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    ELECT. ENGG. MATERIAL Unit-2 Insulating Materials

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    LALIT 318

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    enna LATING IN eTERIALS APPLICATIONS CLASSIEICA’ TION OFINSULATING MATER 5.1. Ch ating materials are classified into three CAtepori The il Liquid and Gaseous states, : as 2 TOW Sa ee materials, Like mica, micanite, porceliy 1, Solid ere . bakelite, rubber, polyvinylchloride vq asbestos, slate rie ‘cotton, silk, wood, vulcanised fibre, ceramic, Te etait materials. Like varnish transformer ail, . Liqui il, viscous vaseline, synthetic liquids, silicon fluids cable oil, : fluoro-organic fluids. 3. Gaseous insulating materials. Like air, hydrogen, inert gu, sulphurhexaflouride, halogens, nitrogen. A classification_of the insulatin, ugineerihg appliances is-as follows : 1. Gaseous insulating materials. 2. Liquid insulating materials. 3. Fibrous insulating materials. 4. Impregnated fi 5. Plastic insulati brous materials. ing materials, 6. Rubber insulating materials. i 7. Mineral insulating Materials, ' 8. Ceramic insulating materials. INSULATING MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 91 9. Glass insulating materials. 10. Non-resinous insulating materials. 11. Miscellaneous insulating materials. oOo 5.2, GASEOUS INSULATING MATERIALS Gaseous insulating materials consist of gases like air, nitroge! hydrogen, etc. Air is the most im} i ing material available hycrogen, fC. & Tir the nature that is between the tw. igh voltage — transmission Tines. Electrone ative gases, like freon and sulphur hexafluoride are used because of cerain advantages. They : a are non-flammable and non- The dielectric gases are classified into four groups as follows :_ 1, Simple gases — air, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, etc. 2. Hydrocarbon gases — carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide. 3. Oxide gases — methane, ethane, propane, etc. ———— 5 4. Electronegative gases — Freon and sulphur hexafluoride. The selection of a proper dielectric gas for a particular purpose requires a complete knowledge of its dielectric behaviour in the range of temperatures and pressures within which the dielectric gas is expected to work. : The dielectric-strength of gaseous dielectrics increase with the increase in gas pressure. If a gas is used in application under high pressures it may cause liquification, chemical instability and corrosion. Hence the dielectric_gases are normally used under conditions such that liquification of the gas does n The most common dielectric gases are described as follows : 5.3, AIR iris the most _c only used dielectric. Like other dielectric gases, the dielectric constant of air is increased linearly with the increase of pressure. Air acts _as_an_insul: in_many electric: ications in addition to the solid or liquid insulating materials, such in overhead transmission lines, air, condensers, plugs, switches, Various electrical machines and apparatuses Air, as gaseous dielectric has the followi 1. Dielectric loss angle tan 6 practically zero. 2. Reliable at low Voltages, 3. Electric Strength 3 to 4. Permittivity 1,0006. => 5.4. NITROGEN Like air, nitrogen is also 4n importar : ea a ortan electrical ay plitations. Tt is also used in ain getUse, Nitrogen is chemical y inert, N chemi It prevents oxidati and reduces the rate Of deters as in oil filled transformers, the oxidation of t a he diguig .ottion, lead to sludge formation which ill furtt “Ce dictegy Sith nin. the il 5 Kilovolts/mm, © Gegradation of the electrical ner and mechanica) Stal Ince = 4 bility oF fain type of capacitors, nitro; Hydrogen is Tarely used as dielectric. But it i coolant in large electri i conductivity. 