorism.P34, exercise 1 Part 2b answers 1°47 2 7 3 F (She says, ‘...for men there’s considerable disadvantages about the past...’) F (She focused on ordinary people.) T T F (She says it ‘has formed how we look at every other assassination since...’) NOOSAP34, exercise 1 Part 3a answers 1 Not particularly important 2 Gladiator because she thought it was a good re- creation of ancient Rome and because it showed a realistic image of Roman combat. 3 She is very pleased about it because it brings history into the popular consciousness and it shows that it can be enjoyable.P34, exercise 1 Part 3b answers an wWwhrn = boring in an unfashionable way or something of a similar type people too sentimental its advantage or strength along story, especially one that is exaggerated or inventedP35, exercise 3b answers 1 Having no plastic, buying fresh food, having limited electricity and running water She'd see how these things influenced what her grandmother was like. 2 The music and the writing of the 1960s 3 Elizabeth | She'd like to avoid the dirt and disease.P37, exercise 2d answer A spoiler is information that you are given about what is going to happen in a book, film, TV series, sports match, etc. before you have read it or seen it.P37, exercise 2e answers 1 ...knowing in advance in an Agatha Christie story that Poirot will discover that the ‘victim’ of the attempted murder is, in fact, the real murderer... 2... need to check the hero or heroine is still alive at the end of the book. ...to make sure who is going to end up with whom. 3. ...once you know how the story turns out, you’re more comfortable processing the information and can focus on a deeper understanding of the story. 4 ...that the sad ending will turn into a happy one!P37, exercise 4a answers 1D 2B 3A 4C 5EP38, exercise 5f answers 1 Anovelist / author yourself 2 You can communicate with them and ask them, e.g. what they mean by something. 3 The English translation of the Spanish Coca-Cola slogan 4 It’s often impossible to translate it literally because the phrase only works in English. 5 The translation has to fit on the screen as the actor is speaking. 6 Humour is not the same in other languages, and some jokes are untranslatable. 7 It's difficult to get the right register.P38, exercise 6b Possible answer sobremesa that the Spanish are convivial and like spending a long time at the table with friends. They value food and friendship. ta’arof that politeness and hospitality are very highly valued in IranP39, exercise 7a answers 1 faux pas (from French) = an action or remark that causes embarrassment because it is not socially correct déja vu (from French) = the feeling that you have experienced sth before cliché (from French) = a phrase or an idea that has been used so often that it no longer has meaning and is not interesting debacle (from French) = an event or situation that is a complete failure and causes embarrassment aficionado (from Spanish) = sb who likes a particular sport, activity, or subject very much and knows a lot about it al dente (from Italian) = not too soft, still with a perfect bite schadenfreude (from German) = a feeling of pleasure at the bad things which happen to other people tsunami (from Japanese) = an extremely large wave often cause by an earthquakeP39, exercise 7b answers C7ON Oa FF WDNY = faux pas / fou 'pa:/ déja vu / derga: ‘vu:/ cliché /‘kli:fer/ debacle /di'ba:kl/ aficionado /a fifa'na:dau/ al dente / zl ‘dentet/ schadenfreude /‘fa:dnfroida/ tsunami /tsu:‘na:mi/P40, ON nar WN = NAC © exercise 1c answers crash crunch giggle groan hum mumble roar sigh slurp sniff tap whisperP41, exercise 3c answers Speaker1 Speaker2 Speaker3 Speaker4 Speaker5 Speaker6 Speaker7 Speaker8 BP nana2nNA2N2 Na NANA ND Neighbour’s dog barking He hates it. Daughter eating popcorn in the cinema She hates it. Children breathing when they're asleep She loves it. The sea He loves it. The beep of kitchen appliances when they've finished a programme She hates it. A baby laughing She loves it. Very quiet music He hates it. Sound of a train She loves it.P41, exercise 3d answers Onan st Everything — the rain, the traffic, and the wind Because otherwise it takes her daughter a very long time to eat it Because it makes her feel happy and relaxed, as she knows she can have some time to herself. Also because her children are at home and healthy. An app with sea sounds When she’s relaxing and watching TV On YouTube Background music, lift music Facing forwardsP41, exercise 4a Possible answers 1 It must be a mosquito; the man might be trying to kill it; he can’t have killed it, as it’s still buzzing. The man could have been robbed; someone might have stolen his phone; it's unlikely that the police will catch the thief. The couple are probably arriving home; the noise could be a burglar; they must have left the cat inside / the window open.P41, exercise 4b answers 1 The man is asleep, is woken up by a mosquito, sprays the room, then whacks it with newspaper and thinks he’s killed it. He goes back to sleep, the mosquito appears again; this time he gets it. 2 Someone grabs the man’s bag in the street and runs off, gets onto a scooter / motorbike, drives off but crashes, the