Rajasthan History English 2022

History of Mewar
Ancient names of Mewar:

 MedPat
 Pragvat
 Shivi Janpad
 Mewar was ruled by the Guhil dynasty. Guhils were Suryavanshi Hindu ruler.
There were 24 branches of this dynasty, Guhil of Mewar was the most prominent.
It is the longest reigning dynasty in the world.
 According to Muslim historian Farishta "Rana of Mewar has been ruling since
ancient times and their kingdom existed even before the origin of Muslim
religion".
Guhil
He was the founder of the Guhil dynasty. He is believed to be the son of Shiladitya of
Vallabhi, Gujarat [according to Colonel James Tod]. His mother's name was
Pushpavati. According to Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha he ruled in Mewar in 566 AD
{According to Somali inscription}. 2000 silver coins of Guhil have been received from
Agra in 1869 AD.
Samoli inscription [646 AD] - This is the inscription of Sheeladitya who was the fifth
descendent of Guhil [Guhil-Bhoja-Mahendra-Nag-Sheeladitya]. This is the oldest
inscription of this dynasty. This inscription determines the time of the Guhil dynasty.
According to this, the head of Mahajan community from Vatnagar [Sirohi], Jentak
Mahtar had built the temple of Aranyavasini Devi [Javar Mata] in Aranyakagiri. This
temple was filled with 18 types of singers. Jentak entered the fire at a place called
‘Devbuk’. This inscription also sheds light on the mining industry [Agar] of Javar.
Bapa Rawal- [734-753]

According to Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha, his real name was Kalabhoj.
He was a disciple of the Harit Rishi. With the blessing of Harit Rishi he defeated Man
Maurya and he took control of Chittor fort [according to Raj Prasasti]. His capital was
Nagda [Udaipur]. He Built a temple of Eklingji [Lakulish] in Kailashpuri [Udaipur]. The
ruler of Mewar considered themselves “The Diwan of Eklingji”.
He went to Ghazni [Afghanistan], defeating the Muslim army and removed ruler Salim
and made his nephew king. The historian Chintamani Vinayak Vaidya compared him
to 'Charles Martel’ [The French general who first defeated Muslims in Europe]. His
gold coins weighed 115 grains has been received. The city of Pakistan was named
Rawalpindi due to Bapa's military base.
Titles-
1.Hindu Surya
2. Rajguru
3. Chakkavai [conqueror of all four directions]
Allat
Other Name- Alu Raval

He made Ahad [Udaipur] second capital of the kingdom and built Varah [Vishnu]
temple here and established a bureaucracy [administrative system] in Mewar
[Saraneshwar Prasasti].
According to the Shaktikumar inscription [977 AD] obtained from Aatpur [Ahad], the
mother of Allat was Mahalaxmi and she was from Rathore clan [Rashtrakuta] and Allat
married the Huna princess Hariya Devi and Hariya Devi established a village called
Harshpur.
Saraneshwar Prasasti [953 AD] – This eulogy was received from Shiv temple named
Saraneshwar in Udhaipur. It was earlier located in the Varah temple of Ahad. It
mentions about Allat, his mother Mahalakshmi and his son Narvahan. Names of the
donor of Varah temple is also given in this eulogy. Information about the then tax
system and the maintenance system of the temple is obtained from this eulogy. At that
time, Ahad also had merchants from Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Lat [part of
Gujarat], Takka [part of Punjab]. The Varaha temple was built by Master figure Agrat
and this Prasasti was written by Kayastha Pal and Velak.
Jaitra Singh (1213- 1250 A.D.)
In the Battle of Bhutala [Udaipur] [1227 AD], Jaitrasingh defeated Sultan Iltutmish of
Delhi. This information is found in the book Hammir Madamardan of Jaisingh Suri, in
which Iltutmish is called Hammir. The returning army of Iltutmish devastated Nagda,
so Jaitrasingh established Chittor [snatched from the Paramaras] as the capital. Dr.
Dashrath Sharma considers his reign as the golden period of medieval Mewar.
According to Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha "In the time of the Sultans of the Ghulam
dynasty of Delhi, the most powerful king of Mewar was the king, Jaitrasingh, whose
bravery has been praised by his opponents as well".
* Jaisingh Suri was a benevolence of ministers(Vastupal – Tejpal)of

Baghel [Solanki] Rana Veeradhaval of Dholka [Gujarat] and he praised
Veeradhaval in the play 'Hammir Madamardan',his another composition
is 'Vastupala Prasasti'.
Ratan Singh (1302- 1303 A.D.)
In 1303 AD, Sultan of Delhi Alauddin Khilji attacked Mewar.
Reasons of attack are as follows - 1.Sultan's imperialist ambition, 2.Chittaur’s strategic

importance (strong hills, huge ramparts, grain-water storage), 3.Commercial
importance of Chittor (located on Delhi to Gujarat and Malwa route), 4.Increasing
influence of Mewar, 5.Question of prestige for the Sultan (Ratansingh's father
Samarsingh collected passage tax from Sultan on his way to Gujarat), 6.Beauty of
queen Padmini
At the time of this invasion, the first Saka of Chittor took place, in which Rani Padmini
did Jauhar along with 1600 other women and Ratna Singh did Kesariya along with his
generals Gora and Badal.
On 25 August 1303, the Sultan captured Chittor and massacred 30,000 innocent
civilians the next day. He handed over Chittaur to his son Khizr Khan and renamed it
as Khijrabad. Sultan's court historian Amir Khusro in his book Khazain-ul-Futuh
(Tarikh-e-Alai) narrates the sight of this invasion. In the Persian inscription of Dargah
of Dhaibi Pir of Chittaur (1325 A.D) ,Name of Chittaur is mentioned as Khizrabad.
Khizr Khan built the bridge over the river Gambhiri. He built a mausoleum in the
foothills of Chittor, in whose Persian inscription (1310 AD) Alauddin Khilji is called the
second Alexander, the shadow of God and the protector of the world.
Later, Chittor was handed over to Maldev Sonagara (Muchola Maldev)
He was the brother of Kanhaddev Sonagara, the ruler of Jalore. After the fall of Jalore
(1311 AD), Maldev went in to the service of the Sultan.
Rani Padmini was described as the princess of Sinhal Island in the epic 'Padmavat'
written by Malik Muhammad Jayasi in 1540 AD. According to it Padmini's father was
Gandharvasen and mother was Champawati, A Brahmin named Raghav Chetan gave
Alauddin Khilji information about the beauty of Padmini. Abul Fazal (Akbar Nama),
Farishta (Gulshan-e-Ibrahimi), Haji Uddvir (Zafarulwali), Colonel Tod, Italian traveler
Manucci (Storio de Mogor), Muhanaut Nainasi, Dasaratha Sharma also accepted this
story with some manipulation. Suriyamall Measan has not accepted it.
Hammer Sisodia (1326-64)
He was the feudatory (Samanth) of Sisoda (Rajsamand). Sisodia branch of Guhil
dynasty started from here. They used Rana title. (Ratan Singh was the last ruler of
Rawal branch).
In 1326 AD,He defeated Banveer / Jaisa(son of Maldev Sonagara) and takes over
Chittor.
He Defeated Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq in the Battle of Singoli (Banswara).
Colonel James Tod has called him a formidable Hindu. In the Kumbhalgarh
commendation he has been called the Visham Ghati Panchanan. In Rasikapriya he
has been called the Veer Raja. He is also called the savior of Mewar.
Sisoda was given to Rahap at the time of Rawal Ranasingh / Karnasingh. Laxman
Singh, a descendant of Rahapa along with his son Arisingh (father of Hammir) attained
Virgati in the first Saka of Chittor. Hammir's uncle Ajay Singh made Hammir the
feudatory of Sisoda. Ajay Singh's son Sajjan Singh went to South India and Shivaji
was a descendant of him.
Maharana Lakha (Laksh Singh) (1382-1421 AD)
• 'Silver mine' obtained in Javar (Udaipur).
• A Banjare built the 'Pichola lake in Udaipur. (Banjare – Nomadic merchant)
• There is a 'platform of Natni' ( Natni ka chabutra) near Lake Pichola.
• Kumbha Hada '(brother-in-law of Rana Lakha) was killed while protecting fake
Bundi.
• Hansabai, daughter of Raja Chunda of Marwar, was married to Rana Lakha of
Mewar.
• At this time Lakha's son Chunda vowed that he would not become the next king
of Mewar. Rather Hansabai's son will be the next king of Mewar.
• Chunda is called ‘Bhishma of Mewar’.
• Due to the abandonment of Chunda, he was given many privileges – like

o Out of 16 first class thikhanas of Mewar, 4 were given to Chunda. Salumber
was also included in these. Salumbar (Udaipur) was the biggest thikana.
o The Feudal of Salumbar will do coronation of the King of Mewar.
o The feudal of Salumbar will be the commander of the army of Mewar.
o All the Gazettes of Mewar will also be signed by the feudatory of the Salumbar
with Rana.
o In the absence of Rana, the fuedal of Salumbar will handle the capital.
Haraval- front of the army
Chandaval - Back of the Army

Maharana Mokal (1421-33 AD)
Father - Rana Lakha,
Mother - Hansabai
• First Guardian - Chunda
• Chunda left Mewar and went to Malwa due to Hansabai's mistrust. (Sultan of
Malwa - Hoshang Shah)
• Second Guardian - Ranmal
• Mokal built the perkota (boundary wall) of Eklinga temple.
• Reconstructed 'Samideshwar Temple' in Chittor.
• Earlier this temple was called 'Tribhuvan Narayan Temple' and it was built by
'Bhoj Parmar'.
• Built a temple of Dwarikanath (Vishnu) in Chittor with reservoir.
• For the heavenly attainment of his Queen Gaurambika of Baghela dynasty, Bawdi
was built in place of Shringi Rishi.
• Built the Baghela pond in the name of his brother Baghsingh
• In 1433 AD, Ahmad Shah of Gujarat invaded Mewar. At this time, Chacha, Mera
and Mahapa Panwar killed Mokal at a place called Jilwara (Rajsamand).
Hastikundhi inscription - 997 AD

It was Received from a place called Hastikundi near Bijapur (Pali). According to this,
when the Paramara king Munj (Vakpatiraja, Amoghavarsha) of Malwa marched on
Mewar and broke Aghat (Ahad), at that time Dhawal, son of Rathore king Mamat,
assisted Mewar. The ruler of Mewar at this time was Shakti Kumar.
Shringi Rishi inscription 1428 AD

This inscription was found near Eklingji in Udaipur which is written in Sanskrit
language. This inscription is from the time of Mewar Maharana Mokal. According to
this inscription, Mokal got the kund constructed here for the liberation of his queen
Gourambika. This inscription provides information about the rulers of Mewar from
Hammir to Mokal. According to this, Hammir won the Jilwara [Eider] Palanpur and
defeated the Bhils. Kshetra Singh defeated Amishah, the governor of Malwa. Laksh
Singh made Kashi, Prayag and Gaya tax-free. Mokal defeated Feroz Khan of Nagaur
and Ahmed Shah of Gujarat and he built the ramparts of the Eklinga temple and three
gates here. Mokal performed 25 tuladans, one of which was done at the Varaha temple
in Pushkar. Mokal had obtained the permission for the construction of this pool from
Guru Trilochan and along with his other queen Mayapuri participated in the
Pratishthan ceremony. Composer - Kaviraj Vani Vilas Yogishwar, Engraver - Fana
Maharana Kumbha (1433-1468 AD)
Father - Mokal,
Mother - Saubhagyavati Parmar
• Guardian - Ranmal
Rana Kumbha, avenged the murder of his father with the help of Ranmal.
• Ranmal's influence increased in the Mewar court and he killed Raghavdev
(Chunda's brother), the leader of the Sisodis.
• Hansa called Chunda back from Malwa.
• Ranmal was killed with the help of Bharamali.
• Ranmal's son Jodha fled and took refuge in a village called Kahuni near
Bikaner.
• Chunda took control of Rathore's capital Mandore (Jodhpur).
Treaty of Anwal-Bawal (1453 AD) -

Jodha + Kumbha
• Sojat (Pali) was made the border of Mewar and Marwar.
• Mandore was given back to Jodha.
• Kumbha's son Raymal was married to Jodha's daughter Shringar Kanwar.
Battle of Sarangpur (Madhya Pradesh) - 1437 AD
Kumbha v / s Mahmud Khilji (Malwa)
reason-
1. Mahmud Khilji gave asylum to Mokal's killers (Mahapa Panwar, Chacha's son
Ekka).
2. Kumbha had given control of Sarangpur to Mahmud Khilji's rebel Umar Khan
by giving him military aid.
3. Kumbha and Mahmud Khilji's ambitions for empire expansion.
• Kumbha won this battle and he arrested Mahmud Khilji. In memory of this
victory, Vijay Stambh was constructed in Chittor.
Treaty of Champaner (1456 AD)

Mahmud Khilji (Malwa) + Qutubuddin Shah (Gujarat)
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass, Jaipur- 302018

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Objective- To defeat Rana Kumbha and to have control over Gujarat and
southern part of Mewar and special part of Mewar and Ahirwada.
In this treaty, Mahmud Khilji's representative Taj Khan met Qutbuddin Shah.
Battle of Badnaur (Bhilwara) - (1457 AD)

Kumbha defeated the combined forces of Malwa and Gujarat. This information is
available from Kirti Stambha Prasasti and Rasik Priya.
Kubha defeated Sahasmal Deora of Sirohi. Sahasmal Deora assisted Sultan
Qutubuddin Shah of Gujarat. At this time, Kumbha sent an army under the
leadership of Narasimh Dodia.
Succession struggle of Nagaur - After the death of Feroze Khan, his son
Shams Khan and his brother Mujahid Khan got into a succession struggle. In
which Kumbha assisted Shams Khan and defeated Mujahid Khan. Later, Shams
Khan started the fortification of Nagaur Fort, so Kumbha attacked Nagaur. Shams
Khan fled to Qutubuddin Shah of Gujarat and married his daughter to him.
Qutubuddin Shah and Shams Khan jointly attacked Mewar, but Kumbha defeated
them. The succession struggle of Nagaur thus led to a dispute between Mewar
and Gujarat.
Cultural achievements of Kumbha
1. Architecture- Kumbha is called the ‘Father of architecture of Rajasthan’.
Vijay Stambha
Other names - Kirti Stambha, Vishnu Dwaz, Garuda Dwaz, Museum of Idols,
Encyclopedia of Indian Sculpture. Gopinath Sharma has described it as an
organized museum decorated with Hindu deities and Gorishankar Hirachand
Ojha has described it as an invaluable treasure of mythological deities.
It is a 9 storey building.
Height 122 feet, width 30 feet

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There is no idol in its 8th floor.
The third floor has the word Allah written in Arabic language 9 times.
Architect - Jaita, Poonja, Poma, Napa (They are named in the fifth floor)
Atri and Mahesh- author of the Eulogy of Kirti Stambha.
Mewar Maharana Swaroop Singh got it rebuilt.
James Todd compared it to Qutub Minar.
Ferguson compared this with the Tarzan Tower of Rome.
Vijay Stambh is the first building in Rajasthan, on which the postal stamp was
issued
Logo/ Symbol -
1. Rajasthan Police
2. Rajasthan Board of Secondary Education
3. Abhinav Bharat (Organization of Veer Savarkar)
Jain Kirti Stambh - Chittor Fort has a 7-story building.
It was built in the 12th century by the Jain merchant Jija Shah Bagherwal.
It is dedicated to Lord Adinath (Rishabhdev), hence it is also called Adinath Stambh.
Forts - According to Kaviraja Shyamaldas ji's book Veer Vinod, Kumbha constructed
32 forts out of 84 in Mewar.
like-
1. Kumbhalgarh - Located in Rajsamand.
Architect - Mandan
Kumbhalgarh was the exigency capital of Mewar.
It is called the border Sentinel of Mewar-Marwar.
The topmost palace is Katargarh, which was Kumbha's private residence.
This is called the eye of Mewar.
Author of the Kumbhalgarh Eulogy- Mahesh. This Eulogy is located near the
Mamadeva temple.

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In this Eulogy, Kumbha has been described as an 'incarnation of righteousness and
purity' and 'Danavir like Karna and Bhoja'.
2. Achalgarh (Sirohi)
1452 AD In Kumbha got it rebuilt.
3. Basantgarh (Basanti Durg) (Sirohi)
4. Machan Fort (Sirohi)
To control the Mer tribe.
5. Bhomat Durg (Udaipur)
To control the Bhils.
6. Bairath Durg (Bhilwara)
Temple-
Built the Kumbhaswamy temples of Lord Vishnu in Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh and
Achalgarh.
Built Vishnu Temple (Meera Temple) in Ekling ji.
Shringar Chanwari Temple - (Shantinath Jain Temple)
It was built by Vela Bhandari (Treasurer of Chittor).
Ranakpur (Pali) Jain Temple
In 1439 AD, Jain merchant Dharankshah built these temples.
Main Temple - Chamukha Temple - This temple has the idol of Lord Adinath. There
are 1444 pillars in this temple, hence it is called the museum of columns.
Architect - Depak.
2. Literature
Kumbha was a good musician.
He used to play the veena. This information is obtained from the Kirti Stambh
Eulogy.
Music Guru - Sarang Vyas
Books -
i. Sudha Prabandh
ii. Kamaraj Ratisar (7 parts)
iii. Sangeet Sudha
iv. Sangeet Mimansha

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v. Sangeet Kram Deepika
vi. Sangeet Raj (Part 5)
 Pathya Ratna Kosh
 Geet Ratna Kosh
 Nritya Ratna Kosh
 Vadhya Ratna Kosh
 Ras Ratna Kosh
Kumbha commentaries-
 Wrote Rasik Priya on Jayadev's Geet Govind.
 Wrote commentary on Sarangadhar's Sangeet Ratnakar.
 Wrote commentary on Banabhatta's Chandishatak.
Kumbha wrote four plays.
 Murari Sangeet- Kannada
 Ras Nandini - Mewari
 Nandini Vriti - Marathi
 Atulya Chaturi - Sanskrit
Kumbha was a scholar of Marathi, Kannada, Mewari languages.
Court scholar
1. Kanh Vyas - Ekling Mahatmay (Book)

According to this book, Kumbha had interest in Vedas, Smriti, Mimamsa,
Upanishads, Grammar and Politics.
The first part of it is called Rajavarnan which was written by Kumbha.
2. Mehaji - Tirthamala (Book) - 120 pilgrimages are described in this book. Poet
Meha ji gives information about construction of Kumbhalgarh and Ranakpur
temples and himself was present in the prestige ceremony of Ranakpur
temple. According to Meha ji, Kumbha brought idols of Hanuman from Sojat
and Nagaur and installed in Kumbhalgarh and Ranakpur.

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3. Mandan –
 Vaastusara : Science of Vaastu Kala

 Devamurti Prakaran (Roopavatar)
 Rajavallabh (Bhupativallabh)
 Roopmandan (sculpture information)
 Kodand Mandan – (bow information)
4. Natha- He was the brother of Mandan.
 Vastu manjari
5. Govind - He was the son of Mandan.
 Dwar Deepika
 Udhar dhorini
 Kalanidhi (information about temple shikhar construction)
 Sar Samucch (Ayurveda information)
6. Ramma Bai - She was the daughter of Kumbha.

Like her father, she was interested in music.
Ramabai was awarded the Javar Pargana (area). Title - Vagishwari
7. Hiranand Muni - Guru of Kumbha. Kumbha gave him the title of Kaviraj.
8. Tila Bhatt
9. Somdev Suri (Jain Scholar)
10. Somsundar Suri (Jain Scholar)
11. Jayasekhar (Jain Scholar)
12. Bhuvanakirti (Jain Scholar)
Kumbha had removed the pilgrimage tax of Jains.
Titles of Kumbha
 Hindu Surtana (protector of Hindus)
 Abhinav Bharathacharya / Navya Bharata (Music)
 Rana Rasou (Literature)
 Hal Guru (Hill Fortress Winner)
 Chap guru (archer)
 Param Bhagwat (Vishnu devotee)
 Adi Varaha (Vishnu devotee)

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Kumbha was murdered by his son Uda at the Kumbhalgarh Fort.
Kirti Stambah Prasasti
3 December 1460 AD (Margashirsha Krishna Panchami Vikram Samvat 1517)

Eulogist: Atri Bhatt and Mahesh Bhatt
This Eulogy was written on 8 rocks, but at present we only get 2 rocks.
We get information about the achievements of the Guhil dynasty rulers of Mewar
from Bapa to Kumbha.
This Eulogy gives information about Kumbha's conquests such as: Mandore,
Sapadalaksha, Narana, Basantpur, Abu, Khandela, Jangladesha, Nagaur, Gujarat,
Malwa etc
This Eulogy describes the defeat of the combined armies of Malwa and Gujarat.
It also provides information about the books composed by Kumbha such as:
Sangeetraj, Chandishakta and Teeka of Geetgovind, Sudha-Prabandha and
Information about 4 plays written by Kumbha such as: Rajguru, Danaguru, Shailguru,
Abhinav Bharathacharya
This Eulogy gives information about the date of construction work done in Kirti
Stambha, Kumbhalgarh, Achalgarh etc.
Kumbha composed a treatise (Stambha Raj) on the subject of Kirti Stambhas and
got it carved on the rocks of 'Kirti Stambha' according to which he composed this
scripture by looking at the opinions of Jai and Aparajit (son of Brahma).

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Rana Raimal (1473-1509 A.D.)
Political Achievements
 He defeated his brother Udha and became the ruler of Mewar (Battle of Jaawar
and Dadimpur). Udha tried to get help from Sultan Gyas Khan of Malwa but
died due to thunder lightening.
 He defeated Sultan Gyas Khan, this information is provided by Ekling Eulogy of
1488 A.D.
Cultural Achievements
 Constructed wonderful Shiva temple in Chittor.
 Other wonderful temples-
o Shantinath jain temple of Nagda
o Samidheshwar temple ( Tribhuvannarayan ) of Chittor
 He constructed present form of Eklinghji temple.
 His sister Ramabai built a Vishnu temple named Ramaswamy in Javar. She built
a pond .
 His queen Shringar Kanwar constructed step well in Ghosundi (Chittaur).
Eulogy of this place provides information about Shringar Kanwar’s husband and
genealogy of his father ( Jodha).
Ghosundi Inscription
 It is a second century BCE inscription.
 It is the oldest inscription in Rajasthan giving information about Vaishnava
(Bhagavata) religion.
 According to this inscription, the king Sarvatat of the Gaja dynasty had built the
Ashwamedha yajna.
Prithviraj
 He was Raimal's son.
 He was called Udna Rajkumar. Ajmer Fort is called Taragarh due to his queen
Tara.
 Prithviraj's Cenotaph is in the Kumbhalgarh Fort (12 pillars)
Jaimal
 He was son of Raimal

 He was killed fighting against the Solankis.

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Maharana Sanga (Sangram Singh) (1509-1528 AD)
 He was Raymal's son.

 After a dispute with his brothers, Sanga took refuge near Karmachand Panwar in
Srinagar (Ajmer).
 After the death of Raymal, Sanga became the king of Mewar. (5 May 1509)
 When Maharana Sanga became the king of Mewar, Sikandar Lodi ruled in Delhi,
Mahmud Shah Begada in Gujarat and Nasirshah Khilji in Malwa.
 Rana Sanga had won in both these wars.
Malwa v/s Sanga
Reasons to Conflict
 Sanga wanted to establish influence in northern India and this required authority
over Malwa.
 The internal situation of Malwa was weak which was a favorable opportunity for
Sanga.
 Medinirai of Chanderi had sought assistance from Sanga against Mahmud Khilji
II.
Battle of Gagron (Jhalawar) 1519 AD

Sanga v / s Mahmud Khilji II
 At this time the fort of Gagraun was under control of Medinirai, the king of
Chanderi (Malwa).
 Sanga won.
 According to the Muslim writer 'Nizamuddin', "After winning the battle, arrest
the enemy and give him the kingdom, this task is not known till date by anyone
else."
Gujarat v/s Sanga
Reasons of Conflict
 Sanga's policy of empire expansion
 There was a struggle in Mewar and Gujarat since the time of Kumbha.
 Muzaffarshah II of Gujarat assisted Mahmud Khilji II of Malwa against Sanga.

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 The Muslim kingdom of Nagaur was the Karad (Tax ) state of Sanga and the
Sultan of Gujarat wanted to make it independent.
Sanga defeats Bharamal and Muzaffarshah.

 Immediate cause- Edar's succession struggle.
 In Eder there was a succession struggle between Bharmal and Raimal in which
Muzaffarshah II was supporting Bharmal and Sanga was an ally of Raimal.
Battle of Bayana (Bharatpur) - 16 February 1527 A.D.

(Afghanistan) Babur v/s Sanga
 At this time, the fort of Bayana was under control of Mehndi Khwaja.
 Babar's commander - Sultan Mirza
 Sanga won.
Battle of Khanwa (Bharatpur) - 17 March 1527 A.D.
(16 March according to Veer Vinod)
 Babur declared jihad before this war.
 Babur vowed not to drink liquor.
 Babur abolished Tamga tax of Muslim traders.
 Sanga wrote letters to all the kings of Rajasthan and asked for help.
o Amber - Prithviraj
o Marwar - Maldev (King-Ganga)
o Bikaner - Kalyanamall (Raja-Jain-Jaitasi)
o Merta - Veeramdev
o Sirohi - Akhairaj Deora
o Chanderi (Madhya Pradesh) - Medinirai
o Idar- Bgarmal
o Vagad - Uday Singh
o Devalia (Pratapgarh) - Baghsinh
o Sadadi (Chittor) - Jala Ajja
o Salumbar - Ratan Singh Chundawat

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o Mewat (Alwar) - Hassan Khan Mewati
o Mehmud Lodhi – Brotherof Ibrahim Lodhi
 Jhala Ajja (Saadri) led the war as Sanga was injured. Babur won
 He assumed the title of 'Ghazi'.
 Basava (Dausa) - injured Sanga was treated here
 Irich (Uttar Pradesh) – Sanga’s ally given poison to Sanga here.
 Kalpi (Uttar Pradesh) - Sanga died here.
 Madalgarh (Bhilwara) - is the Cenotaph of Sanga.
Reasons Battle of Khanwa
 There was a conflict between Sanga and Babar's political ambitions.
 Sanga had annexed several areas of the Delhi Sultanate (200 villages in Khandar
(Sawai Madhopur)).
 Rajput-Afghan alliance.
 Babar accused Sanga of breach of promise.
 Sanga took control of Bayana's fort.
Cause of Sanga's defeat

 Sanga's army lacked unity. His army was fighting under the leadership of
different generals.
 Babur's artillery.
 Babur's Tulguma battle system (invasions from three sides)
 After the Bayana war, Sanga gave Babar ample time to prepare for the war.
 Sanga himself went to the battlefield.
 Many of Sanga's companions betrayed Sanga and met Babur during the war.
Like- Salahdi Tanwar of Raisin (Madhya Pradesh) and Khanzade Muslims of
Nagaur.
 Mughal army used horses while Rajput army used elephants.
 The Mughal soldiers used lighter weapons than the Rajputs.
Importance of Khanwa's war

 After defeating Afghans and Rajputs, it became easy for Babur to rule in India.
 Khanwa was the last battle in which unity was seen among the Rajput kings of
Rajasthan.
 Sanga was the last Rajput king who attempted to challenge Delhi.

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 The strategic weaknesses of the Rajputs were exposed.
 There was no great king left after Sanga, which damaged Hindu art and culture.
 The future policy of the Mughals towards the Rajputs was decided after the
Khanwa war.
 Later, Akbar adopted a policy of friendship instead of conflict.
Sanga Titles
 Hindupat
 Remnants of solduer (80 wounds)
 According to Baburnama, there were 7 kings, 9 Rao and 104 chieftains/
commanders in the court of Sanga.
Bhojraj
 Eldest son of Sanga
 He was married to Meera Bai.
Ratan Singh
 He Was the son of Sanga.
 Became king of Mewar after Sanga's death.
 He was killed while fighting against Surajmal of Bundi

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Maharana Vikramaditya (1531-1536 AD)
Father - Sanga,Mother - Karmavati (Queen of Handi (Bundi))

• Guardian - Karma
• In 1533, Bahadur Shah of Gujarat invaded Mewar. Karmavati made a treaty by
giving Ranthambore fort.
• In 1534–35 AD, Bahadur Shah invaded Mewar again.
• Karmavati sent a rakhi to Mughal emperor Humayun and sought help.
• The second Sakka of Chittor occurred in 1535.
• Rani Karmavati performed the Jauhar and Kesariya was led under the
leadership of Bagh Singh of Devalia (Pratapgarh)
• Bagh Singh is also known as Devalia Dewan.
• Bagh Singh's Cenotaph is situated on Padumpol (Chittorgarh).
• The Puram Tamrapatra of 1535 AD gives information about the Jauhar of
Karmavati.
• Bagh Singh also participated in the war of Khanwa.
• Banveer was made the administrator of Mewar.
• Banveer Udna was the son of Prince Prithviraj's maid.
• Vikramaditya was killed by Banveer (1536 AD).
• He also wanted to kill Uday Singh, but Pannadhaya saved Uday Singh by
sacrificing his son Chandan.
• Asha Devpur of Kumbhalgarh had given refuge to Uday Singh and Panna dhaya
Maharana Uday Singh (1537-72 AD)

• Father - Rana Sanga, Mother - Karmavati
Battle of Mavli (Udaipur) (1540 AD)
• Uday Singh defeated Banveer in this battle.
• On his return from Marwar in 1544, Sher Shah Suri turned towards Chittor but
Uday Singh made a treaty with him.
Battle of Harmada (Ajmer) 1557 AD
Uday Singh v / s Haji Khan Pathan (Ajmer)
• Maldev (Jodhpur) supported Haji Khan Pathan against Uday Singh and defeated
him.
Maldev wanted to marry Jhala princess of Khairawa (Pali), but Jait Singh married him to
Uday Singh, so there was a dispute between Maldev and Uday Singh.
Uday Singh built a palace in Kumbhalgarh for the Jhali Rani which is famous as 'Jhali
Rani Ka Maliya'.
• Udaipur was established in 1559 and the first 'Paneda Mahal' was built here
where the rulers of Mewar were crowned in due course of time.
• First Uday Singh wanted to build a new city in Ahad and Moti Mahal was also
built there. But later on the suggestion of a monk, the new city of Udaipur was
established.
• Udayasagar Lake was constructed.
• Akbar invaded Chittor in 1567-68 AD.
• Uday Singh went to the hills of Girwa (Udaipur).
• The responsibility of the Chittor fort was given to Jaimal-Patta. Jaimal was injured
by a gunshot of Akbar named Sangram.
• Jaimal fought on the shoulders of Kalla Rathore. Hence Kalla Rathore is called
the God of Four Hands.
• The third Saka of Chittor took place in 1568 AD.
• Jauhar was done under the leadership of Phool Kanwar.
• Akbar captured Chittor on 25 February 1568. And he slaughtered 30,000 people
in Chittor. Akbar then introduced 'Sikka Elchi' here.
• Akbar was impressed by the valor of Jaimal and Patta and he installed the idols
of Jaimal and Patta in the Agra Fort.
• The French traveler Bernier describes these sculpture in Book - First post Jim
Dunheans Muchaptam.
• Junagadh Fort in Bikaner also has idols of Jaimal and Patta.
Jaimal
• He was the king of Merta.
• Akbar took control of Merta in 1562 AD.
Patta Chundawat
• He was the feudatory of Amet (Rajsamand).
• Amet was the first class thikana of Mewar.
Phool kanwar
• Jaimal's sister and Patta's queen.
The chhatris of Jaimal and Kalla Rathore lie between Hanuman Pol and Bhairav Pol
(Chittor) and the Cenotaph of Patta is on Rampol (Chittor).
• On 28 February 1572 AD, Uday Singh died in Gogunda (Udaipur) on the day of
Holi.
• Uday Singh's Cenotaph is made in Gogunda.
• Uday Singh did not make his elder son Pratap the king, but the younger son
Jagmal was made the king.
Maharana Pratap (1572-97 AD)
 Father - Uday Singh, Mother - Jayvanta Bai Sonagara (daughter of
Akhairaj Sonagara of Pali)
 Born - 9 May 1540 AD (Jyeshtha Shukla Tritiya Vikram Samvat 1597)
 Place of Birth - Kumbhalgarh
 Childhood Name - Kika
 Rani - Ajab De Panwar
 Pratap's first coronation took place in Gogunda. It was done by
feudal of Salumbar, Krishnadas Chundavat.
 Pratap was duly crowned in Kumbhalgarh. The 'Chandrasen' of
Marwar was also present in this royal ceremony.
 Akbar sent four messengers to convince Pratap to accept Akbar’s
subordination.
1. Jalal Khan Korchi - September 1572 A.D.
2. Mansingh - June 1573 A.D.
3. Bhagwantdas - September 1573 A.D.
4. Todarmal - December 1573 A.D.
Battle of Haldighati (Rajsamand) - 18 June 1576 AD
Pratap v/s Akbar

Krishnadas Chundavat Mansingh (First time
(Salumber) Independent Commander)
Ramshah Tomar (Gwalior) Asaf Khan
Hakim Khan Sur (Afghan Sardar)
Punja Bhil (Head of Bhils)
Before the war, the Mughal army stopped in a village called Molela and
the army of Mewar in a village called Losing.
 Pratap went out of the battle ground due to Chetak being injured.
 Jhala Maan (Bida) led the war and martyred.
 Mihtar Khan named soldier gave false information about Akbar's
arrival in the war.
 Mansingh failed to get Pratap to accept Akbar's subordination.
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 Akbar had stopped Mansingh and Asaf Khan to come to the court.
 Chetak's Cenotaph is situated in Balicha (Rajsamand).
 In the Haldighati war, an elephant named Luna and Ramprasad
participated on behalf of Pratap, while elephants named Mardana
and Gajmukta were present on behalf of the Mughals. Ramprasad
was captured by the Mughal army and Akbar changed his name to
Peeraprasad.
Historian Names of Haldighati war
Abul fazal Battle of khamnaur
Badauni. Battle of Gogunda
Adarshi Lal Srivastava. Battle of Badshah Bagh,
James Todd Thermopoly of Mewar
 Badauni participated in the battle of Haldighati.