5.6. INERT GASES ©on, argon, mercury vapours and filling various electronic tubes and appli: 5.7. HALOGENS Chlorine and fluorine are very useful for gas filled cables under high pressure, They have higher electric Strength than air. at dielectric Strength and permittivity may be increased by applying hig! Pressure, 5.8. sodium vapours are used for ances, EXAFLUORIDE f cfealghie When sulphur is burnec -in-an_gimosphere_of fluorine, sulpht > 7 as many. hexafluoride is formed. It j ood dielectric and hi —cxalluoride is formed igh dielectic- advantages. Jt is nonflammable and er noma high ¢ and has remarkable high A jr _and~ strength. It has superior cooling properties than re_and nitrogen. Its diélectric stren, th increases _at_hi ‘J. Appar a ‘even beconie equal to that of mineral wransformer in weight insulated with tulph hee ei inated wi sulphur heraforde gos are higher i= WOW og INSULATING MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 93 those insulated with liquid dielectric. It is also used in transformers and electric switches. Besides having many advantages, it possesses certain_disadvanta; too. The presence of sulphur olecules, under certain conditions can evolve corrosion_of the contacting surfaces. To increase high dielectric strength, the gas is to be used at high pressure which will require a sealed tank capable of withstanding — the high pressure. It has high chemical stability at normal_pressure. and at temperature upto 100°C. a 5.9. LIQUID INSULATING MATERIALS. -Certain liquids also serves the purpose of insulation and_are widely used in_transformers, circuit breakers, reactors, theostates, etc. Apart from their working as insulations, they serve the following purposes also : TT solid materials (fibrous especially) by eliminating air and gases. 2. They offer good heat dissipation media and facilitate cooling _of the winding and magnetic circuits which emit eat due to the losses in the Bindings and in magnetic materials. 3. They are sometimes.required-for-extinguishing arcs in certain ay ‘ations like circuit breakers. 5.10. MAIN FEATURES OF INSULATI 1. Oxidation. Most of the insulating liquids are susceptible to oxidation, which impart electrical properties, especially the dielectric Joss._It_causes sludge formation which _affects__the _heat _fissipation properly, —as_in_transformers._When_oxidized, the _ insulatng.oil has_a_greater capacity of absorbing water thus affecting _ the_dielectric_ strength, -as—in—circuit—breakers—and_oil_immersed Switches, To overcome the bad effects of oxidation either. the oxidation should be prevented or the oxidized part should be removed periodically. Oxidation of mineral insulating oils is a major problem. In spite of many established processes, developed for prevention, it still has not been completely controlled. Synthetic insulating-oils.are,- ~~ Se OY 94 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING MATER 2. Moisture. Moisture is dissolved ip-most_of the incu liquids and decreases dielectric strength. But it increases dielecist losses and tion. Depending upon the type, the insulating jj absorb moisture to varying degrees. Fig. 5.0 shows the solubility of transformer oils at different temperature. The increase acidity by moisture holding capacity of insulating liquige =o! ‘Increases. The rate of moisture pick-up by oil depends on the area of oil with moisture. mo 240 220 Ie Quids Water A- SLIGHTLY REFINED 2 B- NORMALLY REFINED ° TE C- HIGHLY REFINED ~40 -20 o 20 40 60 TEMPERATURE *¢ ——_. Fig. 5.0. Because the moisture increases oxidati of oil it should be reméved trom olbefore Wis used. The moisture Greene from the oil by a centrifugal machine. It may also be removed by" dehydration process, in Witch ihe os aortas eo ‘Aigh_vacuum and temperature 100-—=120°C™ whic moisture completely. 