Engineering Graphics Note Book For The A.Y. 2022-23

BVRIT HYDERABAD
College of Engineering for Women

Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad
Accredited by NBA & NAAC (A Grade)
Rajiv Gandhi Nagar, Bachupally, HYDERABAD – 500090
Telangana, India
Student Notebook
Department Basic Sciences and Humanities
I B.Tech. EEE, CSE & IT/ I Semester
Year/Semester
I B.Tech. ECE and CSE (AI&ML) / II Semester
Subject Computer aided engineering graphics
Regulation R22
Subject Code ME104ES/ ME204ES
VISION
To emerge as the best among the institutes of technology and research in the country dedicated to
the cause of promoting quality technical education.
MISSION
At BVRITH, we strive to
 Achieve academic excellence through innovative learning practices.
 Enhance intellectual ability and technical competency for a successful career.
 Encourage research and innovation.
 Nurture students towards holistic development with emphasis on leadership skills, life
skills and human values.
Engineering Graphics Notebook 2022-23
BVRIT HYDERABAD
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Vision:
To develop comprehensively trained and socially responsible women electrical and

electronics engineers with competencies and capabilities to adapt to new challenges.
Mission:
 To empower the student’s adept at latest technologies by providing innovative

learning environment.
 To cultivate interdisciplinary research mindset and outlook to develop engineering
solutions.
 To inculcate ethical behavior and professional attitude in order to embrace holistic
concept of living.
Program Educational Objectives:
After three to six years of graduation, the graduates of this program will be able to
PEO–1:
Design effective solutions for complex electrical and electronics engineering problems using modern
techniques.
PEO–2:
Excel in their career and compete with their global peers in Techno-Scientific fields.
PEO–3:
Exhibit good communication skills, ethical behavior & social perception.
PEO–4:
Stimulate economic growth and job opportunities through entrepreneurship.
Program Specific Outcomes
The graduates of this program will be able to:

PSO-1: Apply fundamental knowledge to analyze and implement solutions for
societal challenges through enhanced experience.
PSO-2: Attain competence in using novel tools for the design and analysis of grid
connected renewable energy systems towards research activities.
Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 2

BVRIT HYDERABAD
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Vision:
To emerge as a center of academic and research excellence in Electronics and Communication

Engineering and create globally competent women technocrats with a high degree of social
consciousness in a holistic learning environment.
Mission:
 To provide quality education to the students with emphasis on training related to latest
technologies as per industrial needs
 To impart research culture, professional ethics and moral values to the students by
committed and competent faculty striving for excellence.
 To inculcate a perceptive alacrity in students to identify real life problems, formulate
strategies and evolve into contextually effective solutions.
PEO-1:
Excel in contemporary problem solving in Electronics and Communication Engineering and
the allied fields through the knowledge-base provided by the program.
PEO-2:
Demonstrate their technical, communication and leadership skills in professional
environment or as entrepreneurs with social responsibility.
PEO-3:
Analyze the latest issues and technology growth in the field of Electronics and Communication
Engineering and update their knowledge and skills accordingly throughcontinuous learning.
PEO-4:
Demonstrate ethical and human values in multicultural and multidisciplinary environments.
Program Specific Outcomes
PSO-1: Provide optimized solutions for digital, signal processing and communication systems.
PSO-2: Develop compact, energy efficient and low cost products to assist the differently abled
people.

BVRIT HYDERABAD
Department of Computer Science Engineering
Vision:
Develop women as technocrats, researchers and entrepreneurs in the field of computer

science and engineering.
Mission:
 To impart quality education in Computer Science and Engineering by means of

learning techniques and value-added courses.
 To inculcate professional excellence and research culture by encouraging projects in
cutting-edge technologies through industry interactions. 
 To build leadership skills, ethical values and teamwork among the students.
 To strengthen the collaboration of department and industry through internships,
mentorships and professional body activities. 
After three to six years of graduation, the graduates of this program will be able to:
PEO 1:
Develop innovative computing products by utilizing strong technical proficiency and critical
thinking.
PEO 2:
Productively engage in research by practicing basic principles grounded in allied areas of
Computer Science and Engineering
PEO 3:
Adapt the emerging technologies to contribute technical innovations for progressive
development
PEO 4:
Demonstrate professionalism, ethical attitude, teamwork and leadership skills with lifelong
learning in the career
Program specific outcomes:

PSO 1: Ability to apply learned skills to build optimized solutions pertaining to Computer &
Communication Systems, Data Processing and Artificial Intelligence.
PSO 2: Employ standard strategies and practices in project development using FOSS (Free
Open Source Software).

BVRIT HYDERABAD
Department of Information Technology

Vision:
To emerge as a Center of excellence in Information Technology and to produce women

technocrats, global leaders for better tomorrow.
Mission:
 To impart quality education and inculcate problem solving skills using latest
technologies in the field of Information Technology.
 To encourage multidisciplinary research and consultancy projects.
 To promote industry academia linkage and also enhance entrepreneurship skills in
women engineers.
PEO 1:
Develop strong analytical skills using fundamental concepts of science & engineering
subjects.
PEO 2:
Excel in programming and critical thinking by applying core technical knowledge.
PEO 3:
Exhibit continuous learning related to evolving technologies in their professional career.
PEO 4:
Demonstrate ethical behavior, team work & leadership qualities to solve problems in broader
social context.
Program specific outcomes:

PSO 1: Ability to formulate, simulate and use knowledge in various domains like Computer
systems, data engineering, information and network security, artificial intelligence etc., thus
enabling them for a better career path.
PSO 2: Ability to provide optimized solutions using open-ended programming environment

by following industry practices and strategies.

ME104ES/ME204ES: COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

B.Tech. I Year I/II Sem. L T P C
1 0 4 3
Course Objectives:
 To develop the ability of visualization of different objects through technical drawings
 To acquire computer drafting skill for communication of concepts, ideas in the design of
engineering products
Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
 Apply computer aided drafting tools to create 2D and 3D objects
 sketch conics and different types of solids
 Appreciate the need of Sectional views of solids and Development of surfaces of solids
 Read and interpret engineering drawings
 Conversion of orthographic projection into isometric view and vice versa manually and by using
computer aided drafting
UNIT – I:
Introduction to Engineering Graphics: Principles of Engineering Graphics and their
Significance, Scales – Plain & Diagonal, Conic Sections including the Rectangular Hyperbola –
General method only. Cycloid, Epicycloid and Hypocycloid, Introduction to Computer aided
drafting – views, commands and conics
UNIT- II:
Orthographic Projections: Principles of Orthographic Projections – Conventions –
Projections of Points and Lines, Projections of Plane regular geometric figures. Auxiliary
Planes. Computer aided orthographic projections – points, lines and planes
UNIT – III:
Projections of Regular Solids – Auxiliary Views - Sections or Sectional views of Right Regular
Solids – Prism, Cylinder, Pyramid, Cone – Auxiliary views, Computer aided projections of
solids – sectional views
UNIT – IV:
Development of Surfaces of Right Regular Solids – Prism, Cylinder, Pyramid and Cone,
Development of surfaces using computer aided drafting
UNIT – V:
Isometric Projections: Principles of Isometric Projection – Isometric Scale – Isometric Views
– Conventions – Isometric Views of Lines, Plane Figures, Simple and Compound Solids –
Isometric Projection of objects having non- isometric lines. Isometric Projection of Spherical
Parts. Conversion of Isometric Views to Orthographic Views and Vice-versa –Conventions.
Conversion of orthographic projection into isometric view using computer aided drafting.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Engineering Drawing N.D. Bhatt / Charotar
2. Engineering Drawing and graphics Using AutoCAD Third Edition, T. Jeyapoovan,
Vikas: S. Chand and company Ltd.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Engineering Drawing, Basant Agrawal and C M Agrawal, Third Edition McGraw Hill
2. Engineering Graphics and Design, WILEY, Edition 2020
3. Engineering Drawing, M. B. Shah, B.C. Rane / Pearson.
4. Engineering Drawing, N. S. Parthasarathy and Vela Murali, Oxford
5. Computer Aided Engineering Drawing – K Balaveera Reddy et al – CBS Publishers
Note: - External examination is conducted in conventional mode and internal evaluation to be
done byboth conventional as well as using computer aided drafting

BVRIT HYDERABAD
Bachupally, Hyderabad – 500090
Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities
Micro Teaching Plan
Course Code: ME104ES / ME204ES Course Title: Computer aided engineering graphics
Class: Academic Year: 2022-2023
Instructor: Designation:
I B.Tech (R18)
Course CO No.
Name (I Sem / II Sem) Course Outcomes
Construct different types of non circular curves and scales used
C114.1 / C124.1 in various engineering applications.
C114.2 / C124.2 Analyze the projections of points and lines.
EG C114.3 / C124.3 Analyze the projections of planes and solids.
(ME104ES /
ME204ES) Apply different types of sectional planes to get the interior
C114.4 / C124.4
features of the objects by means of sectional views.
C114.5 / C124.5 Develop the surfaces to fabricate the objects.
Conversion of orthographic projection into isometric view and
C114.6 / C124.6 vice versa manually and by using computer aided drafting
UNIT – I:
Introduction to Engineering Graphics: Principles of Engineering Graphics and their
Significance, Scales – Plain & Diagonal, Conic Sections including the Rectangular
Hyperbola – General method only. Cycloid, Epicycloid and Hypocycloid, Introduction to
Computer aided drafting – views, commands and conics
Text COs
Sessi Chapter No. Web
Date Topic Proposed to be Covered /Referenc Achieve
on & Page No. Resources D
e Book
N
Introduction to Engineering TI 1, 2, 3 & 1-50 https://nptel.a
Drawing: c.in/courses/1
1 Principles of Engineering Graphics R4 1 & 1-43 12104172/1
and their Significance, various
drawing instruments and conventions
Geometrical constructions: TI 5 & 69-100 https://nptel.a
Bisecting a line, angle & curve, c.in/courses/1
2
dividing a line in to ‘n’ equal parts & R4 2 & 44-53 12103019/4
construction of regular polygons.
3 Drawing Practice
Conic sections: TI 6 & 102, 110, https://nptel.a
Construction of Ellipse, Parabola & 112 c.in/courses/1
4 Hyperbola - General Method 12104172/2
R4 2 & 53-59
5 Drawing Practice
Conic sections: TI 6 & 103-116 https://nptel.a
special methods – Ellipse, Parabola & c.in/courses/1
6 2 & 59-74 12104172/2
Hyperbola including Rectangular R4
Hyperbola