police arrive and give the man his phone back. 3 Aman and a woman arrive home late at night and hear a noise as if someone is in the house; they open the door and find it's the catP41, exercise 4d answer This photo was taken in Sendai, Japan. Chacha, a 24-year- old male chimpanzee, had escaped from the zoo. After two hours, he was found near some houses, climbing on power lines. Eventually, he was captured and returned safely to the Zoo.P42, exercise 5b answer It involves enjoying spending silent time with strangers rather than family or friends.P42, exercise 5d Possible answers 1 10 something quite radical = sth new, different, and likely to have a great effect show up, shut up, and read = come along, don't speak, and read escape the hubbub = get away from a situation in which there is a lot of noise, excitement, and activity break the ice = to say or do sth that makes people feel more relaxed, especially at the beginning of a meeting, party, etc. uninterrupted eye contact = to look, without stopping, at sb at the same time as they look at you the age-old connections = links that have existed for a long time strips away = takes away hadn’t been able to deal with = hadn’t been able to cope with cherish rare moments of peace and quiet = to love silence very much and want to protect those moments muster up the self-restraint = find the ability to stop yourself doing or saying sth that you want to because you know it is better not toP43, exercise 6b answer Two (3 and 6)P43, exercise 7b Possible answers 1 She had to target composers because there was very little repertoire for solo percussion, and she needed them to write music for her. She wanted to move percussion from the back of the orchestra, where percussionists usually are, to the front of the orchestra — to make it a solo instrument, and to give it greater importance. These are some of the different kinds of artists that she’s worked with. She compares choosing a favourite instrument to choosing a favourite child — it’s impossible. Most of the music that she writes is for films, radio, and television. How close you are to your neighbours is something to consider if you’re thinking of taking up a percussion instrument. This was the first workshop she gave, and it gave her an amazing feeling. She says that listening is ‘the glue that binds us together’ — it helps us to live with and understand each other. If someone has dementia and doesn’t speak, it’s still possible to listen to them by being with them.P44, GRAMMAR exercise b answers ON Oa WON A K AK KK KK o QM Basically all in all Not only did we see the sights he might have got lost The waiter probably didn’t notice Somebody must be baking / Somebody must have bakedP44, GRAMMAR exercise c answers 1 No sooner had they got married than James lost his job. 2 Never had (have) I seen such a wonderful view. 3. The traffic is quite bad — she’s unlikely to arrive before 7.00. 4 Maria is bound to have heard the news... 5 My neighbour can’t work very long hours.P45, CYU exercise a answer He couldn’t speak any English when they first met. Now he understands a lot, but is not fluent.P46, exercise 2a answers business /‘biznas/ = the activity of making, buying, selling, or supplying goods or services for money; a company busyness /'bizi:nas/ = the state or condition of having a lot to doP46, exercise 2b answers 1. Are you addicted to being busy? — negative 2. What keeps you healthy is being busy, busy, busy! — positiveP46, exercise 2c answers 1 Because other people often post about exciting things that they're doing, which makes busy people worry that they are missing out. To keep their minds occupied, so they don’t think about their break-up. Because society is obsessed with achievement and being busy creates a sense of importance and value. Because they feel that they shouldn't be relaxing and doing nothing. Because people are working for longer, and because smartphones and social media don’t allow us to disconnect. Because they have lots of reasons for getting up in the morning, and they have an active day. Because people who retire early risk losing muscle strength and getting ill, and they may develop cognitive problems. Because being active helps to prevent dementia.P47, exercise 3a answers unwrap = to take off the paper, etc. that covers or protects sth inhale = to take in air through your nose or mouth pop (sth) into = (inf) to put sth somewhere quickly, suddenly, or for a short time melt = to become (or make sth become) liquid as a result of heating chew = to bite food into small pieces in your mouth to make it easier to swallow swallow = to make food, drink, etc. go down your throat into your stomachP47, exercise 3c answers 1 Choose a type that you’ve never tried before, or one that you haven't eaten recently. 2 Look at it — its colour and shape, what it feels like — as if you were seeing it for the very first time. 3 Notice how the wrapping feels, see the chocolate itself; look at it and smell it. 4 Look at it in great detail as you hold it in your hand. 5 Notice how your hand knows where to put the chocolate. Put it on your tongue and let it melt. Notice if you chew and notice the different flavours. 