DEFINE: 

JOINT STOCK COMPANY

 A joint-stock company is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock
can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in
proportion, evidenced by their shares which are listed on the certificates of
ownership.
 A joint-stock company is an artificial person; it has legal existence separate from
persons composing it. Moreover, it can sue and can be sued in its own name. It is
created by law, established for commercial purposes, and comprises a large
number of members. Especially, the shares of each member can be purchased,
sold, and transferred without the consent of other members. Its capital is divided
into transferable shares, suitable for large undertakings.
SHAREHOLDERS (CỔ ĐÔNG)
 A shareholder is a person, company, or institution that owns at least one share of a
company’s stock or in a mutual fund. Shareholders essentially own the company,
which comes with certain rights and responsibilities.
 This type of ownership allows them to reap the benefits of a business’s success.
Additionally, the profit will be divided equally according to share ratio.
Furthermore, shareholders has the right to vote on how the company is controlled.
SHARES AND STOCKS (CỔ PHẦN, CỔ PHIẾU)
 Shares represent ownership of a company. When an individual buys shares in your
company, they become one of its owners. Shareholders choose who runs a
company and are involved in making key decisions, such as whether a business
should be sold.
 Stocks is a general term used to describe the ownership certificates of any
company. There are shown as quantity multiplied by the price.
 For instance, if you have a bottle of water, the water proportion will be 50 percent
so it's called shares. Moreover, you count that how many drop of water in that
bottle and how much each drop costs and then you multiply them. Therefore, it
will be called stocks.
 To summarize this, I will tell u that shares represent the ownership ratio of
investor as a percentage and it will determine the shareholder’s power over the
business. Besides, stocks are used to describe the ownership certificates and
showned as quantity times price.
DIVIDEND
 A dividend is a portion of the after-tax profit distributed to the shareholders of a
joint-stock company. Dividends can be paid in cash or shares.
 To illustrate this meaning of dividend, i’ll pick an example like a company A is in
need of capital to implement large projects so they go to raise capital from
shareholders or investors. If shareholders and investors agree to invest their money
for A, they have to take on certain risks. When company A has grown and gained
market share in the industry they are operating in, they will have a large profit.
After each operating period such as quarterly, semi-annual or even yearly, the
director decides to repay the investors by deducting a portion of the profits and
paying the investors.
TYPES OF JOINT-STOCK COMPANY

The joint stock company is divided into three different types.

Chartered Company – A firm incorporated by the king or the head of the state is known
as a chartered company.
Statutory Company – A company which is formed by a particular act of parliament is
known as a statutory company. Here, all the power, object, right, and responsibility are
all defined by the act.
Registered Company – An organization that is formed by registering under the law of the
company comes under a registered company.