Book: Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh. Badauni has written that there was
neither courage nor power to chase Pratap. Accordingly, the Mughals
feared that Pratap's army might not be ambushed in the mountains.
Therefore, instead of chasing Pratap, it is considered better to depart.
While the Mughals were heavily troubled by the Bhil army, they
looted their logistics material.
Importance of Haldighati war:
1. It was a struggle for territorial independence against imperial power
2. Pratap struggled with Akbar in spite of scarce resources which
brought hope and morality to the people of Mewar.
3. This war spread nationalistic feelings among the general people and
tribes of Mewar.
4. This war still serves as a source of inspiration for nationalists.
 The above statement of Badauni, Akbar restricted entry of Man Singh
in his court, Akbar himself coming to attack Mewar and analyzing
the events is clear indication that Pratap's position was strong in the
battle of Haldighati. He broke the illusion of the Mughals being
invincible.

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 In 1576 AD, Akbar invaded Mewar and changed the name of
Udaipur to Muhammadabad.
Battle of Kumbhalgarh
 Mughal commander Shahbaz Khan invaded Kumbhalgarh thrice.
(1577, 1578, 1579)
Sherpur (Udaipur) Incident 1580 AD

Amar Singh arrested the Begums of Abdul Rahim (Mughal
commander). But Pratap sent them back with respect.
Battle of Diwar (Rajsamand) - 1582 AD

 The Mughal army established its stations at four places. 1. Dewar
2. Deval 3. Debari 4. Desuri
 Pratap had defeated the Mughal army.
 Amarsingh killed the Mughal commander Sultan Khan.
 James Todd called this war a marathon of Mewar.
 Pratapgarh, Banswara, and Eider princely states supported Pratap.
 1585 AD In Jagannath Kachwaha attacked Mewar. This was Akbar's

last invasion of Mewar.
 Pratap had taken away the Malpura (Tonk) of the princely state of
Amer.
 Pratap got the 'Jhalra Talab' and 'Neelkanth Mahadev' temple
constructed in Malpura.
 Pratap made Chavand (Udaipur) his capital. Chawand was the
capital of Mewar for 28 years. Pratap built the temple and palaces of
Chamunda Mata in Chawand.
 The independent development of independent painting of Mewar
started from Chawand. Chief Painter – Nasiruddin
 Pratap died on 19 January 1597 in Chavand. Except Chittorgarh and
Mandalgarh, Pratap again took control over the whole of Mewar.
 Pratap's Cenotaph - Bandoli (Udaipur) (8 pillars)

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Court Scholar
1. Chakrapani Mishra -
Book : 1. Rajya Abhishek (Classical method of coronation)
2. Muhurtamala (astrology)
3. Vishav Vallabh (Knowledge of Horticulture)
2. Hemratna Suri - Gaura Badal Ri Chapai
3. Sadulnath Trivedi- Pratap had given him a jagir called Mandher.
This information is received from the Udaipur inscription of 1588 AD.
4. Bhamashah- He met Pratap with his brother Tarachand in a village
called 'Chuliya' and presented Rs. 25 lakh in cash and 20 thousand
gold Asharfiya to Pratap so that Pratap could keep his army of 25
thousand for 12 years. Pratap made Bhamashah the Prime Minister.
Bhamashah is called the savior of Mewar.
5. Mala Sandu
6. Rama Sandu
According to Jivadhar's composition 'Amarsar', Pratap had established
such a strong rule that even women and children were not afraid of
anyone. Internal security was also strengthened so much that no
punishment was given to anyone without offense. He also tried to
spread education.
In relation to Pratap, Colonel Tod writes that there is no valley in
Aravalli, like Mount Alps, which has not been sanctified by some heroic
act of Pratap, bright victory or more than that. Haldighati is the
Thermopalli of Mewar and Dewar was the 'Merathan' of Mewar.

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Amarsingh I (1597-1620 AD)
 Mughal-Mewar treaty: - 5 February 1615 A.D.

 This treaty was concluded between the Mughal Emperor Jahangir and the
ruler of Mewar, Amarsingh I.
 On behalf of Mewar, Haridas and Shubhakaran had gone with the proposal of
the treaty
 Khurram (Shah Jahan) made treaty on behalf of the Mughals
Conditions of treaty
 Rana of Mewar will not go to the Mughal court.

 The crown prince of Mewar will go to the Mughal court.
 Mewar will provide assistance of 1000 cavalry soldiers to Mughal army.
 The fort of Chittor will be given back to Mewar. But Mewar cannot rebuild it.
 Marital relationships will not be established.
Importance of the treaty

 The sense of freedom that was going on since Sanga and Pratap declined.
 The closure of wars ensured peace in Mewar, Which gave a boost to
development of art.
 Yuvraj Karan Singh went to the court of Jahangir. Jahangir made Karan Singh
the mansabdar of 5000.
 Jahangir had installed the idols of Karna Singh and Amar Singh in Agra Fort.
 According to the English ambassador, Sir Thomas Roe, "The emperor had
subjugated the Rana of Mewar by mutual agreement and not by force." By
Subjugating him, there was no increase in the king's income, but he had to
give a lot to the contrary. (From the book "The Embassy of Sir Tomas Rowe"
written by William Faster)
 Amarsingh was disappointed due to this treaty and he went to Nau Chaki
(Rajsamand).
 Later, Rajsamand Lake was built here.
It is known from the Inscription of the Shahjahani Mosque of 1637 AD which is

situated in Dargah of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, that Prince Khurram built this
mosque after the treaty with Mewar.

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 Amarsingh's Cenotaph is situated in Ahad (Udaipur). After Amar Singh, the
cenotaphs of all the Maharanas of Mewar are located in Ahad and this place is
called Mahasatiyan.
Karnasingh (1620-28 AD)

 He Built Karna Vilas and Dilkhusha palaces in Udaipur.
 He started construction of the Jag Mandir palace. (In Lake Pichola)
 Khurram stayed in the Jagamandir palaces, during his rebellion.
Jagat Singh I (1628-52 AD)

 The construction of Jagmandir Mahal was completed.
 He Built Jagdish (Jagannath Temple) in Udaipur. It is called a temple built in
dreams. This temple is built in Panchayatan style. Whose architects were
Arjuna, Bhana, Mukand. Information about 'Haldighati battle' is available
here in Jagannath Rai Prasasti, which was composed by Krishna Bhatt.
 His foster mother Naujubai got Vishnu temple constructed in Udaipur, Which
is also called the temple of Nauju Bai.
 Jagatsingh was famous for his charity.
Raj Singh (1652-1680 AD)

 He Started rebuilding Chittor Fort and adopted an aggressive policy against
Shah Jahan. Shah Jahan stopped this reconstruction by sending Sadullah
Khan.
 Aurangzeb was supported by Raj Singh in the succession struggle. At that
time Raj Singh organized Tika daud and took control of many Mughal
territories.
 He also Opposed Aurangzeb's 'Jaziya tax'.
 He Assisted Ajit Singh of Jodhpur against Aurangzeb. It is called the 'Rathod-
Sisodia Alliance'.
 He Protected statues of Hindu deities against Aurangzeb.
 He Protected Hindu princesses against Aurangzeb. For example, in 1669 AD,
Princess Charumati of Rupangarh (Ajmer) was married to him against
Aurangzeb's will.

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Sahal Kanwar
 She was the Hadi queen of the 'Ratan Singh Chundawat'( feudal lord of
Salumbar).
 On the husband's demand of symbol of love, she cut off her head.
 This incident took place during the marriage of Raj Singh Charumati.
 Poem of Meghraj Mukul - Sainani (Nishani)
Cultural achievements
Temple
1. Shri Nath Temple - Sihad (Nathdwara) (Rajsamand) - The idol of Shri Nathji
was brought by Govindas and Damodar from Mathura. (1672 AD)
2. Dwarkadhish Temple - Kankroli (Rajsamand)
3. Amba Mata Temple - Udaipur
Lakes
1. Trimukhi Bawdi (Udaipur) - This lake was built by Ramras de, queen of Raj
Singh. It is also called Jaya Bawdi
2. Janasagar Talab (Udaipur) - It was built by Jana De Rathore, mother of Raj
Singh. Eulogist of Janasagar Prasasti was Lakshminath the son of Krishna
Bhatt and the writer was his brother Bhaskar Bhatt.
3. Rajsamand Lake (Rajsamand)
Court scholar
(Book)
1. Kishordas - Rajprakash
2. Sadashiv Bhatt - Raj Ratnakar
3. Ranchod Bhatt Telang 1. Raj Prasthsti
2. Amar Kavya vanshawali
4. Kavi Man. - Raj Vilas
5. Girdhar Das. - Sagat Raso (Information about Pratap's younger
brother Shakti Singh)
6. Kalyan Das - Guna Govind

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Raj Prasasti
 It is located near the Rajsamand Lake at a place called Nauchauki.

 This is the largest inscription in the Sanskrit language. It is written on 25
stones.
 From this inscription, information is available from Bapa Rawal to Raj Singh
about the dynasty of the kings of Mewar, the Mughal Mewar Pact, Pratap's
brother Shakti Singh. This inscription also provides information about
"Prithviraj Raso" and Gurukul system.
 Rajsamand Lake was constructed from 1662 to 1676 AD under famine relief
works
Amar kavya vanshavali

 This book contains information about Amar Singh II.
 It also gives information about Pratap's younger brother Shakti Singh and
Pratap's horse Chetak.
Raj Singh's titles

1. Vijayakatakatu (conqueror of armies)
2. hydraulic ruler

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Jaisingh (1680-98 AD)
 He did treaty with Aurangzeb and broke 'Rathore-Sisodia alliance'.

 In lieu of Jaziya, the Parganas of Mandal and Badnaur were given to the
emperor. However, these parganas were retained by Mewar.
 He started construction of Jaisamand Lake in Udaipur in 1687 A.D., which
was completed in 1691 AD. For this the dam was constructed by stopping
the water of river Gomti, Jhamri, Ruparail and Bagar. It is also called Dhebar
Lake. Narmadeshwar Shivalaya is located near it. Jaisingh had built palaces
here for his Parmar queen Komla Devi, which is also known as 'Ruthi Rani's
Palace'.
 'Baba ka Magra' and 'Pyari' named islands are located in this lake.
Amar Singh II (1698-1710 AD)

 He started the practice of Amarshahi Turban in Mewar.
Debari (Udaipur) Agreement – 1708 A.D.
Amarsingh II (Mewar) + Ajit Singh (Marwar / Jodhpur) + Sawai Jaisingh (Amer)

 This treaty was done against the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah I
Terms of agreement
 Ajit singh and Sawai Jai Singh will be helped in getting their kingdom.
 Amar singh II's daughter Chandra Kanwar will be married to Sawai Jai
Singh. And Chandra kanwar's son will be the next king of Amer.
Sangram Singh II (1710-34A.D.)

 The Marathas obtained Chauth from Mewar. (First time in Rajasthan).
 Saheliyon ki baadi was constructed in Udaipur.

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 Vaidyanath (Shivji) temple was built at Sisarama (Udaipur). It was built for
his mother Dev Kunwari. (1716 AD)
 The author of Vaidyanath Prasasti is Roop Bhatt. It provides information
about the Bandanwada war (Ajmer). In this war, Sangram Singh II defeated
the Mughal commander Ranbaz Khan. Main cause of this war was Pur,
Mandal, Badnaur parganas.
Jagatsingh II (1734-51)
Hurda Conference (Bhilwara) - 17 July 1734 AD
 It was a conference of the Rajput kings of Rajasthan against the Marathas.
Mewar - Jagat Singh II (President)
Jaipur - Sawai Jai Singh
Marwar - Abhay Singh
Nagaur - Bakht Singh
Bikaner - Zorawar Singh
Bundi - Daleel Singh
Kota - Durjan Saal
Kishangarh - Raj Singh
Karauli - Gopal pal
Conference decisions
 All the kings will help each other against the Marathas.
 War will be fought against the Marathas at Rampura (Kota) after end of
rainy season.
Importance of conference
 After the Khanwa war, the Rajput kings of Rajasthan tried to form unity
against any other power.

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 The Hurrda Conference had failed due to the personal differences of the
kings.
 Jagatnivas Palace was constructed in Udaipur. Court scholar Nekram wrote
a book called Jagat Vilas. In which there is a detailed description of the
reputation of this palace.
Bhim Singh (1778-1828)

Rana Bhim Singh (1784-1824 AD)
 Rana Bhim Singh decided to marry his daughter Krishnakumari to the ruler
of Marwar, Bhim Singh. Unfortunately Bhim Singh of Marwar died before
marriage. After the death of Bhimsingh, the marriage of Krishnakumari to
Jagatsingh II of Amber was decided. The new ruler of Marwar, Man Singh
(Brother of Bheem Singh) opposed this marriage.
 Due to this incident, the princely states of Amber and Marwar conflicted and
battle of Gingoli was fought (war of Parbatsar) between Jagatsingh II and
Mansingh in 1807 A.D.
 In this long-running war, there was terrible bloodshed on both sides.
Battle of Gingoli (Parbatsar) (Nagaur) - 1807 AD
Jagat Singh II (Jaipur) v/s Mansingh (Jodhpur)

 On the advice of Amir Khan Pindari (Tonk) and Ajit Singh (Chundavat
Salumbar)), this dispute was brought to an end by poisoning Krishna
Kumari (21 July 1810 AD).
 On 13 January 1818, Bhim Singh makes a treaty with the Britishers. In this
treaty, the representative of English was Charles Metcalfe and the
representative of Mewar was Ajit Singh. Colonel James Todd was made the
first political agent of Mewar.

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History of Marwar
Marwar was ruled by 'Rathore Vansh'. Historians have different
opinions about the origin of Rathore. Rathors are originated from
Hiranya kashyap according to Bhato's books. According to the Khyat
of Jodhpur state, Rathore's are born to King Vrihutabal, son of King
Vishwutman. Dayaldas considered them to be Suryavanshi and
children of Brahmin Bhalla Rao. According to Nainasi Rathores of
Marwar have been described as a branch coming from Kannauj.
Colonel Todd has described them as Suryavanshi based on the
genealogy of Rathores. Although there is a difference of opinion among
historians regarding the origin of the Rathores, all scholars have
referred to them as belonging to the Rashtrakutas of Southern India.
Origin of Rathore
Kannauj South India
Gahdwal Vans Rashtrakut
➢ At the time of independence, Marwar princely state was the largest

princely state of Rajasthan.
Rao Siha
❖ He was the adhipurush of the Rathores of Rajasthan. He is
considered to be the descendant of Gahadwal Jayachand of
Kannauj.
❖ He came to Marwar from Kannauj to help the Paliwal Brahmins.
❖ Capital - Khed (Barmer)
❖ Cenotaph - Bithu (Pali)
Rao Dhuhad
➢ He brought his clan goddess Naganechi Mata's idol from
Karnataka and built a temple in Nagana (Barmer).
➢ Lokadevata Pabuji was the son of his younger brother Dhandhal.

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Rao Mallinath
✓ Capital- Mewa nagar (Barmer)
✓ Mallinath ji is the folk diety of western Rajasthan.
✓ Barmer region is called 'Malani' due to Mallinath ji.
The songs of Gindoli are sung on Gangaur.
Rao Chunda (1394-1423 A.D.)

• Pratihara (Inda) king married his princess to Chunda and gave him
Mandore as a dowry. Now Mandore became capital of the Rathore
• His queen Chand Kanwar built Chand Bawdi in Jodhpur.
• In 1423 A.D., he was deceitfully killed by the Bhatis of Pugal
(Bikaner).
• He had declared his younger son Kanha as heir. So his elder son
Ranmal went to Mewar and he married his sister Hansa Bai to Rana
Lakha of Mewar. In time, Ranmal became the king of Marwar with
the help of Mewar's army.
Rao Jodha (1438-1489 A.D.)

▪ He was the son of Ranmal. In 1438 AD After the assassination of
Ranmal in Chittor, He consolidated his power by staying in the
jungles, and in 1453 AD he was successful in achieving Mandore
through the Treaty of Anwal-Bawal.
▪ Jodhpur was established in 1459 AD by Jodha. He Built the
Mehrangarh Fort on the Chidiyan tunk Hill in Jodhpur. Karani
Mata (Ranmal's religious sister) laid the foundation of Mehrangarh
Fort.
▪ In year 1460 A.D. Rao Jodha built the temple of Chamunda Mata in
Mehrangarh fort.
▪ He defeated the army of Sultan Bahlol Lodi of Delhi.
▪ Dr. Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha considers him the first majestic
ruler of Jodhpur.
▪ His queen Jasmade got the Ranisar pond constructed in Jodhpur.
▪ Bikaner was founded by Jodha's son (Bika).

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Rao Maldev (1531-62 A.D.)
 Rao Maldev was born on 5 December 1511 and his mother Padma
Kumari was the daughter of Jagmal Deora of Sirohi.
 According to Pandit Vishwashar Nath Reu, Dr. Gaurishankar
Hirachand Ojha and Gopinath Sharma, Maldev became the ruler of
Marwar after killing his father Rao Ganga.
 At the time of the coronation, only two parganas, Jodhpur and Sojat
(here Maldev was crowned), were under Maldev's control but in due
course Maldev won 58 parganas under his imperialist policy,
through 52 wars.
 In 1533 AD he defeated the Bhati rulers of Jaisalmer and acquired
Phalodi . In 1535 AD, Nagore After defeating Daulat Khan , in 1536
A.D. Bilara after defeating Sirvi, in 1538 AD. defeated Dungar Singh
and captured Sivana . In 1539 AD, defeated Veer Sindhal and
captured Bhadrajun and Raipur. Sikandar Khan was defeated and
captured he Jalore. He won the wars of Sojat and Sevaki during the
reign of his father Ganga.
Battle of Paheba / Saheba - 1541 A.D.
Maldev v/s Jaitasi (Bikaner)
 Jaitse was killed fighting in the war. Maldev won and he took control
of Bikaner. Maldev made Kumpha the governor of Bikaner. Jaitasi's
son went to Kalyanmal and Shershah Suri (King of Delhi) and asked
for help.
 In 1542 AD, Maldev also captured Medta and Veeramdev king of
Merta went to Sher Shah Suri and asked for help. (There was a
dispute with Veeramdev about Dariyajosh Elephant)
Maldev-Humayun relationship
Humayun was passing through Rajasthan after losing to Sher Shah
Suri (in the wars of Chaisa and Kannauj). From a place called Jogi
Tirtha, he sent three messengers to Maldev for help.

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1. Mir Samand
2. Raymal Soni
3. Atka Khan
 Maldev promised for Bikaner and military assistance.
 Humayun does not trusted Maldev and moves towards Sindh
(Pakistan) at the advice of his library president, Mulla Surkh.
 He took refuge near Veerasal Sodha, the king of Amarkot.
 If Maldev and Humayun had shown little understanding, they
could have formed an alliance against Sher Shah Suri And could end
Afghan rule from India.
 Mughal Rajput relations which were started by Akbar. Those
relations can begin at this time.
Maldev Shershah Suri Relations

War of Giri Sumale / Battle of Jaitaran (Pali) - 1544 AD
Maldev v/s Shersha Suri

Kumpha Kalyanmal (Bikaner)
Jaita Veeramdev (Merta) (Nagaur)
Reasons of conflict
 The imperialist ambitions of both the rulers.
 Maldev's kingdom was touching the Delhi Sultanate, which was a
threat to Sher Shah.
 Maldev let Humayun go safely from his kingdom and tried to help
him. So Shershah wanted to punish him.
 Sher Shah had the support of Kalyanmal (Bikaner) and Veeramdev
(Merta) and wanted to take advantage of this dispute of the
Rathores.

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 Due to the cleverness of Sher Shah Suri, Maldev went back to
Jodhpur. Jaita and kumpa fought against Sher Shah Suri. With the
help of Jalal Khan Jalwani, Sher Shah Suri won and after winning he
said " I would have lost the kingdom of Hindustan only for handful
millet ". Sher Shah's army had 80000 soldiers, while Jaita and Kumpa
had only 12000 soldiers.
 Maldev goes to Sewana (hills in Badmer). Sivana was called the
place of refuge of the Rathores of Marwar. Sher Shah took control of
Jodhpur and handed over Jodhpur to Khawas Khan. After a few
days Maldev regains Jodhpur.
 Maldev makes diplomatic mistakes in relationship with Sheri Suri.
If he did not let Kalyanmal and Veeramdev go to Sher Shah Suri, he
could have formed a coalition of Rathores. If he does not get caught
in the cleverness of Sher Shah Suri, He would have won the battle of
Giri Sumale.
Maldev-Mewar Relations
 He assisted Rana Sanga as the crown prince of Marwar in Khanwa's
war.
 In 1533 AD, assisted Vikramaditya against Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.
 He helped Uday Singh assisted against Banveer. Later, due to a
dispute with Uday Singh, he helped Haji Khan Pathan of Ajmer
against Uday Singh in the battle of Harmada.
Uma De
 She Was the daughter of King Lunkaran Bhati of Jaisalmer. She got
annoyed to Maldeo due to maid named Bharmali. Hence she was
called "Ruthie Rani". She spent some of her time in the Taragarh fort
of Ajmer, but later moved to Kelwa (Rajsamand).
Jala - A song sung by women on their way to see a wedding

procession.

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Maldev's court scholars
1. Ashanand - Umade Bhatiyani Ra Kavit
- Bagha bharamali ki dush
- Gogaji Ri Pedi
 He participated in the war of Pahiba.
2. Isardasji - Hala Jhala Ri Kundaliya (Sur Satsai)
- Deviyan
- Hariras
 Isardasji is a folk god in western Rajasthan.
Architectural contribution of Maldev

 Maldev built several forts such as Merta (Nagaur), Ria (Nagaur)
Sojat (Pali), Pokaran (Jaisalmer). Maldev got the park constructed in
Jodhpur. His queen Swaroopde got Swarupa sagar Talab (Bahuji
Row Talab) constructed at Mandore.
Titles
1. Hindu Badahah
2. Hasmat wala Raja
Maldeo was mentioned as strongest king of Hindustan in texts Tabkhat

- i- Akbari of Nizamuddin (Persian Historian) and Tareek - i - Farista
of Farista.
 Maldev died on 7 November 1562. He was displeased from his

eldest son Ram Singh and exiled him from the kingdom. Uday Singh
was also not made successor and he declared his third son
Chandrasen as the successor of Marwar. So Ramsingh and Uday
Singh got angry and went to Akbar.

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Rao Chandrasen (1562-81 A.D.)
 His elder brother Ram went to Akbar for help. Akbar invaded
Jodhpur to aid Rama (Akbar's commander- Hussain Quli Beg).
Chandrasen goes to Bhadrajun (Jalore). Vishveshwarnath Reu has
attributed main reason of Akbar's attack on Jodhpur was the non-
cooperation of Maldev to Humayun.
 Chandrasen attended Akbar's Nagaur court in 1570, but seeing
Akbar's inclination towards Uday Singh, he went back without
meeting Akbar.
According to Ramkaran Asopa, Akbar invited to Chandrasen for
meeting. According to Visvesvarnath Reu, Akbar wished that if
Chandrasen accepted subordination for nominal terms, he would
return the kingdom of Jodhpur.
According to Abul Fazl and Badauni, Chandrasen had accepted
Akbar's subjection but this was not true because if it were so,
Chandrasen would not need to flee from the Nagaur court and
Akbar would not attack Bhadrajun.
 Akbar attacked Bhadrajun. Chandrasen went to Sivana (Barmer).
Later, Chandrasen opposed Mughals while residing in hills of
Kanuja and Peepalund.
 Chandrasen struggled against Akbar all his life, but he did not
accept Akbar's subjection.
 Chandrasen died in 1581 AD due to poisoning by a feudal named
Barisal in a place called Sinchaiyai (Pali) in the hills of Saran.
Titles
1. Pratap of Marwar - According to Vishveshwarnath Reu
2. Guide of Pratap
3. The forgotten king of Marwar
Similarities between Chandrasen and Pratap
 Both did not accept Akbar's subjection.
 Both of them followed the guerrilla warfare system.

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 Both had to face opposition from their brothers.
Pratap faced opposition of Jagmal and Sagar and Chandrasen faced
Ram and Uday Singh.
 Akbar had captured most states of both Pratap and Chandersen but
they continued their struggle on the strength of little land.
 Both had to take refuge outside their kingdom.
Like- Pratap took refuge in plains of Chappan (Banswada) and
Chandrasen near Asaran, king of Dungarpur.
Dissimilarities:
 Mughals were against Pratap since his coronation, but Chandrasen's
Mughal opposition began after the Nagaur court.
 Pratap's Mughal opposition continued even after his death by his
son Amar Singh, but Chandrasen's Mughal opposition ended with
his death.
 Pratap had directly confronted the Mughals in the battless of
Haldighati and Dewar, but Chandrasen could not do so.
 Pratap had established Chawand as a permanent center, but
Chandrasen could not establish any such center.
 Pratap communicated sentiments of nationalism among the people
of Mewar but Chandrasen could not do so.
In spite of these disparities, Chandrasen can be called
the Pratap of Marwar, because Chandrasen's geographical conditions
were unfavourable compared to Pratap, as Mewar was a mountainous
region suitable for guerrilla warfare while Chandrasen had a flat desert
land , Where a guerrilla war cannot be fought for a long time. Pratap
got the support of donors like Bhamashah and Tarachand, but
Chandrasen was missing such cooperation.
Nagaur Darbar
 Akbar organized this court in 1570 AD.
 Declared objective - Famine relief work
 Real purpose - to make rulers of Rajasthan subordinate
 Many kings of Rajasthan accepted Akbar's subjection.
Like- Kalyanmal (Bikaner)
o Harraj (Jaisalmer)
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o Uday Singh (Chandrasen's brother)
 At this time Akbar also built the Sukkra pond (Nagaur).
Importance of Nagaur Durbar

 Without fighting Akbar made Kings of Rajasthan his subordinate
through dipolmacy.
 The king of Rajasthan were clearly divided into two classes.
1. Mughal ally
2. Anti-Mughal
 A series of Mughal dependent kings had started in Rajasthan.

Like- Mansingh (Amber), Raisingh (Bikaner)
 With the end of the battles, peace was ensured in Rajasthan, which
encouraged development of art.
 Akbar appointed Raisingh of Bikaner as the administrator of
Jodhpur. (1572–74)
 After this Akbar declared Jodhpur as Khalsa.
 Khalsa - Land Under Center
Other important facts

 Chandrasen appointed Patta Rathore in the fort of Sewana. Later,
the Mughal commander Shahbaz Khan had taken control of Sivana.
 Chandrasen killed Mughal commander Jalal Khan in Rampura
region.
 In October 1576 A.D. Rawal Hararai of Jaisalmer attacked Pokaran.
At that time Chandrasen took one lakh 'Fadiyyas' (coins) and gave
the fort of Pokaran to Jaisalmer as he needed money against the
Mughals.
 Chandrasen lived in Mewar, Sirohi, Dungarpur, Banswara, Ajmer
etc. during the Mughal attacks
 Rao Sukhraj, Suja, and Devidas were allies of Chandrasen.
 Chandrasen defeated his brother Uday Singh in the battle of
Lohawat and defeated his brother Ram in the battle of Nadole.

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Mota Raja Uday Singh (1583-95 AD)
• He was First king of Marwar who accepted Akbar's subjection (in
Nagaur court in 1570 AD).
• He married his princess Manibai (Jodha Bai) to Jahangir.
Title of Manibai - Jagat Gosai (Owner of the world)
Son of Manibai - Khurram (Shah Jahan)
Kalla Rayamlot
• He was the son of Uday Singh's brother Raymal.
• He was the feudal lord of Siwana
Samela - Welcome to the groom procession.
• In 1589 AD, Akbar invaded Sevana. At this time the second Saka of
Siwana took place. Kesariya was done under the leadership of Kalla
Rayamalot. Bhan Kanwar (daughter of Rao Surjan of Bundi)
committed Jauhar.
• Prithviraj Rathore (Bikaner) wrote Marseya of Kalla Rayamalot.
Marseye - Couplets written on valor after death.
Gaj Singh (1615-38 A.D.)

• Jahangir gave Gaj Singh the title of 'Dalthambhan' (detainer of
armies).
• At the advice of his beloved Anara Begum, Gajsingh made his
younger son Jaswant Singh the king of Jodhpur and the elder son
Amar Singh was given Nagaur.
Court scholars
1. Keshav Das Gadan - Amarsinhji Ra Duha

- Vivek vartha (commentary on Upanishads)
- Gajgunrupak
2. Hem kavi – Gunbhasha charitra

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Amar Singh Rathore
• He was the king of Nagaur.
Matire Ri Rad - 1644 AD
Amarsingh (Nagaur) v/s Karna Singh (Bikaner)
➢ This matira ( Watermelon) was on the border of Jakhani village of

Nagaur and Silva village of Bikaner. Information about this war is
found in Kashi Chagani's book Chhatrapati Raso.
➢ Amar Singh killed 'Mir Bakshi' (Defense Minister) Salawat Khan in
Shah Jahan's court.
➢ Amarsingh wass called “Katar ka dhani".
➢ Amarsingh was murdered by his brother-in-law Arjun Singh Gaud.
➢ Amarsingh's umbrella is in Nagaur. (16 pillars)
➢ Bukhara Darwaza of Agra Fort is called Amar Singh Darwaza.
Shahjahan got it closed. Later in 1809, "George Steel" opened this
door.
➢ Later on, Amarsingh Rathore became the hero of Rajasthan's folk
songs and folk tales.