7 Drawing Practice
Cycloids: TI 6 & 116-112 https://nptel.a
c.in/courses/1
8 Introduction to the cycloids 12103019/11
R4 2 & 77-82
Construction of cycloid,
Epicycloid & Hypo – Cycloid
9 Drawing Practice
Scales: TI 4 & 51-59 https://nptel.a
10 Construction of different types of c.in/courses/1
Scales – Plain& Diagonal scale R4 3 & 105-118 12103019/6
11 Drawing Practice & Lab Introduction
to Computer aided drafting –
views, commands and conics
UNIT- II:
Orthographic Projections: Principles of Orthographic Projections – Conventions –
Projections of Points and Lines, Projections of Plane regular geometric figures. Auxiliary
Planes. Computer aided orthographic projections – points, lines and planes
TI 8,9 & 169-177, https://www.y

Principles of Orthographic 189-191 outube.com/w
12 Projections: 5, 6 & 184- atch?v=OR4v
Conventions-First & Third angle R4 wrbJF4A&t=1
199, 202-229
Projections, Projections of points 3s
13 Drawing Practice and Computer

aided orthographic projections –
points
Projections of Lines: TI 10 & 195-200 https://nptel.a
Parallel to one plane or both the c.in/courses/1
14 12103019/19
planes. R4 7 & 237-254
Perpendicular / inclined to one plane.
15 Drawing Practice and and Computer

Lines
TI 10 & 201-237 https://nptel.a
Orthographic projection of lines: c.in/courses/1
16 Line inclined to both the planes.
R4 7 & 254-291 12103019/21
True length & true angle of a line.
Traces of lines
17 Drawing Practice- and Computer
Planes
Projections of planes: c.in/courses/1
18 Plane parallel, perpendicular and 8 & 298-314 12103019/24
R4
inclined to one reference plane
including auxiliary planes.
19 Drawing Practice
Projections of planes: c.in/courses/1
20 Plane inclined to both the reference 8 & 315-330 12103019/25
planes including auxiliary planes. R4

21 Drawing Practice
UNIT – III:
parallel to both the planes R4 9 & 335-402 S8XvfQk
includingauxiliary views.
23 Drawing Practice
Projections of Solids: TI 13 & 286-300 https://nptel.a

Prism, Cylinder, Pyramid & Cone c.in/courses/1
24 9 & 402-416 12103019/30
- Axis inclined to both the planes R4
including auxiliary views.
25 Drawing Practice and Computer

aided projections of solids
Sections or Sectional TI 14 & 313-325 https://www.y
Views: Right Regular Solids outube.com/w
– prism, pyramid use of 10 & 423-468 atch?v=HGE
Auxiliary Views. Yw20qt_8&t=
0s&index=7&
26
list=PLJb-
ETnGCw 2
NOPOt8AK5
o5Phkq_Ohh
Q
27 Sections or Sectional Views: TI 14 & 326-347 https://nptel.a
Right Regular Solids – cylinder, c.in/courses/1
cone use of Auxiliary Views. R4 10 & 423-468 12103019/31
Sections of Spheres.
28
Drawing Practice and Computer
aided projections of sections of
solids
UNIT – IV:
Development of Surfaces of Right Regular Solids – Prism, Cylinder, Pyramid and Cone,
Development of surfaces using computer aided drafting
TI 15 & 351-360 https://www.y

outube.com/w
Development of Surfaces: atch?v=IwlrJ
Development of Surfaces of OHgOB8
29
Right Regular Solids – Prisms, R4 12 & 500-522 https://www.y
Cylinders outube.com/w
atch?v=6-
vKaGCHhzE
Development of Surfaces: c.in/courses/1
30 Development of Surfaces of 12103019/35
RightRegular Solids Pyramids R4 12 & 500-522
& Cone.
31 Drawing Practice
TI 16 & 381-389 https://www.y
Intersection of Solids: outube.com/w
32 11 & 469-478 atch?v=ww4p
Intersection of PrismVsPrism R4
Pa5T1dQ

Intersection of Solids: TI 16 & 390-396 https://www.y
Intersection of Cylinder Vs outube.com/w
33 Cylinder 11 & 479-486 atch?v=hZlvr
R4
MnKdBQ
34 Drawing Practice and

Development of surfaces using
computer aided drafting
Projections of Regular Solids – Auxiliary Views - Sections or Sectional views of Right
Regular Solids – Prism, Cylinder, Pyramid, Cone – Auxiliary views, Computer aided
projections of solids – sectional views
Projections of Solids: 13 & 271-286 https://www.y

22 Prism, Cylinder, Pyramid & Cone - TI outube.com/w
Axis parallel / inclined to one plane & atch?v=QHog
UNIT – V:
Isometric Projections: Principles of Isometric Projection – Isometric Scale – Isometric
Views – Conventions – Isometric Views of Lines, Plane Figures, Simple and Compound
Solids – Isometric Projection of objects having non- isometric lines. Isometric Projection of
Spherical Parts. Conversion of Isometric Views to Orthographic Views and Vice-versa –
Conventions. Conversion of orthographic projection into isometric view using computer aided
drafting.
TI 17 & 417-420 https://www.y

outube.com/w
13 & 536-543 atch?v=jmlhN
Isometric Projections:
_aOf7I&index
Principles of Isometric Projection –
=19&list=PLJ
35 Isometric Scale – Isometric Views –
b-
Conventions – Isometric Views of
ETnGCw 2
Lines.
NOPOt8AK5
o5Phkq_Ohh
Q
Isometric Projections: TI 17 & 421-441 https://nptel.a
Isometric views of Plane Figures, c.in/courses/1
36 Simple solids and Compound R4 13 & 543-569 12103019/39
Solids
37 Drawing Practice
Isometric Projection of objects TI 17 & 430, 440- https://nptel.a
havingnon-isometric lines and 441 c.in/courses/1
38 Isometric projection of Spherical R4 12103019/39
Parts. 13 & 567, 568
Drawing Practice
TI 20, 17 & 511- https://www.y

538, 434-463 outube.com/w
Conversions: atch?v=NxDw
39 Isometric Views to DK0ivJQ&t=
13, 14 & 583-
OrthographicViews and Vice- 164s
versa R4 609, 571-577
40 Drawing Practice

Free Hand Sketches of 2D and TI 26 & 634-659
creation of 2D Sketches by CAD
16 & 666-672
41
R4
TI
Conversion of orthographic
42 projection into isometric view T2
using computer aided drafting.
TEXTBOOKS:
1. Engineering Drawing N.D. Bhatt / Charotar
2. Engineering Drawing and graphics Using AutoCAD Third Edition, T. Jeyapoovan, Vikas:
S. Chand and company Ltd.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Engineering Drawing, Basant Agrawal and C M Agrawal, Third Edition McGraw Hill
2. Engineering Graphics and Design, WILEY, Edition 2020
3. Engineering Drawing, M. B. Shah, B.C. Rane / Pearson.
4. Engineering Drawing, N. S. Parthasarathy and Vela Murali, Oxford
5. Computer Aided Engineering Drawing – K Balaveera Reddy et al – CBS Publishers
Signature of Faculty HOD

Engineering Graphics
Engineering Graphics / Drawing is the language of engineers. It is meant for
communicating his/her ideas, thoughts and designs to others. A drawing drawn by an engineer,
having engineering knowledge, for the engineering purpose is an engineering drawing (or
instrument drawing).
Need of engineering drawing:
In engineering and technology, technical drawings are widely used whether it is an
aircraft engine, automobile engines and any other product/device/engine. It needs accurate
and definite information of all parts and how they fit together.
Objective:
Some engineering elements such as gear teeth, cams, drill bits etc and shell structures,
architectural profiles are composed of some special non- circular shapes and geometry. An
engineer in designing such elements should able to generate these forms more accurately.
Methods of expression:
 Free hand  Instrumental  Computer aided
Methods of description:
 Method of shape description  Method of size description
Method of shape description:
 Plane geometrical drawing  Solid geometrical drawing
List of Instruments and tools required for engineering drawing:
 Drawing Board  Protractor- cum pro circle
 Drawing sheets  Scale
 Mini-drafter  Drawing clips/pins
 Engineering instrumental box.  Drawing pencils (HB, H & 2H)
 Engineering Compass  Sand /emery paper
 Engineering Set Squares  French Curves
 T-square  Eraser
Layout out in drawing sheet:
 Border lines
 Title block
Type of lines:
 Out lines
 Margin lines  Leader or pointer lines
 Dimension lines  Border lines
 Extension or projection lines  Short-break lines
 Construction lines  Long-break lines
 Hatching or section lines  Hidden or dotted lines
 Leader or pointer lines  Centre lines
 Construction lines  Chain thick lines
 Hatching or section lines  Chain thick double-dashed lines
Various Softwares used for drafting:

Auto CAD, ANSYS, PRO/E, Ideas,
Unigraphics and hyper mesh etc.

Engineering Graphics Note Book 2022-23
PENCIL GRADES:
1. HB (Soft grade)
2. H (Medium grade)
3. 2H (Hard grade)
Lettering & Numerals:

Lettering is defined as writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions, notes and other important
particulars etc., on drawing is called lettering.
NOTE:
 Height of letter = h
 Space between two letter/character = (1/5h)
 Space between two word = (3/5h)
 Ratio of height to width = 5:3
 For the letters M &W ratio of height to width is 5:4 and for the letter I the ratio = 5:1
 For Numerals 0 to 9, the ratio of height to width = 5:2.5 and for 1, ratio = 5:1
ASSIGNMENT
Geometrical Constructions
1) Bisecting a line of any length.

2) Bisecting an angle
i. Acute angle
ii. Obtuse angle.
3) Divide a line into ‘n’ number of parts (assume any value of the ‘n’).
4) Construct the all polygons (square, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon & octagon) of side 40
in a single diagram
5) Inscribe a square in a circle of radius 40.
6) Inscribe a pentagon in a circle of radius 40.
7) Inscribe a hexagon in a circle of radius 40.
i. One of its sides is horizontal.
ii. One of its sides is vertical.
8) Inscribe a heptagon in a circle of radius 40.
9) Inscribe an octagon in a circle of radius 40.
10) Construct a pentagon using angle method
i. One of its sides is horizontal.
ii. One of its sides is vertical.