3. Temperature. The rise in temperature increases oxidation and gas solubility of the insulating liquids which adversely affects their insulating properties, 5.11. TYPES OF INSULATING LIQUIDS The various insulating liquids are divided into three groups : | 1, Mineral insulating oils — like transformer oil, cable oil and | or ——— | capacitor oil: : 2. Synthetic insulating oils — like askarels, aroclors, pyranls | pineal "4h eo INSULATING MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 95 3, Miscellaneous insulating oils — like vegetable oils, flourinated liquids, silicon liquids, vaseline. | 512, MINERAL INSULATING OILS | Mineral ng oils are obtained from crude petroleum by . ind prod | 8 levision Cireuits, 1 Ta in high BS, radio lS It is NES, radio Cabinets, telephones in an lene (Pp, ation of letraflouro, lation and abiti nd bi 8 i wit i tis used as thin films in ¢ a we "sa cable, i tors, f wm yg conductors and cables which are "Ors, for ering, . . Operate at py wo rales: Table 5.4 shows the main Propertics of poly pooroetytene _ Table 5.4. Properties of Pr Dielectric strength (kg/cm3) Dielectric constant (50 Hz) Power factor (Hz) Specific gravity Moisture absorption % Flammability Tensile strength (kg/cm?) Compressive stren, gth (kg/cm?) Melting point °C Decomposition temperature °C More than 350 Max. service temperature °C 300 43 VINYL POLYMERS () Polyvinyl chloride (P It _is obtained by the. nation acetylene and hydrogen chloride in resence of _ Sllyst Tike Pigeg po Oeies)_at_a temperature of about 50°C Tt ‘can also be yeh the merization of eth lene dichloride and_sodium ae atalyst, This resin is hard, little flexible, ee fe st_of the industrial so} . Tt_can_have- Rigi MPeries if produced with the eddies of varieties of _ Tape deting its manufac Mechanical_strength, orosit lity, Mouldability, moisture absor sion aad clccial pacer oo 116 ELEOTHIGAL AID ELECTRONIOS ENGHEEANG tpt, 1 a 1, High melting point, 2, Vxcellent insulating properties, 4, Oood stability, 4, Low solubility in commercial solvents, 5.49, KUBBIER INSULATING MATIISGALS ‘The outstanding property of rubber (elastomer) is its Werner, energy storing capacity, This property is evidenced in the Usually fj elongation and the almost instantaneous return to its nigy dimensions upon release of applied loads, 4, The subber.can.be divided into three categories \ 1, Natural rubber, 2, Synthetic rubber, “3, Rubber like plastics, The first synthetic rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, wast developed on a large scale in the United States during Y/orld Wa to replace natural rubber, which was not easily obtained, Many 7 syntictic rubbers have been produced to provide characte properties required to meet specific service conditions such 45h temperatures and chemical resistance to certain environments, | possible number of synthetic rubbers seems to be unlimited, haa all straight chain polymers can be made to specific requireinea” produce rubber like properties 5.50. NATURAL RUBBER , Natural rubber is of botanical origin, It is found in the ju many plants, such as the shrub guayule, Russian dandelion, silt” and many-other.shrubs,.vines and trees, The principal and 0 Only source is from the Mevea-brastltensls tree, which pA? best rubber latex. he The latex is coagulated by acids or by sinoking operat”, the resulting spongy mass is passed between rollers to form * r- 3 MATERIALS ‘AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 117 iN i does not dissolve readily i al rubber _hot_cisso've readily in_many organic ate ugh it swells considerably and gradually dis ieztaes ‘and adhesives, it is modified by chemical al ett a oF coatings and fore Me which make readily soluble in many common solvents i in the production oF oe) “iby reacting rubber with chlotine. The product obtained is an ed by der which is readily\dissolved in many common 4 ae on uber hydrochloride _is_ptgcessed_into_thin_film_for owenls: and packaging. ‘yclized .ribber_is widely used_in pi sn with paraffin wax asa Tot melt coating for paper and for_ 5 ynthetic rubbers are based_on the model of natural rubber and opifavof the the ic vinyLhi In fact, there can be precise distinction between vinyl _polymers_and_synthetic epslomers. With proper choice of vinyl polymers (or comonomers) iad proper choice of conditions, rubber — like elasticity can be ntieved as the result of straight vinyl