6 Swallow the chocolate when it has completely melted.P47, exercise 3d Suggested answer The main message of the meditation is that by slowing down and paying attention to the small things we do in our daily lives, we can appreciate them more.P47, exercise 4a answer The highlighted expressions all distance the writer from the information, i.e. they imply that it might not be a definite fact. If they were left out, the information in each sentence would be presented as a definite fact.P48, exercise 5d answers 1 (strongly) disagrees 2disagrees 3disagrees 4 agrees 5disagrees 6 disagrees 7 agrees 8 disagrees Sam is less patient than the average person — he thinks five of the times are too long.P48, exercise 5e answers 1 acinema 2 itdoesn’'treallyannoyme 3 get annoyed / angry 4 queuing 5 atakeaway 6 a waiterP48, exercise 6a answers 1 Waiting at home for a delivery 2 Waiting for films or TV programmes to download 3 Waiting for an appointment with, e.g. a hairdresser / dentist / doctorP48, exercise 6b answers 1 could be any time = at a time that is not fixed 2 from time to time = occasionally 3 turn up on time = arrive at exactly the correct timeP49, exercise 7a answers 2 hard time = rule 2 ak wo oOo ON OD run out = rule 1, out of = rule 1 Could | = rule 1, time off = rule 1 At times = rule 2, times | = rule 1, feel like = rule 2, giving up = rule 1 Time’s up = rule 1, Please stop = rule 2 waste time = rule 2, time on = rule 1 It's only = rule 1, matter of = rule 3, break up = rule 1 have a = rule 1, good time = rule 2 It's about = rule 1, about time = rule 2, learned to = rule 2P50, exercise 1a answers Money isn’t easy to get (so don’t spend it carelessly). He doesn’t like spending or giving away money. It must have cost a lot of money. (Also /t must have cost a fortune.) 4 I’m not earning enough money to be able to pay for the things | need. 5 We owe money to the bank because we’ve spent more than we have in our account. (Also We’re overdrawn.) 6 It’s far too expensive for what it is. 7 We're going to have to spend less because we have less available. 8 She’s spending more than she can afford.P50, exercise 1c answers ONOAAR WD = broke (penniless too formal) loan (mortgage is for a house / flat) in the red (in the black = you do not owe the bank money) lump sum loaded (affluent too formal) exchange rate standard pounds (quid too informal)P50, exercise 2b answers 1 knowledge 2 psychologist 3 seientific 4 receipt 5 overwhelming 6 bomb 7 whispered 8 columA 9 resign 10 wreckP51, exercise 3c answers Doing things that are free 3, 4, 7 Giving things away 1, 2, 8 Creating or producing things 3, 5, 6, 8 Doing sth that doesn’t pollute 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 Doing sth to avoid spending 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10P52, exercise 4a answer The woman (Sarah)P52, exercise 4b answers 1 (got married, were) and 6 (didn’t accept) refer to things that really happened in the past. The others are all hypothetical situations.P53, exercise 5d answers 1 10 Their first product was gnocchi, which they sold to his friends. There’s a Pasta Evangelist concession in Harrods. Sfoglini is the Italian word for the chefs who make the pasta. It means ‘pasta artisans’. Sicily and Piemonte are two places where they get ingredients from — pistachios from Sicily and hazelnuts from Piemonte. £2,000 was the amount that Alessandro first invested in the business. Two million individuals saw Pasta Evangelists on the TV programme Dragons’ Den. These are two of the types of business that compete with Pasta Evangelists for people’s money. This is the price of one of their more luxurious dishes. Most of their deliveries outside London go to people living in small villages. They think they’ve only just started to reach the vast potential market for their products.P54, exercise 1 Part 1b answer Because it has a negative impact on the body and makes people ill.P54, exercise 1 Part 1¢ answers 1 ...having too much to do, too little time, money problems, and commuting. 2 ... there are more opportunities to be stressed/there are many more distractions, especially related to technology. 3. ...just relax/switch off. 4 ...we are more likely to become ill. 5 ...then we are tired the next day, which makes us more stressed.P54, exercise 1 Part2b answers 17 2 F (He mentions exercising, walking for ten minutes, and meditating.) 3 7T 4 F (He felt very stressed about going on the subway / underground.) 5 F (They suggested he should travel in the first or last car of the train as it is less crowded.) 6 TP55, exercise 1 Part3b answers 1 There is no particular age at which people are most stressed. 2 Studying, feeling pressure to do well in exams so you can get a good job, being in a different environment so you don’t have the same support as at home, socializing, financial stress 3 Stress can make it very difficult to focus and remember information. Stressed students might be unable to remember information in an exam. 4 It teaches students how to give (five-minute free) back rubs and about other stress reduction and wellness resources. 