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Jaswant Singh (1638-78 AD)
• Jaswant Singh was 11 years old at the time of coronation, so Raj
Singh Kumpawat of Asoop was appointed as his guardian
• Jaswant Singh participated in the Mughal succession struggle.
Battle of Dharmat (Dancha) (1658 AD)

✓ This war took place between Darashikoh and Aurangzeb. In this
war, Jaswant Singh and Kasim Khan were commanders of Dara
Shikoh, but due to the betrayal of Qasim Khan, Dara Shikoh was
defeated.
✓ When Jaswant Singh returned from Dharmat's war, his "Hadi Rani
Jaswant De" had closed the doors of the fort. Kaviraja Shyamal Das
ji has recognized this story.
Battle of Khajua (1659 A.D.)
✓ This war took place between Aurangzeb and Shuja. In this battle
Jaswant Singh went to fight on behalf of Aurangzeb, but due to
mistrust with Aurangzeb, Jaswant Singh looted his tent and came
back to Jodhpur. Therefore, indirectly, Jaswant Singh assisted
Shuja.
✓ Later, due to the mediation of Mirza Raja Jaisingh, the ruler of
Amer, the estrangement between Jaswant Singh and Aurangzeb
was reduced, and Jaswant Singh was made the Subedar of Gujarat.
• In 1662 A.D Jaswant Singh was sent south to help Shaista Khan
against the Marathas.
• In 1673 AD Aurangzeb appointed Jaswant Singh the governor of
Kabul. He died in Afghanistan on 28 November 1678 in a place
called "Jamrud Ka Thana". On his death, Aurangzeb said that
"Today the door of Kufr is broken".
Books by Jaswant Singh

1. Anand Vilas
2. Bhasha Bhushan

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3. Prabodh Chandrodaya
4 Aproksh Siddhanthsar
Construction work
1. A city called Jaswantpura was established in Maharashtra.
2. Kaga garden was built in Jodhpur and pomegranate seeds were

planted here which were brought from Kabul.
3. Janasagar lake was built by Rani Atirangde. Which is also called

Shekhawat's pond.
4. Queen Jaswantde got the palace constructed at a place called Raika

Bagh, and Kalyan Sagar Talab, called Raatanada.
Court Scholar
I. Muhanaut Nainasi: He was the diwan and eminent writer of
Jaswant Singh. His father's name was Jaimal and mother's name
was Swaroop Devi. He was arrested by Jaswant Singh due to debt.
he committed suicide with his brother Sundardas. Munshi
Deviprasad has called Muhanaut Nainasi as "Abul Fazl of
Rajputana".
(A) Muhanaut Bainsi Ri Khyat
❖ It is the first Khyat of Rajasthan.
❖ Apart from Marwar, this princely state of Rajasthan is also
described in this Khyat
(B) Marwar Ra Pargana Ri Vighat-
❖ Census information is available from this book.
❖ It is the administrative text of Marwar.
❖ This book is called "Gazette of Marwar (Gazette)".
❖ This book also provides information about the immediate tax
system.
II. Pandit Narharidas: - Avatar Charitra
III. Naveen Kavi: - Neh nidhan
IV. Surat Mishra
V. Banarasi das
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Prithvi Singh: - He was the son of Jaswant Singh. He fought against
the lion. Aurangzeb killed it by giving him poisonous clothes.
Ajit Singh and Dalthamman: - He was the son of Jaswant Singh.

Aurangzeb house arrested him in Roop Singh Rathod's haveli in Delhi.
Later, Dalthamman died while coming from Delhi to Jodhpur.
Indra Singh Rathore: - He was the grandson of Amar Singh Rathore.

He was the king of Nagaur. Aurangzeb took 36 lakh Rs and made him
the king of Jodhpur. But the people of Jodhpur did not accept him
• Aurangzeb declared Jodhpur as Khalsa. The reasons are as follows
1. Control of Marwar was necessary to secure the connectivity of Delhi

and Agra from the trading centers of Gujarat.
2. Aurangzeb wanted to make his supporter the king of Jodhpur to

comply with his anti-Hindu policy.
3. Jaswant Singh was opposed to Aurangzeb from the beginning.

Hence, Aurangzeb wanted to avenge this by destroying or
subduing Jodhpur.
Ajit Singh (1679-1724 AD)

• With the help of Mukundadas Khichi and Gaura, Durgadas
Rathore came to Marwar with Ajit Singh.
• Gaura is called "Pannadhay of Marwar" Gaura was named in the
national anthem of Marwar 'Dhanuso'. Gaura’s Cenotaph is
situated in Jodhpur.
• In the village called Kalindri (Sirohi) Ajit Singhwas kept under the
supervision of Mukundas Dhani.
• in the house of Jayadev Purohit

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• Aurangzeb named the fake Ajit Singh as Mohammadiraj, and
handed him over to his daughter Jebunnisa.
• Raj Singh of Mewar gave his support to Ajit Singh.
• In 1680 AD The Mughal army defeated the combined forces of

Mewar and Marwar in the war of Debari (Udaipur).
• Durgadas provoked Aurangzeb's son Akbar to rebel. On 1 January
1681 A.D. Akbar was declared Mughal Emperor in Nadole (Pali).
Due to Aurangzeb's cunningness Akbar had to go to Shambhaji in
South India.
• Buland Akhtar and Safiyatunisa: - they were the son and daughter
of Akbar. They were raised by Durgadas Rathore. They were kept
at the house of Jagannath Ramchandoth in Juna Badmer village, and
their religious education was arranged. In 1695-96 AD At the
advice of Ishvara das Nagar, Durgadas Rathore handed
Safiyatunisa to Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb, a strong anti-Hindu, was
so pleased with this behavior of Durdadas that he brought him the
pargana of Medata and a one lakh rupees for the traveling expenses.
In 1698 A.D. he himself appeared before Aurangzeb with Buland
Akhtar. Aurangzeb gave the mansab of 3 thousand jat and 2
thousand sawar to Durgadas, and gave him the parganas of
Jaitaran, Medta and Sewana. Aurangzeb gave the mansab of 1500
Jat and 500 riders to Ajit Singh, and gave him the parganas of Jalore
and Sanchair.
• Ajitsingh became the king of Jodhpur in 1708 AD after the Debari
agreement.

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• Ajitsingh expelled Durgadas Rathore
• Ajitsingh married his daughter Indra Kanwar to Mughal emperor
Farrukhsiyar. Indra Kanwar was the last Hindu princess married
to a Mughal emperor.
• Ajitsingh was murdered by his son Bakht Singh. (23 June 1724 AD)
• During the cremation of Ajitsingh, many animals and birds died by
burning in his cremation
Books by Ajitsingh
1. Durgapaat Bhasha
2. Gunasagar
3. Nirvana Ra Duha
4. Ajit Singh Ri kavita
Durgadas Rathore
Father- Aashkaran
Mother - Naith Kanwar
Born - August 13, 1638 A.D.
Place of Birth - Salwa (Jodhpur)
❖ Asakaran had given Durgadas the Luneva jagir.
❖ Durgadas fought for 30 years (1678–1708 AD) to make Ajit Singh
the king. This was called the ' struggle of 30 years of Rathores of
Marwar'
❖ Amarsingh II of Mewar gave jagir of Rampura and Vijaypur to
Durgadas.
❖ Durgadas died on 22 November 1718 in Ujjain.
❖ Durgadas's Cenotaph is situated on the banks of the Shipra River in
Ujjain.

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Titles
1. Ulysses of Rathore (said by James Todd)
2. Garibaldi of Rajputana
3. Brindling pearl of Marwar
• Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha dedicated the second edition of his
book History of Jodhpur State to Durgadas Rathore.
Durgadas Rathore’s Evaluation

Veer Durgadas, the son of Marwar, fought with the Mughals for the
protection of the motherland and the interests of his master throughout
his life. Without him it would not have been possible for Ajitsingh to
regain his ancestral kingdom. Durgadas fought the Mughals by
uniting the Rathore Rajputs whom Maldev could not bind in the thread
of unity. Durgadas was a skilled diplomat, he not only saved
Ajitsingh's life, but also placed him on the throne. For this he took the
help of Mewar and inspired Akbar II to revolt. After failure Akbar's
rebel, he not only brought him to a safe south but also protected his
sons and daughters and managed their education in Islam. These
heroic human qualities of Durgadas also won the heart of stone-hearted
enemies like Aurangzeb. Not only Aurangzeb, Durgadas had respect
in the court of Mewar and Maratha King Shambhaji. In the words of
Dr. Ojha, "Durgadas's name will remain immortal in the history of
Rathore."

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Abhay Singh (1724-49 AD)
• Khejadli incident: Bhadrapad Shukla Dasami Vikrami Samvat (1787
AD) (1730 AD)
• Under the leadership of Amrita Devi Bishnoi, 363 people were
martyred for saving trees.
• ‘ Tree fair 'is organized every year in Khejadli. Amritadevi Bishnoi
Award is given in the field of environmental protection.
Court school
✓ Karanidan- Suraj Prakas (Bidad Singar)
✓ Veerabhan – Raj Rupak
Both of these books provide information about the Ahmedabad war.

In this war, Abhay Singh defeated the Governor of Gujarat, Sir Buland
Khan.
Maan Singh (1803-43 AD)

• Due to a dispute with his brother Bhim Singh, he took refuge in the
fort of Jalore. When Mansingh was in Jalore, Devnath predicted his
fortune of becoming king.
• Maan Singh built a grand temple in Jodhpur for the Nath sect and
also wrote a book called Nath Charitra.
• He is called the "Sannyasi king" of Marwar.
• He established a library called "Man Pustak Prakash" in Jodhpur.
• He concluded Treaty with Britishers on 16 January 1818 AD. The
British representatives was Charles Metcalfe and Jodhpur's
representatives were Yuvraj Chhatra Singh and Bishanram Vyas.
• In 1827 AD Against the Britishers, the ruler of Nagpur, Apa Sahib
Bhonsle, was given shelter in Jodhpur. Maan Singh had refused to
return the thugs who had escaped from the English state.
• In 1832 AD, the Ajmer Darbar of Governor General Lord William
Bentinck was boycotted.

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• After the death of Devnath, there was a dispute between his son
Ladunath and his brother Bhimnath, so Mansingh settled the
dispute by building Uday temple for Bhimnath.
• Later on, under the leadership of Lakshminath, the Naths had
started a disturbance in Jodhpur, so in 1839 AD. He pacified the
Nath rebellion in Sadarland.
Court scholar
✓ Kaviraja Bankidas Ji - Bankidas Re Khyat (This book mentions the
date of establishment of Jodhpur and Jaipur.)
- Man jaso mandan
- Datar Bawani
- Kukavi Batisi
✓ Song – Ayo angrez mulk re upar (This song criticizes the kings who
supported the British.)

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History of Bikaner
• The ancient names of Bikaner were Jangaldesh and Ratighati. The
capital of Jangaldesh was Ahichhatrapur.
• Bikaner was ruled by Rathores
Rao Bika (1465-1504 AD)

❖ In 1465 AD, Bika conquered Bikaner region due to the satire of his
father Jodha with the help of his uncle Kandhal and younger
brother Beeda and with the blessings of Karni Mata. Karni Mata is
the tutelary goddess of Rathores of Bikaner.
❖ In 1472 AD at Kodamdesar. Bika was proclaimed as king.
❖ Bika founded Bikaner in 1488 AD. Akha teej (Akshaya Tritiya) is
celebrated as the "Foundation Day" of Bikaner. On this day, kites
are flown in Bikaner.
❖ Bika attacked Rao Suja of Jodhpur, but Jasmaade (the queen of
Jodha), the mother of Suja, mediated a compromise, and given Bika
the royal symbols . Like- 1. Statue of Naganechi Mata 2. Statue of
Lakshminath Ji 3. Dagger of Hadbuji.
Bika's construction work

• He Built Bhairav temple at Kodamdesar. This idol was brought by
Bika from Mandore.
• Temple of Naganechi Mata was built in Bikaner. (18 arms statue)
Rao Lunakaran (1505-1526 AD)

✓ He became the ruler by the blessings of by saint Jasnath ji
✓ He defeated Rawal Jaitsi of Jaisalmer.
✓ In 1513 AD he Defeated Muhammad Khan of Nagaur.
✓ In 1526 A.D. In the battle of Dhosi, he was killed while fighting
against Abimira ( Nawab of Narnaul).

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✓ 'Bithu Souza' has called Lunkaran the Karna of KalYug. Jaya som
has also compared him to Karna.
✓ It is also considered that the Lake Lunkaransar was constructed by
him
Rao Jaitasi (1526-1541 AD)

❖ In 1527 A.D. he sent his son Kalyanmal to assist Rana Sanga in the
battle of Khanwa.
❖ In 1534 AD Humayun's brother Kamran was defeated by him in the
Battle of Ratighati. Information about this war is mentioned in the
book Rao Jaitasi Ro Chand of Bithu Souza. Kamran first captured
Bhatner (Hanumangarh).
❖ The battle of Paheba (1541 AD) was fought between Rao Jaitasi and
Maldev, in which Jaitasi was martyred. Rao Jaitasi sent his minister
Nagaraja to seek help from Sher Shah Suri during Maldev's invasion
of Bikaner.
Rao Kalyanmal (1541-1574 AD)

o In 1527 A.D. he Led the army of Bikaner in the Battle of Khanwa.
o In 1544 AD, he supported Sher Shah Suri in the battle of Giri Sumail,
and after the war he took control over Bikaner.
o In 1570 AD he attended the Nagaur court of Akbar, and accepted
Mughal subjugation. He was the first ruler of Bikaner, who
accepted Mughal subjugation. Yuvraj Rai singh and Prithviraj
Rathore also participated in this court to whom Akbar took with
him.

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Maharaja Rai Singh (1574-1612 A.D.)
• Akbar appointed him as the Administrator of Jodhpur. (1572–1574

CE)
• He was the mansabdar of Akbar and Jahangir. Akbar made him a
mansabdar of 4000 but Jahangir increased it to 5000.
• He defeated Ibrahim Mirza in the Battle of Katauli and assisted
Akbar in the suppression of Mirza rebellion in Gujarat and he killed
Husain Mirza.
• In October 1574 AD , Akbar sent Rai Singh against Chandrasen. Rai
Singh had snatched Sojat from Chandrasen's assistant Kalla Rathore
(son of Chandrasen's brother Rama) but he could not snatch Sewana
from the Patta Rathore. In 1576 A.D. Shahbaz Khan had captured
Sivana.
• Rai Singh had made Surti of Sirohi and Taj Khan of Jalore to accept
Akbar’s subordination
• In 1577, Akbar gifted 51 parganas to Rai Singh.
• At the time of the rebellion of Khusro (Jahangir's elder son) Jahangir
entrusted the responsibility of the capital Agra to Rai Singh
• Under the supervision of Karmachand, Junagadh Fort was built
(1589-94 AD) in Bikaner. This fort has the Rai Singh Prasasti
composed by the Jain scholar Jayita. The idols of Jaimal and Patta
are situated at the door named Surajpool in this fort.
• Munshi Deviprasad called Rai singh "Karna of Rajputana".
Raisingh's books
✓ Raisingh Mahautsav
✓ Vaidik Vanshavali
✓ Jyotish Ratnamala
✓ Bal Bodhini (commentary on astrological texts)

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Court scholars
• Jaya som – Karma -chand- vanshottarkirn- kamkavayam
• Rai Singh has been called Rajendra in this book. In this book Rao
Lunkaran is compared to Karna.
Prithviraj Rathore
• He was Raisingh's younger brother. Lived in Akbar's court. Akbar
gave him Gagaron
(i) Veli Krishna Rukmani Ri

❖ It is written in Dingle (Northern Rajasthani).
❖ Dursa Adha described this book as the 5th Veda and 19th
Purana.
❖ According to James Todd, there is a force of 10,000 horses in this
book.
(ii) Ganga Laheri

(iii) Dasharathavrauta
(iv) Dasham Bhagwat Ra Duha
• L. P. Tessitori called Prithviraj Rathore Horace of Dingle. He was

from the city of Udine, Italy.
• Colonel Tod has written about him- "Prithviraj was the supreme
valiant man of his time and like the " Tubedar "princes of west,
he could prosperous any side of task through his poetry and can
fight with the sword also.
He wrote two books called Bardic and Historical Survey of Rajputana
and Grammar of Western Rajasthan. He critically studied Veli Krisan
Rukmani Ri and Rao Jaitasi Ro Chand. In 1919 A.D. He died in Bikaner
and his umbrella is located here. Since 1982, an annual festival is
organized every year in his memory. A chamber has been constructed
in the Bikaner Archives specifically on his name

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Karna Singh (1631-1669 AD)
❖ In 1644 AD he defeated Amar Singh of Nagaur in a battle called

"Matire ki Raad".
❖ During the Attuck campaign of Aurangzeb, other rulers of Rajasthan
gave the title of “ Jangaldhar Badshah” to Karnasingh. Anoop Singh
(son of Karan Singh) got done The Rajasthani translation of Sanskrit
treatise "Shukasaptati" of Chintamani Bhatt , this title of Karan Singh
is mentioned in this book. Later all the kings of Bikaner used this
title.
❖ Karnasingh wrote a book called "Sahitya Kalpadrum" with the help
of other scholars.
Court scholars
✓ Gangadhar Maithil – 1. Karna Bhushan
2. Kavya Dakini
✓ Hosik Bhatt - 1. Karnavantas

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Anoop Singh (1669–98 AD)
 He got success in campaigns of South India, Aurangzeb gave him
the title of "Mahi Maratib". Later, Bikaner Maharaja Gaj Singh and
Ratna singh were also given this title by the Mughal emperors.
 He collected the idols of Hindu Gods and Goddesses from South
India, and installed them in the temple of 33 crore gods & Goddesses
of Bikaner. There is also a statue of Heramb Ganapati (Ganpati
riding on a lion’s).
In Mandore, Abhay Singh built 33 crores of gods and goddesses.
 He established Anoop Sanskrit Library in Bikaner. Music books of

Kumbha were compiled here, and other Sanskrit books brought
from South India were also kept here.
Anup Singh's books

1. Anup Vivek (based on Tantra)
2. Kama Prabodh (based on Kamashastra)
3. Shraddha prayog Chintamani
4. Anupodaya (Commentary on the Geet Govind)
Court scholar
1. Bhava Bhatt:
(a) Sangeet Anup Ankush
(b) Anoop Sangeet Vilas
(c) Anoop Sangeet Ratnakar
2. Gadan Veerabhan: - Kunwar Anoopsingh ki veil
3. Anant Bhatt: Tirtha Ratnakar
4. Uday Chandra: - Panditya Darpan

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 Various Sanskrit books were translated into Rajasthani.
Like- 1. Shukkarika (Joshiraya translated it by the name Vinod)
2. Baital Pachisi
3. Gita (translated by Anand Ram)
Surat Singh (1787-1828 A.D.)
 In 1805 AD he captured Bhatner. This day was Tuesday, so Bhatner's

name was changed to Hanumangarh.
 He attacked on Churu in 1814 AD. At this time, "silver balls" were
fired from the fort of Churu. The feudatory of Churu at this time
was Syoji Singh.
 In 21 March 1818 A.D. he concluded a treaty with the Britishers. In
this treaty, British representative was Charles Metcalfe and Bikaner's
representative was Kashinath Ojha.
 During his reign, George Thomas attacked Bikaner 2 times.
 He supported Jaipur Maharaja Jagatsingh II in the Battle of Gingoli.
Ratan Singh (1828-1851 AD)
 In 1829 AD in the Battle of Basanpir (Jaisalmer) he was defeated by

Maharaja Gaj Singh of Jaisalmer. In 1835 AD the agreement between
the two was mediated by Maharana Jawan Singh. The British
representative in this agreement was Treveliyan. Lieutenant Boillo
described the agreement in his book “Personal narrative through
western states of Rajwara”.
 In 1837 AD he prohibited "female foeticide" in Gaya (Bihar).
 He Built Bihari Temple of Vallabh sect in Bikaner.

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Court scholar
 Dayaldas: - Bikaner Ra Rathora ri khyat

 This is the last famous book of Rajasthan.
 This book contains information about the kings of Bikaner from
Bika to Sardar Singh.
 This book also contains information about Rathores of Jodhpur.
Ganga Singh (1887–1943 A.D.)
 In 1899 AD he suppressed "Boxer Rebellion" in China. Therefore,

the British gave the China War Medal to him
 In 1899 AD The British gave him the title of "Kesar-e-Hind" because
of his effective management of severe drought, which is known as
Chhappania Akal.
 In 1913 AD The Praja Pratinidhi Sabha was established by him.
 In 1916 AD he has given the maximum financial assistance to Madan
Mohan Malaviya for the establishment of Banaras Hindu University.
 He formed an army of camels which was called "Ganga Risala".
Ganga Risala participated in the first and second world war.
 During the First World War, he was elected as the only black
member of the British Cabinet.
 In 1919 AD he attended the "Paris Peace Conference". On returning
from there, he sent his famous "Rome note" to the Britishers and
demanded self-government for India.
 In November 1921 A.D. , Governor General Chelmsford formed
"Chamber of Princes" and Ganga Singh was made its first Chancellor
(1921-25 AD).

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 In 1927 AD, "Ganga Canal" (first canal of Rajasthan) was constructed
by him therefore Ganga Singh is called the "Bhagirath" of Rajasthan.
The engineer of the Ganga Canal was Kanver sen. It was
inaugurated by the then Governor General Lord Irwin on the
Shivpuri head.
 Gangasingh participated in all three round table conferences held in
London. ; 1930 AD, 1931 AD, 1932 AD
 He Built Lalgarh Palace in Bikaner in memory of his father Lal Singh.
The present form of temples of Ramdevara (Jaisalmer), Deshnok
(Bikaner) and Gogamedi (Hanumangarh) were built by Ganga
Singh.
 He got engraved “ Victoria Empress” on the coins of Bikaner
Mewar Maharana Swaroop Singh wrote "Dosti London" on coins.

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History of Chauhan
Origin of Chauhan
1. Principle of Agni Kund: -
 According to Chandabardai's book Prithviraj Raso, four Rajput
castes arose from the flames of fire altar of Abu Yagya organized
by Rishi Vashistha.
(i) Chauhan
(ii) Chalukya (Solanki)
(iii) Parmar
(iv) Pratihara
 Muhnot Nainasi and Suryamall Misan also supported this
principle.
 In the present scientific period, this theory seems not only
unscientific but also artificial. It may have been such that this plot
would have been used to alert the Kshatriyas against external
invasions, who had given up violence under the influence of
Buddhism and Jainism, or some tribal leaders or foreign warriors
were included in the Kshatriyas by Agni ritual
2. Suryavanshi - According to Prithviraj Vijay, Hammir Mahakavya ,
Hammir Raso, etc. and historians Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha
Chauhans were Suryavanshi. Vigraharaja IV's inscription also
proclaims that he was Suryavanshi, which is kept in the Rajputana
Museum of Ajmer.
3. Chandravanshi - Hansi (Haryana) inscription of Prithviraj II and
Achaleshwar temple inscription of Abu Parvat describes them as
Chandravanshi.

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4. Brahmin- According to Bijoliya (Bhilwara) inscription and
Chandravati inscription and Kayamkhani Raso they have been
described as Brahmin. On the basis of the Bijoliya inscription, Dr.
Dashrath Sharma has also called the Chauhans as Brahmins. The
line inscribed 'Vip Srivatsagotrabhutta' confirms this view
However, this view also cannot be completely true as kings often
adopt their priest's gotra.
5. Foreigner - James Tod has considered the Chauhans as foreigners,
and has considered the rituals of the Middle Asian caste Shak similar
to the rituals of Chauhan. William Crook and Dr. Smith also
accepted this view.
6. Dr. Ojha has said that- attire, profession, sun worship, fire and
animal worship, arms worship, yagya ceremony, sati rituals, liquor
consumption, etc., are common among Rajputs and castes of
Middle Asia and It symbolize the propagation of Aryan culture in
those countries, not the origin.
In the Sevadi inscription of Raipal, the Chauhans have been

described as descendants of Indra.

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Bijoliya Inscription (1170 AD)
 It is located in the Parsvanath temple of Bijoliya. It was written by

Digambar Jain Lolak written to commemorate the construction of the
temple and the pool.
 Information about the Chauhans of Sambhar and Ajmer is available in it.
 According to it, Chauhan king Vasudev built the "Sambhar lake" and
made Nagaur his capital. In this inscription, the descendent of Vasudeva
named Samanth Chauhan is mentioned as Vatsa Gautriya Brahmin.
Information about the Delhi victory of Vigraharaj IV is obtained from this
inscription.
 It provides Information about Jain and Shaiv pilgrimages situated
around the Kutila river flowing in this area. It also gives Information
about the land grant (Dohli) given to the temples.
 It gives record about the administrative division of the state.
Desh
Pattan
Pur
Palli
Gram
 The large unit of the village was called Pratigana. The head of the village
was called the Mahattar and the head of Pratigan was referred as
Parigrahi. Similarly, the names of feudalsand Bhukti named
administrative officials named are found in it.
 This gives information about ancient names of various cities of Rajasthan.
Like- Vijayavalli (Bijoliya) Srimal (Bhinmal)

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Ahichhatrapur (Nagaur) Mandalkar (Mandalgarh)
Jabalipur (Jalore) Nagrhad (Nagda)
Naddul (Nadole) Uttamadri (Upmaramal)
Shakambhari (Sambhar) Dhillika (Delhi)
 The author of this inscription was Gunabhadra, author was Kayastha

Keshav, engraver was Govind.
 There is another inscription near this inscription. On which the Uttam
Shikhar Purana composed by Siddhasuri has been engraved.
Inscription of Vigraharaj IV
 This inscription is obtained from Saraswati Kanthabharan Temple of

Ajmer. Which is now safe in Rajputana Museum.
 In this inscription, four main things have been said about origin and
descendants of Chauhans
(i) The initial man of the Chauhans was born in the Malava dynasty.
(ii) The intial man of the clans was born in the Ikshvaku clan of the Sun
dynasty.
(iii) The intial man of the Chauhans was born in the clan of Kush, the
younger son of Lord Rama.

(iv) Adi Purusha of Chauhans was Chahmaan.
Place of Origin
 The intial place of the Chauhans was extended from Anant Pradesh (area
near Sikar) to Pushkar (Ajmer).
 According to Ramkarna Asopa, these are called Chahman because they
lived around the Sambhar lake.

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 Thus the major part of the state of the Chauhans was Sapadalaksha (the
area around the Sambhar lake) and their capital was Ahichhatrapur
(Nagaur).
Vasudev
 He was the founder of Chauhan State. According to the Prabandh kosh

of Raj shekhar, in year 551 AD. He established the Chauhan State in
Sapadlaksha. According to the Bijoliya inscription, he built the Sambhar
Lake.
Guvak - I
 Initially, Chauhans were feudatories of Pratiharas. Guvak conferred the

title of Veer in the assembly of Pratihara King Nagabhatta II. Later,
Guvak I refused to accept subordination of Pratihara king Nagabhatta II.
Thus Guvak was the first independent Chauhan king.
Chandanraj
 His queen Atmaprabha (Rudrani) was a devotee of lord Shiva, and

worshiped Lord Shiva by lighting 1000 lamps in Pushkar Lake. She was
skilled in Yoga
Vakpatiraj
 He was the winner of 108 wars.

 His son Lakshmanraj / Lakshman Singh (Lakhanasi) established the new
Chauhan kingdom in Nadole (Pali) in 950 AD

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Vigraharaj - II
 He defeated Malkaraja I, he was Chalukya king of Gujarat, and built the

temple of his Kuldevi Ashapura Mata in Bhadoch
Govind - III
 According to the Muslim writer Farishta, he did not allow the king of
Ghazni to cross Marwar.
 In the Prithviraj Vijay, his title is mentioned as Variighatta, which means
the destroyer of enemies.
Ajayraj (1105-1133 AD)
 He Founded Ajmer in 1113 AD and made it his capital. fort was built by
him
 He introduced silver and copper coins (Ajayapriya Dram). He engraved
name of his queen Somlekha (Somal Devi) on coins.
 He had defeated the Garjan Matango.
 He presided the debate between Digambar and Shwetambar scholars.
 He presented a golden pot (Kalash) to the Parsvanath temple.
 In his last time, he handed over the rule to his son Arnoraj and went to
Pushkaranya.
Arnoraj (1133-1155 AD)
 In 1135 AD he defeated the Turks at Ajmer, and built the Anasagar Lake
by stopping the Chandra River of Pushkaranya to sanctify the battle
ground.
 He Built Varaha temple in Pushkar.
 He defeated King Naravarman of Malwa.

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 He defeated Siddharaj Jai Singh, the Chalukya king of Gujarat, and
married his daughter Kanchan Devi.
 He was defeated by the Chalukya king of Gujarat, Kumarapala, and had
to marry his daughter Jalhandevi to Kumarapal. At this time Kumarapala
went to Chittor after winning Ajmer.
 There was a scholar named Devabodh and Dharmaghosh in the court of
Arnoraj.
 He gave land grants to the jains of Khartargarchh community
 He was assassinated by his son Jagdev.

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Vigraharaj IV (1153-63 AD)
 Jagdev became the ruler by killing his father Arnoraj, but by deposing
him, his younger brother Vigrahaja became the fourth ruler.
 According to Dr. Dashrath Sharma, his reign was the golden period of
Ajmer / Sapalaksha's Chauhans.
 He defeated Tomar Raja of Dhillika (Delhi). This information is obtained
from the Bijoliya inscription. He defeated the Chalukya king Kumar Pal
of Gujarat and took control of his subordinate areas like Jalore, Pali,
Nadole, Chittor etc.
 He installed "Delhi Shivalik Pillar". Originally, this inscription has been
engraved on the Tophara (Haryana) pillar of Ashoka which was later
installed by Feroz Tughlaq at Feroze shah Kotla (Delhi). In this
inscription Vigrahaja IV declares that I have exterminated the Muslims
from Aryavarta and my successors also confine them to the Attuck river.
 He Established the city of Bisalpur (Tonk) and built a pond and Shiv
Mandir (Gokarneshwar) here.
 He wrote a drama named Harkeli which is based on Bhairavi's
Kiratarajuniyam Natak.
 He Established a Sanskrit school named Saraswati Kanthabharan and
Saraswati Temple in Ajmer. In the inscription of Vigrahaja IV obtained
from here, the Chauhans have been described as Surya Vashini.
 His court scholar Somdev wrote a book called Lalit Vigraharaj which
contains the love story of Vigraharaj and Princess Desaladevi of
Indrapuri. This book also describes the defeat of Khusro shah, ruler of
Ghazni by Vigraharaj IV.
 In the Sanskrit Pathshala, the lines of "Harkeli" and "Lalit Vigraharaj"
were engraved on the walls.

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 Qutb-ud-din Aibak converted this Sanskrit school into a mosque. Which
is called "Adhai din ka Jopda". Urs of Peer PunjabShah of two and a half
day is organised here
 Vigraharaj IV had banned the animal on the day of Ekadashi on the
advice of Dharmaghosh Suri.
Titles
1. Biseldev
2. Kavibandhu
3. Kilharn also praised his scholarly skills, and said that he was one of the
Hindu rulers who could compete of Kalidasa and Bhavabhuti.
Apargangya
 He was the son of Vigrahaja IV but was ousted by Prithviraj II, the son of
Jagdev.
Prithviraj II
 In 1167 AD In the Hansi inscription of Prithviraj II, Chauhans have been

described as Chandravanshi. He appointed his maternal uncle Guhil
Kilhan in Hansi and got a palace constructed in Hansi.
 In 1168 AD From the inscription obtained from Ruthi Rani temple of
Dhaud village (Bhilwara), it is known that Prithviraj II had gained the
kingdom with his muscle power. In this inscription the name of its queen
is described as Suhav Devi.
 He built Suheshwar Shiva temple in Mainal (Bhilwara).

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Someshwar
 He was the son of Chalukya Rani Kanchanadevi of Arnoraj. Hence, his

childhood was spent in the court of Siddharaj Jai Singh and Kumar Pal In
the maternal grand parents home in Gujarat.
 He killed Kumarapala's enemy Konkan king Mallikarjuna in the war.
 At the time of Konkan Victory he married Princess Karpoori Devi she
was daughter of Chedi king Achalraj Kalachuri.
 According to the Bijoliya inscription, he had donated a village called
Revana to temple and in this inscription his name is mentioned as Pratap
Lankeshwar.
 He built grand Vaidhnath temple in Ajmer in which the idols of Brahma,
Vishnu and Mahesh were placed.
 He built five temples in Ajmer which are called five Kalpavriksha.
 He had also installed idols of his father Arnoraj and himself.

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Prithviraj III (1177-92 AD)
• Father- Someshwar
• Mother- Karpoori Devi (daughter of Achalraj, ruler of Kalchuri dynasty
of Chedi state)
• He became king at the age of 11. Hence, his mother Karpoori Devi
became his protector. Karpoori Devi managed the administration for a
year with the help of her qualified ministers.
• Chief Ministers: - Kiamas, Bhuvanamall, Skanda, Vaman, Sodh.
• After one year, Prithviraj took over the administration.
• He suppressed the rebellion of his cousins Apargangya and Nagarjuna.
Nagarjuna made Gurgaon his center and revolted. Devabhatta was the
commander of Nagarjuna.
• In 1182 AD he Suppressed the rebellion of the Bhandanak tribe in Hisar
and Gurugram (Haryana) regions. This information comes from the
writings of Jinpati Suri. The Bhandanak tribe formerly lived in the Sutlej
region of Punjab, but were now committing disturbances in the areas of
Mathura, Bharatpur, Alwar.
War of Mahoba / Tumul War - 1182 AD

Prithviraj v/s Paramardev Chandel (Mahoba)
• Reason- Parmardidev Chandel had killed Prithviraj's injured soldiers.
• Prithviraj won and he appointed Pajunarai as the governor of Mahoba.
Alha and Udhal brave commanders of Parmardidev Chandel, martyred
in the battle.
Battle of Nagaur - 1184 AD
Prithviraj v/s Bhima II Chalukya (Gujarat)
Reason: -
• Both wanted to marry Ichivi Devi, the princess of Abu. But Prithviraj
married her.
• The borders of both kingdoms were meeting in Nadole and both kings
wanted to expand the empire.
➢ Jagdev Pratihara had mediated a treaty between them.