polymerization. The useful gnihetic elastomers are obtairied by suitable combinatior fo ifi uae sypes of modified natural rubbers are chlorinated rubber, fe 1 chon ‘and_cyclized rubber. Chlorinated rubber_is Ctive coatings and adhesive: It TonOMeTS. Butadiene, related closely to the isoprene unit of natural rubber, — isthe commonest monomer. ee ish InButyl rubber, the monomers consist of a:major_proportion-of- “butylene CHa = C (CH3)2 ‘and_minot_proportion.of isopeene. ligt alan Butyl is superior to natural rubber in resistance—to-aging——~ reggie sasstance, Tt has Telatively low permeability for tug Telore, it Is used automobile fire inner tubes. Styrene. len fee . and nitrile butadiene are also of this category. 2, pRUBBER LIKE PLASTICS egy, wid group, rubber like plastics or plastic_elastomers-are———— ib aracteristics-of rubber, butare-of a-basic——~ ti i pure that ie decidedly different-from-that-of natural iS Silicon rubber, plasticized polyvinyls.-polythylener flexible” ts, ethyl celfulose and rubber phenolics fall in this category.— 120 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING y AT | , ; ERy colour, resistant to alkalies, It_ possesses poorer ins; i i Ae | an eater thermal stabilities than muscovite mica, Steg properties of phlogopite mica are shown in the same. (Table 57 Table 5.7. General Properties of Mica. Property Muscovite Phlogopi, mica mica Dielectric strength (kV/mm) at 20°C 80 60 Dielectric constant 6—7 5—6 Power factor at 25°C 1-3x10* | 10~sox ig Shear strength (kg/mm?) 23 — 26 10— 13 Tensile strength (kg/mm?) 3.5—7.0 al Specific gravity 2.7—3.2 | 26—28 || Moisture absorption Low Low || Max. operating temperature (C) | 500600 | 809 _— mT | 5.57. MICA PRODUCTS 5.57.1. Glass Bonded Mica. It is made by moulding ground mica flakes and powered glass, inthe ratio-40/60—to-60/40- Itir| ~chemicaity-stable-and impervious to water. It possesses low dielectric loss and high dielectric strength. It can be moulded and machined very ‘accuratelyIt finds its applications in high humidity and high ambient temperature atmospheres. 5.57.2. Synthetic Mica. Synthetic mica was produced to meet the requirements of muscovite-mica. Although synthetic mica has many technical defects of natural mica, yet the principal reason for its manufacture lies in the fact that dependence on the limited resources of the best grade muscovite natural mica is completely eliminated However, having the best grade of natural mica in abundance, Indit does not need to pri thetic mica. 57.3. Mica Paper. Mi aper_is_used_as_insulation_f! armature and field coils of rotating machines. Because the mica Crystalline in nature, it lacks flexibility of paper. To make it flexi like paper, mica, paper is product. Mica is broken into small paren in aquous solution and then formed into thin sheets of thickné e j @ NATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS ee yy a process simil ene se gam, by p Milar (0 that used for ta Or the ma anu z yer. lh jose PaPO™ facture 5 re held Inica op ‘ised. Manufactured mica ci USC d silicon Commutator micanite. 3, Hard micanite. 4 Moulding micanite. 5, Flexible micanites. 6, Multilayer micanites. 7, Silicon binder micanites. 8, Mica tape and mica paper. Marble, Stale and Talc Chlorites. Marble, slate and. tale dortes are used in distribution boards. Marble is impregnated with actin, polystrene bitumen, oil, etc. Slate is used in small disibution boards and panels. Talk chlorite is used for the same SS, CERAMIC INSULATING MATERIALS THE Word ceramic derives from the Greek “Keramos”” W’ ha the name for potter’s earth or clay. In modern usage, the a a n- ‘ime to be appli i inorganic and no : ipplied to a wide range of inorgal fetta that are possessed or used at high temperatures. They _ate ‘Sully of a hard brit being in the form of ard d generally being 0 ym aaah brittle nature an ors. ‘The atomic ponding in igs (non-crystalline) or glassy ile ty Materials ig of a mixed ionic and covalent character and a = their more common featul