5 Students have said that they feel less stressed and they are able to cope with their stressors and complete their tasks.P55, exercise 3b answers 1 You're competing with everyone around you in your area of work. Doing things more slowly, as in the past, was also stressful. You couldn’t achieve anything until you received a reply to your letter. People expect you to be available all the time. 5 Everyone can see what everyone else is doing. People want to be immediately successful.P55, exercise 3d answers 1 ‘that’ refers back to ‘the fact that life is more stressful than it used to be’ ‘it’ refers back to the phrase ‘pitted against other people‘ ‘you're absolutely right’ refers back to ‘life at the moment is more about being in competition with other people’ ‘you do as well’ refers back to ‘I remember a time’ 5 ‘that’ refers back to ‘there’s no hiding place’P57, exercise 1f answers Doing housework — parents should get children to do some housework, and children should offer. Get to know each other, and focus on the positive.P57, exercise 2a answers tv 2 X | want my boyfriend to come 3 Vv 4 X was always made to load 5 X | hate my parents talking to me 6 Vv 7 XI don’t mind you not tidying BV 9VP58, exercise 4b answers A6 B4 C2 D8 E3 F7 GY HS 11 The small pleasures he mentions are: a cheese sandwich, a fig, and old photos.P58, exercise 4c answers 1 Pineapples used to be valued because they were so expensive, but are now cheap and unexciting. Caviar sounds more interesting than eggs. In an experiment, almost nobody stopped to listen to the violinist when he played in the street, though if he’d played the same music in a concert hall, large numbers of people would have gone. Marriage, career, and travel are examples of large-scale things that we hope will be very enjoyable. A Caribbean island, the Uffizi Gallery, and a hang-gliding lesson are examples of things that we assume will be more enjoyable than small things like cycling to a local park, reading a book, or looking at the clouds. Fancy holidays aren’t always enjoyable — they can be ruined by fights or bad moods. Having a bath and talking to a grandparent are examples of small pleasures which can seem insignificant, but actually are not.P58, exercise 4d Suggested answer We expect to get most pleasure from things which are rare,expensive, famous, or large-scale. However, small pleasures can be just as significant and enjoyable as large ones.P59, exercise 6c Suggested answer The second word in a compound adjective usually has the main stress.P60, exercise 1 answers { A screen is the flat surface of your phone, computer, or TV; a touch screen is a screen which allows you to give instructions by touching it rather than using a keypad, mouse, or keyboard. A keypad is a (small) set of buttons with numbers or letters used to operate any electronic device, e.g. a phone, a remote control; a keyboard is the set of keys (digital or physical) for entering text on a phone, computer, or tablet. A password is a secret word, or combination of letters + numbers, that you need to type into a computer or phone in order to use it; a passcode is a secret set of numbers (usually four or six digits, like a PIN) that you need to type into some electronic devices, e.g. phones, in order to use them. Your contacts are the stored names, addresses, phone numbers, etc. of people who you know; your settings are the choices you make on a computer or other device to decide the way things look and work, e.g. sound level, brightness, etc. Broadband is high-speed access to the internet; wi-fi is a way of connecting to the internet using radio waves. An update is a recent change to a computer program that is sent to the user; a pop-up is a window that appears on the screen, especially one containing an advert, that you have not requested. Coverage is the quality of the connection in a particular place (e.g. The coverage isn’t good in this area); signal is the electrical waves that carry data to a mobile phone or other device (e.g. / can’t get a good signal in my house).10 11 12 To download is to get and store a file of data from the internet; to stream is to play video or sound files while they download (these are deleted after they’re played). To scroll is to move content on a screen up or down so that you can see different parts of it; to swipe is to move your finger quickly across the screen in order to give commands. To hang up is to end a call; to top up (your phone) is to pay more money, so you can make calls or have more data. To put sb through is to connect sb by phone to the person they want to speak to; to get through to sb is to manage to speak on the phone to the person you want to speak to. To switch off (a device) is to turn it off; to unplug (a device) is to disconnect it from the power supply or from another device.P61, exercise 3d answers Positive: reading more books, sleeping better, not having work emails Negative: being left out of family WhatsApp communications, too quiet, not being able to listen to music, not communicating with anybody, not being able to take photosP61, exercise 3f answers 1 Generally less stressful because he doesn't rely on his phone as much — he doesn’t use many apps and he’s happy to put his phone away. He uses his phone and Twitter more than he thought. 