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Chauhan - Gahadwal dispute
Chauhan - Gahadwal
Prithviraj Chauhan v/s Jayachand (Kannauj)
Reason:
❖ Succession of Delhi.
❖ Policy of empire expansion.
❖ Assistance given to Chandelas by Jayachand.
❖ Prithviraj kidnapped Jayachand's daughter Sanyogita and married
her. (This love story has been accepted by Dasharatha Sharma as a
historical fact. Gopinath Sharma and CV Vaidya also accepted it.
First Battle of Tarain: 1191 A.D.

Prithviraj v/s Gori (Ghajini)
❖ Reason - Gori took possession of Tabar Hind (Bhatinda) and appointed
Qazi Ziauddin as the Administrator.
❖ Prithviraj Chauhan wins. Gori was injured by Govindraj Tomar of
Delhi. Qazi Ziauddin was arrested, and he was released after taking
money.
Second Battle of Tarain: 1192 AD

❖ Gori wins. Prithviraj Chauhan was arrested from a place called Saraswati
near Sirsa (Haryana).
❖ According to Hasan Nizami, Prithviraj Chauhan ruled under Gauri for a
few days. Hasan Nizami's book- "Taj ul Masir".
Due to the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan in the Tarain war:

1. Prithviraj Chauhan had disputes with his neighboring states. Hence, no
king helped him against Gori.
2. Prithviraj Chauhan's army was less than Gori's army in the second war of
Tarain and most of his generals were busy in other wars. For example,
Skandh and Udayaraj did not participate in this war, and Someshwar
joined hands with Gouri.
3. After the first battle of Tarain, Prithviraj Chauhan gave Gori enough time
to prepare for the war.

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4. Gori was a good commander, and by his diplomacy he defeated Prithviraj
Chauhan.
5. The Turkish army used horses while the Rajputs used elephants.
6. Turks used lighter weapons than Rajputs.
Importance / Effect / Consequences of Tarain War

1. After the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, it became easy for Gouri's
successors to rule in India.
2. The emerging political ambitions of the Rajputs came to an end, and after
Prithviraj Chauhan no Rajput king could control Delhi.
3. After the second war of Tarain, the continuation of foreign rule over India
started till 1947.
4. The positive and negative effects were seen on the Indian culture due to
Turkish rule.
Positive Effect:
(i) Indo-Islamic common culture emerged in India. The effects of which

were seen on architecture, painting and music.
(ii) Sufi and Bhakti movements started in India.
Negative Effect:
1. Turk invaders broke Hindu temples and Buddhist monasteries. Due

to which Hindu and Buddhist culture declined.
2. In 1200 A.D. the Buddhist culture almost disappeared from India.
Prithviraj Chauhan's cultural achievements
❖ He Established Art and Culture Department. (Minister- Padmanabh)

❖ He Built "Pithora Fort" near Delhi.
Court Scholar
✓ Chandrabardai (Prithvi Bhatt) - Prithviraj Raso

✓ Jayanak - Prithviraj Vijay
✓ Vagishwar Janardan
✓ Vidyapati Gaur
✓ Om Ashadhar

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Evaluation of Prithviraj Chauhan
➢ Prithviraj Chauhan is accused of being an immature commander and
an indecent king, but this allegation is not true, as he did not face
defeat in any war before the second war of Tarain. Therefore, he
cannot be called an immature general.
➢ Not attacking the running army and forgiving the enemy on apology
were the ideals of the Hindu culture of that time. And Prithviraj
Chauhan was also following the same ideals. Although his defeat
paved the way for India's slavery, but its importance in medieval
history cannot be ignored.
Titles of Prithviraj Chauhan

1. Raipithaura
2. Dalpungal

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History of Ranthambore
 Chauhan dynasty was ruled in Ranthambore.
Govinda Raj
 He was the son of Prithviraj Chauhan.
 He Established
 an independent Chauhan state at Ranthambore (Earlier he became the
ruler of Ajmer by accepting the subjugation of the Turks, but its uncle
Hariraj overthrew him. Hariraj sent his commander Chattaraj to attack
Delhi, but he also had to face defeat. Qubuddin Aibak invaded Ajmer,
Hariraj along with the family died in the fire.)
 His successors were respectively Valhan, Pralhadan and Veeranarayana,
Veeranarayana fought the army of Iltutmish, in which he died. After
Veeranarayana, Vagabhatta also protected his ancestral kingdom from
turk officials sent from Delhi. Nasiruddin carried out a military
campaign here during Vagabhatta, but he could not control
Ranthambore. Jatrasingh, son of Vagabhatta, then became the ruler of
Ranthambore, who did not allow Paraman, Kachhap and Muslims to
succeed in the wars and maintained the reputation of his dynasty.
Hammir (1282–1301 A.D.)

 His father Jaitra singh coronated Hammir during his reign. After
becoming the ruler, Hammir followed the Digvijay policy, and defeated
Samar singh of Chittor, Bhoj Parmar of Dhar, Arjuna of Bhimaras, Pratap
singh of Abu. He collected tax from Mandalgarh, and accepted the
subjugation of the ruler of Tribhuvan Giri, and also controlled over the
regions of Vardhanpur, Pushkar, Champa etc. Hiss state included
Shivpur (Gwalior), Balban (Kota), Shakambhari etc. areas.
 After this Digvijay campaign, Hammir organized a Koti Yajna whose
priests was Vishwarup
 In 1290 AD, Jalaluddin Khilji attacked Ranthambore, but he could only
control Zain fort (Ranthambore's Key), but Hammir regained it as soon
as he returned to Delhi.
 In 1292 AD, Hammir also thwarted the attack of Jalaluddin Khilji.
Jalaluddin Khilji had said, "I do not consider such ten forts equal to the

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hair of a Muslim". Amir Khusro has described this attack in his book
"Mifta-ul-Futuh".
Alauddin Khilji v/s Hammir

Reason for conflict:
1. Alauddin Khilji's imperialist policy.

2. Ranthambore was located on an important trade route from Delhi to
Gujarat and Malwa.
3. Due to the strong strategic position of Ranthambore, Alauddin wanted
to conquer it and establish control over other Rajput states.
4. Hammir had thwarted 2 invasions of Jalaluddin Khilji, hence Alauddin
Khilji wanted to avenge it.
5. Hammir gave refuge to the Mongol generals Muhammad Al Shah and
Kehbru, two rebels of Alauddin Khilji.
In 1299 AD, Alauddin Khilji sent Nusrat Khan, Ulugh Khan, Alapp
Khan as commander to attack Ranthambore. At this time he took possession
of the zhain, and changed its name to Nushar. Hammir was busy in
Munivrat at this time, so he sent Dharm Singh and Bhimsingh along with
the army. They forced the turk army to return, but the Turks suddenly
attacked in the valley of the Hinduvat and Bhim Singh died in it.
Hammir removed Dharm Singh and appointed Bhoja to his post, but
later this post was given to Dharm Singh, so Bhoja went to the Sultan, and
Dharm Singh imposed new taxes on the people to avenge his insults, So that
Hammir can be made unpopular. These administrative changes later
proved to be harmful. Alauddin sent Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan for a re-
invasion, but Nusrat Khan was killed in this attack, so Sultan himself came
to Ranthambore.
 Hammir had done SAKA at Ranthambore in 1301 AD due to the betrayal

of Ratipal and Ranmal. This was the first Saka of Rajasthan. Rani
Rangadevi of Hammir did the Jauhar. Amir Khusro has described this
Jauhar in his book "Khazine-ul-Futuh". This is the first description of

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Jauhar in Persian language. Kesariya was done under the leadership of
Hammir.
 On 11 July 1301 AD, Alauddin Khilji captured Ranthambore. And he
handed over Ranthambore to Ulugh Khan.
 Amir Khusra had said that "Today the house of the Kuffra has become
the house of Islam."
Deval de
 She was the daughter of Hammir. She committed suicide by jumping in
Padam Pond (Jal Johar).
Hammir's cultural achievements

 He Built an umbrella of 32 pillars at Ranthambore in memory of the 32-
year rule of his father Jaitra Singh.
 Hammir's book: - Shringar Haar
Court scholars
 Raghavdev (Guru of Hammir)

 Bijhaditya
Evaluation of Hammer
 Hammir is charged with raising taxes and fighting for persistence. But
he can be released from these charges. Because taxes were raised at a time
when war was going on and more money was needed for war. This was
done by all the kings. Hammir had never raised taxes before this.
 Protecting refuge was the norm of Hindu culture of that time and
Hammir was following the same ideology.
 The spirit of sacrificing everything to protect his refuge and his bravery
is not only unforgettable but also makes him stand in the front row.
 it is rightly said about Hammir-
Singh Gaman, Satpurush vachan, Kadali phale ik bar|
Tiriya tel, Hammir Hatt, Chadhai n Dooji Bar ||

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Books related to Hammer
1. Nayan Chandra Suri - Hammir mahakavya
2. Jodhraj - Hammir Raso
3. Sarangadhar - Hammir Raso
4. Chandra sekhar - Hammir Hatha
5. Amrit Kailash - Hammir Bandhan
6. Bhandau Vyas - Hammyarayan

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Chauhan of Nadole
Lakshman Singh (Lakha)
 He was the son of Vakpatiraja, the Chauhan king of Sambhar.
 In 960 AD, he established an independent Chauhan kingdom in Nadole
 He built the temple of Ashapura Mata in Nadole
 Ashapura Mata is the clan goddess of the Chauhans
Aheel
 He defeated Bhimdev's army of Gujarat, and separated the head of
commander of Bhoj of Malwa
 During the Somnath invasion of Mahmud Ghaznavi in 1025 AD, he
confronted Ghaznavi
Alhan
 His son Kirtipal founded Chauhan kingdom in Jalore.
Chauhan of Jalore
 Jalore was called Jabalipur due to being the worshipping place of sage
Jabali. The Fort of Jalore is situated on the Sonegiri hill. Therefore it is
also called Sonagarh, Suvarnagiri and Kanchanagiri. Due to the
abundance of Jaal trees, it was called Jalore.
Suvarnagiri - Jalore Fort
Swarnagiri - Jaisalmer Fort
Kirtipal
 In 1181 AD he started / established the rule of Sonegra branch of
Chauhan dynasty in Jalore. He defeated Kuntpal Parmar and captured
Jalore. Due to the authority over the Sonagiri Fort, this branch of the
Chauhans was called Sonagara.
 He defeated Samant Singh of Chittor.

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 According to the Khyat of Nainasi, Keetu (Kirtipal) was a great king. He
is called Rajeshwar in the inscription of Sundha Parvat.
Samar Singh
 He built a strong rampart, treasury, armory in Jalore.
 He Married his daughter Liladevi to the Chalukya king of Gujarat, Bhima
II.
Uday Singh
 He captured that part of Mandore and Nadole which was under control
of Iltutmish, and defeated Lavanprasad of Gujarat.
Chachigdev
 He held the title of Maharajadhiraja.
 He was contemporary of Nasiruddin Mahmud and Balban, but they did
not dare to attack Jalore.
Samant Singh
 In 1291 AD, Jalaluddin Khilji came till Sanchore, but he stopped him with
the help of Sarangdev Baghela.
Kanhad dev
Kanhaddev v/s Alauddin Khilji
Causes of conflict
1. Alauddin Khilji's imperialist policy under which he had captured Chittor

and Ranthambore. So now he wanted to take control of Jalore.
2. Jalore was located on the important route from Delhi to Gujarat and
South India.
3. In 1298 A.D. At the time of the Gujarat invasion, the Sultan's forces were
not given a way to pass through Jalore.
4. Returning from the Gujarat invasion, the Turkish army was attacked by
Jaita Deora, the commander of Jalore and snatched the pieces of
Shivalinga of Somnath temple.

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5. According to Farishta In 1305 AD. Aain-ul-Mulk, the commander of the
Sultan, Multani took Kanhaddev to Delhi but he accepted Alauddin's
challenge of war with the Hindu king and returned to Jalore.
6. Nainasi has cited the reason for this conflict was Princess Feroza's
attraction to Veeramdev, the prince of Jalore.
Alauddin Khilji's Invasion of Sevana - 1308 AD.
 First Saka of Sivana took place under the leadership of Satal and Son.
They were the nephews of Kanhaddev.
 A soldier had betrayed them
 Alauddin had changed the name of Sivana to Khairabad
 Sivana was called the key of Jalore.
 During this attack, a Turkish army commander named Naharkhan was
killed.
 Sultan handed over the fort of Sivana to Kamaluddin Gurg.
Malkana War
 After the victory of Sivana, the Turkish army broke the temple of
Mahavirji at Sanchor and destroyed Bhinmal, the center of learning.
Hence Kanhaddev invited the surrounding Rajputs for help.
 He defeated the Turkish army in the battle of Malkana near Medta and
the commander Shamskhan was arrested along with his wife.
Alauddin Khilji's invasion of Jalore - 1311 AD.
 Saka was performed in Jalore under the leadership of Kanhaddev and his
son Veeramdev.
 Alauddin's commander - Kamaluddin Gurg

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 Alauddin changed the name of Jalore to Jalalabad and got the Alai /
Topkhana Majid built.
 Bika Dahiya had betrayed Kanhaddev.
 Bika Dahiya was killed by his wife Hirade.
 Jaita Devada: - General of Kanhaddev.
 Firoza: - The daughter of Alauddin who liked Veeramdev.
 Gul Vihisht: - Feroza's foster mother
Padmanabha: -
 Kanhadde Prabandan (book)

 Veeramdev Sonagara Ri Baat (Story)

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Sirohi's Chauhan
 Deora branch of Chauhan dynasty ruled in Sirohi.
Lumba
 After the fall of Jalore in 1311 AD, he defeated the Paramaras and took
possession of Abu and Chandravati and made Chandravati his capital.
Shivbhan
 In 1405 AD he made Shivpuri his capital.
Shashmal
 In 1425 AD he established Sirohi and made it his capital.
Jagmal
 In 1474 AD In the time of the invasion of Sultan Bahlol Lodi in Delhi, he
had assisted Maharana Raymal of Mewar
Akhairaj
 He was also called Udana Akhairaj.
Surtaan
 At this time Bija Deora also wanted to become the ruler of Sirohi. He
sought help from Maharaja Rai Singh While going to Sorath . Raisingh
took half of Sirohi and gave it to the Mughal Emperor Akbar and Akbar
gave it to Jagmal ( Pratap's younger brother).
Battle of Datani (Sirohi) - 1583 AD
Akbar v/s surtan
 Surtana had won.

 Akbar's commander: - Raisingh (son of Chandrasen of Marwar), Jagmal
(Brother of Pratap), Danti singh Koliwara.

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Court scholar
 Dursa Adha: - 1. Rao Surtana Ra Kavit

2. Virud Chathari (76 titles of Pratap)
3. Kiratar Bawani
Man Singh
 During his time sword of Sirohi became famous.
Barisal
 Ajit Singh of Marwar was given shelter in Sirohi.
Shiv Singh
 In 1823 AD he made a treaty with the Britishers
 Sirohi was the last princely state of Rajasthan that had signed a treaty
with the Britishers
Chauhan of Bundi
 The Hada branch of Chauhan dynasty ruled over Bundi. Bundi was
earlier ruled by Meena. It was named Bundi because of Bunda Meena.
 Bundi is called Vrindavati in the Ranakpur inscription.
Deva
 In 1241 AD After defeating Jaita Meena, he established the Hada branch
of Chauhan dynasty in Bundi.
Jaitra Singh
 In 1274 AD he conquered Kota and merged it with Bundi state.
Bar singh
 He Built the Taragarh Fort at Bundi in 1354 AD. Bundi's Taragarh Fort
is famous for murals.

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Surjan
 At the time of Akbar's Ranthambore expedition in 1569 AD. he accepted
Akbar's subjection. Bhagwant das of Amer played important role in this
 He Built Ranchaud (Krishna) temple in Dwarika (Gujarat).
Court scholar
 Chandra Shekhar 1. Surjan Charit

2. Hammir Hatt
Buddha Singh
 Book - Nehrang
 His two sons Dalel Singh (adopted son) and Umaid Singh, fought
succession struggle.
 Sawai Jai Singh supported Daleel Singh and Marathas supported Umaid
Singh.
 Bundi was the first princely state of Rajasthan in which Marathas
interfered in internal politics.
Amar Kanwar
 Sawai Jai Singh's sister and Buddha Singh's queen, called Malhar Rao
Holkar, the general of the Marathas, in favor of Umaid Singh.
Krishna Kanwar
 Daughter of Sawai Jai Singh and wife of Daleel Singh. Daleel Singh was
the son of the feudatory Salem singh of Karwad.
Vishnu Singh
 In 1818 AD he made a treaty with the Britishers

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Chauhan of Kota
 Kota was ruled by the Hada branch of Chauhan dynasty
Madho Singh
 He was the son of King Ratan Singh of Bundi.
 In 1631 AD, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan declared him an
independent king of Kota.
 Shah Jahan gave a horse named "Baad Raftar" on the success of the Asian
campaign.
Jahangir gave the titles of "Ramraj" and "Sir Bulandarai" to King Ratan Singh
of Bundi.
Mukund Singh
 He got constructed Abli Meeni palace in Kota.
 He was killed fighting in the war of Dharmat on behalf of Dara shikoh.
Bhim singh
 He was a follower of Vallabh sect. He changed his name to Krishnadas.
He changed the name of Kota to Nandagram and Shergarh to Barsana.
He Built the temple of Sanwariya Ji in Baran.
 On the advice of Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar, he attacked the Bundi
and defeated King Buddha singh of Bundi and changed the name of
Bundi to Farrukhabad. He bought two cannons from Bundi Fort, called
"Dhuldhani" and "Kadkbajali".
Umaid Singh
 He concluded Treaty with Britishers in 1817 AD. February 1818 A.D.
According to the supplementary treaty made by him Umeed Singh and
his descendants will remain the king of Kota and Jaleem Singh Jhala will
always remain the dewan (prime minister) of Kota and all the powers of
Kota were given to the dewan.

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Kishor singh II
Battle of Mangrol (Bara) - 1821 A.D.
Kishor singh II V/s Jalim Singh Jhala
 Jalim Singh wins. The Britishers supported Jalim Singh. English

commander - James Todd.
History of Jhalawar
 Jhala dynasty ruled Jhalawar.
Madan Singh
 He was the grandson of Jallim Singh Jhala.
 In 1837, He separated from Kota and established an independent
Jhalawar state.
 In 1830, the British recognized the princely state of Jhalawar.
 Jhalawar was the last princely state of Rajasthan.
Princely states established in Rajasthan by the British: -

1. Dholpur
2. Tonk
3. Jhalawad
 Capital of Jhalawar: - Jhalrapatan

 It is situated on the banks of river Chandrabhaga.
 It is also called the city of bells.
Rajendra Singh
 He Built wooden palace in Jhalawar.
 He had opened all the temples of Jhalawar for Harijans.

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History of Amber
 Amar was ruled by Kachwaha dynasty. Kachwaha is the descendant of

Lord Rama. Therefore, they are also called Raghuvansh tilak.
 Amer was ruled by Meena dynasty earlier.
Dulherai
 Real Name - Tezkaran

 He came to Narwar in Rajasthan in 1137 AD. He defeated the Budhgujars
and took possession of Dausa.
 He also defeated Meena Raja of Ramgarh (Jaipur) and built the temple of
Jamuwai Mata in Ramgarh. Jamuwai Mata is the clan diety of the
Kachwaha
Kakila dev
 In 1207 AD, after defeating the Meena kings, he captured Amber and
made it his capital. He got the Ambikeshwar Mahadev Temple built in
Amer.
Bharmal 1547-1573 A.D.
 He met Akbar with the help of Majnu Khan (Narnaul's Subedar) and
Chagatai Khan. In 1562 AD, accepts Akbar's subjection. He was the first
king of Rajasthan to accept subjugation of the Mughals.
 He married his daughter Harkhabai to Akbar in Sambhar. Jahangir was
the son of Harkha Bai. The title of Harkha Bai - Maryam Ujjmani.
Bhagwant Das 1573 - 1579 AD
 He suppressed the Mirza rebellion of Sarnal (Gujarat). Hence, he was

awarded by Akbar by giving Nagada and flag.

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 He was present in Akbar's Ranthambore expedition (1569 AD) with his
son Man Singh.
 He was the Subedar of Punjab for seven years.
 He married his daughter Man bai to Jahangir. Khusro was the son of
Maan Bai.
 The title of Maan Bai - Shahe Begum. Manbai committed suicide due to
Jahangir's alcohol habits.
Mansingh (1589-1614 AD)
 At the time of coronation (14 February 1590 AD) Akbar made him a
mansabdar of 5000 but was increased to 7000 in 1605 AD.
 Akbar made him governor of Kabul, Bihar and Bengal. He Suppressed
the rebellion of Mirza Hakim in Kabul. From 1581 AD to 1586 AD he
remained in Kabul and established control over five tribes (Roshania,
Yusufzai). Therefore, the color of Amer's flag became panchranga.
 He established Manpur town in Bihar. He Built Rohtashgarh Fort.
Bhavani Shankar Temple in Baikatpur and Mahadev Temple in Gaya. He
defeated King Pooranmal of Gidhaur in Bihar and Anant Cheru in Gaya
district. In Orissa, defeated Nasir khan and Katlu khan, established
control over the Jagannath temple in Puri. The king of Khurda was
defeated by Ramchandra Deva in Orissa.
 He Established Akbar Nagar (present day Rajmahal) in Bengal. He
defeated King Kedar of East Bengal (Dhaka) and from there he bought
the idol of Shila Mata and installed it in Amer. Shila Mata is the tutelary
goddess of Amber's Kachwaha dynasty
 He Built the Radha Govind Temple in Vrindavan.
 He Built the Amber Fort.

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 Rani Kanakavati (Queen of Mansingh) built Jagat Shiromani temple in
Amer in memory of her son Jagat Singh (killed while fighting in Bengal).
This temple has the same idol of Lord Shri Krishna that Meera Bai used
to worship in Chittor.
 On 6 July 1614 A.D. Mansingh died at a place called Alichpur in South
India.
Court Scholar
 Pundarik Vitthal - Ragamala
- Raga manjari
- Raga Chandruday
- Nartan Nirnay
- Duni Prakash
 Rai Muraridas - Manprakash

 Jagannath - Mansingh Kirti Muktavali
Titles of Mansingh
1. Mirza Raja
2. Farzand (son)

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Mirza Raja Jai Singh (1621-67)
 His reign was the longest reign (46 years) in the Kachwaha dynasty of
Amer.
 He worked with Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.
 Jahangir sent him Ahmednagar against Malik Amber in 1623 AD. He
suppressed the rebellion of Uzbeks in the north-west frontier in 1629 AD
and the revolt of Khan-i-Jahan Lodi in 1630 AD.
 He went on Bijapur and Golconda expedition with Shah Jahan in 1636
AD. In 1637 AD, Shah sent him on Kandhar expedition with Prince
Shuja.
 Shahjahan gave him title of Mirza Raja
 At the time of succession struggle, in 1658 AD, in the Bahadurpur war, he
defeated Shuja. He was the commander of Dara Shikoh. After
Aurangzeb's victory in the Battle of Samugarh, he came in favor of
Aurangzeb. He Fought against Darashikoh on behalf of Aurangzeb in
the Battle of Daurai. He had an important role in bringing peace between
Jodhpur Maharaja Jaswant Singh and Aurangzeb.
 Aurangzeb sent him against Shivaji in South India. He said that "We will
surround Shiva like a center of the circle".
Treaty of Purandar 1665 AD
Mirza Raja Jaisingh + Shivaji
Terms of the treaty:
 Shivaji handed over 23 forts out of the 35 forts to the Mughals.

 Shivaji will assist the Mughals against Bijapur.
 Shivaji's son Shambhaji will be present in the Mughal court, and he will
be made mansabdar of 5 thousand.
 Shivaji will be present in the services of Mughals if required.
Italian traveler Niccol Manucci was also present during this treaty.
 After the failure of Mirza Raja Jai Singh in the Bijapur expedition,
Aurangzeb recalled him, and he died on 2 July 1667 AD in Burhanpur.

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 In the words of Jadunath Sarkar, Jai Singh died like Val Singham, a
member of the court of Elizabeth, who sacrificed himself to a master who
was rigorous in work and ungrateful in evaluation.
 Bernier, who had come to India at that time, wrote in his travel memoirs
that "Raja Jai Singh is the most powerful king in India at that time, as well
as perhaps the wisest in the entire empire".
 He Built a city called Jaisinghpur near Aurangabad.
 He built Jaigarh Fort in Amer. Earlier this place was called the Chilli ka
tola
 Mirza Raja Jai Singh was a proficient in 4 languages - Sanskrit, Hindi,
Turkish, Persian.
Court Scholar
 Bihari Ji - Bihari Satsai (713 Couplets of Shangar Ras and Bhakti Ras)
 Kulpati Mishra - He was the nephew of Bihari ji. He wrote 52 books.
From which we get information about the southern campaigns
(invasions) of Mirza Raja Jai Singh.
 Rai kavi - Jai Singh Charita
Sawai Jai Singh-1700-1743 A.D.

 He was born on December 3, 1688. Aurangzeb gave him title of Sawai., in
greater measure of valor and eloquence than Jai Singh I, as he surpassed
Jai Singh I
 He worked with 7 Mughal emperors.
 After the death of Aurangzeb, there was a succession struggle in
Muazzam (Bahadur Shah I) and Azam. Sawai Jai Singh supported Azam,
but Muazzam won. Bahadur Shah I invaded Amer and he dethroned
Sawai Jai Singh's younger brother Vijay Singh was made king. Amer was
renamed Islamabad or Mominabad. In 1708 AD Sawai Jai Singh regains
control of Amber after the Debari agreement . In 1709 AD, the combined
forces of Sawai Jaisingh and Ajitsingh of Marwar ended Mughal rule
from Amber by killing Mughal commander Syed Hussain Khan in the
war of Sambhar. After this war, Sambhar was considered to be a joint
occupation of Jaipur and Marwar.

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 He Supported Badan Singh against Mohkam Singh in Bharatpur. He
Gave the title of Brijraj and jagir of Deeg to Badan Singh. The Mughal
emperor Muhammad Shah Rangeela gave the title of Raj rajeshwar to
Sawai Jaisingh due to pacifying the Bharatpur rebellion.
 In the Battle of Gangwana (Ajmer) (1741 AD), Abhay Singh of Jodhpur
was defeated against Jorawar Singh of Bikaner. He assisted Jorawar
sinsingh
 He was made Mughal Subedar in Malwa thrice. In 1713 AD
Farrukhsiyyar and in 1730 AD, 1732 AD Mohammad Shah appointed
him Mughal Subedar of Malwa. Sawai Jaisingh had several wars with
the Marathas in Malwa, which are as follows:
Sawai Jai Singh v/s Maratha:
 Battle of Pilasuddha (1715 AD) - Sawai Jai Singh won.

 Battle of Mandsaur (1733 AD) - Marathas won.
 Battle of Rampura (1735 AD) - Marathas won.
Dholpur Agreement - 1741 AD

 With Maratha Peshwa Balaji Bajirao.
 Jai Singh was the representative of Muhammad Shah Rangeela.
 Cultural achievements
 In 1740, Ashwamedha Yagya was organized by him. The priest of the
yajna was Pundarik Ratnakar. Deepsingh Kumbhani caught the horse of
the yagna.
Architecture
 Jaipur:
 Establishment of Jaipur - 18 November 1727 AD. Architect-Vidyadhar
Bhattacharya. A Portuguese astrologer named Javier de Silva was
consulted. Jaipur was settled like Canton (China) and Baghdad (Iraq).
Jaipur was built on the principle of 9 swuares. Badal Mahal; Bapjal
Chasambamadh was the first building of Jaipur, earlier this place was
called Shikhar Hodi. Jaipur is the first modern and planned city of
India. 2019 UNESCO has included the city of Jaipur in the "World
Heritage List". According to Vipash Haber, Jaipur's parkota is similar
to the Kremlin city of Moscow.

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 Nahargarh:- This fort was built for protection against Marathas.
Therefore it is called the Sentinel fort of Jaipur. Earlier it was called
Sudarshangarh.
 Chandra Mahal (City Palace) - It is a 7 storey building.
 Govind Dev Ji Temple - This is the temple of the Godiya sect. The Raja of
Jaipur considered himself the Diwan of Govind Devji. This idol was
brought from Vrindavan.
 Jal Mahal: - It is located in the Manasagar lake. Here, arrangements were
made to kept the Brahmins of the Aswamegh Yajna.
 Harmada Canal: - It was constructed to supply drinking water in Jaipur.
 Sisodia Rani's Palace - Built this palace for his Sisodia Rani Chandra
Kanwar
 He built cannon named Jaiban in Jaigarh Fort.
 He Built Jantar Mantar at 5 places in the country.
1. Delhi (First)
2. Jaipur (Largest) - 2010 AD Of Jaipur
Jaipur Jantar-Mantar was included in the UNESCO World Heritage

List. It consists the largest solar clock in the world called Samrat
Yantra.
3. Ujjain
4. Banaras
5. Mathura
Literature
 He himself wrote an astrological treatise called Jai Singh Karika.
 Constellation table named Jij-e-Mohammad Shahi was prepared in 1725
AD by him
Court scholar
1. Pundarik Ratnakar - Jai Singh Kalpadrum

2. Pandit Jagannath - Siddhanta Samrat, Siddhanta Kaustubh.
Sanskrit translation of Euclid geometry.
3. Keval ram - he did Sanskrit translation of the French book named -

Lagarithum.

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4. Nayan Chandra Mukherjee: - Sanskrit translation of Arabic book called
Ukar.
5. He appointed Muhammad Mehri and Muhammad Sharif to collect books

of foreign countries on Subject of Astronomy and Mathematics
The painting
 He Established Suratkhana name painting department.
Social reform
 He Tried to control Sati system.

 He Attempted to control child marriage.
 He Encouraged inter-caste marriage.
 He Encouraged widow marriage.
 He inspired the saints to lead a life of Grahasth and settled for them a
village called Vairagpura near Mathura.
 He ended the mutual discrimination of Brahmins.

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Ishwari Singh-1743-1750 AD
 He was the eldest son born to Sawai Jai Singh's and queen Suraj Kanwar.
According to the Debari Agreement, the son of Sawai Jai Singh's Sisodia
queen Chandra Kanwar (Madho Singh) will be the king of Amer.
Therefore, there was a succession struggle between Ishwari Singh and
Madho Singh started.
Battle of Rajmahal (Tonk) - 1747 AD
Ishwari Singh v/s Madho Singh
Surajmal (Bharatpur) Jagatsingh II (Mewar)
Umaid Singh (Bundi)
Durjansaal (Kota)
Holkar (Maratha)
 Ishwari Singh wins. In memory of this victory, seven-storey tower Isarlat

(Sargasuli) was constructed in Jaipur.
Bagru (Jaipur) War: - 1748 AD
Ishwari Singh v/s. Madho Singh
Surajmal (Bharatpur) Jagatsingh II (Mewar)

Umaid Singh (Bundi)
Durjansaal Kota
Marathe (Peshwa + Holkar)
 Madho Singh won. Ishwari Singh gave Madho Singh 5 parganas. Umaid
Singh was made the king of Bundi. Ishwari Singh awarded war
compensation to the Marathas. The Marathas tortured Ishwari Singh to
pay the war. Ishwari Singh committed suicide by poisoning.
Madho Singh (1750-1768 C.E.)

 Marathas were massacred in Jaipur on 10 January 1751 AD by local public
of jaipur
 In 1759 AD, he defeated the Marathas in the battle of Kakod (Tonk).