Tnade in single crystal forms, 122 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING MATER, ssy. Ceramic materials Fi TTP Hs ae oxide and combination: oxides. Further, elements such as carbon carbides, borides and silicates and also various refractory h Taj sulphides and selenides are usually Considered as ceramien ’ materials as silica (SiO,) and alumina (Aj,0,) are typical Fo uch engineer, however, ceramics include a wide variety 7 such as glass, brick, stone, concrete, Metallic magni | high temperature refractories and many others. The compound Is, is representative of a simple ceramic material, Tt can ithe exceedingly high temperatures (3000 — 4500°F) without a Stand hence it is used extensively as a Tefrac Ng ang | : ; tory. Clay is a common cera material but is more complex than MgO. The Al,Si,05(OH),. This forms a crystalli units Al, SiO and (OH) radical. A few of the know Nn ceramics are composed as follows : 1. Insulaife porcelain : Cay, Quan Feldspar 2. High frequency porcelain : Clay, Quartz, Barium carbonate, 3. Steatite : Clay, Talc, Magnesite. Ceramics— can—be_produced_by simple manufacturing 5 Which involves mixing finely ground clay and metal oxide with water jus | sufficient to make a paste which is shaped according to requirements | This is finely dried and fined at_a temperature ‘Fanging between | 1200°C and 1700°C. — vacie ual "The characteristics feature of all these ceramic materials ist Fi they are compounds of metals and ae ~ ae deformation of ceramic materials is highly depen: ent Fw pcs However, these materials can be ee by vise OU ow A under proper conditions of stress a tel a" ie negligible atures, Where viscous flow is so slow as mre bee plastic flow is impossible, glasses and ae sera is i f these non-met te elastically. One of the chief uses ha trical. Because all the ee : insulators, “Doth aes = aie ionic bonds none is 6 i electrons are eer to transfer thermal energy. As 2 rest conduct electrici clude a Wide a Tan; S Of silicates and ‘nell boron and Silicon, cent non- ; ss etic materig ‘ Imig | al simplex Clay ig ine structure of the four differen, me MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATION sul r nain features of ceramic mat 128 rhe i them AS aS. Arar SOME and dense, Follows : 4, suronger compression than in tension 3, Not affected by chemical action except with . Ith strc alkalies: Ong acids and Completely stable at high temperatures. Excellent dielectric properties, : weak in impact strength. 4. 5. Main properties of important ceramics are given in Table 5. gable 5.8. Properties of Important Ceramics, oe Property Alumina | High |” Low | Steatin ite voltage | voltage pri porcelain | porcelain tama constant (50 Hz, | 8-9.5 5.7 55-7.0 | 57-65 | .7.1-9.1 } 50) i eer 05-15 8-25, 7-20 | 1.220 | 15-360 (x, 2820, 50 Hz) [Fensile strength (kg/em? x 10°) 0.56-3.5 | 0.2-0.56 | — | 0.52-1.05] 0.49-1.04 Compressive strength 56-30 | 1.75-5.6| 1.75-42 | 42-305 | 56-70 (ig/em? x 10°) Volume resitivity 10-10!" | 102-10! | 10"!-10'* | 10105 | 10°10" (otm-em, 25°C) ‘Specific gravity Baa9 | 235-50 | 27-24 | 2529 | 3138 Softening temperatures (°C) 7450-2000] 1300-1335) 1300-1335) 1300-1450 1390-155 Stucture limiting temperature. 1400-1802] 1000-12 1000-1100] 1000-118 1000-134 (Q) — = x 115 Heat conductivity (x 10°) 1-50 28 uaa ee Gaon Wat absorption sana | ons | 057 10nne |o—— 559, APPLICATIONS OF CERAMIC ceramics are a The_major i a - materials are 1. Porcelain insul: . Porcelain oy former bushing-pins: Peking different types of insulators, ike tr istibution | a jssion 4 i Ss isp eet insulators—fo transmission for switches: plug one elain parts us? Fi or5 os 124 124 __evecrnicn. avo LAND ELEOTRONIOA ENGINE \ ENING MATE, 2. Line in: ree Rain nd insulato Porcelain is widely used in ling tits c resistivity, But the rope dec oh i overeat the problem of feat -_ fo rain and accumulation of dj rt her ceramic material " Wy, 8 OF thy | sutfagy Apart from porcelain the some otherceramics, as follows He a (@) Steatite. It i i . va ere ther ok r iN frequengy hermal shock resistance is desired, cae (b) Alumina. Jt is_primarily_made_of aluminium possesses, extremely high firing temperature TTS) ; ' Fption and high compressive strength. Tt ee h perature upptimces Ti HG —e (c) Tianateceranii possesses high dielectric constant upto i . This high value of dielectric constant offers big —— advantagé in ¢ ide Tree cers Tey soi. Si Te TeTng pe —“They_possess-good_heat_resisting properly. The melting point of Boron nitride exceeds 2000°G; and this can be used in oxygen free medium at high temperature upto 1700°C. u_is_usod_in—manufacturing synthetic mica and metal crystals for making transistors. 5.60. CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS ~ Although ceramic materials are not as simple as metals, they may be class! ied and understood in terms of their internal structures. Generally, ceramic materials _may_be_divi three calsses according to their common charactoristic features + 1, Clay products. 2, Refractories. 3, Glasses. Closely, rele natural rocks and gravel. @) 1 composition, are in chemical sand ant ted 0 ceramics, . oducts such as clay their disintegration P) 6.60.1. Clay products Clays se lente: ich are the Proce spi “is plum Mm aa ; ing of rocks containing fotaspat BACKS Seourt tie a a ing fers" ; /ALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS io MATER! stoneware and various chemical wa res plait col ll these Clay products “are Tae ~of-vart ri 8 o are the clay " nu! curing, rocedures. Dry clays are not plasle, Acer by mn is always necessary to produce the required ee of Wee water required to make a clay plastic deponds on fe ve of the clay particles, their surface ehimeteris aor mn of electrolytes. As the proportion of water inereades ie im ents more plastic until the point is reached at ree wegins flow and ae wet and sticky. Depending fi ~ ms employed ins! haping and forming of ceramic wares, aiff ot ticities f raw mixture are required to produce a paieitsl properties. Ceramic products obtained by fee plastion ff gosired Size ae ; : clay have porosity toa variable degree. fnin the The plasticity of clay is its ability to form a plastic mass (dough) jr water. The porosi material. The permeability of any porous body is the property that permits fluids to flow through its pores under a pressure gradient. 5.60.2. Refractories. Refractories are - S} ecial materials of Je-of-withstanding_high temperatures in different construction-capad rocesses_and operations. The commercial refractories are. i nts as industrial lid bodies consistin; melting oxides of eleme! i i irconium_ with small : ini agnesiu! Sh of her ems se cl two principal fimttions involved in the use of refractory materials are those of tside walls of a furnace, thermal insulation and conduction. In the ou! : refractories serve the purpose of confining the heat and preventing txcessive loss to the atmosphere. In general although the ‘heat ‘sisting quality of refractories is of paramount importance, this is by to means the only requirement and many times only 2 secondary Consideration. Refractories must be unaffected by high temperatures. te e are expected to resist mechanical abrasion at vaiow ature, to resist the influsion of molten metals, sing 8 Le ‘ a as well as the action of super-heated steam anc De ae hurous oxide, chlorine OF other gases ane | gain) will . ‘Small_amouns* LICATIONS MATERIALS. ‘AND THEIR APPI kes _are_ added arte one iso be el a glass. Minute Tees the ‘levitrificati it. Sodalime glasses at of vitrification. They are produced ure cheap, .d_as window glass, electric bulbs, a largest ee ant eee s t att a widely Use = high temperature res ne quired: en0t ead Glasses. Lead gla sf GI . SSeS U: . 