UNIT-I
Conic Sections:
Sections of a right circular cone obtained by cutting the cone in different ways. Depending on
the position of the cutting plane relative to the axis of cone, conic sections can be obtained –
ellipse, parabola and hyperbola.
 An ellipse is obtained when a section plane A–A, inclined to the axis cuts all the
generators of the cone.
 A parabola is obtained when a section plane B–B, parallel to one of the generators
cuts the cone. Obviously, the section plane will cut the base of the cone.
 A hyperbola is obtained when a section plane C–C, inclined to the axis cuts the cone
on one side of the axis.
 A rectangular hyperbola is obtained when a section plane D–D, parallel to the axis
cuts the cone.
Conic is defined as locus of a point moving in a plane such that the ratio of its distance from a
fixed point (F) to the fixed straight line is always a constant. This ratio is called as
eccentricity.
 Ellipse: eccentricity is always < 1

 Parabola: eccentricity is always=1
 Hyperbola: eccentricity is >1
 The fixed point is called the Focus
 The fixed line is called the Directrix
 Axis is the line passing though the focus and perpendicular to the directrix
 Vertex is a point at which the conic cuts its axis
Ellipse, parabola, hyperbola can be constructed by the following methods:
ELLIPSE PARABOLA HYPERBOLA
1. Concentric Circle Method 1. Offset method 1. Intersecting arcs method
2. Arcs of Circle Method 2. Tangent method 2. Asymptotes method
3. Oblong Method 3. Oblong Method 3. Eccentricity method
(a) Rectangle Method (a) Rectangle Method
(b) Parallelogram method (b) Parallelogram method
4. Eccentricity method 4. Eccentricity method
(general method) (general method)

Cycloidal Curves:
Cycloidal curves are the curves traced by a point on the circumference of
the circle when it rolls along a straight line or curved line without slipping.
Three types of cycloidal curves
1. Cycloid 2. Epicycloid 3. Hypocycloid
Cycloid: Generated by a point on the circumference of the circle when it
rolls along a fixedstraight line without slipping.
Epicycliod: Is a curve generated by a point on the circumference of the
circle when it rollsoutside of the curve/circle without slipping.
Hypocycloid: Is a curve generated by a point on the circumference of the
circle when it rolls inside the curve/circle without slipping.
ASSIGNMENT
Conic sections & Cycloids
1. A point ‘P’ moves in such a way that it is always equidistant from a given line and a
fixed point. The distance between the fixed line and fixed point is 50. Trace the path of
the point ‘P’. Draw a tangent and normal at any point.
2. A point moves in such a way that its distance from a fixed straight line is always 1.5
times the distance from a fixed point which is 45 away from the fixed straight line.
Draw the locus of the point. Also draw a tangent and normal at a point 45 from the fixed
straight line.
3. The vertex of the hyperbola is 65 from its focus. Draw the curve if the value of ‘e’ =
3/2. Draw also a tangent and normal at any point. Also find the distance between the
focus and directrix.
4. Draw an ellipse with major axis 120 and minor axis 80 by concentric circles method.
5. A point is moving in a plane in such a way that the sum of the distances from two fixed
points on that plane is a constant equal to 120. Draw the path of the point if the distance
between the fixed points is 80. Name the curve and draw the tangent and normal to the
curve at a distance of 30 from the major axis. Also draw a curve parallel and 25 away
from the ellipse. (Draw the curve using arcs of circles method).
6. Draw an ellipse with minor axis is 80 and the distance between the fixed points is 100.
Draw the tangent and normal to the curve at a distance of 40 from the minor axis. (Draw
the curve using oblong method).
7. Inscribe an ellipse in a parallelogram of 120 X 80. The acute included angle is 70 0.
8. A cricket ball is thrown and it reaches a maximum height of 10m and falls on the ground
at a distance of 20m from the point of projection. Draw the path of the cricket ball. Also
find the angle at which the ball hit the ground.
9. A shot is discharged from the ground level at an angle of 60˚ to the horizontal. The shot
returns to the ground, assumed to be horizontal, at a point 80 meters away from the
point of discharge. Draw the path traced by the shot. Also draw the normal at any point
on the curve. Name the curve. And find the maximum height reached by the shot.
10. A stone is thrown from a top of a building of 6m height to just pass over a tree of 9m
height. The distance between the building and the tree is 3m. Find the distance to the
point where the stone hits the ground. Assume parabolic path for the stone.
11. A point is moving on a plane in such a way that the difference of its distances from two
fixed points on that plane is constant equal to 60. Draw the path of the point, if the
distance between two fixed points is 100.
12. A point on rectangular hyperbola is at a distance of 60 from one asymptote and 30 away
from the second asymptote. Draw the curve.

Scales:
The proportion by which we either reduce or increase the actual size of the
object on a drawing is known as scale. Scale is the technique by which one
can represent an object comfortably as well as precisely within the extent of
drawing paper.
Uses of scale:
 To prepare reduced or enlarged size drawings.
 To set off dimensions.
 To measure distances directly.
Sizes of Scales:
1. Full size scale 2. Reducing scale 3. Enlarging scale

Full Size Scale
The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are drawn to the same size on the
drawing is known as full size scale. It is represented as 1:1 scale. If possible, drawing should
be done in full scale
Reducing Scale
The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are reduced to some proportion is
known as reducing scale. The standard formats of reducing proportions are:
1:2 - drawing made to one-half of the actual size
1:5 - drawing made to one-fifth of the actual size
Enlarging Scale
The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are increased to some proportion is
known as reducing scale. The standard formats of enlarging proportions are:
2:1- drawing made to twice the actual size
10:1 - drawing made to ten times the actual size
Classification of Scales:
b. Plain Scales
c. Diagonal Scales
d. Comparative Scales
e. Vernier Scales
f. Chord Scales
The first two types (plain and diagonal) of scales are usually used in engineering drawings.
Plain Scale:
The scale that can measure one main unit and one sub-unit of the main unit or up to a
fraction of 1st decimal point of the main unit is known to be a plain scale.
Diagonal Scale:
The scale that can measure one main unit and two sub-units of the main unit or up to a
fraction of 2nd decimal point of the main unit is known to be a diagonal scale and is obtained

by the principle of diagonal division.

Following are the necessary information required for construction of a scale:
 The representative fraction (R.F.) of the scale.
 The unit or units to be presented.
 The maximum length to be measured.
The Representative Fraction (R.F.) or Scale Factor (S.F.)
Lenght of an element in the drawing
Representative factor (R. F) =
Actual length of the same element
Length of scale = (R.F) X Max. Length to be measured
Units of Measurement:
Metric Units for Linear Measurement British Units for Linear Measurement
10millimeters(mm)=1centimeter(cm) 1 League = 3 miles
10centimeters(cm)=1decimeter (dm) 1 mile = 8 furlongs
10 decimeters (dm)=1 meter (m) 1 furlong = 10 chains
10 meters (m) = 1 decameter (dam) 1 chain = 22 yards
10decameters(dam)=1hectometer(hm) 1 yard = 3 feet
10hectometers(hm)=1 kilometer (km) 1 foot = 12 inches
Metric Units for Area Measurement
100 square millimeters (mm2) = 1 square centimeter (cm2)
100 square centimeters (cm2) = 1 square decimeter (dm2
100 square decimeters (dm2) = 1 square meter (m2)
100 square meters (m2) = 1 acre (a) 100 acres (a)
ASSIGNMENT
Scales
1) Draw a scale with RF 1:50 to show meters and decimeters and long enough to measure
up to 5 meters. Marks a distance of 2.7 meters on it
2) An area 144 sq cm on a map represents an area of 36 sq km on the field. Find the RF of
the scale for this map and draw a diagonal scale to show kilometers, heptameters and
decameters and to measure up to 10 kilometers. Indicate on the scale a distance of 7
kilometers, 5 hectameters and 6 decameters.
3) Construct a diagonal scale of 1:63360 to read miles, furlongs and chains and long enough
to measure 6 miles.
4) Construct a diagonal scale of 1:25 to read meters, decimeters and centimeters and long
enough to measure 4 m. mark on it a distance of 2.47m.
5) Construct a diagonal scale showing yards, feet, and inches in which a 2 inch long line
represents 1.25 yards and the scale is long enough to measure up to 5 yards. Find R.F.
and mark a distance of 4 yards 2 feet 8 inches.

UNIT II
Orthographic Projection:
Solid Geometry deals with the representation of

1. Points
2. Lines
3. Plane surfaces and
4. Solids - in the form of "Projections" on 2D drawing sheet.
Principle of Projection:
Projection is defined as an image of an object thrown forward on to a plane by means of straight
lines or visual rays. Straight lines are drawn from various points on the contour of an object to
meet a plane, the object is said to be projected on that plane.
Theory of Projection:
Following are the elements to be considered while obtaining a projection:
1. The object 4. The rays of sight / Line of sight
2. The Plane of Projection 5. The Line of projection / Projectors
3. The Point of sight / Eye / Observer
Classification of Projections:
1. Pictorial Projections (3D) 2. Orthographic Projections (2D)
a. Axonometric b. Oblique c. Perspective Projection
Orthographic Projection:
If the projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection is called
"Orthographic Projection" and divided into axonometric (3D) and multi-view (2D) projections.
Projection Methods:
Multi-view projection is further classified into 4 types.
1. 1st Angle Projection 2. 2nd Angle Projection
3. 3rd Angle Projection 4. 4th Angle Projection
Universally either the 1st angle projection or the 3rd angle projection methods is followed for obtaining
engineering drawings. The principal projection planes and quadrants used to create drawings are
shown in figure . The object can be considered to be in any of the four quadrant

1st Angle Projection:

The object is assumed to be positioned in the first quadrant and is shown in figure. i.e., between
the projection planes and the observer. The views are obtained by projecting the images on the
respective planes.
3rd Angle Projection:

The object is assumed to be in the third quadrant. i.e., the object behind vertical plane and
below the horizontal plane. Placing the object in the third quadrant puts the projection planes
between the viewer and the object and is shown in figure.
A summary of the difference between 1st and 3rd angle projections is shown in Table.

Projections of Points:
A Point is defined as a geometrical element which has no dimensions. The position of a point
in engineering drawing is defined with respect to its distance from the three principle planes.
The point is assumed to be in the respective quadrant shown in figure 1(a).
Orientations of a Point:
1. Point is situated above the H.P. and in front of the V.P.
2. Point is situated above the H.P. and behind the V.P.
3. Point is situated below the H.P. and behind the V.P.
4. Point is situated below the H.P. and in front of the V.P.
5. Point is situated in the H.P. and in front of the V.P.
6. Point is situated in the H.P. and behind the V.P.
7. Point is situated above H.P. and in the V.P.
8. Point is situated below the H.P. and in the V.P.
9. Point is situated on the XY line or reference line.
Conventions used while drawing the projections of points:
 Top views are represented by only small letters eg. p .
 Their front views are conventionally represented by small letters with dashes eg. p΄
 Profile or side views are represented by small letters with double dashes eg. p΄΄
 Projectors are shown as thin lines.
 The line of intersection of HP and VP is denoted as X-Y.
 The line of intersection of VP and PP is denoted as X1-Y1
Projections of Lines:
A line is defined as a geometrical element which has only one dimension called length.
The location of a line in projection quadrants is described by specifying the distances of its
end points from the VP, HP and PP.
Orientations of a Straight line:
1. Parallel to both the planes.
2. Parallel to one plane and perpendicular to the other.
3. Parallel to one plane and inclined to the other.
4. Inclined to both the planes.
Projection of a line:
The projection of a line can be obtained by projecting its end points on planes of projections
and then connecting the points of projections. The projected length and inclination of a line,
can be different compared to its true length and inclination.
Case 1. Line parallel to a plane
Figure. Projection of line on VP. Line AB is parallel to VP.