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Battle of Bhatwada (Baran) - 1761 AD
Madho Singh v/s Satrusaal (Kota)
 This war was fought for authority over the Ranthambore Fort, as Madho
Singh made an agreement between Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah,
Nawab Safdarjung of Awadh and King Suraj Mal of Bharatpur.
Therefore, the Mughal emperor gave this fort to Madho singh. Whereas
the Satrusaal of Kota considered it his authority. Shatrasal won. Jatim
Singh Jhala was the general of Kota in this war.
 He Established Sawai Madhopur in 1763 AD.
 Moti Dungri Palace built in Jaipur.
 Built the temple of Sheetla Mata in Chaksu.
Pratrap Singh-1778-1803.
Battle of Tunga (Jaipur) - 28 July 1787 AD
Pratap Singh and Vijay Singh (Jodhpur) v/s Marathe (Mahadji Scindia)
 The kings of Shivpur and Karauli also supported Pratap singh in this war.
The Mughal Mohammad Beg Hamdani, the Aly of the Sindhias, also
flipped in favour of Pratap Singh.
 The Marathas were defeated.
Battle of Patan - 20 June 1789 AD
Pratap Singh & Vijay Singh (Jodhpur) v/s Marathe - De Boi (French commander)
 Marathas won.
Battle of Malpura (Tonk) - 16 April 1800 AD
Pratap Singh + Bhimsingh (Jodhpur) v/s Maratha (Daulat Rao Scindia)
 Marathas won.
 Hawa Mahal:
 It was built in 1799 AD

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 Architect- Lalchand Usta
 It is a five-story building.
 Name: - 1. Sharad Mandir 2. Rattan Mandir
3. Vichitra mandir 4. Prakash mandir
5. Hawa mandir
 Shape: - Like the crown of Lord Shri Krishna.

 953 jharokhas are made in hawa Mahal
 Queens used to watch the procession of Teej and Gangaur from here.
 Pratapsingh used to write poems under the name "Brijnidhi".
 Poetry Guru- Ganpati Bharti.
 Music Guru - Chand Khan.
 The title of Chand Khan - Buddha Prakash.
 Book of Chand Khan - Swar Sagar.
 He Organized a music conference in Jaipur. President of Music
Conference- Devarshi Brijpal Bhatt. The book "Radha Govind Sangeet
Saar" was written in this conference.
 The reign of Pratap Singh was the golden period of Jaipur painting. He
established the school of painting. A painter named Lalchand had
painted pictures of animal fighting.
 During his reign Tamasha folk drama became popular in Jaipur. He
invited Banshidhar from Maharashtra
 Pratap Singh had 22 scholars in his court. They were called Gandharva
Baisi or Pratap Baisi. Gunijan sabha was made for them.

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Jagat Singh II-1803-1818 AD
 His beloved Rasakpur used to interfere in the governance work. Later,
Rasakpur was arrested at the Nahargarh Fort.
Vijay Singh's girlfriend Gulab Rai is called Nur Jahan
 He concluded Pacts with British in 1818 AD. This treaty was done by
Rawal Barisal from Jaipur and Charles Matcalf from the British side.
Ramsingh II - 1835-1880. AD
 After the death of King Jai Singh III (father), he became the ruler at an
early age. At this time, the British officer Alviz and Black, who came to
investigate the Roopa Badaran case, were attacked by the public, in which
Black was killed.
 Guardian- John Ludlow.
 He banned sati, samadhi, female infanticide, human trafficking
 In 1857 AD . He established Madrasa-e-Hunari for the development of
art. Presently, it is called Rajasthan School of arts and crafts
 In 1866 AD by the help of Kantichandra Mukherjee, the Girls School was
established in Jaipur. It was the first girls' school in any princely state of
Rajasthan.
 He Established Maharaja College and Sanskrit College in Jaipur.
 In 1876 AD Prince Albert laid the foundation of Albert Hall.
 Architect - Steven Jacob.
 In 1887 AD Albert Hall was inaugurated by Edward Bradford.
 Ramnivas Bagh was constructed .
 During his reign Pink color (ocher color) was done in Jaipur. Stanley
Reed in his book Royal towns of India, He referred to Jaipur as “pink
city”
 Blue pottery became popular in Jaipur during his reign

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 Ramprakash Theater was constructed in Jaipur.
Madho Singh II-1880-1922 AD

 He was called Babbar Sher.
 He provided Financial assistance of Rs. 5 lakhs to Madan Mohan
Malaviya for the establishment of Banaras Hindu University
 He constructed 9 similar palaces in Nahargarh for his 9 concubine
 He got constructed Mubarak Mahal in Chandra Mahal.
 In 1904 AD, the postal system was started in Jaipur. (For the first time in
any princely state of Rajasthan)
 During the reign of Edward VII, he went to London with Ganga water in
two big silver urns.
Sawai Man singh II

 He was ruler of Jaipur at the time of independence
 He was the first and last Rajpramukh of Rajasthan.
 He married Princess of Koonch vihar Gayatri Devi
 She was First woman Lok Sabha member from Rajasthan (1962)
 Autobiography - A Princess Remembers: The Memoirs of the Maharani
of Jaipur

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History of Alwar
• Naruka branch of Kachhwaha dynasty ruled in Alwar.

• Kalyan Singh Naruka was given the jagir of Machedi (princely state of
Jaipur).
Pratap Singh
• He was the feudatory of Machadi.

• Mughal emperor Shah Alam II declared him independent king in 1774
AD.
• In 1775 AD, he captured Alwar and made it his capital.
• Jachak Jeevan has described Pratap singh in a book called "Pratap Rasau".
Bakhtawar Singh
• He used to write poetry under the names Bakhtesh and Chandrasakhi.

• On 1 November 1903 A.D. he Had assisted the British against the Sindhis
in the war of Lasswadi.
• He concluded Treaty with British on 14 November 1803 AD.
Vinay Singh
• He Built the Cenotaph of Musi Maharani in Alwar.

• Musi was the maid of Bakhtawar Singh.
• He Built the Silisadh lake in Alwar for his queen Shila.
• He is called Nandan Kanan of Rajasthan.
At this time, Balwant Singh, son of Musi Rani, also claimed Alwar, so the
British made both Balwant Singh and Vinay Singh king of Alwar for some
time but later Balwant Singh was given the parganas of Neemrana and
Tijara. After the death of Balwant Singh, they were merged back into Alwar.

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Mangal Singh
• He was the first student of Mayo College.

• In 1869 AD A scheme was proposed by Walter in which separate schools
and colleges would be set up for the children of King Maharaja and
Fuedals. Through this, the British king wanted to separate the Maharaja
and the feudal lords from the general public. The first such school was
established in Rajkot. 1875 AD Mayo College was established in Ajmer.
Jaisingh
• He attended the first Round Table Conference and expressed his desire
to become the legal ruler of the democratic government there.
• He gave financial assistance to the new Sanatan Dharma College
(Lahore).
• He changed the name of Chamber of Princes to Narendra Mandal.
• He declared Hindi as the national language of Alwar.
Kishan Singh declared Hindi as the national language in Bharatpur.
• He Built the Sariska Palace on the arrival of the Duke of Edinburgh in

Alwar.
• He Prohibited child marriage and mismatch marriage on 10 December
1903 in Alwar. Similarly, Mirtyu Bhoj and tobacco were also banned.
• He was dethroned after the Tijara riots in 1933 AD. He went to Paris and
died there.
• He Established Panchayats in Alwar.
• On 20 April 1933, at the time of Ganga Mata Durbar, he pledged to adopt
Swadeshi.
Tej Singh
• He was the king of Alwar at the time of independence.
• He had a suspected role in Gandhi's assassination, but the Supreme Court
held him innocent. Alwar Prime Minister Narayan Bhaskar Khare was
also considered a suspect.

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History of Jaisalmer
 There were two princely states of Yaduvansha in Rajasthan.
Yaduvansh
Jaisalmer Karauli
Bhati Jadoun
 Bhatis are the descendant of Lord Shri Krishna. That is why he is called
Chhatrala Yadavapati.
 Due to the defence of the northern border, the Bhatis are called "Uttara
Bhadd Kinwar".
Bhattis
 In 285 AD he made Bhatner (Hanumangarh) his capital.
Mangalrao
 He was defeated by Dhundhi (the ruler of Ghazni), so he went into the
desert and made Tanaut (Jaisalmer) his capital.
 He Built the fort at Tannaut by Kehar.
Devraj
 He made Derarawal (Pakistan) his capital and got the fort built here.
 He defeated the Paramaras and took control of Lodrava (Jaisalmer) and
made Lodrava his capital.
 In the love story of Maumal-Mahendra, Maumal was the princess of
Lodrava and Mahendra was the prince of Amarkot (Sindh).
Jaisal
 In 12 July 1155 A.D. Established Jaisalmer and got the fort built here.
Moolraj I
 In 1299 AD Alauddin Khilji invaded Jaisalmer.

 At this time the first Saka of Jaisalmer took place. A description of this
war is found in the Persian book Tareek-i-Masumi written by Mir
Mohammad Masoom.

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Durjansaal
 In 1352 AD In Firoz Tughlaq attacked Jaisalmer.
 At this time the second Sakka of Jaisalmer took place.
Lunkaran
 In 1550 AD Amir Ali of Kandahar (Afghanistan) invaded Jaisalmer.
 Kesariya was done in Jaisalmer at this time, but Jauhar could not be done,
so it is called half saka.
Moolraj II
 He concluded a treaty with the British. (1818 AD)
 At this time, due to the atrocities of his Prime Minister Salim Singh, the
Paliwal Brahmins had migrated from 84 villages. In which Kuldhara was
the main village.
Jawahar Singh
 He was King of Jaisalmer at the time of independence.
 He is called the creator of modern Jaisalmer.
 He built the last fort of India, Mohangarh.
 On 3 April 1946, freedom fighter Sagarmal Gopa was burnt to alive in
prison. The "Gopal Swaroop Pathak Commission" was set up to
investigate this massacre.
Sagarmal Gopa
Book – (i) Azadi ke deewane
(ii) Jaisalmer ka gundaraj
(iii) Raghunath Singh ka mukadma
 The princely states of Jaisalmer and Hyderabad had banned the entry of
Sagarmal Gopa.
The proper history of Bhatis is found in the rule of Vijayaraja. His son Bhoj
got martyred while fighting against the Goris.
Jawaharlal Nehru called the princely state of Jaisalmer the eighth wonder of
the world.
Amarsingh, the ruler of Jaisalmer, brought the water of the Indus River to
Jaisalmer by a drain named "Amarkash".

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History of Karauli
• Karauli was ruled by the "Jadoun" branch of Yaduvansha.
Vijaypal
• He was related to the Shursen branch of Mathura.

• In 1040 AD Made Bayana (Bharatpur) his capital.
Timanpal
• Hisऽ Capital - Timangarh (Karauli)
Kuwarpal
• During his reign, Mohammad Gauri took control over Timangarh.
Dharmapala II
• In 1650 AD, He made Karauli his capital.

• Earlier Karauli was called Kalyanpur. It was founded by Arjunpal in 1348
AD.
Gopal Pal
• He Built the Madan Mohan Temple in Karauli.

• It is the temple of the Gaudiya sect.
Harbaksh pal
• He concluded Treaty with the Britishers (9 November 1817 AD)
After Narasimha pal's death in 1852, the Britishers refused to accept his
adopted son Bharatpal as ruler, and in 1855, Governor General Lord
Dalhousie merged Karauli with the British Empire. Karauli's merger was
canceled at the advice of the Court of Directors, and Madanpal was made
the ruler.

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Madanpal
• During the revolution of 1857, Raja Ram Singh II of Kota was helped by
him. He was given a 17-gun salute by the British.
• In 1865 AD Swami Dayanand Saraswati came to Karauli. This was his
first visit to Rajasthan.
History of Bharatpur
• There were two princely states of Jat kingdom in Rajasthan.
1. Bharatpur 2 Dhaulpur
• In 1669 AD The Jat peasants around Mathura revolted against

Aurangzeb, it was led by Gokula (Tilpat) , but Aurangzeb suppressed
this rebellion.
• In 1687 AD Jat zamindar Rajaram of Sinsini (Bharatpur) revolted. He
looted Akbar's tomb at Sikandra (Agra). Aurangzeb also suppressed this
rebellion.
Chudaman
• He built the fort at Thun (Bharatpur).
Badansingh
• He became king with the help of Jai Singh II

• Sawai Jai Singh gave him the title of Brijraj and Jagir of Deeg
• He built forts at Deeg, Vair, Kumher.
Surajmal - (1756-63 AD)
• He was the de facto founder of the Jat state of Bharatpur.

• He is called Plato of Jats or Aflatoon of Jats.
• Jalmahals were built in Deeg by him. Deeg is called the city of Jalmahals.
• He Built the fort in Bharatpur.

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• Administrative reforms were done in Bharatpur during his reign. He
constituted a merit based bureaucracy in Bharatpur.
• Agricultural reforms were done in Bharatpur. At this time the income of
Bharatpur state was 1.75 crores yearly.
• He invaded Delhi. Brought Nur Jahan's swing It was installed in the
palaces of Deeg.
• In 1760 AD, he went to fight against the Marathas against Ahmad Shah
Abdali, but due to the behavior of the Maratha commander Sadashivrao
Bhau, he returned to Bharatpur. After the defeat of Panipat, Surajmal
gave shelter and assistance to the Marathas. Court scholar Mangal Singh
Purohit wrote a book called Sujan Samwat Vilas.
• On 25 December 1763, he Fought against Ruhela Afghans he martyred
while fighting on the banks of Hindon river against Najib Khan.
• Kalikaranjan Kanungas wrote about Maharaja Suraj Mal that, "He
possessed all the qualities of his caste - strength, courage, shrewdness,
loyalty, and an indomitable spirit, never accepting defeat."
Jawahar Singh
• He invaded Delhi. Brought Ashta metal doors from Delhi. They were
installed in the fort of Bharatpur. In memory of this victory, Jawahar Burj
was constructed at Bharatpur Fort. Later, the kings of Bharatpur were
crowned in Jawahar Burj.
• In 1767 AD, Raja Madhosingh I of Jaipur defeated him in the battle of
Manvada (Sikar).
Ranjit Singh
• He did Pacts with the British. (29 September 1803 AD)

• During the Second British-Maratha War (1803-1806 AD), Maratha
commander Jaswant Rao Holkar was given shelter by him . The British
commander Lord Lake had made five attacks on Bharatpur, but could not
win Bharatpur. That is why Bharatpur Fort is called Lohagarh. In
memory of this victory, Fateh Burj was constructed in Bharatpur Fort.

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At a place called Deeg, Jaswant Rao Holkar defeated and killed Majoro
Fraser in battle, and took control of Deeg. On 23 December 1804 AD, the
British captured Deeg. So Holkar came to Bharatpur.
On 8 July 1804, Holkar defeated the British commander Manson in Kota on

the banks of the Chambal river. This was the first defeat of the Britishers in
Rajasthan. The Britishers were supported by Kota state.

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History of Parmar dynasty
Origin
 "Sage Vasishtha lived on Mount Abu, Vishwamitra took away his cow
(Nandini) from deceit. On this, Vasistha recited the mantra and offered a
sacrifice in his fire, a brave man appeared out of the fire, who defeated
the enemy." He brought the cow back, pleased with this, the sage named
him 'Parmar', it means one who kills the enemy. This information comes
from the inscriptions of the Paramaras and the 'Navasahsankacharit'
composed by the poet Pahmagupta (Parimal).
Branches
1. Abu,
2. Malwa
3. Vagad,
4. Jalore,
5. Kiradu
Parmar of Abu
 His original man was Dhumraj, but his dynasty starts with Utpalraj.
Dharanivarah
 At the time of the invasion of Chalukya king Moolraj I, he took refuge
under Rathore king Dhawal. This information is obtained from Dhaval's
hasthikundi inscription (997 AD).
 He is so famous in Rajasthan that he divided the kingdom among his 9
brothers, and their 9 capitals were called Navkoti Marwar.
Dhanduk
 At the time of the invasion of the Chalukya king Bhimdev I, he fled and
went to Chittor near Bhoja Parmar.
 Bhimdev I appointed Vimalshah as the Dandapati of Abu, and
Vimalashah made a settlement between Dhanukh and Bhimdev. In 1031
AD, Vimalashah built the Adinath Jain temple in Abu. Which is called
Vimalavasahi.
 Dhandhuk's widow daughter Lahini renovated the Sun Temple and
Saraswati Bavdi in Basantgarh. This Bawdi is called Lahini Bawdi.

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Vikramdev
 Title - Mahamandleshwar
 He participated in a mutual struggle between Kumarapal Chalukya and
Arnoraja Chauhan. This information comes from Hemachandra's book
"Dwyashrayamahakaavya" and Jinmandanupadhyay's "Kumarapal
Prabandha".
Dharavarsh
 In 1178 AD, Mohammed Gauri attacked the Chalukya king Moolraj II of
Gujarat, at that time Devi, the guardian of Moolraj II, defeated him in the
battle of Kayandra. In this war, Dharvarsha Parmar (Abu), Kelhan
(Nadoul), Kirtipal Sonagara also supported Gujarat.
 Qutbuddin Aibak invaded Gujarat in 1206 AD. Dharavarsha was one of
the two chief generals of Gujarat at that time. In this war (Kayandra)
Aibak was won.
 When Iltutmish and the Yadav king of South invaded Gujarat,
Dharavarsha assisted Gujarat at the behest of the Baghel ruler Virdhaval
of Dholka and his ministers Vastupal and Tejpal.
 He used to shoot three buffaloes with one arrow. This information comes
from the Patnarayan temple inscription of 1287 AD. A witness to this
statement is a statue of archer Dharavarsha in front of which three
buffaloes stand.
 It is on the banks of Mandakini Kunda near Achleshwar temple,
 The two queens of Dharwarsha were Shringar Devi and Giga Devi, were
the daughters of the Chauhan king of Nadol, Kelhan . Giga Devi was his
patrani.
 Dharvarsha's younger brother Prahladan Dev was a hero and scholar,
whose information comes from the book "Kirti Kaumudi" of Someshwara
and the eulogy of the Lunavasahi temple.
 Prahladan Dev had thwarted the Abu invasion of Prithviraj Chauhan
and founded a city called Prahladan Pur and wrote a drama called
"Parthparakramnavayoga".
Som Singh
 Tejpal constructed the Neminath Jain Temple in Abu, which is also
known as Lunavasahi, for his son Luna Singh and his wife Anupama
Devi.

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Pratap Singh
 He defeated Jaitrasingh of Mewar and captured Chandravati.
 His Brahmin minister Delhan had renovated the Patnarayan temple.
Vikram Singh
 At his time, the Paramaras of Abu started using titles of Raja Rawal and
Maharawal.
 At this time the Chauhans of Jalore had suppressed the western part of
the Parmar kingdom of Abu.
 Later, Lumba Deora took control of Abu and Chandravati from the
Paramaras and established the Chauhan State.

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Parmars of Malwa
• The place of origin of the Paramaras of Malwa is Abu. Their capital was Ujjain and
Dhara Nagari.
• The southern part of Kota state, Jhalawar, Vagad and the eastern part of
Pratapgarh state also came under the Paramaras of Malwa.
KrishnaRaj
• Other names :- Upendra

• His son Dambar Singh established the Parmar kingdom in Vagad.
Munj
• It attacked Mewar during the reign of Shakti Kumar, and destroyed Aghatpur
(Ahar), and captured Chittor. This information comes from the Hastikundi
inscription (997 AD) of Dhaval Rathod.
• He was killed while fighting against the Chalukya king Tailap of Karnataka.
Court Scholar :-
1. Halayudh - Abhidhan Ratnamala

2. Padmagupta (Parimal) - Navasahasanka Charita
3. Dhananjaya - Dashrupaka
4. Dhanapal - Tilkamanjari
• Due to being the patron of poets, it is also called "kavi Vrisha".
• Other titles :-
1. Vakpatiraj
2. Amoghavarsha
3. Utpalraj
4. Prithvivallabh
5. Srivallabh

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Sindhuraj
• This was Munj's brother. Munj had adopted Sindhuraj's son Bhoj, but due to Bhoj's
short age, Sindhuraj took over the rule.
• Title – Navasahasanka
BHOJ
• He build the Tribhuvan Narayan temple in Chittor. Its name was changed to
Samidheshwar Temple during the time of Kumarapala Chalukya.
• He built the Bhojpur lake. Later its name was changed to Bhopal.
• He wrote Shringaramanjari Katha in Sanskrit language and Kurmashtak in Prakrit
language. He also wrote books like Saraswati Kanthabharan, Rajmrigank,
Vidvajjanamandal, Samarangan etc.
• He built a Sanskrit school named Saraswatikanthabharan (Saraswatisadan) in his
capital city of Dhara. There was an idol of Saraswati in this school. That is the
symbol of our Gyanpeeth award at present.
• The lines of Kurmashtak and Parijatamanjari of "Madan" were written on the walls
of this school.
• Later, Muslim invaders broke this school and got the mosque built. Which is called
Kamalmoula Mosque.
❖ During the time of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the Parmar kingdom of Malwa came
to an end, and their branches came to Ajmer.
Vagad Ke Parmar
❖ The Parmars of Vagad are descendants of Dumbar Singh, the son of the Parmar
king Krishnaraja of Malwa. Their capital was Athuna (Banswara).
Chamundraj
• In 1079 AD, he build the Mandleshwar temple in his capital, Arthuna.

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❖ In 1179 AD, the Guhil ruler of Mewar, Samantasingh had come to Vagad after
defeated by Kirtipal Songra, and he defeated the Paramaras and established the
Guhil kingdom in Vagad.
❖ Samanta Singh was martyred while fighting on behalf of Prithviraj Chauhan in
the battle of Tarain.
History of Dungarpur
• The Guhil dynasty ruled in Dungarpur.

• The Guhil ruler of Mewar, Samantasingh had come to Vagad after defeated by
Kirtipal Songra, and he defeated the Paramaras, and made Baroda (Dungarpur)
his capital.
Dungar Singh
❖ It made Dungarpur its capital.
Gopinath
❖ He built the Gap Sagar Lake in Dungarpur.
Uday Singh
❖ It was martyred while fighting on behalf of Rana Sanga in the battle of Khanwa.
❖ After his death, the Vagad kingdom was divided among his two sons.
❖ The elder son Prithviraj became the king of Dungarpur and the younger son Jagmal
became the king of Banswara.
Aaskarn
❖ In 1577 AD, it accepted the suzerainty of Akbar, although it did not go anywhere
to fight on the side of the Mughals.
❖ It gave shelter to Chandrasen of Marwar in Dungarpur.

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Jaswant Singh II
❖ Makes a treaty with the British in 1818 AD.

❖ In 1845 AD, the British removed it, and it went to Vrindavan.
Lakshman Singh
❖ It was the king of Dungarpur at the time of independence.

❖ He was a member of the Standing Committee of Narendra Mandal for 20 years.
❖ He was also a member of the committee of the Narendra Mandal meeting with the
Cripps Mission.
❖ In 1977 AD, He was elected the Speaker of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly.
History of Banswara
❖ The Guhil dynasty ruled in Banswara.
Jagmal
❖ He was the son of Udai Singh of Vagad.

❖ He also participated in the battle of Khanwa with his father, and was injured in
this war.
❖ After the death of his father, he became the king of the eastern part of Vagad.
Pratap Singh
❖ In 1576 AD, it accepted the suzerainty of Akbar.
❖ It was contemporary of Maharana Pratap.
Umaid Singh
History of Pratapgarh
Kshemkarna
❖ He was the younger brother of Rana Kumbha of Mewar.
❖ It was given the jagir of Sadari.

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Surajmal
❖ It made Devaliya as its capital.
Baghsingh
❖ It took part in the battle of Khanwa.

❖ He led In the second saka of Chittor and maytred
Samantasingh
Uday Singh
❖ It made Pratapgarh as its capital.
History of Shahpura
❖ The Guhil dynasty ruled in Shahpura.
Sujansingh
❖ He was the grandson of Amar Singh I, the ruler of Mewar.

❖ This was the feudal lord of Phulia pargana.
❖ In 1631 AD, the Mughal emperor ShahJahan declared it an independent king.
❖ He founded Shahpura, and made it his capital. Shahpura was the smallest princely
state of Rajasthan.

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Bauk Inscription 837 A.D.
• This inscription was originally placed in a Vishnu temple in Mandore,

which was later established at rampart of Jodhpur city.
• This inscription is a useful tool to know the dynasty of Pratiharas.
• This commendation was carved by Pratihara King Bauk.
• This commendation gives information about Vishnu and Shiva
worship.
Ghatiala Inscription 861 A.D.
• These inscriptions were established by Pratihara king Kukkuk.

• One of these inscription is engraved in Prakrit language in an ancient
Jain temple (Mata ki Saal) and the other four inscriptions are engraved
in Sanskrit language at a place called Khaku Deval near this temple.
• The first inscription of these 4 inscriptions is translation of Prakrit
inscription.
• The genealogy of Pratihara rulers from Harishchandra to Kukkuk is
found in this inscription.
• Two of these inscriptions starts with Vinayak and Siddham
respectively.
• The popularity of Kukkuk is described in the regions of Gujarat, Valla,
Maad, Sheo, Malani, Pachbhadra, Triveni, Ajja etc.
• Kukkuk established Jai Stambh at Ghatiala and Mandore.
• Kukkuk suppressed the distrubance of the Abhirs in Ghatiyala
(Rohinskup) and established it as a trading center and made it livable
for Brahmins, Mahajans and Kshatriyas.
• The author of these inscriptions was a Magh Brahmin named
Matraravi and engraver was Krishneshwar goldsmith.
• Kukkuk is described as the author of the first Sanskrit inscription and
the last verse of Prakrit inscription was also written by him.

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Pratihara of Mandore
Harishchandra
Title - Proficient in Yoga
• He was a scholar of Vedas.

• Brahmin Pratihara and Kshatriya Pratiharas (Bhogabhatta, Kakka, Razzil,
Dadd) were born from his Brahmin queen & Kshatriya queen
respectively.
• He won the fort of Mandore by his power and constructed the rampart.
Razzil
• The lineage of the Pratiharas of Mandore begins from here.
Narbhatta
• Due to his valor, he is called Pellapelli.
Nagabhatta
• He is also called Nahar. He made Merta as his capital. His son Taat took
retirement and lived in the holy ashrama at Mandore and handed over
the kingdom to his younger brother Bhoj.
Shiluk
• He conquered Travani and Valla and included it in his kingdom and

snatched Chhatra from Bhatti Devaraja, the king of Valla Mandal.
Kakk
• He was a feudal of Raghuvanshi Pratihara King Vatsaraja and fought

against Dharmpal in the battle of Munger from his side. He was proficient
in grammar, astrology, logic and poetry. Bauk and Kakkuk were born
from his Bhati Rani Padmini and Durlabhdevi respectively.

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Bauk
• He defeated a king named Mayur in the Battle of Bhuakup and

established eulogy in Mandore.
Kakkuk
• According to the Ghatiala inscriptions, he received the affection of the

people of Maru, Maad, Tamani, Aja, Gurjajaratra from his good character.
• He pacified the disturbance of Bheels in Wadnalaya Mandal by burning
their paals.
• He settled Mahajans by establishing a market in village near Rohniskoop.
• Established the Jayastambha at Rohinskoop and Mandore.
• He used to compose poetry in Sanskrit.
Cherai Inscription 936 A.D.
• It contains information about Jaskaran, son of Pratihara Durlabhraj.
Inscription of Sahajpal (1139 AD)
• Chauhan Raipal of Nadoul had snatched the Mandore from the

Pratiharas. The inscription of his son Sahajpal is obtained from Mandore.
• Later the Inda Pratiharas, troubled by their king Hamir Pratihara, gave
Mandour as dowry to Rao Chunda Rathore of Marwar.

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REVOLT OF 1857
• IN 1817-18 AD the British signed treaties with the Princely States of
Rajasthan. In this, Delhi’s resident Charles Metcalfe and the resident of
Malwa John Malcom played the major role.
• In Delhi, a post of Resident for Rajputana was created and David
Ochterlony was appointed on it.
• In 1832 AD the headquarters of Agent to Governor-General was set in
Ajmer and Mr- Locket was appointed on this post.
• In 1845 AD the headquarters of A.G.G was changed to Abu. In1864 AD a
provision of 6-6 months was made for Ajmer and Abu.
• During the revolt of 1857, A.G.G. of Rajasthan was George Patrick
Lawrence.
There were 6 Military Cantonments of British in Rajasthan.
1. Nasirabad
2. Neemuch
3. Deoli
4. Aerinpura
5. Beawar
6. Khairwara
• There was no revolt in Beawar and Khairwara.
NEEMUCH
• A soldier named Mohammad Ali Beg refused to perform a pledge of
loyalty of in front of Col. Abbott.
• Revlt occurred on 3 June under the leadership of Heera Singh and the
Seargent along with his wife and children were killed.
• Shahpura’s ruler Lakshman Singh supported the rebels.
• The soldiers of Deoli Cantonment also joined the rebels and all the rebels
went to Delhi.
• 40 Britishers who escaped from Neemuch were given shelter in a village
named Dungla by a
• Farmer named Raghu Ram.
• Mewar’s political agent Showers took them to Udaipur where Maharana
Swarup Singh kept them in Jag Mandir.

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ERINPURA
• Erinpura was the headquarters of Jodhpur Legion (1835).
• On 21 August, Purbiya soldiers revolted in Abu and attacked the
residence of the cantonment officer Hall.
• On 23 August the rebels along with the rest of their colleagues departed
towards Delhi with the slogan “ Maaro Firangi ,Dilli Chalo”.
• Auwa’s feudal lord Kushal Singh Champawat provided leadership to the
rebels.
Battle of Bithora- 8 September, 1857

Kushal Raj Singhvi + Captain Heathcote V/s Kushal Singh Champawat.
• The rebels won and along with the of Jodhpur Onad Singh Panwar, 76
soldiers of provincial army were killed.
Battle of Chelawas- 18 September, 1857

George Patrick Lawrence + MacMason v/s Kushal Singh Champawat.
• The rebels won. MacMason’s head was severed and was displayed on fort
of Auwa.
Battle of Auwa- 20 September,1857

Col. Holmes + Hans Raj Joshi v/s Prithvi Singh Lambiyan.,
• On 24 January,1858 AD the British captured Auwa and took away the

idol of Sugali Mata.
• Poet Girwar Dan has referred to the Battle of Auwa as the struggle for
India' independence.
• Kushal Singh took refuge with Keasri Singh,the feudal lord of Salumbar
and Jodh Singh, the feudal lord of Kotharia.
• On 8 August,1860 AD Kushal Singh surrendered in Neemuch. The British
appointed Taylor Commission to investigate this and on 10 November
1858 AD, he was released.
• He spent his last years in Udaipur and died there in 1864 AD, and later
his son Devi Singh got the jagir of Auwa.

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Marwar’s other Rebel Feudal Lords
• Shivnath Singh Asop

• Bishan Singh Gular
• Ajit Singh Alaniyawas
• Jodh Singh Bogawa
• Pem Singh Banta
• Chand Singh Baswana
• Jagat Singh Tulgiri
Nasirabad
• On 28 May the revolt was started by the soldiers of 15th Native Infantry.
On 30 May the 30th Native Infantry also joined the revolt.
• Col. Newberry and Capt. Spottiswoods were killed and Capt. Hardy and
Lt. Lock were injured. Col. Penny died of a heart attack.
• The rebel soldiers went to Delhi

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REVOLT OF 1857
• IN 1817-18 AD the British signed treaties with the Princely States of
Rajasthan. In this, Delhi’s resident Charles Metcalfe and the resident of
Malwa John Malcom played the major role.
• In Delhi, a post of Resident for Rajputana was created and David
Ochterlony was appointed on it.
• In 1832 AD the headquarters of Agent to Governor-General was set in
Ajmer and Mr- Locket was appointed on this post.
• In 1845 AD the headquarters of A.G.G was changed to Abu. In1864 AD a
provision of 6-6 months was made for Ajmer and Abu.
• During the revolt of 1857, A.G.G. of Rajasthan was George Patrick
Lawrence.
There were 6 Military Cantonments of British in Rajasthan.
1. Nasirabad
2. Neemuch
3. Deoli
4. Aerinpura
5. Beawar
6. Khairwara
• There was no revolt in Beawar and Khairwara.
NEEMUCH
• A soldier named Mohammad Ali Beg refused to perform a pledge of
loyalty of in front of Col. Abbott.
• Revlt occurred on 3 June under the leadership of Heera Singh and the
Seargent along with his wife and children were killed.
• Shahpura’s ruler Lakshman Singh supported the rebels.
• The soldiers of Deoli Cantonment also joined the rebels and all the rebels
went to Delhi.
• 40 Britishers who escaped from Neemuch were given shelter in a village
named Dungla by a
• Farmer named Raghu Ram.
• Mewar’s political agent Showers took them to Udaipur where Maharana
Swarup Singh kept them in Jag Mandir.