2 Pe ans eS: aint ol isually c ~ 502" oy are AsO ‘known as flint glasses. ee vues aioe ™ ‘ableware, optical purposes, ciao fh es The ls 2 Tey point, high electri 2 od ah They are used for paps al diation- 623. Borosilicate. Boras al o Th 4 f alumina an alkaline oxide are also added to it. They ym 7 jpre [OW thermal co-efficient _of ex] ansion_and high chemical They are widely ‘used_in_industries_as_piping._ £0" for some domestic pastance glasses, laboratory Ware, electrical insulation and ‘paposes. This glass is known under the trade name pyrex. pps 562.4. High Silica Glasses. High i wo 96% sili a chemically removing the alkalies from @ broslicate glass. They are ‘much more expensive than other types of sisses. They have very low thermal expansion co-efficient which k. High silica esa i Hah shoc! i eye are mainly used where high temperature resistance is required. i x can be used regularly at temperature upto 1470°C— A NON-RESINOUS TSULATING MATERIAYS iota class of insulating materials consist of solid or semi-solid es, 4 which are directly available in the nature, like minera in Abe halts, bitumens and chlorinate lene. In & vite ties of all these materials is that in the insulation 8 Mets ¢ materials are applied, there a? al a Th inthe system. Non-resi resinous insulating materia Is are classified aS follows * 5 Dielectric Materials Objectives! Feat OH ny atudying this chapter you shouls he able ¥n jer cor since between Maleate material and inaulating material patter tho process of polarisation of dielectric material aise tho breakdown phonomenon of dielectric material, a guggont Important applications of diclectric material in the fiela qT af engineorint > jwrRODUCTION gle tion 1.1 it was otated that materials which are used for storing of electrical ineect Jassified an dielectric materials, Dicleetric ials ntially re claowifi Y Dielectric matgrials are esse; a materiale. However, while the function of an i is tric mat -funct ingulating material is to garuct the flow of current, the function of dielectric material is to store elew. a energy. Thid difference of function demands that the raverial vo be used ‘iieleciric must have propert f which may not be geterial ordinarily an inaulating material, “We will now proceed to study the main electrical properties which will help in the selection of a dielectric material in a given application. Dielectric strength has already been discussed in Chapter 4. 52. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OR PERMITTIVITY _ DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OR PERMIT Consider two insulated conducting plates forming a capacitor having air in Vetween them. Let electri a the-vah mee be C,. Ifa piece of another di ‘lass, is introduced in the space between the two plates it is tbserved that the value of the capacitance ii @ value of the eapaci- ‘atee in this case C. Since the value of the capacitance of a capacitor is defined — as the charge storing capacity, it is obvious that the charge storing capacity 63 A electrical 8 001 di onset Increases when air is roplaced by another dielectric. ie, Be. ‘ann'®#8tio of the capacitance using a material as the dielectric to the eapari: ii ten air is substitu material is called the permittivity or dielec- ee of that material, digees dielectric constant of air is practically taken as 1. Permittivities ‘of Font other than air are more than 1. - emi Pr , wittivity ofa dielectric is analogous to permeability of a. magnetic mate- of an air-cored solenoid. When a voltage is applied across ae 4 Tal Cone Consider the case 122, Electrical Engineering Materlate and Llectyy, Mle ¢ the solenoid it will set up a certain amount of flux due to be, through the solenoid. If a piece of magnetic material solenoid, the amount of flux eet up increases. In the cage” inductance increases as the permeability of the path for by introducing an iron core. Similarly, in the case of a capacins’ capacitance increases as the permittivity of the path for introducing an appropriate dielectric. When a magnetic Materia: iron, is introduced inside the solenoid an additional amount of Ba to the orientation of the magnetic dipoles in the magnetic Materia} 6.1 and 6.2. A maj gnetic material is-said to.be magnetize in particular direction under the influ “applied magnetic field. This process is called magnetisatig. 