Case 2. Line inclined to a plane
Figure. Projection of line AB parallel to VO and inclined to HP.

Case 3. Projection of a line parallel to both HP and VP
Figure. Projection of line parallel to both HP and VP.
Case 4. Line perpendicular to HP & parallel to VP
Figure. Projections of a line AB perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP.

Line parallel to one plane and inclined to the other
Case 5. Line parallel to VP and inclined to HP
(b)
Figure. Projections of line AB parallel to VP and inclined to HP.
Case 6. Line inclined to HP and VP

When a line is inclined to both HP and VP, the apparent inclination of the line to both the
projection planes will be different from the actual inclinations. Similarly the projected length
of the lines on to the planes will not be the same as the true length of the line.
The following notation will be used for the inclinations:
Actual inclinations are θ degrees to HP and φ degrees to VP.
Apparent Inclinations/angles/view angles are α and β to reference line XY.
Above figure Illustrates:

AB = True Length = a'b1' = ab2
Front View = Elevation = a'b' = a'b2'
Top View = Plan = ab = ab1

Traces of a line
 A trace is a point of intersection of a line with reference planes, if extended necessary. 
 When a line meets HP, the point at which the line meets or intersects the horizontal
plane, is called horizontal trace (HT)of the line and denoted by the letter H.
 When a line meets VP, the point at which the line meets or intersects the vertical
plane, is called vertical trace (VT) of the line and denoted by the letter V.
 When the line is parallel to both HP and VP, there will be no traces on the said planes. 
Trace of a line perpendicular to one plane and parallel to the other
Figure. Trace of line parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP
Figure. Trace of a line perpendicular to the VP and parallel to HP
Traces of a line inclined to one plane and parallel to the other
Figure: Horizontal trace of line AB
Figure. Vertical trace of line AB

Traces of a line inclined to both the planes
Figure: Vertical trace and horizontal trace of line AB which is inclined to both H.P. & V.P.

ASSIGNMENT
Projection of Points:
1) Draw the positions of the following points.
a. A is 35 below H.P., 15 infront of V.P.
b.B is 30 below H.P., 66 behind V.P.
c. C is 20 above H.P., 30 infront of V.P.
d.D is 20 above H.P., 30 behind V.P.
e. E is 25 above H.P. and is on V.P.
f. F is 35 behind V.P. and in H.P.
g.G is lying on both the planes.
2) Point P is 50 mm from both the reference planes. Draw its projection in all possible
positions.
3) A point R is 25 mm above H.P. and its top view is 30 below XY line. Draw its projections.
State
in which quadrant the point is situated.
4) A point L is lying in the first quadrant. The shortest distance of the point from XY line is
55 mm.
If the point is 30 above H.P. Draw its projections and also find the distance to the point
from V.P.
5) A point P is 20 below H.P. and lies in the third quadrant. Its shortest distance from XY is
40.
Draw its projections and find the distance from V.P.
6) A and B are two points in space such that their front views coincides and are at a height
of 35
above XY. Their top views are 25 below and 15 above XY respectively. Draw all the
projections,
mention their positions and quadrant.
7) Two points A and B are in the H.P. the point A is 30 mm in front of the VP. While B is
behind
the V.P. The distance between their projections is 75 mm and line joining their top views
makes
an angle of 450 with XY. Find the distance of the point B from the V.P.
Projection of Lines:
1) Draw the projection of the line AB of length 75 long for the following positions when it
is parallel
to both the planes.
a. End A is 20 above H.P. and B is 30 in front of V.P.
b. End A is 40 above H.P. on B is on V.P.
c. End A is on H.P. and B is 25 in front of V.P.
d. End A is 30 above H.P. and B is 20 behind of V.P.
e. End A is 40 below H.P. and B is 20 in front of V.P.
f. End A is 35 below H.P. and B is 20 behind of V.P.
g. The line is on intersection of both the planes.
2) Draw the projections of the line AB of 60 long for the following positions.
a. Perpendicular to H.P., parallel to V.P. and 30 in front of V.P. The end A is 10 above
H.P.
b. Perpendicular to V.P., one of it end is 15 in front of V.P. and parallel to H.P. and
10 from it.
c. Perpendicular to V.P. and is on H.P one of its end is 15 in front of V.P.

d. Perpendicular to H.P. and is on V.P., end A is on H.P

3) A line AB 50 long is parallel to VP and inclined at 350 with H.P. Point A is 20 above H.P.
and 40 in front of V.P. Draw the projections of the line if point B is in (i) 1st quadrant (ii)
4th quadrant.
4) Draw the projections of line AB of length 60 long is parallel to H.P. and inclined at 45 0
with V.P.,
end A is 25 above H.P. and 10 in front of V.P. Assume if end B is in (i) 1 st quadrant (ii)
2nd quadrant.
5) The front view of line inclined at 300 to V.P is 65 long. Draw the projections of a line,
when it is
parallel to and 40 above H.P. and one end being 20 in front of V.P.
6) A line AB of 60 long is parallel to and 20 in front of the V.P. The ends A and B of the
line are
10 and 50 above the H.P. respectively. Draw the projections of the line and determine its
inclination
with H.P., locate the traces of the line.
Line inclined to both HP & VP
1. Draw the projections of line AB of length 75, inclined at 30 0 with H.P. and 450 with
V.P. When the point A is 15 above H.P. and 20 in front of V.P. Also draw the traces of
the line.
2. The top view of a 75 long line AB measures 65 mm, while the length of its front view
is 50 mm. Its one end A is in the H.P and 12 mm in front of the VP. Draw the projections
of AB and determine its inclinations with the H.P and the V.P.
3. A line AB of 75 long is making an angle of 55 0 with XY line in the front view and
length of the top view is 55. End A is 15 above H.P. and 10 in front of V.P. Draw the
projections of the line and its inclinations with H.P. & V.P.
4. The end A of a line AB is 20 above H.P. and 10 in front of V.P. while the end B is 75
above H.P. and 50 in front of V.P. The end projectors are separated at a distance of 50
measured parallel to XY line. Draw the projections of the line and find its true length
and inclinations with reference planes.
5. The projections of a line AB ha 350 inclination in top view and 400 inclination in the
front view with an elevation length of 60 mm. If the end A is 10 mm below HP and B
is 12 mm behind VP, draw the projections and locate the traces keeping the line in the
third quadrant.
6. The end point C of an 80 mm long line CD is 15 mm above the H.P. and 10 mm in front
of the V.P. The line is inclined at 300 to the H.P. and 450 to the V.P., and the other end
point D lies in the second quadrant. Draw its projections and determine its traces.
7. A line AB, 75 long its end A in the HP and the end, B in the VP. The line is inclined at
300 to HP and at 450 to VP. Draw the projections of AB and determine its traces.
8. The projections of the ends of a line AB are on the same projector. The end A is 30 mm
below H.P and 15 mm behind V.P. The end B is 35 mm above H.P and 40 mm in front
of V.P. Determine its true length, traces and the inclinations with the reference planes.
9. A room is 6m X5m X 4m high. An electric bulb is above the center of the longer wall
and 1m below the ceiling. The bulb is 50 cm away from the longer wall. The switch for
the light is in the adjacent wall which is 1.25m above the floor and 0.5m way from the
opposite longer wall.
10. The midpoint of a straight line AB is 60 above HP and 50 in front of V.P. The line
measures 80 long and inclined at an angle of 300 to H.P and 450 to V.P. Draw its
projections.

Projections of Planes:
A plane is a geometrical element which has 2 dimensions called length and breadth with
negligible thickness. Planes are bounded by straight/curved lines Regular plane surfaces are in
which all the sides are equal.
Orientation of Plane surface:

A plane surface may be positioned in space with reference to the three principal planes of
projection in any of the following positions:
 Parallel to one of the principal planes and perpendicular to the other two.
 Perpendicular to one of the principal planes and inclined to the other two.
 Inclined to all the three principal planes.
A: Plane surface parallel to one plane and perpendicular to the other two
Figure. Projections of a triangular lamina on the projection planes
Figure. Rotation of PP and HP after projection.
B) Plane parallel to HP and perpendicular to both VP and PP
Figure. Lamina with its surface parallel to HP and perpendicular to both VP and PP.

C) Plane parallel to PP and perpendicular to both HP and VP
Figure. Pentagonal lamina with its surface parallel to PP and perpendicular to HP and
VP.
D) Plane surface perpendicular to one plane and inclined to the other two
Figure. The projections of the triangular lamina

ASSIGNMENT
Projection of Planes (Simple positions)
1) A hexagonal lamina with a 30 long side has one of the side’s perpendiculars to the V.P.
The surface of the lamina is parallel to and 15 above the H.P. draw its projections?
2) A square lamina with 40 side has its surface parallel to and 30 in front of the V.P. draw the
projections, if one of its side is inclined at 30⁰ to the H.P.
3) A thin circular plate of 40 diameter having its plane vertical and inclined at 400 to V.P. Its
center is 30 above H.P. and 35 in front of V.P. draw the projections.
4) A rectangular plane with 50 and 30 sides is perpendicular to both H.P and V.P. The longer
edges are parallel to H.P and the nearest one is 20 above it. The shortest edge nearer to the
V.P is 15 from it. Draw its projections
5) A thin hexagonal plane with 25 side rest on a corner in the H.P such that the surface is
perpendicular to the H.P and inclined at 45⁰ to the V.P. draw its projections when two
sides of the plane are perpendicular to the H.P.
6) A square lamina with 50 sides rests on the H.P on one if its corners such that the diagonal
through that corner is parallel to the V.P and inclined at 30⁰ to the H.P. Draw its projections
when the lamina is perpendicular to the V.P. Measure the distance of the top most corner
from the H.P
7) A pentagonal with plane with 30 long side is resting on one of its edges in the H.P with its
surface perpendicular to the V.P. The corners opposite of that edge is 40 above the H.P
Draw the projections of the plane and determine its inclination with the H.P.
8) A hexagonal plane with a 30 side has a centrally punched circular hole of 36mm diameter.
An edge of the plane is in the V.P with its surface perpendicular to the H.P and inclined at
45⁰ to the V.P. Draw its projections.