3 Because his phone screen time and pick-ups had gone up.P61, exercise 3g answers 1 He isn’t really a techie — he only uses WhatsApp and Twitter, and he doesn’t play games on his phone. He missed the two he normally uses, but otherwise, it wasn’t a problem. He never has his phone at the table, and he doesn't like it when other people do. Checking the football is his guilty pleasure — something he enjoys but knows he shouldn’t do. He works for News at Ten, and without a phone it was difficult to find out about the news stories they would be covering. If the Queen died suddenly and he didn’t have his phone, people wouldn't be able to let him know and he wouldn't be able to do his job. It was the thing he couldn't cope with. 8 He can do without social media, but as a journalist, he has to use it because it’s part of the job.P62, exercise 5b answers Refer to present or future situations: 3 and 4 (second conditionals), 5 (first conditional) Refer to past situations: 1 and 6 (third conditionals) Sentence 2 is a mixed conditional (a combination of a second and a third conditional). It refers to a hypothetical situation in the present (/f my laptop wasn’t so new...) and the consequence it had in the past (.../ wouldn't have bothered to get it repaired).P62, exercise 6c answers A Lego B baking C hishealth D cats E Disney filmsP63, exercise 8b answers The sentences that are true are: 1, 2, and 5P63, exercise 8c answers Rwn = Work, gambling, shopping, technology 3.5 billion Around $140 billion Getting to the top levels of a game, equipment you can win or buy within a game A nine-year-old boy who got up early and stayed up late to play Fortnite, and who spent his parents’ money on the game A technology addict keeps going even if they know it’s causing problems, and an enthusiastic user knows when to stop. Because in the modern world people can’t realistically take a break from technology It can’t give us a deep connection with other people, it can't replace face to face contact.P66, exercise 1c answers 1 Because it stands for Quite Interesting and the writers think all the facts are interesting, and it is also /Q (= intelligence quotient) backwards. Everything you think you know is probably wrong, and everything is interesting. You are more likely to be killed by an asteroid than by lightning. Julius Caesar was not born by Caesarean section. That human beings, especially children, are naturally curious and want to learn. Schools can make an interesting subject boring by making children memorize facts, and if children are forced to learn something, they will probably be less successful.P66, exercise 1e answers Because learning should never feel like hard work. 2 Because if they follow their curiosity, they will learn things because they are interested in them. 3 Because children shouldn't be made to go to school every day if they don’t want to. There shouldn't be any exams, only projects chosen by the children. 4 Because children would learn all theories through practical activities. 5 Because there should be no official school leaving age. Young and old could continue to learn together.P67, exercise 2a answers 1 What a ridiculous idea 2 How interestingP67, exercise 2b answers 1 The adjectives (ridiculous and interesting) have extra stress. The intonation is more exaggerated, with extra stress on the stressed syllable. 2 Because interesting begins with a vowel, and when a word ending in wis followed by a word beginning in a vowel, the /w/ sound is added.P67, exercise 3b answers 1 il, un, in 2 anti = against over = too much out = more than, better than re = again mis = wrongly sub = under micro = very smallP68, exercise 4e answers No, it can’t. 2 Probably nothing, although some flyers might worry more about security. 3 Not necessarily, as it can be unclear what is actually a rule and what isn’t, so people are unsure how to behave.P69, exercise 5a answers 1 Same meaning, but different register. /t is not permitted is more formal. Slight difference in meaning: You’d better is stronger than You ought to and implies that something negative may happen if you don’t, e.g. They will take your water away. Slight difference in meaning: We aren't supposed to... means it is not allowed, but people sometimes do it. Same meaning and register. Completely different meaning: We should have left home early = it would have been a good idea, but we didn’t do it. We had to leave home early = it was necessary and we did it.P70, exercise 1a answer They have all been shown on the fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square.P70, exercise 1b answers 1 It was originally intended to have a statue of King William IV on a horse. 2 The fourth plinth was empty for over 150 years because people couldn't agree what to put on it. 3 People discussed having permanent statues, e.g. Nelson Mandela or Margaret Thatcher. 