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ERINPURA
• Erinpura was the headquarters of Jodhpur Legion (1835).
• On 21 August, Purbiya soldiers revolted in Abu and attacked the
residence of the cantonment officer Hall.
• On 23 August the rebels along with the rest of their colleagues departed
towards Delhi with the slogan “ Maaro Firangi ,Dilli Chalo”.
• Auwa’s feudal lord Kushal Singh Champawat provided leadership to the
rebels.
Battle of Bithora- 8 September, 1857

Kushal Raj Singhvi + Captain Heathcote V/s Kushal Singh Champawat.
• The rebels won and along with the of Jodhpur Onad Singh Panwar, 76
soldiers of provincial army were killed.
Battle of Chelawas- 18 September, 1857

George Patrick Lawrence + MacMason v/s Kushal Singh Champawat.
• The rebels won. MacMason’s head was severed and was displayed on fort
of Auwa.
Battle of Auwa- 20 September,1857

Col. Holmes + Hans Raj Joshi v/s Prithvi Singh Lambiyan.,
• On 24 January,1858 AD the British captured Auwa and took away the

idol of Sugali Mata.
• Poet Girwar Dan has referred to the Battle of Auwa as the struggle for
India' independence.
• Kushal Singh took refuge with Keasri Singh,the feudal lord of Salumbar
and Jodh Singh, the feudal lord of Kotharia.
• On 8 August,1860 AD Kushal Singh surrendered in Neemuch. The British
appointed Taylor Commission to investigate this and on 10 November
1858 AD, he was released.
• He spent his last years in Udaipur and died there in 1864 AD, and later
his son Devi Singh got the jagir of Auwa.

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Marwar’s other Rebel Feudal Lords
• Shivnath Singh Asop

• Bishan Singh Gular
• Ajit Singh Alaniyawas
• Jodh Singh Bogawa
• Pem Singh Banta
• Chand Singh Baswana
• Jagat Singh Tulgiri
Nasirabad
• On 28 May the revolt was started by the soldiers of 15th Native Infantry.
On 30 May the 30th Native Infantry also joined the revolt.
• Col. Newberry and Capt. Spottiswoods were killed and Capt. Hardy and
Lt. Lock were injured. Col. Penny died of a heart attack.
• The rebel soldiers went to Delhi

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Revolution of 1857
Mass Rebellion in Kota: 15 October 1857
Rebel: Lawyer Jayadayal King: Ram Singh II
Risaldar Mehrab Khan
Political Agent : Major Burton
• 14 October Burton met Maharao and suggested punishing Jayadayal

and Mehrab Khan and deposing Ratanlal and Jialal.
• 15 October the rebels killed Burton and his two sons (Frank and
Arthur) and Dr. Selder, surgeon of the Residency, and Dr. Seville
Contam of the Kota dispensary and Devi Lal, the representative of the
Maharao.
• The rebels house arrested Maharao and captured the Kota.
• The agreement between the Maharao and the rebels was concluded
through the mediation of Kanhaiyalal Goswami, the Mahant of the
Mathuradhish temple. And Maharao had to forcibly sign a treaty letter
with the responsibility of killing Burton.
• King Madanpal of Karauli liberated Maharao by sending military help.
• On March 22, 1858, General Rarbats reached Kota and after 8 days of
struggle, kota was completely freed from the rebels.
• Zaydayal and Mehrab Khan were hanged.
• Maharao's Gun salute was reduced from 15 to 11.
• King Madanpal of Karauli was given a 17- Gun salute.
Rebellion in Dholpur
• The Gurjar community led by Deva Gurjar, started the rebellion.

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• The rebels from Gwalior and Indore, organized revolts under the
Leadership of Rao Ramchandra and Hiralal.
• King Bhagwant Singh had to call an army from Patiala to suppress the
rebellion.
Revolt in Tonk
• Nawab Waziruddaula was a supporter of the British, but his uncle Mir
Alam Khan supported the rebels.
• The rebels of Neemuch were welcomed in Nimbahera and at here,
Tarachand Patel faced the army of Col. Jackson who was chasing the
Neemuch rebels. Gave death penalty to Tarachand Patel.
• According to Mohammad Mujib's play Azmayish, women also
participated in Tonk's rebellion.
Rebellion in Bharatpur
• The Gurjars and the Mev communities revolted against the British.
• Maharaja Jaswant Singh advised political agent Morrison to leave
Bharatpur.
Revolt in Jaipur
• Maharaja Ramsingh II took action against three rebels on the advise of
Eden, the political agent.
✓ Sadullah Khan – Expelled
✓ Vilayat Khan – Captive
✓ Usman Khan – Captive
• The British gave the Maharaja the title of sitar-e-hind and the kotputli
pargana.
Revolt in Alwar
• Maharaja Vinay Singh supported the Britishers but his Deewan
Faizullah Khan supported the rebels.

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Tantya Tope
• In 1858 AD during the revolution. He came to Rajasthan twice.
• First entered the Mandalgarh area of Bhilwara.
• Nasir Muhammad Khan of Tonk gave support to him.
• 9 August 1858 AD he was defeated by General Roberts in the Battle of
Kuada on the banks of the Kothari River.
• King Prithvi Singh of Jhalawar sent troops against Tantya Tope to a
place called Palayata, but except Gopal Paltan, the other army refused
to fight.
• Tantya Tope captured Jhalawar and recovered Rs. 5 lakh from Prithvi
Singh.
• He defeated king Laxman Singh of Banswara and captured it there too.
• Tantya Tope went to all the princely states of Rajasthan except
Jaisalmer to get help.
• In Mewar, Kesari Singh Salumbar and Jodh Singh kothariya gave
shelter to Tantya Tope and Raja Sardar Singh of Bikaner assisted 10
cavalrymen.
• Due to the betrayal of his friend Mansingh, the British captured Tantya
Tope in the forests of Narwar. And 18 April 1859 AD. He was hanged
in Shivpuri.
• Captain Shawers had said – To hang Tantya in history will be
considered as a crime of the British Government and the coming
generations will ask who gave their approval for this punishment.
• The feudal of Sikar was hanged on the charge of gave shelter to Tantya
Tope.
Amarchand Banthia
• Originally belonged to Bikaner, he gave financial help to Tantya Tope
and Rani of Jhansi in Gwalior, so they are called the Bhamashah of the
revolution.
• The British had hanged him.

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Causes of the revolution of 1857 AD
1. Political reasons: -
(A) According to the treaties of 1817-18 AD, the Resident would not
interfere in the internal affairs of the princely states, but the
Residents interfered in the internal affairs many times.
(B) In the name of protecting the princely states, troops were formed
(Mewar Bhil Corps, Kota Continent, Jodhpur Legion) and their
expenditure was put on the princely states.
(C) The British intervened in the succession dispute of the princely
states, such as Bharatpur and Alwar.
(D) The Kota was partitioned and made a Jhalawar state.
Due to all these reasons, there was dissatisfaction against the British
among ruling class as well as among the general public.
2. Administrative reasons: -
(A) The rights of the feudal lords were abolished.
(B) Seva Chakri of the feudal feudatories was converted into cash.
(C) The Jagiri land was converted into Khalsa.
(D) The military dependence of rulers on the feudal lords was ended.
Therefore, the armies of the feudals were abolished. This made the
soldiers unemployed.
(E) Many taxes charged by the feudal were abolished such as mercantile
tax, revenue tax.
This is the reason that during the revolution, the feudals supported the
anti-British elements.
3. Economic reasons: -
(A) The British used to take fixed khiraj from the kings.
(B) The income of the state was reduced due to the opium, salt and
excise policies of the BritiskingThe kings raised the tax on the
peasants to meet their losses, so there was anger against the kings
as well as against the British.
(C) The cottage industry businesses came to an end due to the
proliferation of British goods.

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(D) The development of new trade routes and facilities provided to the
traders by the British led to the expulsion of the traders from
Rajasthan.
4. Socio-religious reasons: -
(A) The evangelization of Christian missionaries had increased after
1813 AD, and the people of Rajasthan considered it a threat to
religion.
(B) The social reforms of the British did not understand the conservative
people of Rajasthan, and people started to see the British rule with
suspicion.
5. Military reasons:
(A) Soldiers were subjected to racial discrimination in terms of salary
and reason
(B) The fat cartridges used in the Enfield rifle shook religious
sentiments.
6. Literary reasons:-
(A) Poets Bankidas, Raghodas, Sandu Gangaji and Mahakavi Suryamall
Maison, etc., contributed significantly to the anti-British sentiment.

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Reasons of failure of revolt
1. There was a lack of mutual coordination and integrated strategy and
skilled leadership in the four military cantonments and other centers of
rebellion.
2. Due to gap in timing of revolts in all the cantonments, the British got
ample opportunity to deal with the rebels.
3. Revolutionary leaders outside Rajasthan such as Bahadurshah Zafar and
Nana Saheb failed to provide leadership to the rebels. Mewar had the
hope of leadership from Maharana Swaroop Singh, but he was an ally of
the British.
4. Tatya Tope's arrival in Rajasthan was delayed, and by then the British
had suppressed the revolution at other places in North India. Therefore,
he focused his attention on Rajasthan.
5. The rebels lacked modern weapons and skilled generals compared to the
British.
6. All the rulers of Rajasthan and many feudals had helped the British in
suppressing the revolution.
7. The British brutally suppressed the rebellion. Therefore, the general
public could not participate in the complete revolution.
8. There was limited spread of revolution in Rajasthan, and there was lack
of participation of all sections of the society.
9. The rebels did not attempt to capture Ajmer.
Results of revolt of 1857 AD

1. The rulers had supported the British during the revolution, so they were
honored after the revolt
2. During the revolution, the feudatories supported the rebels. Hence, the
feudal lords were made powerless after the revolution.
3. During the revolution the merchant class supported the British. Hence,
they were given English patronage after the revolution.
4. After the revolution, the English influence on the princely states had
increased, and now the friendship of London and Victoria Empress was
written on the coins.

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5. After the revolution, the means of transport and communication were
developed in Rajasthan.
6. To end the interaction between the ruler and the public, separate schools
and colleges were established for the children of Kings and the
feudatories under the Walter scheme.
7. Middle class developed in Rajasthan due to the spread of English
education. Who conducted the upcoming national movement. Such as
Vijay Singh Pathik, Arjun Lal Sethi, Rao Gopal Singh Kharwa.
8. The revolution served as a source of inspiration for the upcoming
national movement and Kushal Singh Champawat became the hero of
Rajasthan's folk stories and folk songs.
9. English patronage promoted unqualified kings, and increased the luxury
of rulers. Hence the kings increased the tax on the people which resulted
in peasant uprising.
10. Through this rebellion, there was anger among the general public against
the British rule because the British had also done inhuman atrocities on
the masses during the revolution.
Nature of revolution
1. In the form of military rebellion - Due to the fat cartridges and other
service related conditions, the soldiers started the rebellion, and took
active part in it but it could not be called a mere soldiers' rebellion because
it also included civilian elements and The soldiers of Beawar and
Khairwada cantonments remained loyal to the British.
2. In the form of feudal revolt - After the kings accepted the English
patronage, the feudal powers were dismantled, and they were disaffected
socioeconomically and politically. So the feudatories participated in the
rebellion for their personal interests but this is a unilateral assessment of
the rebellion.
Because the rebels had a sense of country love and they wanted to end
the British rule. This is the reason that the feudatories of Marwar
attempted to march towards Delhi with the rebels, and the feudatories of
Mewar harbored anti-British elements. If the feudal lords fought against
the rulers for their personal interests, they would not have been sung in
the then literature and folk songs.
3. As religious dissent - cartridges were seen by the soldiers as an attack on
Hindu and Islam religion, and similarly the indignation of the Indian

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public towards the evangelization of the Christian missionaries and social
reforms of the British was considered as the cause of the revolution Goes,
but this idea is also not completely true. Because the evangelization of
Christian missionaries in Rajasthan was less than in other India.
4. In the form of freedom struggle - the participation of common people in
the revolution, the attempt of all the rebels to go towards Delhi, etc. facts
proclaim it to be a freedom struggle. In a letter written by Suryamall
Measan to Samtali Bakhtawar Singh of Namli, he signalled towards secret
organization . Similarly, Nathuram Kharagavat has written in his book
'Rajasthan Roles in the Struggles of 1857 AD' that the rebels had sympathy
for Bahadurshah. He wanted Nana Saheb by heart and had a feeling of
hatred towards the Firangi.
Therefore, 1857 AD was considered a freedom struggle.
It can be known that the sole purpose of the soldiers, the feudal people
and the general public was the end of the British rule and the restoration
of the ancient system of governance. The people of Rajasthan had
displayed rebellious feelings towards the British at many places.
In conclusion, we can write the same words that military officer of
Nasirabad Cantonment. I. T.Pritchard has written in his book 'Mutiny in
Rajputana' - The rebellion in Rajasthan was initiated as a military
rebellion in Nasirabad, but, later on, when it spread to other places in the
province, its form began to change. Undoubtedly, the struggle of 1857 AD
was a struggle for freedom from slavery of the British in Rajasthan.

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Peasant Movement in Rajasthan
Bijaoliya Peasant Movement
• Bijoliya was the first-class thikana of the state of Mewar. Sanga gave up
the jagir if Uparmal to Ashok Parmar. The headquarters of this jagir
was Bijaoliya (Bhilwara). Ashok Parmar participated in the Battle of
Khanwa.
Reasons of peasant movement
1. 84 types of taxes
2. High land revenue
3. Lanta Kunta
4. Chawri tax
5. Talwar Bhandai tax
6. forced labor (Begar)
Chanwari Tax:-
• This tax was taken from the farmers at the time of their girl's wedding.
• In May 1903 A.D, Feudal lord Krishna Singh of Bijoliya imposed this tax
(five rupees).
Sword Bandhai tax:
• This tax was given to the king by the new feudal lords.
• It was the renovation or succession fee of the jagir.
• In Mewar it was called Kaid khalsa Talwar Bandhai and Talwars and
Nazrana. In Marwar, it was called an Hukumnama and a peshkashi. In
the princely state of Jaisalmer it was not taxed by the feudal lords.
• In 1906 AD Prithvi Singh of Bijoliya imposed this tax on the public.
Bijaoliyaa peasant movement took place in three phases -
First Phase (1897–1915)
• This movement was started by the farmers of Dhakad caste.
• This movement started from a village called Girdharpurcas

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• At the of advice Sitaram Das, Nanji Patel and Thakari Patel went to
Mewar Maharana Fateh Singh to convey of complaints farmers.
• Maharana sent a investigating officer named Hamid.
• In the first phase, farmers did not get much success.
• Movement was lead by local leaders.
1. Premchand Bhil
2. Fateh Karan Charan
3. Brahmadev
• Feudal expelled Fatehkaran Charan and Brahmadev from Bijoliya and
Sadhu Sitaram Das was freed from the service of the library.
• In the first phase, there was an anti-feudal sentiment among the farmers
and awakening towards their rights.
Second Stage: - (1915-23)

• Vijay Singh Pathik and Manikya Lal Varma were associated with the
movement.
Uparmaal Panch Board
❖ Established - 1917 (Hariyali Amavasya day in a village called Barisal)
❖ Founder - Vijay Singh Pathik
❖ President - Manna Patel
• Vijay Singh Pathik formed the Uparmaal Sewa Samiti (Youth
Committee).
• Vijay Singh Pathik published a paper called Uparmaal Ka Danka.
• In 1919 AD Mewar constituted Bindulal Bhattacharya Commission.
Afzal Ali and Amar Singh were also members in this commission.
• Another commission was formed in 1920 AD under the leadership of
Raj Singh Bedala, Takht Singh Mehta, Ramakant Malaviya.
• In 1922 AD, Mr. Robert Holland and Mr. K. Wilkins and Mr. K. Agalvi
and Prabhash Chandra Chatterjee (Diwan), Bihari Lal (Sai Hakim),

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made an agreement with the farmers (Motiram, Narayan Patel,
Ramnarayan Chaudhary, Manikya Lal Verma). 35 taxes of farmers were
waived. The feudatories of Bijoliya refused to accept the agreement.
Third Phase (1923–1941)

• Land settlement was done by trenches and low taxes were imposed on
irrigated lands and high taxes were imposed on uncultivated lands.
• On the advice of Vijay Singh Pathik, the peasants gave back their
uncultivated land to the feudal lord. But feudal seized and sold these
lands.
• In 1927 AD, Vijay Singh seaparated himself from the Pathik movement.
• Gandhiji sent Jamnalal Bajaj to lead the movement.
• Jamnalal Bajaj declared Haribhau Upadhyay the leader of the
movement.
• In 1941 AD, in Mewar, Prime Minister V. Raghava Chari and Revenue
Minister Mohan Singh Mehta signed an agreement between the farmers.
The farmers were given their seized land back.
❖ Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote an article in favor of the Bijoliya peasant
movement in his Maratha newspaper. Tilak also wrote a letter to
Maharana Fateh Singh.
❖ Gandhiji also wrote a letter to Mewar Maharana.
❖ Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi used to publish the Bijoliya farmer
movement in his newspaper named Pratap (weekly). It was a weekly
newspaper and was published from Kanpur. Vijay Singh Pathik sent a
silver rakhi to Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi.
❖ The news of the movement was also published in newspapers like
Rajasthan Kesari from Wardha, New Rajasthan from Ajmer, Abhyudaya
from Prayag, Bharat Mitra from Calcutta.

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❖ Munshi Premchand's Rangbhoomi novel is based on Bijoliya Kisan
movement.
❖ Manikya Lal Varma used to encourage farmers through his song called
Panchida. Premchand and Bhanwarlal ji used to encourage the farmers
through their songs.
❖ At the Amritsar session of Congress of 1919, Tilak proposed in favor of
the peasant movement of Bijoliya and Kelkar supported it, but the
proposal could not be passed due to opposition of Gandhiji and Madan
Mohan Malaviya.
❖ At the Nagpur convention of Congress of 1920 AD, on request of Pathik
ji, farmers like Kaluji, Gokulji, Nandram ji organized a demonstration
depicting the exploitation of farmers. In this convention, Gandhiji gave
his moral support to the movement.
❖ Kheda of Uma ji - Manikya Lal Verma used to run a school from here
and Vijay Singh Pathik also conducted the movement from here.
Importance of Bijoliya Kisan movement

 It was the first organized peasant movement in Rajasthan.
 The longest non-violent movement in the world was (44 years)
 Political awareness was communicated among the farmers.
 Our association with the national movement was established.
 It Worked as an inspiration for other peasant movements.
Like - Bengu farmer movement
Bundi Peasant Movement
 During this movement, the farmers did not accept external donations
which shows the self-respect of the farmers.
 Along with the farmers, women and children participated in this
movement.
 The impact of the Bolshevik Revolution of Russia is seen on this
movement.

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Bengu (Chittorgarh) Peasant Movement
 Bengu was the first class thikana of the Mewar state.
 In 1921 A.D. The movement was started by the Dhakad farmers in a place
called Bhairukund of Menal (Bhilwara). The farmers asked Vijay Singh
Pathik to lead, so Pathik ji sent Ramnarayan Chaudhary.
Causes
1.High land revenue tax

2.Lanta Kunta
3.Forced labor
4.53 types of taxes
 The British Government had taken away the right of governance from
Mewar Maharana Fatehsinh and gave it to Maharaj Kumar Bhupal Singh.
 In 1922 AD, Anup Singh of Begu, in Ajmer, entered into an agreement
with the farmers with the intervention of Pathik ji. But the princely state
of Mewar refused to accept the agreement. Trenches called the agreement
a "Bolsvik Agreement". Anoop Singh was detained at Udaipur and
declared Amrit Lal as the administrator of Beghu
 Mewar princely state sent Trench as investigating officer.
Govindpura Massacre (13 July 1923)

 Trench opened firing on farmers' gathering
 Two Dhakad farmers named Rupaji and Kirpaji were martyred
Leader of the movement
1. Ramnarayan Chaudhary
2. Vijay Singh Pathik (arrested on 10 September 1923 AD).
 Newspapers like Pratap, Rajasthan Kesari, Tarun Rajasthan etc. were
banned during the movement.
 Tarun Rajasthan newspaper, while addressing Maharana Fatehsingh,
wrote that he should again take the authority of governance.
 Maharana Fatehsingh prohibited entry of Diwan Prabhash Chandra
Chatterjee.
 Farmers were tortured at places Chandkhedi (1921 AD), Mandavari
(1922 AD).

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Peasant movement of Khalsa region of Mewar
 This movement was done by Jat farmers of Khalsa region of Mewar.

 In April 1921 AD, the farmers gathered in Udaipur.
Major demands
 Reduce land tax.

 Costs should be eliminated.
 forced labor should be stopped.
 If these demands are not accepted, then the land will be kept lying.
❖ The ruler showed inaction towards the demands of the farmers, so the
farmers decided to run the movement through the caste panchayats.
Podoli Conference - December 1921 AD
❖ Representatives of Rajasthan Seva Sangh along with the panchayats of

the farmers attended this conference. Kanhaiya Lal Kalantri, Minister of
Rajputana Central India Sabha was also attended.
❖ In this conference, it was decided that a movement would be organized
like Bijoliya, and the next conference would be held in Matri Kundis.
Matrakundi Conference May 1922 AD

❖ Two issues were mainly discussed in this conference.
1. There should be a reduction in tax and the Begar system should be
ended
2. The loss to the farmers after stopping the cultivation of opium should be
compensated
❖ This movement brought relief to the Bijoliya peasant movement. The
government also accepted some of their demands as the government did
not want the Khalsa peasants to join hands with the farmers in the
movement.
Bundi Peasant movement / Barad Kisan Andolan

Causes
1. 25 types of taxes
2. Higher Land Revenue
3. War Tax
4. Corruption

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5. forced labor
6. Lata Kunta
• In 1920 A.D. Sadhu Sitaram Das established Dabi (Bundi) Kisan
Panchayat and Harla Bhadak was made its president. The farmers
formed Kisan Panchayats at Dabi, Barad, Barungan, Garadda etc. The
peasants boycotted the government courts and took possession of the
land of state grazing land.
Dabi Murder Case: - 2 April 1923
• Police officer named Ikram Hussain opened fire on the farmers'

gathering. Two farmers named Nanak Ji Bhil and Devi Lal Gurjar were
martyred. Nanak Ji Bhil was singing Jhanda song at that time. Manikya
Lal Varma wrote a song called Arji in memory of Nanak ji.
• Rajasthan Seva Sangh sent Ramnarayan Chaudhary and Satya Bhakta to
investigate the spot. He presented a report of atrocities. Due to which
the Bundi state was criticized.
• A commission was formed by the Bundi state under the leadership of
Prithvi Singh, Rampratap, Bhairo Lal. But the case was also covered by
the commission.

i. Vidhi Nayanuram Sharma (Member of Rajasthan Service Association)
ii. Narayan Singh
iii. Bhanwar Lal sunar
• In 1927 A.D. Bundi Kisan movement ended due to the closure of
Rajasthan Seva Sangh.
• Gujjar farmers were more in this movement.
• Women also participated in this movement.
• This movement started again in 1936 AD.
Causes
• War tax
• grazing tax
• Government occupation of grazing lands
• animal count
• Abolition of Nukta system.

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Hindoli Conference - 5 October 1936 AD
• 500 Gurjars and Meena farmers from 90 villages participated in the

movement in the Hoodeshwar Mahadev temple. Many demands of the
farmers were accepted by the government.
• Social reforms were also done by the farmers in the second phase.
• Bundi peasant movement could not be more successful comparison to
Bijoliya and Begu as it remained confined only to the Gurjar caste. This
movement lacked leadership. The support of external organization like
Rajasthan Seva Sangh could not be found.
Difference between Mewar and Bundi farmers movement
Mewar Bundi
1. It was against Jagiri administration. 1. It was against state administration
2. There was more harassment of 2. The harassment of farmers

farmers here. was less here.
3. Farmers protested more against 3. Farmers opposed more about
land revenue. forced labor Raised demand
against corruption.
4. It received skilled leadership. 4. It did not gain much Kushal
leadership.
5. More support of Rajasthan Seva 5. Less support of Rajasthan
Sangh. Seva Sangh.
6. Women's participation was limited. 6. Women played an important
role.

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Alwar peasant Movement
• Khalsa land in Alwar was 80% and Jagir land was 20%.
• Neemuchana peasants 'movement by Rajput peasants and Mev peasants'
movement by Mev peasants were organized in the Khalsa areas of Alwar.
Neemuchna peasant movement

• Land was settlement was done by N.L.Tikko in 1924, in which land
revenue was increased by 40 percent and the privileges of Rajput and
Brahmin farmers were abolished.
• This movement was done in Bansur and Thanagaji areas.
Main leader
1. Madho Singh
2. Govind Singh
3. Amar Singh
4. Ganga Singh
❖ The farmers attended the conference of the All India Kshatriya
Mahasabha and published a pamphlet called Pukar there.
❖ The farmers placed their demands in front of Alwar Maharaja Jai Singh.
❖ Major demands: - Reduction in land revenue, abolition of grazing tax,
abolition of forced labor, abolition of confiscation of pardoned land,
reduction in reserve area (resistance), permission to kill wild boars.
❖ Maharaja did not pay attention to demands.
❖ On May 6, 1924, farmers were banned from gathering and keeping
weapons.
❖ On 7 May 1924, General Rambhadra Ojha met the farmers but no solution
was found.

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Neemuchna murder case - 14 May 1925 AD
❖ Chhaju Singh, a police officer, fired on the farmers' gathering.
❖ 156 farmers were martyred. There were more number of Rajput farmers
in it.
❖ Gandhiji called it dual Dyerism in his newspaper named Lavandah
Padakapam.
❖ The Riyasat newspaper (Delhi) compared the Neemuchna massacre to
the Jallianwala massacre.
❖ Tarun Rajasthan newspaper published this incident in its 31 May 1925
AD issue.
❖ Rajasthan Seva Sangh constituted an inquiry committee in which
Kanhaiya Lal Kalantri, Haribhai Kinkar, Laduram Joshi were members.
❖ Manilal Kothari Committee was formed at the national level in which
Ramnarayan Chaudhary was the secretary. Ramnarayan Chaudhary had
called this neemuchna incident a murder case.
❖ A commission of inquiry was formed by the Maharaja in which
Chhajusinh, Ramcharan, Sultan Singh were members.
❖ On 18 November 1925, there was agreement between the princely state
and the farmers. Under this, the old land settlement was implemented,
the arrested leaders were released, the affected families were given
compensation of Rs 128.
Mev Farmer's Movement

• Mev population was predominant in Tijara, Ramgarh, Laxmangarh,
Kishangarh, etc. areas of Alwar. Apart from this, the Meo population also
resided in Bharatpur and Gurgaon areas.

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• Major Demands: - Reduction in land revenue in famine, reduction in
import export tax, abolition of forced labor, permission to kill wild boars,
compensation of land confiscated for public works.
• Leading leaders: - Yasin Khan, Syed Bhik Narang, Mohammad Ali,
• Organizations like Anjuman Khadim ul Islam and Jamiat Tablig Ul Islam
were associated with this movement. Therefore, religious demands were
also added to this movement after this. As the mosques are out of
government control, Urdu should be promoted, Muslim representation
in administration should be increased.
• Maharaja formed an inquiry commission headed by Durjan Singh,
Gajanafar Ali, Ganeshi Lal. But at the behest of Yasin Khan, the farmers
boycotted it.
• This movement became communal and violent and the peasants attacked
the Nazim of Kishangarh.
• After the communal riots in Tijara, the British removed Maharaja Jai
Singh.
• After this, Special Officer was appointed for Mewat region. Reduction in
revenue and import-export tax, and reduction in number of restrictions.

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Shekhawati / Sikar Farmer Movement
• Shekhawati region was ruled by the Shekhawat branch of Khachwaha

dynasty
• In this area, semi-independent thikhana Sikar and Panchpane
(Nawalgarh, Dundalod, Mandawa, Bissau, Malsisar) were included
• Feudal lord Kalyan Singh of Sikar increased taxes in 1922 AD.
Reasons for the Movement
1. No more land revenue and no concession even in times of famine.

2. Lanta-kunta tax
3. Jarib was reduced in half to during settlement of the land. Hence the
number of bighas increased.
4. There was Increase per 2 bigha
5. Jakhat Tax
6. forced labor
7. caste discrimination
8. Unirrigated land was taxed like irrigated land.
• In 1922 AD The farmers started the movement under the leadership of
Ramnarayan Chaudhary and Hari Brahmachari. Ramanarayan
Chaudhary's Sikar entry was banned in the Sikar and the Tarun
Rajasthan letter was banned.
• In Britain's House of Commons, Pathic Lawrence raised demand of the
peasant movement. News of the movement was published in a
newspaper called the Daily Herald of London.
• Thakur Deshraj, farmer leader of Bharatpur, took the leadership of the
movement in 1931 AD.
• Rajasthan Jat Regional General Assembly was formed in 1931 AD.
• Its first session was in 1933 AD. in a village called Palathana (Sikar).

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Jat Prajapati Mahayagya January 20, 1934 AD
✓ Thakur Deshraj organized it on Basant Panchami.

✓ Purohit - Khemraj Sharma
✓ Yagyaman - Kunwar Hukum Singh
 On March 15, 1935, due to the efforts of Sir Choturam Chaudhary and
Ratan Singh, there was agreement between the feudal and the farmers.
 Movement started again in 1938 AD with the support of Jaipur
Prajamandal.
 In 1947 AD, the Chief Minister of the responsible Government of Jaipur,
Hiralal Shastri and Revenue Minister Tikaram Paliwal did agreement
with the farmers.
Katrathal Conference: - 25 April 1934 AD
➢ This conference was attended by more than 10 thousand women.

➢ Reason : fuedal Mansingh of Sihoth misbehaved with women in village
named Sothiya ka Bas.
➢ Chairman- Kishori Devi
➢ Mainly - Uttama Devi.
Kudan Massacre - 25 April 1935 AD
❖ The farmers refused to pay the tax at the advice of Dhapi Devi.
❖ Captain Webb fired on the farmers.
❖ Many farmers martyred such as Chetram, Tulacharam, Tikuram,
Aasharam,
❖ Discussion of this torture was held in the House of Commons of Britain.

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Jai Singh Pura (Jhunjhunu) murder case - 21 June 1934
❖ This was the first farmer murder case in which the murderers of farmers
were punished.
1. Sardar Harlal Singh
2. Netram Singh Gouri
3. Pages Singh Batdanau
4. Master Chandrabhan Singh
5. Prithvi Singh Gothada
6. Harusingha palthana
7. Gaurasingh Katrathal
8. Ishwar Singh Bhairoopura
9. Lekharam Kaswali
 Sardar Harlal Singh: - He was born in 1901 AD in Hanumanpura village

of Jhunjhunu district. He established Vidyarthi Bhavan in Jhunjhunu.
From this center, he operated the peasant movement. Due to skilled
leadership, his colleagues gave him the title of Sardar.
 Master Pyarelal Gupta: - He founded the Amar Seva Samiti in Chidawa.
He is called Gandhi of Chidawa. Amar Seva Samiti raised voice against
famine relief operations and feudal exploitation. He participated in the
non-cooperation movement of Gandhiji.
 Narottam Lal Joshi: - He started the Shekhawati Zakat movement.

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Reasons of the Peasant Movement
Reasons to farmer dissatisfaction: - On one hand the political consciousness
of the farmers of Rajasthan can be considered as influenced by the Indian
national movement, on the other hand there were certain social and
economic conditions which were specific to the farmers of Rajasthan.
1. Under the influence of the British, the rulers were not giving enough
attention to their public. The rulers and Jagirdars considered their
existence to be based on British power. Therefore, the dependence of the
rulers on the Jagirdars and the dependence of the Jagirdars on the farmers
continued to end.
2. Along with the revenue increase, there was also an unexpected increase
in the begar and taxes taken from the farmers. In some states, the number
of taxes was up to 300.
3. The dependence of the Jagirdars and feudal lords increased on the metal
currency. This was due to the adoption of a very luxurious lifestyle of the
British, the burden of their new expenses fell on the agricultural system.
The second reason was the conversion of traditional chakri to rokad. The
adoption of English administrative systems resulted in change in liberal
and paternalistic view of the feudal towards farmers.
4. One of the main reasons of farmer dissatisfaction was the relocation of
people displaced from other occupations to agriculture. This was a direct
result of the English colonial policy. Due to increase in the number of
agricultural laborers, the attitude of Jagirdars became more harsh.
5. Both the decline and increase in agricultural production prices were not
beneficial to the farmers. While the value of the savings of the farmers
was reduced due to the fall in the price, on the other hand, due to
increasing prices, he could not get a part of the profit because the jagirdar
used to take the rent in commodities.
6. Farmers suffered losses due to opium cultivation and their cash income
was exhausted.