Planes inclined to both HP and VP

1 A regular pentagon lamina of 30 mm side surface is inclined at 30 0 to V.P and side on
which it rests of VP makes at angle of 450 to HP. Draw its projection by auxiliary plane
method.
2 A regular hexagonal lamina with its edge 50 mm has its plane inclined at 45 0 to H.P
and lying with one of its edges in H.P. The plane of one of its diagonals is inclined at
450 to XY. The corner nearest to VP is 15 in front of it. Draw its projections.
3 A plate having shape of an isosceles triangle has base 50 mm long and altitude 70 mm.
It is so placed that in the front view it is seen as an equilateral triangle of 50 mm sides
one side inclined at 450 to XY. Draw its top view.
4 A semi circular plate of 80 diameter has its straight edge on V.P is inclined at 30⁰ to
H.P when the surface of the plate is inclined at 45⁰ to V.P. Draw its projections of the
plate.
5 A circular plane of 60 diameter is resting on H.P with one of its point on the
circumference of it appears as an ellipse of size 60x 40 in the top view. Draw the
projections of the plane if the diameter which is passing through the corner on the H.P
is making an angle of 45⁰ in the top view.
6 The rhombus having diagonals 120 and 70 is so placed that its smaller diagonal is
parallel to both the planes and the larger diagonal is inclined at 40⁰ to the H.P. Draw its
projections.
7 A circular plate of negligible thickness and 60 diameter appears as an ellipse of size 50
x 30 in the front view. Draw the projections of the plane when its major axis is
horizontal.
8 A thin circular plate of 70 diameter is resting on its circumference such that its plane is
inclined at 60⁰ to the H.P and 30⁰ to the V.P. Draw the projections of the plate.
A regular pentagon of 30 side is resting on one of its sides on the H.P while the
opposite corner touches V.P. Draw the projections of the lamina when it makes an
angle of 50⁰ with H.P.

UNIT-III
Projections of Regular Solids:

A solid is a 3-D object having length, breadth and thickness and bounded by surfaces which
may be either plane or curved, or combination of the two solids are classified under two main
headings.
 Polyhedron
 Solids of revolution
A regular polyhedron is solid bounded only by plane surfaces (faces). Its faces are formed by
regular polygons of same size and all dihedral angles are equal to one another. When faces of
a polyhedron are not formed by equal identical faces, they may be classified into prisms and
pyramids.
Prism:
Prisms are polyhedron formed by two equal parallel regular polygons, end faces connected by
side faces which are either rectangles or parallelograms.
Some definitions regarding prisms
Base and lateral faces: When the prism is placed vertically on one of its end faces, the end
face on which the prism rests is called the base.
Base edge/Shorter edge: These are the sides of the end faces.
Axis – it is the imaginary line connecting the end faces is called axis
Longer edge/lateral edges: These are the edges connecting the respective corners of the two
end faces.
Right prism – A prism whose axis is perpendicular to its end face is called as a right prism.
Prisms are named according to the shape of their end faces, i.e, if end faces are triangular, prism
is called a triangular prism.
Oblique prism: It is the prism in which the axis is inclined to its base.
Pyramids
Pyramid is a polyhedron formed by a plane surface as its base and a number of triangles as its
side faces, all meeting at a point, called vertex or apex.
Axis – the imaginary line connecting the apex and the centre of the base.
Inclined/slant faces – inclined triangular side faces
Inclined/slant/longer edges – the edges which connect the apex and the base corners.
Right pyramid – when the axis of the pyramid is perpendicular to its base.
Oblique pyramid – when the axis of the pyramid is inclined to its base.

Solids of revolution
When some of the plane figures are revolved about one of their sides – solids of revolution is
generated some of the solids of revolution are:
1. Cylinder: when a rectangle is revolved about one of its sides, the other parallel side
generates a cylinder.
2. Cone: when a right triangle is revolved about one of its sides, the hypotenuse of the
right triangle generates a cone.
3. Oblique cylinder: when a parallelogram is revolved about one of its sides, the other
parallel side generates a cylinder.
4. Sphere: when a semi-circle is revolved about one of its diameter, a sphere is generated.
5. Truncated and frustums of solids – when prisms, pyramids, cylinders are cut by cutting
planes, the lower portion of the solids (without their top portions) are called, either
truncated or frustum of these solids. Some examples are shown in figure.
Visibility
When drawing the orthographic views of an object, it will be required to show some of the
hidden details as invisible. To distinguish the invisible portions from the visible ones, the
invisible edges of the object are shown on the orthographic views by dashed lines. However,
in practice, these lines of dashes conveniently and colloquially, but wrongly called as dotted
lines. To identify the invisible portions of the object, a careful imaginative thinking isessential.
Rules of visibility
When viewing an object, the outline of the object is visible. Hence the outlines of all the
views are shown by full lines. All the visible edges will be shown as solid lines as shown in
figure. Figure shows the frustum of a pentagonal pyramid.
Projections of solids placed in different positions

The solids may be placed on HP in various positions
1. The way the axis of the solid is held with respect to HP or VP or both -
 Perpendicular to HP or VP
 Parallel to either HP or VP and inclined to the other
 Inclined to both HP and VP
2. The portion of the solid on which it lies on HP, except when it is freely suspended
position. It can lie on HP on its base edge or a corner, or a lateral face, or apex.

Axis of the solid perpendicular to HP
A solid when placed on HP with its axis perpendicular to it, then it will have its base on HP.
This is the simplest position in which a solid can be placed. When the solid is placed with the
base on HP position, in the top view, the base will be projected in its true shape. Hence, when
the base of the solid is on HP, the top view is drawn first and then the front view and the side
views are projected from it. Figure shows a cylinder with its axis perpendicular to HP.
Projections of a solid with the axis perpendicular to VP

When a solid is placed with its axis perpendicular to VP, the base of the solid will always be
perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP. Hence in the front view, base will be projected in
true shape. Therefore, when the axis of the solid is perpendicular to VP, the front view is drawn
first and then the top and side views are drawn from it. When a cylinder rests on HP with its
axis perpendicular to VP, one of its generators will be on HP. Figure shows the Front view and
Top view of a cylinder and cone resting on HP with their axes perpendicular to VP.
Axis of the solid inclined to HP and parallel to VP

When a solid is placed on HP with its axis inclined to HP, the elemental portion of the solid
that lies on HP depends upon the type of the solid. When a prism is placed on HP with its
axis inclined to it, and then it will lies either on one of its base edges or on one of its corners
on HP.
When a pyramid is placed on HP with its axis inclined to HP, then we will have one of its
base edges on HP or one of its base corners on HP or one of its slant edges on HP or one of
its triangular faces on HP or an apex on HP.
Methods of drawing the projections of solids
These are two methods for drawing the projections of solids:
1. Change of position method.
2. Auxiliary plane method (Change of reference-line method)
Change of position method:
In this method, the solids are placed first in the simple position and then tilted successively in
two or three stages to obtain the final position. The following are some of the examples.
Auxiliary plane method:
In this method, the line is always placed parallel to both HP and VP, and then two auxiliary
planes are set up: one auxiliary plane will be perpendicular to VP and inclined at q to HP, i.e.,
AIP, and the other will be perpendicular to HP and inclined at f (true inclination) or b (apparent
inclination) to VP.
ASSIGNMENT
Projection of solids:
1) A square prism having base with a 40 side and 60 ling is resting on its base on the ground.
Draw its projections when (a) a vertical face is perpendicular of the V.P. (b) a vertical face
is inclined at 300 to V.P.
2) A pentagonal pyramid of base 30 and 60 long axis has its base is 10 above H.P. and its axis
is perpendicular to the H.P. Draw its projections when one of its base edge is making an
angel of 300 with V.P.
3) A hexagonal pyramid of base 30 and axis 60 long has its axis is parallel to and 50 above H.P.
its base is parallel to the V.P. and an edge of the base is inclined at 45 0 to the H.P. Draw its
projections.
4) A hexagonal prism of base 30 and axis 60 long is resting on one of its rectangular faces on
H.P. with the axis perpendicular to the V.P. A right circular cone with 50 and axis 45 is
placed centrally on the top of the prism. Draw the projections of the composite solid.
5) A tetrahedron of side 40 rests with its base on H.P. Draw its projections when one of its
edges is (a) perpendicular to VP (b) parallel to VP and 10 in front of VP
6) A cylinder of 60 diameter and 75 long axis has a generator in V.P. and is inclined at 45 0 to
the H.P. Draw its projections.
7) A pentagonal prism of base 30 side and axis 70 long has its axis inclined at 30 0 V.P. Draw
its projections if an edge of its base is in V.P.
8) A hexagonal prism of base 30 and axis 70 long has an edge of the base in on V.P. Draw the
projections, if the rectangular face containing that edge makes an angle of 45 0 with V.P.
Solid inclined to both HP & VP
1. A pentagonal prism of base side 30mm and axis 60mm has an edge on its base in the
VP and inclined at 45° to the HP. Its axis is inclined at 30° to the VP. Draw its
projections.
2. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis 60 mm has one of its slant edges on
the H.P. and inclined at 45° to the V.P. Draw its projections
3. A cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and axis 65 mm rests on a point of its base circle
on the H.P. Draw its projections when the axis is inclined at 30° to the H.P. and top
view of the axis is perpendicular to the V.P.
4. Draw the projections of a cube of edge 40 mm resting on one of its corners on the H.P.
with a solid diagonal perpendicular to the V.P.

Sections of Solids:
 In engineering industries, when the internal structure of an object is

complicated, it is very difficult to visualize the object from its
orthographic views since there will be several hidden lines. In such
case, the internal details are shown by sectional views.
 Sectional drawings are multi-view technical drawings that contain
special views of a part or parts that reveal interior features.
 A primary reason for creating a section view is the elimination of
hidden lines, so that a drawing can be more easily understood or
visualized.
 Traditional section views are based on the use of an imaginary cutting
plane that cuts through the object to reveal interior features.
 This imaginary cutting plane is controlled by the designer and is
generally representedby any of the following:
The action of cutting is called
SECTIONING a solid
&
The plane of cutting is called
SECTION PLANE.
SECTIONING A SOLID.
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by
some imaginary cutting plane
to understand internal details of that object.
Two cutting actions means section planes are recommended.
OBSERVER
A) Section Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp. ASSUME
UPPER PART
( This is a definition of an Aux. Inclined Plane i.e. A.I.P.) REMOVED
NOTE:- This section plane appears (A)

as a straight line in FV.
B) Section Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp.