7 : he proc Sim: jagnelisation for magnetic material is the roceas of i i Olariz te dielectric materials. This will be discussed in the next section, Alarieg f "The permeability of magnetic materials is different dipoles get oriented materials. Likewise, permittivit ty is also different for different dj a . Pe “t, of most gaseous dieléctrics is nearly equal to at of air but the pep nting iquid and solid dielectrics varies from about 2 to 9 except in the ¢» titi Water in which case this value varies from 40 to 90 depending ure= ceeediany However, water as dielectric is not used because it is very difficul, to water in pure state Table. 5.1. Permittivity and dielectric strength of some =D _commonly used dielectric materials is ing oun " is introgy enn a ay, tsi pabhetic nytt ing i % electric fly; iniliy : for different ., 82 of di ky Material | Permittivity Dielectric Strengp (kV/mm,) Air 1 3 Bakelite 5-6 20-25, Empire cloth 2. 1-20 Glass 3.3 5-12 Mica 3-8 40-150 Paper 2-2.5 4 Paraffin Wax 2 8 Porcelain 4-7 * 9-20 Rubber 2-3.5 10-25 Transformer oil 2 25-30 5.3, POLARISATION It has already been stated that polarisatio: etieation of a magnetic material. Ij n of a dielectric is analogous to mag f a slab of dielectric is placed in an electro” ne crieneaigyd i will undergo polavisation. Polarisation is defined as the deft rientation of electrostatic dipoles in a ma Consider the two conducting plates of a ca, P . 4 definite potential will exist between the two capacitor plates. Blestsic fe! ee il txist between the two capacitor plates. terial due to an applied elect ipacitor. When the capacitor is cha 2 wan ee AATDBS rertals re MO a two charged capacitor 1 een eg dlelecteie a introns — a plates iC ae beer Bbserved that the en TP the ele tric field and hence the potential ett of Me dng existing between the two charged ich This is due to the polarisation of the jal under the influence of an electric the delectric material (a better dielec- Electric Field Between Two Charged Capacitor Plates Fig. 6.1 rie nater pete fetter i ¢ itl he DS y will have higher dielectric constant) the al fo tet the offect of polarisation. As the voltage of Mil PO tne two charged plates reduces due to the introduction of a dielectr; ee {charge storing capacity of the capacitor increases, So Selectrle erie cted across a battery more charging current wi ener coro? across the charged capacitor become equtilieanecitt a s volMe the capacitor plates are made of conducting material: they have free electrons In them and, therefore, saturation does not occur in them qt gpging: Now lot us see what happens when a dielectric gets polarised, rwchiliecules of @ dielectric may be classified as either polar or non-polar jor molecule is.one in which the “ centre of gravity” of the positive pol Anon electrons normally coincide. When placed i nd the cee ind by the positive : Placed within an electric field, 1286 ene are attracted by the positive charges of one electrode and are re tht Oy the negative charges of the second electrode. Asa result the electrons. a fgosome displacement towerds-the direction of the positively charged elec- #80 ig displacement of the electrons within atom is called electronic palar- Me i Electronic polarisation makes each atom a dipole because the centres of sectron orbits and the positively charged nucleus are displaced with respect to tach other by some distance, say, /. See Fig. 5.2. Due to this dipoles are induced fepuirof opposite charges separated by a small distance form a dipole). ” se mol (a) No Electric Field (b) Electric Field The Behaviour of non-polar Molecule in The Absence and in The Presence of an Electric Field Fig. 5.2, Apolatised particle will posgess an elementary electric dipole moment which be express ‘ “Mes eq" the Pasa el mathematically as: M=q. eee q’is tl The © sum of the dipole moments per unit v ~

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