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7. Lagaan was taken in cash in Khalsa areas. Hence the farmers were caught
in the clutches of the moneylenders.
8. Land was not settled in Jagiri areas and revenue was also taken as crop.
Farmers in these areas also depended on the Jagirdars for justice. Hence
the condition of the farmers was pathetic.
9. Increase in Chanwari tax, Talwar Bandhan Kar, Zakat, Rajput and
Brahmin peasants' abolition of privileges and Saad system also acted as
a catalyst in different peasants movements

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Characteristics of Peasant Movements
1. Most of the peasant movements in Rajasthan took place in the Jagiri areas
because the farming class there was completely unhappy and worried
due to high rates of land, laag - baag and forced rent due to lack of land
in the Jagir area. The Jagirdars was becoming inflexible and arbitrary in
his area day by day. The king had minimal interference in the Jagiri area.
In such a situation, there was no possibility of getting justice from the
vassal and the king in the peasant class, so they resorted to the
movements.
2. The peasant movement of Rajasthan was carried out in non-violent ways,
although The Mev movement of Alwar was the exception , because it
became violent.
3. The peasants had opposed anti-social inequality along with economic
exploitation.
4. The Prajamandal provided their support to the peasant movement.
Which led to the development of political consciousness among the
farmers.
5. The Rajasthan peasant movement was led by people from outside
Rajasthan. Such as Vijay Singh Pathik, Haribhau Upadhyay, Yasin Khan.
6. The peculiarity of peasant movements was caste based. The caste based
panchayats organized the movements in a planned manner. Decisions of
panchayats were mandatory for all. Because they were feared of caste
boycott.
7. The capitalist class played an important role in the peasant movements of
Rajasthan. Such as: Jamnalal Bajaj, Ramnarayan Chaudhary.
8. Social reforms by Arya Samaj also played a major role in the success of
peasant movements. Such as Bikaner and Shekhawati.
9. Since both men and women are connected with agricultural activities.
Therefore, active participation of women in peasant movements was
observed.
10. The participation of various newspapers and political organizations was
also their main feature.

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Effects of Peasant Movement
1. Farmer movement resulted in elimination of Jagirdari in Rajasthan.
Rajasthan state was formed after independence, since then many laws
were enacted to improve the condition of farmers. Finally, the Jagir
Abolition Act was passed, which resulted in the death of the centuries-
old feudal system. Due to the land reform rules, the social and economic
condition of the peasant class began to change.
2. The main centers of peasant movements were small towns. Hence urban
nationalism developed in them.
3. Due to the development of political consciousness among the farmers, the
pro-zamindal movements got more support.
4. Empowerment of women was encouraged through active participation
of women.
5. Due to interest by the national leaders in the peasant movement, the
princely people joined the national movement. Which later proved
helpful in strengthening national unity.
6. Various newspapers and books were published during the peasant
movement. Which promoted freedom of expression.

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Tribe Movement
• The alliance between local feudalism and British imperialism in Rajasthan
was first opposed by the Mer, Meena and Bhil tribes.
Reasons of tribal movements
1. 1 The affected tribes could not understand the new administrative
system and they were exploited in this system.
2. 2 The forest rights of the 2 tribes were abolished.
3. The social traditions of the tribes were interfered
4. Such as: In 1853 AD Mewar Maharana Swaroop Singh banned the
Dakan pratha.
5. In 1818 AD, after the treaty with the British, Colonel James Todd, the
Political Agent of Mewar, abolished the Bolai tax (highway tax) and
guarding tax (for the protection of the village), taken by the Bhil Gametis
(chief).
6. 5 The kings had given the rights of protection to the British, so the Bhil
soldiers of the kings' armies became unemployed.
7. 6 The traditional agricultural system of the tribes was destroyed.
8. 7 Under the new Excise Policy, the Bhils' Mahua liquor was banned.
9. 8 Taxes on opium, tobacco, and salt were increased.
10. 9 The tribes were forced to do begar by feudal and kings.
11. 10 At the time of the census of 1881 AD, there was discontent among the
Bhils because they felt that our youth would be sent to the Afghan war.
They felt that by counting people, tax would be levied.
12. In 1822 AD, Merwada Battalion (Beawar) and in 1841 AD, Mewar Bhil
Corps (Khairwada) were established in tribal areas and the burden of
their expenditure was placed on the tribes.

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Bhagat Movement / Lasadia Movement
• This movement was started by Bhil tribe of Vagad region.
• Leader - 1. Govind Guru 2. Surji Bhagat
• Govind Guru was born in the Banjara family in Vedasa (Dungarpur)
village. He established his dhuni and nishan (flag) in a village called
Basian.
• Govind Guru did the moral and spiritual uplift of the Bhils. Govind Guru
emphasized monotheism in the Bhils. He encouraged Bhils to gave up
theft, alcohol and other evils. He Established Panchayats to resolve
mutual disputes. Emphasized the use of indigenous goods.
• Govind was influenced by Guru Dayanand Saraswati. He established the
Bhagat sect to keep the tribals in Hinduism.
• In order to increase mutual harmony among the Bhils in 1883 AD, he
Established Samp Sabha. In 1903 AD The first session of Samp Sabha
took place on the Mangarh (Banswara) hill. In 1910 A.D. Samp Sabha’s
33 demands were put before the government, but the problems were not
resolved.
• Govind Guru went to Idhar in 1908 AD, and did public awareness work
among Bhils there, due to which the Jagirdar of Palpatta had to conclude
agreement with Bhils on 24 February 1910 AD. There were 21 conditions
in this agreement.
• In 1911, Govind Guru returned to his native place of Vedasa, and by
setting up dhunis here, started giving sermons to the Bhils on modern
method. Vedasa became the center of the activities of Govind Giri. The
Bhils of Ider, Sunth, Banswara, Dungarpur, Panchmahal, Kheda started
coming here.
• In 1911, he organized his creed in a new form and along with religious
teachings started explaining to the Bhils the way of freedom from feudal

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and colonial exploitation. He set up his dhunis in every Bhil village and
appointed a Kotwal to protect them. The Kotwal appointed by Govind
Giri was not only the religious head, but was in charge of all the affairs of
his region. They also settled disputes between the Bhils.
• In this way, parallel government of Govind Giri started running in other
ways, but on the other hand persecution of his disciples by kings and
Jagirdars also continued. The oppressive behavior by feudal and colonial
power prompted Govind Giri and his disciples to plan for the
establishment of Bhil Raj to get rid of feudal and colonial slavery.
Mangarh (Banswara) Massacre - 17 November 1913 AD.

 The firing was done by the police on the session of Samp Sabha. More
than 1500 Bhils were killed. It is called the Jallian Wali massacre of
Rajasthan.
 Govind Guru and his aide Poonja Dheerji were arrested.
 Due to the popularity of Govind Giri, his life imprisonment was
commuted to a sentence of ten years and later after seven years of
imprisonment he was released on the condition that he will not enter
Sunth, Dungarpur, Banswara, Kushalgarh and Idher states.
 He spent the rest of his life peacefully in Kambia village of Gujarat.
Govind Giri used to give lectures to his Bhagat Bhils in Jhalod village of
Panchmahal district under Ahmedabad division under government
supervision.
 Govind Guru was a supporter of non-violence. His white flag was a
symbol of peace.

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Aki / Bhomat Bhil Movement
• This movement was started by the Bhil and Garasia tribes of Gogunda,
Jhadol and Kotda areas, influenced by the Bijoliya peasant movement.
This movement started from a place called Matrukundia (Chittor).
Leader - Motilal Tejawat
• Motilal Tejawat was born in a Oswal Jain family in a village named
Koliari. He used to work in Jhadol tikhana. Seeing the pathetic condition
of Bhils and Garasis during this service, Tejawat left the job, and made
efforts to establish unity among these tribes. Tejawat got the support of
Jat farmers under the leadership of Gokulji Jat of Podoli village.
• Motilal Tejawat put 21 demands in front of Mewar Maharana. These
demands are called the Pukar of Mewar. But these problems were not
resolved. Gradually this movement spread to the princely states of
Mewar, Vagad, Sirohi, Idhr and Vijayanagar (Gujarat).
Neemada (Vijayanagar, Gujarat) murder case - 6 March 1922 AD.

• The firing on Bhils was done by Major Sutton. More than 1200 Bhils were
killed. Motilal Tejawat fled.
• On 3 June 1929 A.D. At Gandhiji's insistence, Motilal Tejawat
surrendered at a place called Khedbrahma in Idhar.
• On 3 April 1936 A.D. In the Mahaindraj Sabha, Motilal Tejawat was
released with the intervention of Manilal Kothari (Gandhiji's PA). He was
released from jail on the condition that he would not do any agitational
work and would not leave Udaipur city without the permission of
Udaipur state. The state of Udaipur paid Rs. 30 for his survival.
Approved per month allowance. He was again imprisoned in January
1945, when he tried to enter the geographical area and was released from
prison in February 1947.

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• He spent the rest of his life in the creative activities of Gandhiji. Tejawat
ji is called the Messiah of the tribals and the tribals used to call him Bavji.
Mahaindraj Sabha
➢ This was Mewar's Supreme Court.
➢ It was established by Maharana Sajjan Singh in 1880 AD.
Sirohi Bhil Movement

 On January 1922, Motilal Tejawat reached Sirohi, and inspired the Bhils
and the Garasis to be united.
 On January 24, 1922, the Bhils and Garasis raised the sesame crop without
paying it to the state. The Bhils were responsible for the safety of
passengers on the road from Abu Road to Ambaji. They stopped the
work of guarding it. The Garasis destroyed the station of Moongthala
and looted the revenue officer's house.
 Tejawat ji became very popular among the Bhils and Garasis of Sirohi.
They called him as Gandhi of Mewar. The Idhar Prajamandal also
supported this movement.
 Ramakant Malaviya, Diwan of Sirohi, invited Vijay Singh Pathik for the
agreement. Pathik ji came to Sirohi with Ramchandra Vaidya and
Brahmachari Hari. He met Tejawat ji at Bhagwan Garh, and advised him
to run a peaceful movement.
 On 12 February 1922, at a place called Gopeshwar, Pathik ji and
Ramakant Malaviya assured the farmers to reduce their problems and
pain, but the problem could not be resolved.

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Siava Massacre - 12 April 1922 AD
➢ In this incident 3 Garasians were killed, and one was injured. 40 houses
of the Garasis were destroyed, and their storehouses were burnt.
Balolia and Bhula massacre- (5-6 May 1922 AD)
• Major Pritchard led the shootout. 50 people were killed and 150 people
were injured in this incident.
• Rajasthan Seva Sangh sent Ramnarayan Chaudhary and Satya Bhakta to
Sirohi to investigate this incident. Full details of this incident were
published in Tarun Rajasthan newspaper.
Meena Movement
• In 1924 AD The Criminal Tribes Act was passed, and the Meena tribe
was included in it. In 1930 A.D. 1992, the Jayaram Pesha Act was passed.
• Under this, it was made mandatory for every Meena woman and man to
attend the police station. Meena society opposed this.
• Chhotulal Jharwal, Mahadev Ram Pabdi, Jawahar Ram formed the
Meena Caste Reform Committee.
• In 1933 AD "Meena Regional General Assembly" was formed .
Neem Ka Thana (Sikar) Conference 1944
✓ Jain saint Magan Sagar organized it. He wrote a book called Meen
Purana. He told the Meena community about their glorious history.
✓ Meena Reform Committee was formed in this conference.
✓ Leader - Banshidhar Sharma, Laxminarayan Jaharwal, Rajendra Kumar
Ajay
Bagwas (Jaipur) Conference - 28 December 1946 AD
❖ In this conference 26000 watchman Meenas resigned from their posts. It
was celebrated as the Liberation Day.
❖ In 1952 AD With the efforts of Hiralal Shastri and Tikaram Paliwal, the
Jayaram Peshha Act was abolished.
➢ Famous tribal leader Thakkar Bapa made efforts to relieve Meenas and
improve the situation and wrote a letter to the Prime Minister of Jaipur,
Mirza Ismail.

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Political Public Awareness in Rajasthan
Rajputana Madhya Bharat Sabha
• Established: 1918 AD
• Founder: - Jamnalal Bajaj, Vijay Singh Pathik, Ganesh Shankar
Vidyarthi, Chandkaran Sharda, Girdhar Sharma, Swami
Narasimhadeva Saraswati.
• Location: - Marwadi Library, Chandni Check (Delhi)
• Objective:
1. Generating political awakening in the princely states of Rajasthan
2. Making efforts to establish responsible governance in the princely
states
3. To Make more members of Congress in the princely states.
Headquarters- Ajmer
Session Rajputana Madhya Bharat sabha
• Its first session was held in Delhi in December 1918 under the
chairmanship of Girdhar Sharma.
• Its second session was held in Amritsar in December 1919 along with
the Congress session.
• In March 1920, its third session was held in Ajmer under the
chairmanship of Jamnalal Bajaj.
• The fourth session of the assembly was held in Nagpur in December
1920. The session of the Indian National Congress was also being held
in Nagpur at this time. Narsingh Chintamani Kelkar, the president of
the assembly, was elected, but for some reasons he could not reach
Nagpur. Hence Ganeshnarayan Somani of Jaipur was unanimously
elected as the Chairman. An exhibition was shown in the convention
which showed the pathetic condition of the farmers of Rajasthan. At
the time of this convention, this institution was considered as a
subsidiary of Congress.
• The call of Rajasthani people now reached the Congress leaders. Due
to pressure from the leaders of Rajasthan, Congress passed a resolution
urging the kings of Rajasthan to make their people partners in
governance.

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Rajasthan Seva Sangh
• In 1919 AD, "Rajasthan Seva Sangh" was established in Wardha itself
with the contribution of Vijay Singh Pathik, Ramnarayan Chaudhary
and Haribhai Kinkar. The main objective of this association was to
solve the problems of the people. Its second goal was to establish
cordial relations of the feudals and kings with their people
• Its headquarter was in Ajmer, established in 1920 AD. The Rajasthan
Seva Sangh had guided the peasant movement in Bijolia and Begun
and the Bhil movement in Sirohi and Udaipur. The Sangh exposed and
criticized the atrocities committed by the police in Bundi, Sirohi and
Udaipur.
• Since the imprisonment of 'Pathik' by the Mewar State Government,
differences between the officials and members of the Seva Sangh
started. The gap of differences continued to widen. As a result, by
1928-29 the 'Rajasthan Seva Sangh' became completely ineffective.
All India princely states peoples Conference
❖ In 1922, a meeting of the representatives of the Indian states was held
in Poona, in which it was decided to call a national conference for the
formation of a central organization.
❖ In 1926, a temporary committee was formed for this.
❖ All India princely state peoples Conference was formed in Bombay on
17-18 December 1927 AD. Its office was kept in Bombay.
Objective: -
1. To establish responsible governance under the umbrella of the rulers
in the princely states.
2. To get the public fundamental rights.
3. To establish independent courts in princely states.
 President: - Dewan Ramchandra Rao
 Vice President: - Vijay Singh Pathik
 Ramnarayan Chaudhary, Secretary of Rajputana and Central India.
 In 1928 AD, in the Calcutta Session, Congress passed a resolution that
the king should establish responsible government in the princely states
and provide civil rights to the people. In the same year, that section
was removed from the Congress Constitution under which there was

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a reference to Congress not interfering in matters related to the
country.
 Rajputana princely state people’s conference was formed in 1928 AD.
It was held in 1931 AD under the leadership of Ramnarayan
Chaudhary in Ajmer
 At the Haripura session in 1938, the Congress gave its support to the
Prajamandal movement.

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Jaipur Prajamandal - (1931 AD)
• Founder - Karpoorchand Patni, Jamnalal Bajaj.
• In 1936 AD Jamnalal Bajaj reorganized the Prajamandal, and made
Chiranjilal Mishra the president and Hiralal Shastri a minister.
First session
❖ On 8-9 May 1938, under the chairmanship of Jamnalal Bajaj, was
organized in Jaipur at a place called Natmal Ka Katla
❖ On the advice of Hiralal Shastri, the leaders of Shekhawati Kisan Sabha
gave their support to Prajamandal.
❖ On 10 May 1938, Kasturba Gandhi addressed a women's gathering in
Jaipur.
• In 1939, the Jaipur princely state banned praja mandal. Jamnalal Bajaj
was also arrested at this time. Therefore, the Satyagraha movement
was launched by the activists of Prajamandal in which women were
also arrested.
• On 8 August 1942, Gandhiji started the Quit India Movement.
President of Prajamandal Hiralal Shastri was not in favor of the
movement. Therefore, disgruntled activists of Prajamandal led the
formation of "Azad Morcha" under the leadership of Baba
Harishchandra and participated in Quit India Movement.
• Its other members were Ramkaran Joshi, Daulatmal Bhandari and
Gulabchand Kasliwal. Azad Morcha's office was established at
Gulabchand Kasliwal's house. In 1945 AD On the advice of Nehruji,
Azad Morcha was merged into the Prajamandal.
Gentlemen Agreement- (17 September 1942 AD)
Mirza Ismail (Chandan of Jaipur)
v/s
Hiralal Shastri (President of Prajamandal)

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Provision
✓ The princely state of Jaipur will not help the British during the Quit
India Movement.
✓ Responsible government will be established in the princely state of
Jaipur.
✓ Jaipur Prajamandal can do peaceful processions and demonstrations
etc.
✓ The princely state of Jaipur will not arrest the rebel of India, and the
Praja Mandal can also give him asylum.
✓ Jaipur Prajamandal will not participate in Quit India Movement.
✓ In 1942 AD, the princely state of Jaipur formed a committee to establish
responsible governance. This committee gave its recommendations in
1943 AD. On the basis of these recommendations, elections for "Dhara
Sabha" were conducted.
• There were two houses in Dhara Sabha. 1- House of Representatives
(125 members), 2- Assembly (51 members).
• Prajamandal got 27 posts in the House of Representatives and 3 in the
Legislative Assembly.
• Devishankar Tiwadi was included in the cabinet in 1946 AD. He was
the first non-government minister in any princely state.
• A cabinet was formed in 1948 AD in which-
Diwan-VT Krishnamachari
Chief Secretary- Hiralal Shastri
Secretary- Daulatmal Bhandari
Devishankar Tiwadi
Tikaram Paliwal
The feudal of Gijgarh

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The feudal of Ajairampura
• This cabinet continued to work till the formation of Greater Rajasthan.
Jamnalal Bajaj
❖ He was Kashi ka Bas (Sikar).
❖ He Served as treasurer of Congress.
❖ During the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920 AD, he had returned
the title "Raibahadur" given by the British .
❖ He has given Financial assistance of Rs. 1 lakh was given to Tilak
Swaraj Fund and Rs. 11000 to Aligarh Muslim University.
❖ In 1926 AD, Charkha Sangha was established by him in Amarsar
(Jaipur) with Balwant Savlaram Deshpande.
❖ He was called Gandhiji's fifth son and slave. 4
Hiralal Shastri
 He established Jaipur Hitkarini Sabha.
 He Established Jeevan kutir in Nivai (Tonk) in 1927 AD. Which was
converted into Vanasthali Vidyapeeth in 1935. This institute is
dedicated to girl child education, and is known for fivefold education.
 He wrote an autobiography titled "Prabhu Jeevashastra" and a song
called "Pralaya pratiksha Namo Namo".
Tikaram Paliwal
➢ He formed an organization called Vidyarthi Youth League.
Janaki Devi Bajaj

➢ Shee was born in 1893 AD in the house of Seth Girdhari Lal Jajodia of
Laxmangarh at a place called Javra of Madhya Pradesh. In 1902, she
was married to Jamnalal Bajaj, and had to live in Wardha with Bajaj ji.
➢ In 1944 AD, she was the President of the Jaipur Praja Mandal.

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➢ She was associated with the Bhudaan movement. Served as the
President of Gau Seva Sangh. Many wells were constructed.
➢ In 1956 AD, she was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, which was the
first Padma Vibhushan to be given to any Rajasthani.
Ratan Shastri
✓ She was born on 15 October 1912 in Khachrod (Madhya Pradesh) at the
house of Raghunathji Vyas. She was married to Hiralal Shastri.
✓ She was associated to Jaipur Prajamandal. Actively participated in the
Satyagraha movement of Jaipur Prajamandal in 1939 AD, and in 1942
AD. She served workers of Quit India Movement and their families.
✓ In 1955, she was awarded the Padma Shri. Which was the first Padma
Shri given too any Rajasthani woman. She was also awarded the
Padma Bhushan in 1975 AD.
Devishankar Tiwadi
❖ He Served as the Chairman of Jaipur Praja Mandal.
❖ In 1943, he published a newspaper named Lokvani was published in
memory of Jamnalal Bajaj.
Shyamlal Verma
o In 1940 AD, a newspaper named Jayabhoomi was published by him
o In collaboration with Kalyan Singh, he started the Hindi Raj Bhasha
movement.
o In 1942 AD, a newspaper named Jaipur Samachar was published.
Gulabchand Kala
❖ He Published a newspaper called Jayabhoomi in 1940 AD.

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Siddharaj Dhandha
❖ He was the Sarvodayi leader of Jaipur. He founded an organization
called Sarva Seva Sangh.
Ramadevi
▪ He was born at the home of Vaidya Ganga Sahay in Jaipur. She was
widowed at the age of 11. Later, she was remarried with the Gandhian
leader Laduram Joshi (who had been the president of Jaipur
Prajamandal). She also worked in Rajasthan Seva Sangh. At the time
of the Bijolia peasant movement, she was arrested and asked to go from
there, then she said - "Till the atrocities on the farmers stop, she will
keep coming here".
▪ She participated in the Satyagraha movement and civil disobedience
movement in 1930 AD and 1932 AD and got jailed.
Chiranji Lal Aggarwal
❖ He founded the Prajamandal Progressive Party.
✓ Note: "Motilal Day" was celebrated in the princely state of Jaipur on

the release of Motilal Tejawat on 5 April 1931 AD.

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Marwar Prajamandal
Marwar Seva Sangh 1920 AD
Founder - Jaynarayan Vyas
President- Durgashankar
Minister - Prayagraj Bhandari
❖ Taul Movement
Marwar Hitkarini Sabha 1918 AD
Founder - Chandmal Surana
Reorganization - Jayanarayan Vyas (1923 AD)
❖ Movement against evacuation of female animals.
❖ Demand for Marwarisation of Jobs.
❖ Movement against export of food grains.
Marwar Princely State People’s Conference 1929 AD
Founder - Jaynarayan Vyas
• Prohibition on first session in Jodhpur (11-12 October, 1929 AD)
• Jai Narayan Vyas, Anandraj Surana, Bhanwarlal Sarraf arrested (Trial in
special court of Nagaur).
• Sacrifice of Marwar's sons - Decision of Nagaur trial
First session – Pushkar (24-25 Nov. 1931 AD)
President - Chandkaran Sharda
• Kasturba Gandhi, Kaka Kalekarkar, Manilal Kothari participated.
• 22 resolutions passed.
Marwar Youth League 10 May 1931AD
Founder - Jayanarayan Vyas
President - Bhimraj Purohit
Minister - Manmal Jain

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Bal Bharat Sabha 1931 AD
Minister - Chhaganraj Chaupasniwala (Hoisted the Indian flag in
Jodhpur on January 26, 1932.)
Marwar Prajamandal 1934
President - Bhanwarlal Saraf
Objective - Establish responsible governance and protect civil rights.
Civil Liberties Union 1936 AD
• Congress Supplement
• Ranchhod Das Gattani
Karachi session of All India Domestic State Public Council 1936
• General Secretory - Jay Narayan Vyas
Marwar Lok Parishad 16 May 1938 AD
• Founder - Ranchoddas Gattani
Shri Rajbhakt Desh Hitkarini Sabha 20 May 1938 AD
• Founder -Vakeel Ganeshdas Bohra
Quit India Movement 1942 AD
• Vyas ji under house arrest at Sivana Fort and other leaders under house
arrest at Jalore Fort.
Major leaders who visited Jodhpur
• 1936 AD - Pattabhi Sitaramaiya and Bhulabhai Desai
• 1938 AD -Subhash Chandra Bose and Vijayalakshmi Pandit
• 1940 AD - Pandit Dwarkanath Kachru and Sri Sarangadhar Vyas
• 1945 AD - Nehru Ji
Major day
• Krishna Day 1936 AD
• Education Day 21 June 1936 AD

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Newspaper
• Tarun Rajasthan
• Akhand Bharat
• Angiban
• Peep
• Lok Sudhar
• Prajasevak
• Riyasati 1945 AD
Leading Women
• Gorza Devi Vyas
• Rama Devi Vyas
• Mahima Devi Kinker
• Savitri Devi Bhati
• Krishna Kumari
• Dayawati
Revolutionary
• Marwar Kranti Sangh - Lalchand Jain
• There were activists under the 8-point program during the Quit India
Movement.
Books
• State of Marwar
• Popabai’s Pole
• Maarch se sangharsh kyoon
• Gareebon kee aavaaj
Major Events
• Chandaval Incident 28 March 1942 AD
• Dabra Scandal 13 March 1947AD

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Bikaner Prajamandal - 1936 AD
• Sarvhitakarini Sabha (Churu) was founded by Kanhaiyalal Dhundha

and Swami Gopaldas in 1907 AD, which established Kabir Pathshala
for Dalits and Putri Pathshala for girls.
• On 26 January 1930 A.D. Swami Gopaldas and Chandanmal Bahad
hoisted the tricolor on the Dharma Stupa of Churu.
• In 1931 AD Bikaner Maharaja Ganga Singh went to London to attend
the second-round table conference. At this time pamphlet named
Bikaner Digdarshan were distributed against Ganga Singh in London.
These pamphlets are prepared by Seth Amritlal and P.L. Chudigar.
Bikaner Conspiracy Case (1932-34 AD)
➢ Four activists were arrested due to Bikaner digdarshan

❖ Chandanmal Bahad
❖ Swami Gopaldas
❖ Satyanarayana Saraf
❖ Khubāram Saraf
 In 1936 AD Vaidya Madharam founded the Prajanamandal in
Calcutta. In which Raghudayal Goyal, Babu Mukta Prasad, Lakshmi
Devi Acharya were also supporters.
 On 22nd July 1942 A.D. Bikaner State Public Council was established
by Raghuvar Dayal Goyal.
 Bikaner Anti-Daman Day was celebrated on 26 October 1944 AD and
Netaji Day on 23 January 1946 AD and Independence Day on 26
January 1946 AD.
 On 1st July 1946 A.D. In Raisingh Nagar (Ganganagar), firing was
carried out by the police on the procession of Prajaparishad. In this, a

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young man named Birbal was martyred. Birbal Day was celebrated on
17 July 1946 in the princely state of Bikaner. Jaisalmer branch of Indira
Gandhi Canal is also known as Birbal branch. An inquiry committee
was set up by the All India princely State people’s Council to
investigate the Birbal murder case. In which Hiralal Shastri, Gokul
Bhai Bhatt, Raghuvar Dayal Goyal were members.
Peasant Movement of the Princely State of Bikaner
i. Udrasar Kisan Andolan (Bikaner) - 1937 AD, Leader - Jeevan Ram

Chaudhary
ii. Mahajan Kisan Andolan (Bikaner) - 1938 AD
 Mahajan was the first-class tikhana of the princely state of Bikaner.
Later, peasant movements also took place in the Pugal and Kumbhana
regions.
iii. Dudhwa Khara Kisan Movement (Churu) -1944 AD.
 Its leader Hanuman Singh Arya met the Maharaja of Bikaner in Bhadra
and Mount Abu, but the problem could not be solved. He was arrested
3 times. He did a hunger strike for 65 days in jail. Vaidya Magharam
was also arrested in this peasant movement.
iv. Khara Kisan Andolan (Churu) - 1946 AD
v. Leader - Meghsingh Arya Gang Canal Farmers Movement - In the
Khalsa region of Bikaner, this movement was carried out by the
farmers of the Ganga Canal in 1930-31 AD.
❖ Reason: -
1. High land revenue
2. High irrigation tax
3. Interest on installments
❖ Farmers formed Zamidara Union.

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➢ Leaders: - Darbar Singh, Kartar Singh.
Dholpur Prajamandal - 1936 AD
➢ Jwala Prasad Jigyasu and Yamuna Prasad

➢ Achaar Sudhanini Sabha was formed in 1910 AD.
➢ In 1934, Jwala Prasad Jigyasu, Johari Lal Indu formed the Nagari
Pracharini Sabha for the development of Hindi language.
➢ In 1936 AD Krishnadatta Paliwal, Jwalaprasad Jigyasu founded the
Prajamandal.
➢ This Praja Mandal was established with the inspiration of Swami
Shradanand Saraswati, the leader of Arya Samaj.
Tasimo incidentl - 11 April 1947 AD
❖ Police firing was done on the assembly of Prajamandal.

❖ Pancham Singh and Chhatar Singh were martyred.

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Mewar Prajamandal
• In February 1938 AD, Amritlal Sukhwal and Bhawani Shankar
participated in the Haripura Congress.
Establishment of Prajamandal 24 April 1938 AD
Location - Balwant Singh Mehta's house (Sahitya Kutir)

President - Balwant Singh Mehta
Vice President - Bhurelal Baya
General Minister - Manikya Lal Verma
• The princely state of Mewar declared the Prajamandal illegal. Verma ji
operated the Prajamandal from Ajmer. Verma ji wrote a book called
Present rule of Mewar.
• Bhurelal Baya was placed under house arrest at Sarada Fort.
• Satyagraha was started on the day of Vijayadashami on October 4, 1938
AD and Ramesh Chandra Vyas of Bhilwara was the first Satyagrahi.
• Four branches of Prajamandal were established outside Mewar - Bombay,
Nagpur, Jalgaon, Akola.
• Verma ji's wife Narayani Devi, his daughter Snehlata and wife of
Pyarechand Bishnoi, Bhagwati Devi were expelled for participating in the
Prajamandal movement.
• Verma ji was also arrested and treated inhumanly, which Gandhi ji
criticized in Harijan newspaper.
• On March 3, 1939 AD, at the behest of Gandhiji, Satyagraha was
postponed and the workers were released.
• The Prajamandal ban on forced labor under the led of Verma ji. This was
Prajamandal's first moral victory.
First Session of Prajamandal
25-26 November 1941 AD (Udaipur)
President - Manikya Lal Verma Inauguration - J.B. Kriplaani

• Vijay Laxmi Pandit inaugurated the Khadi exhibition.
• On August 8, 1942 AD, Verma participated in the Bombay session of the
Congress and said about the Quit India Movement.
• On 20 August 1942, the Prajamandal gave the Maharana a 24-hour
ultimatum to break ties with the British government. After this, the
activists of Prajamandal were arrested.