( This is a definition of an Aux. Vertical Plane i.e. A.V.P.)
NOTE:- This section plane appears (B)
as a straight line in TV.
Remember:-
1. After launching a section plane ASSUME
LOWER PART
either in FV or TV, the REMOVED
OBSERVER

ASSIGNMENT
Sections of solids:
1) A hexagonal prism of base 30 and 70 long is resting on the ground on its base and one of its
rectangular faces is parallel to the V.P. It is cut by a sectional plane parallel to the
V.P. and 10 in front of the axis of the prism. Draw the sectional front view.
2) A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 and 70 long axis is resting on its base on H.P. A
horizontal sectional plane cuts the pyramid at a height of 30 from the base. Draw the
sectional top view.
3) A square prism of base side 30 and height 60 is resting on its base with base edge at 30 0
with V.P. A cutting plane perpendicular to the V.P. and at 350 to H.P. cuts the solid meeting
the axis at a height of 25 above the H.P. Draw the F.V., sectional T.V and S.V. of the
bottom portion and true shape of the section.
4) A pentagonal pyramid of base edge 30 and height 60 is resting on its base edge
perpendicular to V.P. A cutting plane at 500 with H.P., perpendicular to V.P. and passing
through a corner cuts the pyramid. Draw the F.V., sectional T.V. and S.V. of the bottom
portion and the true shape of the section.
5) A cylinder base diameter 50 and 70 long axis is resting on its base on the H.P. It is cut by
a section plane perpendicular to the V.P., the V.T. of which cuts the axis at a point distant
40 mm from the bottom face and makes an angle of 450 with the reference line. Draw its
front view, sectional top view, sectional side view and true shape of the section.

UNIT-IV
Development of Surfaces:
A development of a surface is defined as unfolding all the surfaces of a 3-D object. It is also
called a pattern where the plane may show the true size of each area of the object. When the
pattern is cut, it can be rolled or folded back into the original object as shown in figure.
Meaning:- Assume object hollow and made-up of thin sheet. Cut open it from one side and
unfold the sheet completely. Then the shape of that unfolded sheet is called Development of
lateral surfaces of that object or solid. Lateral surface is the surface excluding solid’s top &
base.
Figure. Typical development of the surface of a cuboi
What is our objective in this topic?

To learn methods of development of surfaces of different solids and their sections.
Engineering application:
There are so many products or objects which are difficult to manufacture by Conventional
manufacturing processes, because of their shapes and sizes. Those are fabricated in sheet metal
industry by using Development technique. There is a vast range of such objects.
Examples:-
Boiler shells & chimneys, pressure vessels, shovels, trays, boxes & cartons, feeding hoppers,
Large pipe sections, body & parts of automotives, ships, aero planes and many more.
Types of development:
Figure. Typical examples of the various types of development.
There are 4 major types of developments followed by industries and shown in figure 2.
1. Parallel line method (Prism & Cylinder) 2. Radial line method (Pyramids & Cone)
3. Triangulation method (Tetrahedron) 4. Approximation method (Sphere)

Important points:
1. Development is different drawing than projections.
2. It is a shape showing area, means it’s a 2-d plain drawing.
3. Hence all dimensions of it must be true dimensions.
4. As it is representing shape of an un-folded sheet, no edges can remain hidden and hence
dotted lines are never shown on development.
Development of Surfaces:
1. A hexagonal prism, having a base 30 and 70 long axis is resting on its base on the
ground with a side of base inclined at 45⁰ to the V.P. It is cut by an AIP making an angle
of 450 with the H.P and passing through a point 15 below the top end of the axis. Obtain
the development of the lateral surface of the truncated prism.
2.
3. A hexagonal prism base edge 30 and 70 height is resting on its base on the H.P with one
base edge perpendicular to V.P. A circular whole diameter 40 is drilled through this prism
in such a way that the axis of the hole bisects the axis of the prism and perpendicular to
V.P. Develop the lateral surface of the prism.
4. A square hole with 25 side is cut in a cylindrical drum with 60 diameter and 70 height.
The faces of the hole are inclined at 450 to H.P. and axis intersects with that of the drum
at right angles. Draw the development of its lateral surface.
5. A hexagonal pyramid of base edge 30 and height 60 is resting on its base with one base
edge perpendicular to V.P. It is cut by two AIP’s one at 300 with H.P. meeting the axis
10 below the apex and the other at 400 with H.P. containing one of the base edges. Develop
the surface of the mid portion.
6. A pentagonal pyramid of base edge 30 and height 70 is resting on its base with one base
edge parallel to V.P. A triangular hole is drilled through this in such a way that axis of
the hole is perpendicular to V.P. and 6 to the right of the axis of the pyramid. Develop the
lateral surface of the pyramid, if one face of the hole is parallel to and 6 above H

Intersection of Solids / Interpenetration of Solids:

INTERSECTIONS OF SOLIDS
1. A square prism, of base side 50 mm, is resting on its base on the H.P. It is completely
penetrated by another square prism of base side 40 mm, such that the axes of both the
prisms intersect each other at right angles and faces of both the prisms are equally inclined
to the V.P. Draw the projections of the combination and show the lines of intersection.
2. A square prism of base side 60 mm, is resting on its base on the H.P. It is completely
penetrated by another square prism of base side 40 mm, such that their axes are 10 mm
apart. The axis of the penetrating prism is parallel to both H.P. and V.P., while the faces
of both the prisms are equally inclined to the V.P. Draw the projections of the combination
and show lines of intersection.
3. A cylinder of base diameter 70 mm is resting on its base on the H.P. It is penetrated by
another cylinder of base diameter 60 mm, such that their axes intersect each other at right
angles. Draw the projections of the combination and show the curves of intersection.
4. A vertical cylinder of base diameter 70 mm is resting on its base on the H.P. It is penetrated
by another cylinder of base diameter 50 mm, the axis of which is parallel to both the
principal planes. The two axes are 8 mm apart. Draw the projections of the combination
and show the curves of intersection.
5. A square prism of base side 60 mm is resting on its base on H.P. with a face inclined at
30° to V.P. It is partially penetrated by a square prism of base side 50 mm, axis of which
is parallel to both the principal planes and faces equally inclined to the V.P. The axes of
the prisms are 18 mm apart. Draw the projections of the combination and show lines of
intersection.
UNIT-V
Isometric Projections:
When a solid is resting in its simple position, the front or top view, taken separately, gives
an incomplete idea of the form of the object. When the solid is tilted from its simple position
such that its axis is inclined to both H.P and V.P, the front view or the top view or sometimes
both, give an „air idea of the pictorial form of the object, i.e., all the surfaces are visualized in
a single orthographic view.
“Iso” means „equal‟ and “metric projection” means „a projection to a reduced
measure‟. An isometric projection is one type of pictorial projection in which the three
dimensions of a solid are not only shown in one view, but also their dimension can be scaled
from this drawing
It is seen that all the edges and faces of the rectangular prism are equally inclined to the plane
of all the edges and faces of the cube are equally inclined to the plane of projection. Hence
the rectangular faces are seen as similar and equal rhombuses.
The three lines AB, AD and AE are meeting at A. These edges are mutually perpendicular to
each other in the solid. Since all these edges are equally inclined to H.P, they are making and
angle of 120o with each other in the plane of projection; also they are equally foreshortened.
This leads us to the problem of selecting an isometric scale.

Isometric Axes:
The lines AB, AD and AE meeting at a point A and making an angle of 120o with each other
are termed "isometric axes".
Isometric Lines:
The lines parallel to the isometric axes are termed isometric lines. The lines CD, CB etc are
examples of isometric lines.
Non-isometric Lines:
The lines which are not parallel to isometric axes are termed non-isometric lines. The BD is
an example.
Isometric Planes:
The planes representing the faces of the rectangular prism as well as other planes parallel to
these planes are termed isometric planes.
Isometric scale:
Isometric projection is drawn using isometric scale, which converts true lengths into
isometric lengths (foreshortened).
Construction of isometric scale:
Draw a horizontal line AB,From A draw a line AC at 45 o to represent actual or true length
o
and another line AD at 30 to AB to measure isometric length.,On AC mark the point 0, 1, 2
etc to represent actual lengths.
From these points draw verticals to meet AD at 0 , 1 , 2 etc. The length A1 represents the
isometric scale length of A1 and so on
Difference between isometric view and isometric projection

Isometric View Isometric Projection
Drawn to actual scale Drawn to isometric scale
When lines are drawn parallel to isometric When lines are drawn parallel to isometric axes, the
axes, the true lengths are laid off. lengths are foreshortened to 0.81 time the actual lengths.
Offset method:
Example: Draw the isometric projection of a rectangular prism of base 50 mm × 10 mm and
height 75 mm, when it rests with its base on H.P and one rectangular face is parallel to V.P.

Box method:
The isometric projection of solids like cube, square and rectangular prisms
are drawn directlywhen their edges are parallel to the three isometric axes.
The isometric projection of all othertypes of prisms and cylinders are drawn
by enclosing them in a rectangular box. This method is called Box method.
Example: Draw an isometric of a Pentagonal prism of base 1.5 and length
2.5 resting on one of its rectangular faces on H.P
Isometric view of a regular

hexagonal prism (Resting on
one of its rectangular faces on
H.P)
ASSIGNMENT
Isometric Projections
Isometric Projection
1) Draw an isometric view of a pentagonal prism having a base with 30 mm side and 60 mm
long axis, resting on its base in H.P. with a face parallel and nearer to the V.P.
2) Draw an isometric projection of the hexagonal pyramid of base 30 and axis height of 75
long has its base is on H.P. and one of its base edge is parallel to the V.P. (ii) and also draw
when its axis is parallel to H.P. and its base is parallel VP., the apex of the pyramid is closer
than its base from V.P.
3) Draw an isometric projection of a frustum of the pentagonal pyramid with a 40 mm base
side, 20 top side, and 35 height resting on its base in the H.P.