4 Some people say this was rejected in order to eventually have a statue of Elizabeth II there.P70, exercise 1d answers 1 a b oT MN ow Nelson's ship HMS Victory The relationship between the birth of the British Empire and today’s multicultural Britain It was bought from the artist and is on permanent display in the National Maritime Museum. A rocking horse Victory in war Future generations, and a time when there are fewer war monuments To re-create over 7,000 objects of Iraqi art which had been destroyed in the war A winged god, which originally stood at the entrance to Nineveh Date syrup cans, to symbolize that not only was art destroyed in the war, but also the date industry was decimated.P71, exercise 2c answers 1 look as if is followed by a clause. looks like is normally followed by a noun. However, in informal English it can also be followed by a clause (It looks like it might be a modern cot). look at = turn your eyes in a particular direction see = to become aware of sth using your eyes look = appear based on what you can see seem = appear based on any of the senses, e.g. what you hear, taste, etc. or on what you know or think 2 hearing, taste, smell, touchP71, exercise 3a answers 1 computer /a/ sculpture, picture, architecture, capture, creature, culture, feature, furniture, future, leisure, measure, nature, pleasure, signature, structure, temperature, texture, treasure 2 tourist /va/ allure, endure, immature, impure, obscure, secure, sure.P71, exercise 2c answers 1 In group 1, the stress is on the first syllable in all the words. 2 The t makes a /{{/ sound before -ure and the s makes a /3/ sound. 3 In group 2, the stress is on the last syllable.P71, exercise 4a answers 1 a sculpture = work of art that is a solid figure or object made by carving or shaping wood, stone, clay, metal, etc. an installation = a piece of modern sculpture that is made using sound, light, etc. as well as objects a statue = a figure of a person or animal in stone, metal, etc. a monument = a building, column, statue, etc. built to remind people of a famous person or event abstract art = not representing people or things in a realistic way, but expressing the artist’s ideas about them figurative art = showing people, animals, and objects as they really look a landscape = a painting of a view of the countryside a still life = a painting or drawing of arrangements of objects such as flowers, fruit, etc. a portrait = a picture of a person a self-portrait = a picture of a person created by the person him or herself a drawing = a picture made using a pencil or pen rather than paint an illustration = a drawing or picture in a book, magazine, etc., especially one that explains something a poster = a large mass-produced picture printed on paper a painting = a picture painted by an artist a canvas = the strong cloth artists use to paint on a frame = a border or structure of metal or wood that holds a picture in positionP72, exercise 5a answer The programme ends in joy if the masterpiece is genuine and in disappointment if it is a fake.P73, exercise 5e answers 1 That the painting was by Lucian Freud 2 Because of his bad relationship with Denis 3 He loves it. It reminds him of Freud’s early drawings. He loves the shadows and the exaggerated face. 4 No, he has always loved it, whether it was a fake or not. Because he has been given so many different opinions over the years as to whether it’s a fake or not, but has always continued to love it whatever people said about it. 5 He is going to leave it to be sold after he dies and have the money go towards helping young artists.P73, exercise 5f answers 1 gobsmacked (= so surprised that you do not know what to say) swept along (= very interested or involved in sth, especially in a way that makes you forget everything else) biting [our] nails (= very nervous) fallen over backwards (= fainted) 5 clicked (= suddenly became clear)P73, exercise 7b answers out of the blue = suddenly, unexpectedly 2 the black market = an illegal form of trade in which foreign money, or goods that are difficult to obtain, are bought and sold 3 red tape = bureaucracy; official rules that seem more complicated than necessary and prevent things from being done quickly 4 awhite lie = a harmless or small lie, especially one that you tell to avoid hurting sb 5 (see everything in) black and white = way that makes people or things seem completely bad or good, or completely right or wrong 6 awhite elephant = a thing that is useless and no longer needed, although it may have cost a lot of money 7 agrey area = an area of a subject or situation that is not clear or does not fit into a particular group and is therefore difficult to define or deal with 8 ared herring = an unimportant fact, idea, event, etc. that takes people’s attention away from the important onesP74, exercise 1 Partia answer He has written books and produced art for galleries, museums, and hospitals.P74, exercise 1 Partib answer To learn how to draw and do a lot of drawingP74, exercise 1 Partic answers 1 ...both an artist and an illustrator. 2. ...was finding his own way of drawing and he wanted to illustrate his own book. 3. ...had their first book published. 4 ...young people ask him for advice. 5. ...of him.P74, exercise 1 Part2b answers 1 F (He says that the illustrator may want to talk to the author.) 27 3 F (He drew what he thought the characters looked like and then he would talk to Roald Dahl about it.) F (He got into the mood of the books on his own.) T T F (It got in the way / It was problematic.) F (They were based on a pair of Roald Dahl's shoes.) ANOaAP75, exercise 1 Part3a answers Ron = He has to be able to identify with them. He identifies with them as he is drawing a character. He never draws from life. He drew on a screen in a TV studio about 40 years ago, but he no longer draws digitally. 5 He likes the way they feel on the paper. 6 They influenced him when he started drawing. 7 André Frangois came to the exhibition.P75, exercise 1 Part3b answers 1 Some are more interesting than others. He has to imagine that he is them as he draws them. He isn't illustrating children’s books because he loves children, and he doesn’t have children. He just identifies with them. He invents everything he draws. He wouldn’t mind drawing digitally. 5 It helps him to feel the scratch the quills, nibs, and reed pens make. Ronald Searle influenced him a lot in the 50s. André Francois is probably the artist who had the biggest effect on Quentin Blake. He died a few years ago. The gallery owner invited André Frangois to the exhibition.P75, exercise 2b answers NOOR WDND = Someone published it for us. | reached 30. Making it more successful Feel the atmosphere Preventing sb from doing sth Obtain a different sort of | obtained his address.P75, exercise 3b answers 1 She loved reading The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings. The graphic novel was disappointing because seeing how someone else showed the fantasy world ruined it for her. 2 He had dyslexia. His mum would read to him and he’d look at the pictures. 3 Pictures give children something to base things on when they can’t read for themselves. The Harry Potter films showed the world just as she’d imagined it when reading the books.P75, exercise 3d answer They are used to add stress and emphasis.P76, exercise 1 answers 1 a oT M8 Qa From a fall, being hit by sb, or knocking against sth, leaving you with a blue, brown, or purple mark As an allergic reaction to sth, or with certain children’s illnesses, such as measles. It is an area of red spots on the skin. From walking a long way in uncomfortable shoes, or from wearing shoes that are too tight. It is a swelling on the skin filled with liquid. From a drug that has an unwanted bad effect A plaster Stitches For a bacterial infection, you might be given antibiotics. For a viral infection (e.g. a cold, flu), there is often no treatment, except for throat sweets and painkillers. An icepack, followed by a tight bandage and putting your foot up Usually an X-ray followed by a plaster cast. If the break is serious, possibly surgery under anaesthetic to insert metal plates or rods. Sneezing, coughing, a runny nose, a sore throat As for a cold, but also with a temperature / fever, and general aches and pains c Vomiting / Being sick, diarrhoea Chest pain, arm pain, fast or irregular heartbeat, sweating, dizziness Speech difficulty, weakness or loss of feeling in one arm, loss of feeling in one side of the faceYou might faint. b You might have an allergic reaction, get a rash, or your hand might swell up. You might get hypothermia. For any non-emergency medical problem (GP = General Practitioner, i.e. a doctor who deals with general medical problems that don’t require a specialist) Because you have a medical problem that requires advice or treatment from a doctor who is an expert in that field. If you need to have an operation. A surgeon is a doctor who performs operations. If you need diagnosis, advice, or treatment for a mental health conditionP76, exercise 2d answers 1 outweigh /avt'wei/ = are greater or more important than sth 2. sink /sijk/ = move downwards underestimate /andor'estimert/ = think that the amount, cost, or size of sth is smaller than it really is wean themselves off /wi:n dom'selvz pf/ = make themselves gradually stop doing or using sth stuck to /stak to/ = continued doing sth despite difficulties 6 be undertaken /bi Ando 'terkon/ = be done 7 varies /' veoriz/ = changes or is different according to the situationP77, exercise 3a answers acupuncture /‘zkjupanktfa/ = a Chinese method of treating pain and illness using special thin needles which are pushed into the skin in particular parts of the body aromatherapy /9 raumo'Oerapi/ = the use of natural oils that smell sweet for controlling pain or for rubbing into the body during massage chiropractic / katorau' prakttk/ = treating some diseases and physical problems by pressing and moving the bones in a person’s spine or joints herbal medicine /'h3:bl ‘medsn/ = treating or preventing illness using extracts from plants and herbs homeopathy / houmi'ppei/ = treating diseases or conditions using very small amounts of the substance that causes the disease or condition hypnotherapy / hipnov'Oerapi/ = a treatment that uses hypnosis, i.e. putting people into an unconscious state, to help with physical or emotional problems osteopathy / vsti’ ppo0i/ = the treatment of some diseases and physical problems by pressing and moving the bones and musclesvitallyP77, exercise 3b answers Speaker 1 Yes, acupuncture for back pain. It was successful. Speaker 2 Yes, herbal medicine for skin problems (tea). It was successful. Speaker 