4) A hexagonal prism having base with a 30 mm side and a 70 mm long axis is resting on its
base on the H.P. with a side of base parallel to the V.P. It is cut by an A.I.P. making 450
with the H.P. and bisecting the axis. Draw its isometric projection.
5) A cube with a 60 mm side has square holes of 30 mm side, cut through from all the six faces.
The sides of the square holes are parallel to the edges of the cube. Draw the isometric view
of the cube.
6) A hexagonal prism of base edge 30 and height 70 long is resting on its rectangular face on
the ground with its axis parallel to the VP. A square prism of 20 base edge and height 40
long rests on its base on the top rectangular face of the hexagonal prism. The axis of the
square prism intersects and bisects the axis of the hexagonal prism when produced. One of
the base edges of the square prism is parallel to the VP. Draw an isometric projection of the
set up.
7) A square prism of base edge 50 and height 60 is resting on its base on the ground with one
of the base edges parallel to the VP. A square hole 30 × 30 is made through the prism. The
axis of the hole and that of the prism bisect each other at right angles to each other. Two
adjacent short edges of the hole are equally inclined to the ground. Draw the isometric
projection of the object
8) A square pyramid of 50 mm base edge and height 70 mm is resting on its base on the ground
with one of the base edges being parallel to the VP. It is cut by a horizontal plane which
intersects and cuts axis at a distance of 50 from the base. Another square pyramid whose
base exactly coincides with the cut portion of the first pyramid and whose height is 50 is
placed on the first pyramid. Draw the isometric projection of the pyramids.
9) A pentagonal prism of base edge 30 and 70 long is resting on one of its longer edges on the
ground. The rectangular faces connected with the edge on the ground make equal
inclinations with the ground. The axis of the prism is inclined at 60 0 to the VP. A section
plane perpendicular to the VP and inclined at 450 to the ground cuts the object by passing
through the mid point of the axis. Draw the isometric view of one of the cut pieces of the
object. The cut portion should be visible to the observer in the isometric view
10) Draw the isometric projections of a frustum of a pentagonal pyramid which is resting on one
of its base corners on the ground with the axis inclined at 45° to the ground and parallel to
the VP. The two adjacent base edges connected with the corner on the ground make equal
inclinations with the ground. The base edge measures 30, the top edge measures 20. The
height of the frustum of the pyramid is 40.
11) Draw the isometric view of the horizontal and vertical cylinder of diameter 60 and 70 axis.
12) Draw the isometric view of the cone of base 60 and height 75 when the base is on H.P. (ii)
if the base is parallel to and closer to V.P.

UNIT 5
ASSIGNMENT
Draw the orthographic views of the given pictorial diagrams. (Front view, Top
view, Side

Code No:151AD R18

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD
B .Tech I Year I Semester Examinations, December - 2018
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
(ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING)
Time : 3 hours Max Marks: 75
Answer any five questions
All questions carry equal marks
---
1. a) The foci of an ellipse are 100 mm apart and the minor axis is 50 mm long. Determine the
length of the major axis and draw the ellipse, left half by concentric circles method and
Right half by oblong method.
b) The length of 500 m represented by a lie of 15 cm on the drawing. Construct a vernier scale
to read up to 600 m. Mark on a scale the length of 549 m. [15]
OR
2. A ball thrown up in the air reaches a maximum height of 45 meters and travels a
horizontal distance of 75 meters. Trace the complete path of the ball, assuming it to be
parabolic; Find the direction of travel of the ball at a height of 15 meters from the ground
(Scale 1 :500). [15]
3.a) A regular pentagon of 30 mm sides is resting on HP on one of its sides while its opposite
vertex (corner) is 30 mm above HP. Draw projections when side in HP is 30 0 inclined to VP.
b) Two points A and B are in the H.P. The point A is 30 mm in front of the V.P, while B is
behind the V.P. The distance between their projectors is 75 mm and the line joining their top
views makes an angle of 450 with xy. Find the distance of the point B, fromthe V.P. [15]
OR
4. A circle of 50 mm diameter is resting on the ground on a point with its plane inclined at
300 to the ground. Draw the projections of the circle when: a) The top view of the diameter
through the resting point makes an angle of 450 with xy and b) The diameter passing
through the resting point makes an angle 450 with the V.P [15]
5. A square prism of base 50 mm side and 100 mm height stands with its base on the ground
such that all the rectangular faces are equally inclined to the V.P. It is cut by a section
plane perpendicular to the V.P such that the true shape of the section is a rhombus of
longer diagonal 90 mm. Find the inclination of the section plane with the
H.P and draw the front view, sectional top view and true shape of the section. [15]
OR
6. A pentagonal pyramid has an edge of the base in the V.P and inclined at 30 0 to the H.P,
while the triangular face containing that edge makes an angle 45 0 with the V.P. Length of
the side of the base being 30 mm and length of the axis 75 mm. Draw the projectionsof
the solid. [15]
7. A pentagonal prism 20 mm side of base and 45 mm height stands vertically on its base with two of its
rectangular faces equally inclined to the V.P. The V.T of the cutting plane inclined at 450 to the axis of
the prism, passes through the left comer of the top face of the prism. Develop the lower portion of the
lateral surface of the prism. [15]
OR
8. Cone with a base diameter of 64 mm and an axis length of 70 mm is kept on its base on the HP. A
cylinder of diameter 30 mm and length 90 mm penetrates the cone horizontally. The axis of the cylinder
is 20 mm above the base of the cone and 5 mm away from the axis of the latter. Draw the three views
of the solids showing curve of intersection. [15]
9. Draw the front view, left side view, and top view. (All dimensions are in mm) [15]
OR
10. A circular block, 75 mm diameter and 25 mm thick, is pierced centrally through its flat faces by a
square prism, base 35 mm side and 125 mm long, which comes out equally on both sides of the block.
Draw the isometric projection of the combination when the combined axis is horizontal. [15]
---ooOoo---

Code No: 152AG

R18
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
B.Tech I Year II Semester Examinations, May - 2019
(Common to EEE, IT)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 75
Answer all five questions
---
1.a) The foci of an ellipse are 90 mm apart and the minor axis is 65 mm long. Determine the length
of major axis and draw the ellipse.
b) The distance between two stations is 200 km and its equivalent distance on map measures
10 cm. Draw a diagonal scale to indicate 223 km and 135 km. [8+7]
OR
2.a) Construct an ellipse when the major axis is 120 mm and the distance between the foci is108
mm. Determine the length of the minor axis.
b) Construct a diagonal scale to read meters, decimeters and centimeters and long enough tomeasure
up to 4 m. R.F of the scale is 1/20. Mark on your scale a distance of 2.28 m. [8+7]
3.a) A point P is 20 mm below the HP and lies in the third quadrant. Its shortest distance from xy
is 40 mm. Draw its projections.
b) The projectors of the ends of a line AB are 5 cm apart. The end A is 2 cm above the HP and 3 cm in
front of the VP. The end B is 1 cm below the HP and 4 cm behind the VP. Draw the projections of
the line. [5+10]
OR
4.a) Draw the projections of a thin square plate ABCD of side 50 mm, parallel to VP when its edge AB is
on the HP and 25mm in front of VP.
b) ABC is a triangular plate having AB, BC and CA equal to 40 mm, 46 mm and 50 mm respectively.
The side AB is parallel to HP, 10 mm above HP and makes 30 0 to VP. Drawits projections when
plate is inclined at 450 to the HP and corner A 20 mm from VP.
[5+10]
5.a) A pentagonal prism, side of base 25 mm and axis 50 mm long, rests with one of its base edges on HP
such that the base containing that edge makes an angle of 30 0 to HP and its axis is parallel to VP.
Draw its projections.
b) Draw the top and front view of a cone of base diameter 46 mm and height 65 mm lying with one of
its generators on HP. The axis is parallel to VP. [8+7]
OR
6.a) A hexagonal pyramid, base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm long has an edge of its base on the ground.
Its axis is inclined at 300 to the ground and parallel to the VP. Draw its projections.
b) Draw a cone, base 40 mm diameter and axis 50 mm long resting on the HP on its base. Axis is 25
mm away from V.P [10+5]
7. A cone, base 50 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long, rests with its base on HP. A section plane
perpendicular to VP and inclined at 450 to HP bisects the axis of the cone. Draw the development of
lateral surface of the remaining portion of the cone. [15]
OR
8.A vertical chimney of 70 cm diameter joins a roof sloping at 350 with horizontal. The shortest
portion over the roof is 32 cm. Obtain the shape of the sheet metal from the chimney that can be
fabricated. [15]
9.Draw the isometric view of figure 1. All dimensions are in mm. [15]
Figure:
1OR
10.Draw the a) Front view b) Top view c) Right side view of the figure 2. All dimensionsare in
mm. [15]m
Figure: 2
---ooOoo---
Code No: 151AD R18

B.Tech I Year I Semester Examinations, May/June - 2019
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 75
Answer all five questions
---
1.a) Two straight lines OA and OB are at right angles to each other. A point Q is 40 mm from OA
and 60 mm from OB. Draw a rectangular parabola from Q within 10 mm distance from each line.
b) A circle of 40 mm diameter rolls on a horizontal line for a half revolution and then on a vertical
line for another half revolution. Draw the curve traced out by a point Q on the circumference of
the circle. [6+9]
OR
2.a) Draw an epicycloid when the diameters of generating circle and directing circle are 40
mm and 120 mm respectively. Draw a tangent and a normal to the epicycloid at any point.
b) Draw a diagonal scale of 1:3 showing centimeters and millimeters to measure up to a length
of 30 cm. Show a distance of 19.5 cm. [7+8]
3. A line PQ is 70 mm long and its end P is 20 mm above the H.P. and 30 mm in front of
the V.P while its other end Q is 40 mm above the H.P. and 60 mm in front of the V.P. Draw
the projections of PQ and determine the inclinations with the H.P. and the V.P.
[15]
OR
4. A regular hexagon of 20 mm has its one of its sides in the horizontal plane and makes an
angle of 300 with the vertical plane. Draw the projections of the plane when its surface
makes an angle of 600 with the horizontal plane. [15]
5. A pentagonal pyramid, of base side 30 mm long and height 80 mm, has one of its triangular
faces perpendicular to the horizontal plane and inclined at 450 to the vertical plane. Draw its
projections when the base side of the triangular face is parallel to the horizontal plane.
[15]
OR
6. A cone of 50 mm diameter and 70 mm long is resting on the ground on its base. It is cut
by a plane inclined at 300 to the horizontal plane and perpendicular to the vertical plane
and intersects the axis at 20 mm above the base. Draw its front view and sectional top view.
[15]
7. A square pyramid of base side 30 mm and height 70 mm long is resting on the ground on its
base with the two opposite sides of the base parallel to the vertical plane. It is cut by a plane
which is perpendicular to the vertical plane and inclined at 600 to the horizontal plane at a
height of 40 mm above the ground. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the bottom
portion of the pyramid OR [15]
8. A circular hole of 25 mm diameter is cut through a vertical cylinder of 80 mm diameter such that the
axis of the hole is horizontal and parallel to the vertical plane and 8 mm away from the axis of the
cylinder. Draw the projections of the cylinder showing theholes in it. [15]
9. Draw the a) front view b) both side views and c) top view to the full scale for the pictorial view shown
in the figure 1. All dimensions are in mm. [15]
Figure: 1OR
10. Draw the isometric view of the casting shown in the figure 2. All dimensions are in mm.
[15]
Figure: 2
---ooOoo---