3 No, she thinks it’s a waste of time and doesn't work. Speaker 4 Yes, hypnotherapy to stop smoking. It wasn’t successful. Speaker 5 Yes, aromatherapy for back and shoulder problems. It was successful.P78, exercise 4b answers + to + infinitive afford, agree, happen, manage, pretend, refuse, tend, threaten + gerund avoid, be worth, can’t help, can’t stand, deny, imagine, involve, look forward to, miss, practise, regret, risk, suggest + infinitive without to had better, needn’t, would ratherP78, exercise 5b answer Telling people to take up hobbies and other activities rather than taking medicineP79, exercise 5d answers 1 It causes an increase in the area of the brain that deals with memory and learning. In older people, it produces as many T-cells as in young people. The stretching and deep breathing make a big difference, and 15 minutes of yoga a day can reduce your blood pressure by 10%. It reduces the risk of getting diabetes and some types of cancer; it reduces the chance of developing up to 40 chronic diseases. Half an hour a week reduces tension and fatigue and makes you less likely to get depressed. 6 It makes a difference to how the body reacts to animals. 7 It helped them feel better about themselves.P79, exercise 6d answers 1 to, to, the, about, as, as, a 2 doctor, stubborn — the /a/ sound is on the unstressed syllable.P79, exercise 6f answers a He’s lost a lot of weight since September. = 5 He’s as thin as a rake. It's about time he saw an optician. = 3 He’s as blind as a bat. She never complains about taking her medicine. = 7 She's as good as gold. He’s never had a problem with insomnia. = 9 He sleeps like a log. My grandmother's 94 and never catches a cold. = 8 She’s as tough as old boots.P80, exercise 1a answers 1 New York, USA 2 Copenhagen, Denmark 3 Peru 4 Hawaii, USA 5 South Dakota, USA _ 6 BoliviaP81, exercise 1c answers A It was just big stones. B_ It was empty and soulless; there was no white sand, but had tacky hotels. C There were long queues to get in and go up. You can’t see the iconic building because you're on it. D_ It was not remote, but near the shore, run-down, and local people don’t want tourists there. E Itis along way from the city centre, surrounded by tourists, small, and unimpressive. F It is very boring — just flat, with trees on the top of the mountain. The only positive comment is about Machu Picchu: breathtaking location, beautiful hill behind.P81, exercise 1e answers 1 the Sphinx 2 TheMonaLisa 3 Stonehenge 4 the Australian Outback 5 Times Square on New Year'sP81, exercise 2a answer imposing = impressive to look atP81, exercise 2b answers breathtaking: positive — very impressive or exciting; to describe, e.g. a view, an experience iconic: positive — acting as a classic symbol of sth; to describe, e.g. a building, a painting run-down: negative — in very bad condition; to describe, e.g. a building, an area in a city soulless: negative — depressing; to describe, e.g. a city, a building, a monument tacky: negative — cheap and lacking in taste; to describe, e.g. souvenirs, a hotel or restaurantP82, exercise 4c part a answers 1 He warned them about the windy weather at Gatwick Airport, and the fact that it might be quite bumpy. There was terrible turbulence, and the plane was dropping down and rising again. They could see that the wind was very strong, and the wings were moving up and down. 4 They all thought they were going to crash. 5 The plane suddenly went up again. 6 That the wind made it too dangerous to land, and that all the airports in the UK were now closed.P82, exercise 4c part b answers 7 In Paris 8 Amsterdam, Schiphol Airport 9 Because it was less windy than at Gatwick 10 They stood up and started to get their things from the overhead lockers. 11 That the flight was going to refuel and then go back to Gatwick 12 To stay on the plane or to get offP82, exercise 4c part c answers 13 14 15 16 Because they didn’t want to be stuck in Amsterdam over Christmas. They got off the plane. They spent the night at the airport, then got a train to Belgium, and took the Eurostar from Brussels to London. At 7.00 p.m. on Christmas EveP82, exercise 5b answers 1 re going to leave, ‘Ilbe leaving 4 ‘re trying 6 ‘re going to landP83, exercise 7b answers 1 Porthcurno Beach is a Poldark location, and lots of people visit the beach because they've seen the TV series. The ‘Poldark Effect’ has greatly increased tourist numbers in Cornwall. The National Trust owns Porthcurno Beach. 4 The Cornish economy depends very heavily on the tourism industry, which brings in £2 billion a year. 5 500,000 people visit Charlestown every year. 6 High visitor numbers put pressure on the local 10 infrastructure, especially roads and beaches. Northern Ireland is one of the principal locations for Game of Thrones. Political violence in the past meant that Northern Ireland wasn’t a tourist destination. The Northern Irish Government contributed £9 million to the building of Titanic Studios, and Game of Thrones has since brought £65 million into Northern Ireland. Outlander and Downton Abbey are other TV programmes which have had a similar effect to Poldark and Game of Thrones (in Scotland and at Highclere Castle).