Code No: 151AD R18

B.Tech I Year I Semester Examinations, October/November - 2020
Time: 2 hours Max. Marks: 75
Answer any three questions
---
1. a) Construct a diagonal scale of 1cm = 2.5 km. And mark the length of 26.4 km on it.
b) Draw one branch each of a hyperbola and conjugate hyperbola whose transverse and
conjugate axes are 60 mm and 80 mm respectively. Also locate the foci. [10+15]
2. A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls along a straight line without slipping. Draw the curve
traced out by a point P on the circumference, for one complete revolution of the circle.
Name the curve. Draw a tangent to the curve at a point on it 40 mm from the line. [25]
3. ABCDE is a regular pentagonal plate of 40 mm side and has its corner A on the H.P. The
plate is inclined to the H.P such that the top view length of edges AB and AE is each
35 mm. The side CD is parallel to both the reference planes. Draw the projections of the
plate and find its inclination to the H.P. [25]
4. Draw the projections of a cone, base 50 mm diameter and axis 55 mm long, when it is resting
on the V.P on a point on its base circle with the axis making an angle 300 with the
V.P and 450 with the H.P. [25]
5. A cylinder of diameter 50 mm and height 75 mm is resting on the ground on its flat end. It
is cut by a sectional plane inclined at 300 to the axis of the cylinder and passing througha
point on the axis at height of 50 mm from the base. Draw the lateral surface of the bottom
part. [25]
6. Draw the front view, both the side views and top view of the following block. (All
dimensions are in mm) [25]
---ooOoo---

Code No: 152AG

R18
B.Tech I Year II Semester Examinations, November/December - 2020
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
Time: 2 hours Max. Marks: 75
---
1. Construct a hyperbola when the distance between the focus and directrix is 45 mm and
eccentricity is 5/4. Also draw the tangent and normal to any point on the curve. [25]
2. A pentagonal lamina of side 30 mm rests on one of its corner on H.P. the edge opposite to
resting corner is inclined at 450 to V.P. The surface of the lamina is inclined to H.P. such
that the edge opposite to the resting corner is 35 mm above H.P. Draw its projection.
[25]
3. A right pentagonal pyramid of side 30 mm and altitude 60 mm rests on one of its edges of
the base in the HP. The base is being tilted up such that the apex is 50 mm above HP. Draw
the projection of the pyramid when the edge on which it is resting is perpendicular to V.P.
[25]
4. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis height 60 mm is resting on its base on HP
with two of the base edges parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP, inclined
300 to HP and bisects the axis of the pyramid. Draw the development of the lateral surfaces
of the lower portion of the pyramid. [25]
5. A square prism 30 mm base sides and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated by another square
prism of 25 mm sides and 70 mm axis, horizontally. Both axes Intersects and bisect each
other. All faces of prisms are equally inclined to VP. Draw projections showing curves of
intersections. [25]
Draw the front and top view of the given Engineering Graphics Note
6. figure. All dimensions are inBook
mm. 2022-23
[10+15]
---ooOoo---
Code No: 151AD R18

B.Tech I Year I Semester Examinations, September/October - 2021ENGINEERING
GRAPHICS
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75
---
1. a) Draw a hypocycloid of a circle of 40 mm diameter that rolls inside another circle of
200 mm diameter for one revolution. Draw tangent and Normal at any point on the curve.
b) Draw a diagonal scale of RF = 3/100, showing meters, decimeters and centimeters and to
measure up to 5 meters. Show the length of 3.69 meters on it. [12+13]
2. A line AB is in the first quadrant. Its ends A and B are 20 mm and 60 mm in front of VP
respectively. The distance between the end projectors is 75 mm. The line is inclined at
300 to the HP and its HT is 10 mm above XY. Draw the projections of AB and determine
its true length and VT. [25]
3. A cone, of base 75 mm diameter and axis 100 mm long, has its base on the ground. A section
plane, parallel to one of the end generators and perpendicular to VP, cuts the cone intersecting
the axis at a point 75 mm from the base. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the
section. [25]
4. A regular hexagonal pyramid side of base 30 mm and height 60 mm is resting vertically on
its base on HP, such that two of its sides of the base are perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a
plane inclined at 400 to HP and perpendicular to VP. The cutting plane bisects the axis of the
pyramid. Obtain the development of the lateral surface of the truncated pyramid. [25]
5. The isometric view of an object is shown in the figure 1. Draw the front view, top view
and side view (looking in the direction of X). All dimensions are in mm. [25]
6. Draw the isometric projection of the object from the views shown in figure 2. Alldimensions
are in mm. [25]
Figure: 2
---ooOoo---

Code No: 151AD R18

B.Tech I Year I Semester Examinations, September/October - 2021
(Common to CE, ME, EIE, MCT, MMT, ECM, AE, MIE, CSBS, CSE(AI&ML),
CSE(IOT))
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75
---
1.a) A circle of diameter 40mm is rolling on a straight line without slipping. Draw the path traced
out by a point on the circle for its one complete rotation.
b) Construct a scale of 1:5 to show decimetres and centimeters and long enough to measure
up to 1m. Show a distance of 6.3 dm on it. [12+13]
2.a) A line PQ, inclined at 450 to the V.P., has a 60 mm long front view. The end P is 10 mm from
both the principal planes while the end Q is 45 mm above the H.P. Draw the projections of
the line and determine its true length and inclinations with the principal planes.
b) A square lamina with a 40 mm side has its surface parallel to and 30 mm in front of the
V.P. Draw the projections when one of its sides is inclined at 300 to the H.P. [12+13]
3. A hollow cylinder, with a 60 mm outside diameter, a 65 mm axis and 8 mm thickness, is

resting on its base on the H.P. An A.I.P. inclined at 30 0 to the H.P., and passing through a
point on the axis 12 mm from its top end, cuts the cylinder. Draw its sectional top view,
sectional side view and true shape of the section. [25]
4. A vertical cylinder, 45 mm in diameter and 60 mm in length is completely penetrated

by a horizontal cylinder 45 mm in diameter and 70 mm in length. Theaxis of the
horizontal cylinder is parallel to the VP, 45 mm above the base of the vertical cylinder
and 10 mm in front of the axis of the vertical cylinder. Draw their projections showing
the curves of intersection. [25]
5. A cone of base circle diameter 40 and height 60 is resting on the ground on its base. It is
cut by a section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at an angle of 30 0 to HP. Section
plane is passing through the axis a point 20 mm from the base of the cone. Draw the
development of lateral surface of top part of the solid. [25]
6. Draw the elevation, top view and side view of the object shown in figure. All
dimensions are in mm. [25]
---ooOoo---
Code No: 152AG R18

B.Tech I Year II Semester Examinations, September/October - 2021ENGINEERING
GRAPHICS
(Common to EEE, IT, CSIT, ITE, CE(SE), CSE(CS), CSE(DS), CSE(Networks))
Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 75
---
1.a) A circle of 60 mm diameter rolls along a straight line. Trace the path of a point on the
periphery of the circle. Name the curve.
b) Construct a scale of 1/60 to read meters and decimeters and long enough to measure up to
6 meters. Mark on it a distance of 5.4 m. [13+12]
2.a) Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference line keeping the
distance between their projectors 30 mm apart.
i) Point A is 20 mm below the H.P. and 50 mm in front of the V.P.
ii) Point B is in the H.P. and 40 mm behind the V.P.
iii) Point C is 30 mm in front of the V.P. and in the H.P.
iv) Point D is 50 mm above the H.P. and 30 mm behind the V.P.
v) Point E is 20 mm below the H.P. and 50 mm behind the V.P.
b) Line AB is 75 mm long and it is 300 & 400 Inclined to HP & VP respectively. End A is
12 mm above HP and 10 mm in front of VP. Draw projections. Line is in 1st quadrant.
[10+15]
3. A cone base 50 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long rests with its base on HP. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to HP and inclined at 600 to VP and at a distance of 10 mm
from its axis. Draw the sectional front view and the true shape of the section. [25]
4. A pentagonal prism having a base with 30 mm side and 65 mm long axis, is resting on its
base in the H.P. with a rectangular face parallel to the V.P. It is cut by a section plane
perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 300 with the H.P., and passing through a point on the
axis, 25 mm from one of the bases. Draw the development of lateral surface of bottompart.
[25]
5. Draw the Isometric view of the machine parts shown in figure 1. All dimensions are inmm. [25]
Figure: 1
6. Draw the orthographic projections of the machine part shown in figure 2. a) Front view
b) Top view c) Side view. All dimensions are in mm. [25]








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BVRIT HYDERABAD

College of Engineering for Women

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

To develop comprehensively trained and socially responsible women electrical and

 To empower the student’s adept at latest technologies by providing innovative

Program Educational Objectives:

Program Specific Outcomes

The graduates of this program will be able to:

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 2

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

To emerge as a center of academic and research excellence in Electronics and Communication

Program Educational Objectives:

Program Specific Outcomes

The graduates of this program will be able to:

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 3

Develop women as technocrats, researchers and entrepreneurs in the field of computer

 To impart quality education in Computer Science and Engineering by means of

Program Educational Objectives:

Program specific outcomes:

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 4

Department of Information Technology

To emerge as a Center of excellence in Information Technology and to produce women

Program Educational Objectives:

Program specific outcomes:

PSO 2: Ability to provide optimized solutions using open-ended programming environment

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 5

ME104ES/ME204ES: COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 6

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 7

TI 8,9 & 169-177, https://www.y

13 Drawing Practice and Computer

15 Drawing Practice and and Computer

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 8

Projections of Solids: TI 13 & 286-300 https://nptel.a

25 Drawing Practice and Computer

TI 15 & 351-360 https://www.y

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 9

34 Drawing Practice and

Projections of Solids: 13 & 271-286 https://www.y

TI 17 & 417-420 https://www.y

TI 20, 17 & 511- https://www.y

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 10

Signature of Faculty HOD

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 11

Various Softwares used for drafting:

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 12

Lettering & Numerals:

1) Bisecting a line of any length.

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 13

 Ellipse: eccentricity is always < 1

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 14

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 15

1. Full size scale 2. Reducing scale 3. Enlarging scale

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 16

by the principle of diagonal division.

Length of scale = (R.F) X Max. Length to be measured

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 17

Solid Geometry deals with the representation of

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 18

1st Angle Projection:

3rd Angle Projection:

Dept. of BS&H, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 19

Figure. Projection of line on VP. Line AB is parallel to VP.