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• Narayani Devi Verma went to jail with her 6-month-old son Dinabandhu,
his daughter Sushila and Bhagwati devi Vishnoi also made arrests.
• Shivcharan Mathur along with his companions demolished a railway
bridge with dynamite (between Guna-Kota).
• Diwan of Mewar, Sir T.V. Raghavachari sent political activists of Gwalior
and Rajagopalachari to convince Verma ji, but Verma ji remained
adamant on establishing responsible governance.
• On 2-3 April 1944 AD , the workers of Rajputana and Madhya Bharat met
in Udaipur.
• President - A.V. Sarvate
Sixth session of the All-India State Public Council
31 December 1945 AD – 1 June, 1946 AD.
Location - Saletia Maidan (Udaipur) President - Jawaharlal Nehru
• Sheikh Abdullah also participated.
• On 8 May 1946 AD, a Legislative Committee was formed under the
chairmanship of Thakur Gopal Singh, which had a total of 11 members,
including five members of the Prajamandal.
• This committee recommended the establishment of the Constituent
Assembly, but the government rejected.
• In October 1946 AD, Mohanlal Sukhadia and Hiralal Kothari were made
members of the Executive Council.
• On 3 March 1947 AD, the constitution of Mewar was announced, which
provided for a section assembly of 46 members, but the executive was not
made responsible to the Legislative Assembly. Therefore, the
Prajamandal rejected it.
• In place of Raghavachari, Manohar Singh Bedla was made Prime Minister
and K.M. Munshi was made the legal advisor, but the constitution also
did not accept the constitution.
• On the advice of Diwan S.B Ramamurthy, Mohan Singh Mehta amended
the Munshi constitution and the Prajamandal accepted it and participated
in the election.
Other centers other than Udaipur.
 Bhilwara
o Main Leader - Ramesh Chandra Vyas
 Nathdwara
o Main Leader - Narendra Pal Singh and Professor Narayan Das

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Bharatpur Prajamandal
• The benevolent rule of Maharaja Kishan Singh (1918–29 AD) was
responsible for the political consciousness in Bharatpur, because he
established.
1. Autonomous institutions in villages and towns.
2. Hindi was given the status of official language.
3. The 17th All India Hindi Sahitya Sammelan was organized in 1927 AD.
President - Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha Tagore, Malaviya and Bajaj also

participated
4. Under the patronage of the Maharaja, Thakur Deshraj, Revathisharan

Sharma and Sawantmal Chaturvedi launched the purification
movement.
5. On 15 September 1927AD, accepted the responsible rule. The British
removed Kishan Singh and announced Brijendra Singh as the ruler
and handed over the entire government authority to Diwan McKenzie.
Hindi Sahitya Samiti 1912 AD

• Founder
o Jagganath Das Adhikari ((Published a newspaper called Vaibhav from
Delhi in 1920 AD.)
o Ganga Prasad Shastri
Bharatpur Rajya Praja Sangh November 1928 AD
President - Gopilal Yadav Secretory – Deshraj
• This institution decided to have a session of Rajputana Provincial Native

State Public Council in Bharatpur, so Deshraj was arrested.
Bharatpur Congress Mandal September 1937 AD
• This institution was established with the inspiration of Nehru ji.
Founder
1. Gokulchand Verma
2. Gorishankar Mittal

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Bharatpur Prajamandal 4 March 1938 AD.
• Establishment was done at the house of Jugalkishore Chaturvedi in

Rewari.
Founder
1. Kishanlal Joshi
2. Gopilal Yadav
3. Jugal Kishor Chaturvedi
4. Master Aadityendra
5. Master Fakeer Chand
• National Week was organized from 27 August to 2 September 1940 AD.
• On 23 December 1940 AD, the Prajamandal was registered in the name of
Prajaparishad.
• In 1942 AD, the Braj Jaya Representative Committee was formed,
consisting with 50 members.
• On October 3, 1947 AD, a meeting held at the Laxman Temple announced
the formation of a constitution-making committee of 11 members and
four public representatives were included in the popular cabinet.
1. Master Adityendra
2. Gopilal Yadav
3. Thakur Deshraj
4. Haridatt Sharma
• Pattabhi Sitaramayya had said "The feudal era has come to an end,
democracy has emerged, now the people will rule.”
Major Sessions
• The first session was held in Bharatpur under the chairmanship of
Jaynarayan Vyas and a demand for responsible governance.
• A special session was held from 28 to 30 September 1941 AD, in which
Hiralal Shastri participated.
• A second session was held in Bayana, in whose opening speech Vyas ji
demanded responsible governance based on adult suffrage. (23-24 May,
1945 AD)
• Kanhaiya lal Advocate and Mohanlal Sukhadia were also present in this
session.

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• On May 23, Satyadev Vidyalankar presided over the student conference
and Basanti Devi presided over the women's conference.
• A third session was held in Kaman (17–18 December 1946 AD), which
was attended by Pattabhi Sitaramaiya, Krishnadatta Paliwal, Hafiz ur
Rehman and Zia ul Hasan.
Major Political Conference

• At Fatehpur Sikri, a political conference of East Rajasthan on 21-22
November 1938 AD. Organized under the chairmanship of M.N Roy, it
was decided to form the Eastern Rajputana State Council Committee and
set up its office in Agra and Bihari Lal Modi was made the secretary of
the 15-member committee.
• On 20-21 March 1941 AD, the first political conference of the Praja
Parishad was convened at Brahmabad under the chairmanship of Master
Adityendra, in which Mahila Sabha was presided over by Saraswati
Bohra.
• On June 18-19, 1944 AD, the second political conference was held in
Kumher under the leadership of Vidya Virat Shastri and Master
Bholanath inaugurated the Khadi exhibition.
• Main Days
• The victory of Japan was celebrated on 16–17 August 1945 AD , under the
leadership of Bharatpur Maharaja.
• On 28 October 1945 AD, Indonesia Day was celebrated near the Laxman
Temple under the leadership of Basantlal Verma.
• 25 December 1944 AD- Bharatpur Rajya Praja Parishad Day.
• 11 July 1945 AD- suppression day
• 9 August 1945 AD.- Liberation Day
• On November 9, 1945 AD, Raj Bahadur Day was celebrated.
• On January 28, 1947 AD, Bharatpur Day was celebrated in all the princely
states of Rajasthan.
• On 5 February 1947 AD, Anti-forced Day was observed, during which
Ramesh Swami was crushed and killed by a bus in Bhusawar.

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Alwar Prajamandal - 1938 AD
• Founder - Harinarayan Sharma

• President of First Session (1944 AD) - Bhavani Shankar Sharma
• Alwar Prajamandal did not participate in the Quit India Movement.
➢ Other organizations of Harinarayan Sharma: -
o Tribal Association
o Valmiki Union
o Untouchability Prevention Association
Karauli Praja Mandal - 1938 AD
• Founder: -
i. Trilok Chand Mathur
ii. Chiranji Lal Sharma
iii. The Kunwar Madan Singh - Led the peasant movement in Karauli
in 1927. In which abolition of forced labor and making Hindi the
official language Was emphasised.
Kota Praja Mandal - 1939 AD
• Founder: - 1. Nayanu Ram Sharma 2. Abhinaya Hari

➢ In 1939 AD, the first session was held at Mangrol (Barra). It was
headed by Nayanuram Sharma. The responsibility of welcoming was
given to Seth Motilal.
• In 1940 AD, the second conference was held in Kota. Which was
chaired by Pandit Abhinaya Hari and Vijay Singh Pathik also
participated in it.

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• During the Quit India Movement, the workers of Prajamandal under
the leadership of Motilal Jain had taken control of the city
administration of Kota.
• College students captured Rampura police station.
Kishangarh Prajamandal - 1939 AD

• Founder: - 1. Kranti Chand Chaithani 2. Zaman Shah
Sirohi Prajamandal - 1939 AD

• Founder: - 1. Gokul Bhai Bhatt (Gandhi of Rajasthan)
2. Vikas Shankar Trivedi
• Prajamandal was established in Bombay.
Kushalgarh prajamandal-1942 AD
• Founder: - Bhanwar Lal Nigam
Banswada Prajamandal-1943 AD
• Founder: -
i. Bhupendra Nath Trivedi - Published newspaper from Bombay
called Sangram.
ii. ManiShankar Nagar: -
iii. Dhoop ji bhai bhavasar
• Mahila Mandal was built by Vijaya Bahn Bhavasar.
Dungarpur Prajamandal - 1944 AD

• Founder: -
i. Bhogilal Pandya (Gandhi of Bagd)
ii. Haridev Joshi
iii. Ghorishankar Upadhyay (newspaper-sevak)
• Founded on 1st August 1944 (on the occasion of Tilak's death
anniversary.
• Prayan (Yatra) meetings were organized by Prajamandal.

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Rastapal Incident: - 19 June 1947 AD
• In this incident, teacher Nanabhai and Bhil girl Kali Bai were martyred.
• There idols have been installed near Gebsagar Talab (Surpur,
Dungarpur).
• Kalibai Award is given in the field of girl child education.
• Another teacher Senga Bhai was injured in this incident.
Poonawada incident (May 1947 AD)
• Teacher Shivram Bhil was injured in this incident.
Pratapgarh Prajamandal - 1945 AD
• Founder: -
i. Amritlal payak
ii. Chunni Lal Prabhakar
iii. Thakkar Bapa
Jaisalmer Prajamandal - 1945 AD
• It was founded by Meetha Lal Vyas in Jodhpur.

• Raghunath Singh founded the Maheshwari Youth Council.
• The first newspaper of Jaisalmer was Vijay (1920 AD).
Jhalawar Prajamandal - (1946 AD)
• Founder - Mangilal Bhavya

• Responsible governance was established under the leadership of
Rajrana Harishchandra.
• H.K. Mangalani has praised Rajrana for this.

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Integration of Rajasthan
• At the time of independence, Rajasthan had 19 princely states, 3

Thikanas (Lava, Kushalgarh, Neemrana) and one union territory
(Ajmer-Merwara).
• The Government of India Act of 1935 recommended the merger of the
princely states into the All India Union, but the union could not come
into existence due to the anarchy of kings.
• In 1939, Governor General Lord Linlithgow emphasized on the merger
of princely states.
• Cripps Mission and Cabinet Mission also recommended merger of
princely states.
• On 25, 26 June 1946, Mewar Maharana Bhupal Singh organized a
conference of the ruler of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Malwa in Udaipur and
presented plans for the creation of the "Rajasthan Union".
• On May 23, 1947 AD, on the advice of K.M. Munshi, the said kings
were again invited to Udaipur by Maharana Bhopal Singh
• With the approval of Jaipur Maharaja Sawai Mansingh II, Diwan Sir
VT Krishnamachari also called a conference of the rulers of the state
and their representatives.
• Similar efforts were also made by Kota Maharao Bhim Singh and
Dungarpur Maharawal Laxman Singh.
• On July 5, 1947, the princely secretariat was formed by the Government
of India.
• President - Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Secretary - VP Menon
• According to the princely secretariat, those princely states with a
population of more than 10 lakh and income of more than 1 crore can
remain independent.
• There were 4 such princely states in Rajasthan - Mewar (Udaipur),
Marwar (Jodhpur), Jaipur and Bikaner.

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• British supremacy over native princely states was abolished under
Section 8 of the Indian Independence Act.
Problems in merger of princely states
• Communal dispute.
• Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaisalmer to be located in the frontier region.
• Personal ambitions of rulers.
• The Mewar Maharana was unwilling to merge with the Sangh due to
its glorious historical status.
First Phase
• Matsya Sangha - Naming it K. Done by M. Munshi.

• Princely States - Bharatpur, Alwar, Dhaulpur, Karauli.
• Capital - Alwar
• Inauguration - on 18 March 1948. Done in Bharatpur by V. Gadgil.
• Rajpramukh - Udaybhan Singh
• Uprajpramukh - Ganeshpal
• Prime Minister - Shobharam Kumawat
• Deputy Prime Minister - Jugalkishore Chaturvedi
• Other Ministers - Gopilal Yadav, Dr. Mangal Singh, Master Bholanath,
Chiranjilal Sharma,
• Income: 1.84 Crore
• Population: 18,37,994
• Alwar - 5 lakh, 20 thousand
• Bharatpur - 5 lakh, 2 thousand
• Dhaulpur - 2 lakh, 64 thousand
• Karauli - 1 lakh, 5 thousand

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Second Stage
Rajasthan Union / East Rajasthan
• Princely states - Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, Dungarpur, Banswara,

Pratapgarh, Tonk, Kishangarh, Shahpura and Kushalgarh
destinations.
• Inauguration - 25 March 1948 N. Kota done by V. Gadgil.
• Rajpramukh - Maharao Bhim Singh Kota
• Senior Uprajpramukh - Bahadur Singh Bundi
• Junior Uprajpramukh - Laxman Singh Dungarpur
• Prime Minister - Gokullal Asawa (Shahpura)
• Rajdhani - Kota
• Area - 16,807 square miles
• Population - 23,34,220
• Income - 1 crore 90 lakhs
Privy Purse
• Chandraveer Singh Banswara - 1,26,000

• Bahadur Singh Bundi - 2 lakh 81 thousand
• Laxman Singh Dungarpur - 1 lakh 98 thousand
• Harishchandra Singh Jhalawar - 1 lakh 36 thousand
• Sumer Singh Kishangarh - 1 lakh 36 thousand
• Bhim Singh Kota - 7 Lakhs
• Ambika Pratap Singh Pratapgarh - 1 lakh 2 thousand
• Sudarshan Dev Shahpura - 90 thousand
• Nawab Azjijoudaula Tonk - 2 lakh 78 thousand
• Harendra Kumar Singh Kushalgarh -
• Vanshpradeep Singh Lava -

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❖ Maharawal Chandraveer Singh Banswara had said while signing the
Covenant Letter - I am signing my death warrant.
Third Stage
• United States of Rajasthan

• United Rajasthan - Union of Rajasthan + Mewar
• Rajpramukh - Maharana Bhupal Singh Mewar
• Senior Uprajpramukh - Bhim Singh Kota
• Junior Uprajpramukh - Laxman Singh Dungarpur
• Capital - Udaipur
• Inauguration - Inaugurated on 18 April 1948 in Udaipur by Jawaharlal
Nehru.
• Mewar Maharana demanded Rs 20 lakh privy purse -
✓ 10 Lakh = Privy purse
✓ 5 Lakh = salary of Rajpramukh
✓ 5 Lakh = Religious grant
Prime Minister - Manikyalal Verma

Deputy Prime Minister - Gokulalal Asawa
• Other Ministers - Mohanlal Sukhadia, Prem Narayan Mathur, Bhurelal
Baya, Bhogilal Pandaya, Pandit Integral Hari, Brij Sundar Sharma
• There was a deadlock over the involvement of feudatories in the
cabinet.
Fourth Phase
Greater Rajasthan
 United Rajasthan + Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer

 Inauguration - Inaugurated on 30 March 1949 by Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel in Jaipur.
 Maharajpramukh - Maharana Bhupal Singh Mewar

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 Rajpramukh - Sawai Mansingh II Jaipur
 Senior Deputy Chief - Hanwant Singh Jodhpur, Bhim Singh Kota
 Junior Uprajpramukh - Bahadur Singh Bundi, Laxman Singh
Dungarpur
 Prime Minister - Heera Lal Shastri
 Other Ministers - Siddharaj Dhadha, Premnarayan Mathur, Bhurelal
Baya, Phoolchand Bafna, Narsingh Kurtua, Rawaraja Hanuvant Singh,
Raghuvar Dayal Goyal, Vedpal Tyagi.
Privy Purse
• Sawai Mansingh II Jaipur - 18 Lakh

• Hanwant Singh Jodhpur - 17 lakh 50 thousand
• Sardul Singh Bikaner - 17 Lakh
• Raghunath Singh Jaisalmer - 1 lakh 80 thousand
• For the formation of capital. R. Patel committee was formed.
• Other Members - TC Puri
• S. P. Sinha

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Fifth Phase
• Joint Greater Rajasthan - 15 May 1949

• Matsya Union was merged in Greater Rajasthan.
• The merger was done on the recommendation of Shankar Rao Dev
Committee. The other members of this committee K. Siddhava and
Prabhudayal were.
• Shobharam Kumawat was included in the Hiralal Shastri cabinet.
Sixth Phase
• In this phase the princely state of Sirohi was divided.

• 89 villages (304 sq mi area) including Abu and Delwara of Sirohi were
merged in the state of Bombay and the remaining Sirohi in Rajasthan.
Which included Hathl, the village of Gokul Bhai Bhatt.
• The process was completed on 26 January 1950.
• Our state was renamed as Rajasthan on this day.
• Hiralal Shastri was made the first nominated Chief Minister of
Rajasthan.
Seventh Phase
Based on the recommendation of the State Reorganization Commission -
• Abu and Delwara were merged in Rajasthan.

• Ajmer-Merwara merged into Rajasthan.
• Sunel Tappa of Madhya Pradesh was mixed in Rajasthan.
• Sironj of Rajasthan was given to Madhya Pradesh.
• Thus, on 1 November 1956, the process of construction of Rajasthan
was completed.
• The post of Rajpramukh was abolished by the 7th Constitution
Amendment 1956.

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• Sardar Gurmukh Nihal Singh became the first Governor of Rajasthan.
• The 26th Constitutional Amendment 1971 ended privy purse of kings.
• Previously Ajmer-Merwara was a union territory with a 30 member
Dhara Sabha and Haribhau Upadhyay was its chief minister.
• Ajmer was made the 26th district of Rajasthan.
• P. Satyanarayan Rao Committee was formed to resolve the capital
dispute. Whose other members B.C. K. Guha and V. Vishwanathan
were.
• In this committee, the capital was kept unchanged in Jaipur and Ajmer
was given the revenue board.
• The Muni Jinvijay Suri Committee was formed for the merger of Abu-
Delwara in Rajasthan. In which historian Dashrath Sharma was also a
member.
• On July 19, 1948, the lava locality was merged with the princely state
of Jaipur.

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Rajasthan Headlines
1. Marwar Gazette  In 1927 AD, Haribhau Upadhyaya

 1866 AD - Jodhpur used to publish from Ajmer.
 First newspaper of Rajasthan  In this, Gandhian ideas were
2. Sajjan Kirti Sudhakar: - encouraged.
 1879 AD 10. Jaipur News: - 1942 AD
 Was published from Gwalior  Published by Shyamlal Sharma
during reigh Sajjan Singh. 11. Jayabhoomi: 1940 A.D.
 It was an administrative  Published by Ghulab Chand kala
newspaper of mewar from Jaipur.
3. Rajputana Gazette - 1882 AD 12. Lokvani: - 1943 AD
 Was published from Ajmer.  Published by Devishankar Tiwari
 Maulvi Murad Ali used to publish from Jaipur.
this newsletter.  Published in memory of Jamnalal
4. Desh hiteshi- 1882 AD - Ajmer Bajaj.
 Munnalal Verma 13. Dainik Navajyoti-
5. Rajasthan News: - 1889 AD  On 2 oct 1936 AD published by
 Munshi Samarth Dan charan Ramayanarayan Chaudhary from
 Rajasthan's first Hindi daily news Ajmer
letter  Later it was managed by Captain
6. Rajasthan Kesari: - Durgaprasad Chaudhary
 1920 AD - Vardha; Maharashtra 14. Praja Sevaks:
 Published by Vijay Singh  Published by Achleshwar Prasad
 Ramnarayan Chaudhary was the Sharma from Jodhpur.
editor. 15. Riyasati: -
 Jamnalal Bajaj assisted it.  published by Sumnesh Joshi from
7. New Rajasthan: - 1921 A.D. Jodhpur.
 Published by Vijaysingh Pathik  The same news letter had revealed
 Later, its name was changed to plans to meet Jodhpur in Pakistan.
'Tarun Rajasthan'. 16. Jaihind: Kota
8. Rajasthan / Rajasthan Weekly: 17. Newsletter of Jayanarayan Vyas:
 1923 AD  Akhand Bharat published from
 Published by Mehta from Beawar. Bombay, it was in Hindi language
 This was a weekly newsletter,  Angiban: - From Beawar in 1932
which was published for  first news letter of Rajasthani
awareness in Hadoti region. language
9. Tyag bhumi:  Peep - from Delhi in English
A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

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 Tarun used to take out from  Established in 1919 in Wardha.
Rajasthan Beawar. Founder: - Vijay Singh Pathik
Ramnarayan Chaudhary
Important Organizations of Rajasthan
Haribhai Kinkar
1. Desh Hiteshini Sabha: - was founded Arjunlal Sethi
in Mewar on 2nd April 1877 by Kesari Singh Barhat
Maharana Sajjan Singh  The headquarters of this
 It was a social reform institution. association was established at
 Kaviraja Shyamaldas was also its Ajmer in the 1920s.
member. 4. Rajputana Madhya Bharat Sabha: - It
 It was the first organizational was established in 1919 AD in the
effort to improve society in any Marwari Library located at Chandni
state. check in Delhi.
 In later times, Hitteshini sessions  Jamnalal Bajaj was its founder.
were also held in other princely  Later, it was also established in
states. Ajmer.
2. Walter Rajput Hikarini Sabha: - At 5. Vriddhman Vidyalaya: Arjunlal Sethi
this time Walter was a judge. It was established it in Jaipur in 1907 AD.
founded in 1889 AD.  It was the initial school for various
 AGG Walter tried to improve revolutionaries of Rajasthan.
society among the Rajputs. 6. Jeevan Kutir: - In 1927 AD, Hiralal
Shastri founded it.
Social Reform:
 Later this institute became popular
 Polygamy was banned. as Vanasthali Vidyapeeth (Tonk)
 The minimum age for marriage was for women's education.
fixed at 14 and 18 years. 7. Mahila Shiksha Sadan: - In 1945 AD,
 Expenses in marriage ceremonys Haribhau Upadhyaya established it in
were made limited. Hatundi (Ajmer).
 An attempt was made to ban the  Haribhau Upadhyaya used to
tyaag pratha. publish magazines Saraswati,
 Due to lack of legal obligation, Oudumbar (Kashi Siddha), Malav
these efforts could not be successful Mayur.
to improve the society 8. Vagad Seva Mandir: - In 1935,
 This institution was dissolved in Bhogilal Pandya and Gaurishankar
1936 AD. Upadhyay established it in
3. Rajasthan Seva Sangh: - consultation with Manikyalal Varma.

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9. Vagad Seva Sangh: - Bhogilal Pandya  In 1919 AD during Amritsar
founded it. session (Congress), Tilak proposed
10. Sarva Seva Sangh: - Siddhraj in favor of Bijoliya Kisan Andolan
Dhundha founded it. on his advice
11. All India Harijan Union: - Gandhiji  His book: - What are the indiian
founded in 1932 AD. states, Ajmeru
 The chairman of its Rajasthan unit 2. Arjunlal Sethi: - His name was
was Harvilas Sharda. involved in 1913 AD in the 'Neemage
12. Khandlai Ashram: - Dungarpur / Ara; Bihar-based murder case'.
 Manikya Lal Verma founded.  He was also associated with the
13. Veer Bharat Sabha / Veer Bharat Delhi Conspiracy Case.
Samaj: - It was the provincial branch  The British arrested him and
of Veer Savarkar's 'Abhinav Bharat'. imprisoned him in Vallor Jail
 Founded by Vijay Singh Pathik, (Karnataka).
Kesari Singh Barhat, Gopal Singh  After his release from here, he
Kharwa joined the non-cooperation
14. Hindi Sahitya Samiti: - founded by movement of Congress.
Jagannath Das Adhikari in 1912 in  In the Kakori conspiracy case (9th
Bharatpur. In 1927, this institution Feb of 1925), the main accused,
convened Hindi Sahitya Sammelan. Ashapfaq Ulla Khan, was provided
Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha was the shelter by him during his
chairman of this conference and it was absconding days.
attended by Tagore and Jamnalal Bajaj.  In his last days, he taught Arabic-
Persian in a madrasa in Ajmer. He
Different freedom fighters of Rajasthan
was Buried after death
1. Vijay Singh Pathik:- was a resident of  He encouraged 'communal
Bulandshahr in Uttar Pradesh. His harmony'
real name was Bhup Singh.
His 3 plays:
 Due to involvement in
revolutionary activities, he was  Mahendra Kumar, Madan parajay,
imprisoned in 'Tadgarh Jail; parsav yagya
Ajmer'.
 After his release from jail, he 2 books: -
renamed himself as 'Vijay Singh  Sttri mukti, Sudra mukti
Pathik'.  During his visit to Ajmer, Gandhi
 Established 'Vidya Pracharini himself went to meet Sethiji.
Sabha' in Ochdi village of Chittor.

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3. Kesari Singh Barhatha:-  His name came up in the Banaras
 He was born in the Charan family conspiracy case.
of Shahpura (Bhilwara).  He died after being tortured by the
 Worked for some time in the police in Bareilly jail.
princely states of Mewar and Kota. 6. Rao Gopal Singh Kharwa: - Ras Bihari
 In 1912 AD, his name was involved Bose planned an armed rebel all over
in Kota Mahant Pyarelal’s murder, India and fixed 21 February 1915 as
he was locked up in Hazari Bagh date for this.
Jail (Jharkhand).  Gopal Singh Kharwa was given the
 In 1903 AD, Mewar Maharana responsibility of Rajasthan for this
Fateh Singh was given 13 warnings revolt.
in order to boycott Lord Curzon  Gopal Singh Kharwa was
Delhi court darbar imprisoned in the Tadgarh jail
 Shyamji Krishna Varma was a (Ajmer) after the expose of revolt
diwan in Mewar. The credit of plan
bringing him to Mewar goes to  After being detained from here, he
Kesari Singh Baruth. was arrested again and kept in
 Views related to education of Ajmer jail.
Kesari Singh Barhat 7. Hiralal Shastra: - Book – Prataksya
 He supported the Hindi language jeevan shastra
 The daughter and son of kings and  He wrote the song ‘Pralaya Pratik
feudatories were asked to study in Namo Namo’.
indigenous institutions instead of  His wife Ratnashastri was given the
Mayo College. Padma Shri Award
 He also advised the establishment  the first Padma Award among
of a Kshatriya College. women.
 He advised to go to Japan instead of 8. Jamnalal Bajaj: - was a resident of
England for higher education. 'Kashi Ka Bas' of Sikar.
4. Joravar Singh Barhatha: was the  He was called 'fifth son of Gandhiji'
younger brother of Kesari Singh and 'slave number 4'.
Barhath.  His wife Janaki Dev Bajaj (Prize)
 He was the main accused in the did social work.
Delhi conspiracy case, but could 9. Ramesh Swamy: - Bhusawar;
not be arrested by the British. Bharatpur
5. Pratap Singh Barath: was son of
Kesari Singh

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 On the 5 th feb of 1947 AD, in a Rama Bai - Jodhpur - the daughter of
labor movement, he was crushed Jayanarayan Vyas
and killed by a bus  Anjana Devi, wife of Ramnarayan
10. Shantilal and Anandilal: Chaudhary
 On 5th April 1948 AD, shot dead by  Vijayabhan Bhavsar - Banswara
police bullets in Udaipur.
Prominent Poet
11. Lunkaran, Ramkaran and
Khubharam: - On 20 December 1948  Hulasi, Purn Singh - Bharatpur
AD, Morija (Jaipur) shot by police  Suryamall Mishin - Bundi was in Ram
bullets. Singh's court,
12. Damodar Das Rathi: - Pokaran  Book - Vansh Bhaskar
(Jaisalmer). Veer Satsai
 Established Krishna Mill in Beawar in Balwant vilas
1889 AD. Sati raaso
 With the inspiration of Amritlal Chandh Mayukh
Chakraborty, the chairman of Hindi Ram Ranjat
Sahitya Samiti, he started to maintain  Bankidas - Jodhpur
acconts of Krishna Mill in Hindi.  Sankardan Samour - Marwar
 Established 'Nagari Pracharini Sabha';  Prakash Chand - Ajmer
for Devanagari  Nathu Singh Mahwariya ( Udaipur) -
 On the advice of him the Veer Satsai (book)
Commissioner of Ajmer allowed the  'Iron Man of Rajasthan: - Damodar Das
use of Hindi in all the offices of Ajmer. Vyas
 He used to give financial aid to the
revolutionaries. Therefore he is called
Bhamashah.
Role of Women
 Prakashwati Sinha: - Ajmer

 Marwar: - Mahima Devi Kinkar,
Savitri Devi Bhati, Sire Kanwar Vyas,
Rajkaur Vyas
 Jaipur: - Durgavati Sharma
 Bharatpur: - Saraswati Bohra
 Bikaner: - Lakshmi Devi Acharya

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Impact of Arya Samaj in Rajasthan
• Swami Dayanand Saraswati came to Karauli in 1865 on the official
invitation of King Madanpal.
• He Visited Bharatpur in 1881 AD. At the same time, Arya Samaj was
established in Ajmer and Vedic dharma sabha in Jaipur.
• In 1881 AD, he went to Udaipur at the invitation of kaviraj
Shyamaldas. Swami Dayanand Saraswati was stayed in the Naulakha
Palace at Gulab Bagh, Udaipur. He wrote the second edition of his
famous book Satyarth Prakash.
• In 1883 AD, Maharana Sajjan Singh was appointed chairman of the
Paropkarini Sabha in Udaipur. Its headquarters was established in
Ajmer at the time.
• A printing press called Vedic ysntralya was established in Ajmer.
• Swami ji had special favor over Maharaja Jaswant Singh II of Jodhpur
and Jodhpur Prime minister Sir Pratap and Rao Raja Tej Singh.
• Swami ji died in Ajmer in October 1883, after being poisoned by
Jaswant Singh II's beloved Nanhijan.
• Chandkaran Sharda and Harvilas Sharda were prominent workers of
Arya Samaj in Ajmer. Chandkaran Sharda wrote books called
Dalitsandhar and widow marriage. The Child Marriage Restraint Act
was passed in 1929 with the efforts of Harvilas Sharda. Also known
as the Sharda Act.
• Jugalkishore Chaturvedi and Master Adityendra were workers of
Arya Samaj in Bharatpur.
• Kalyan Singh and Shyamlal Verma were activists of Arya Samaj in
Jaipur, who started the Hindi Rajbhasha Movement in 1922 AD.
• Arya Samaj was founded by Vishnu Pandya in Mewar and Vasudev
Khandelwal in Alwar.

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• Due to Arya Samaj, there was a spread of political consciousness in
Rajasthan, which supported the peasant movements in Rajasthan, and
the Praja Mandal movements.
• Many social evils have declined in Rajasthan due to Arya Samaj.
• Due to the influence of Swami Dayanand Saraswati on the rulers,
there was liberality in governance.
• Education was promoted by the establishment of educational
institutions, and freedom of expression was encouraged due to
newspapers.
• Indigenous goods were promoted.

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Administrative System of Medieval Rajasthan
• The administrative system of medieval Rajasthan based on the feudal
system. The feudal system means such a system in which the
administrative and military system was based on all-round relations
and the king was the first among his counterparts.
According to this system, the elder brother used to be the king
and the younger brothers were made subordinate Land was allotted
for livelihood and for administrative management. This land was
called the manor and its owner as feudal. These feudal lords had
hereditary rights over these fiefs.
In the feudal system in Europe, there was a relation of servant
between the king and the feudal, but our feudal system was based on
fraternity. The kingdom was the collective heritage of all the bonds
rather than the property of the king.
• During the medieval period, our feudal system was affected by the
Mughals' mansabdari, but still the basic structure remained
unchanged.
• The form of our feudal system was like a tent. Whose main pillar used
to be the king and the other end pillars were feudal. The movement
of any one column affected the entire system.
Taxes paid to the state by the feudal lords
1. Rekh: - A fixed land revenue given to the kingdom by the feudal lord
was called Rekh. After the Rajputs came into contact with the Mughals,
this line system became regular.
• There are two types of rekh

• Patta rekh : - the estimated land revenue written in the lease at the
time of giving jagir to the feudal.

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• Bharatu Rekh: - The actual, land revenue which feudal used to pay to
the state.
2. Chakri: -
• The service given by the Jagirdar to the state during war and peace
was called Chakri.
• During the war, the Jagirdar used to present in the service of the state
along with his army (Jamiat).
• At the time of peace, the feudal used to appear in the court with the
army once in a year and he was given special responsibilities for that
time. They used to pay attendence on occasion of Dussehra, Akhtij
etc.
• Jaisalmer was the only princely state in which money was received in
lieu of chakri.
3. Succession fee:
• After the death of the jagirdar, the state used to seize the jagir. The
new vassal used to pay taxes to the state in lieu of acquiring the jagir,
which was called Khalsa and Kaid in Mewar, Talwar Bandhai or
Nazrana, and Hukmanama or Peshkashi in Marwar.
• It was a kind of renovation fee of Jagir.
• Exception - Jaisalmer
4. Najarana:
• The tax paid by the feudal lords on the first marriage of the king's
elder son was called Najarana tax
• Gifts on the occasions of Dussehra, Akhatij, etc., which were
presented to the king, it was also called Najrana.
5. Nyoth Tax:

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• Tax on princess wedding.
6. Ganim Barad:
• Tax to be taken in time of war.
Honors / privileges received by the feudal lords
1. Tajim:
• When the king appeared in the court of the feudal king, he used to
stand and greet him.
• It used to be of two types: -
• Ikwadi: - The king used to stand and greet only when he came.
• Dowdi: - used to greet twice on entry of feudal and at his departure
2. Baha pasav: -
• When the feudal came to the court, the feudal used to touch his
sword with the knees of the king and the king patted his shoulders.
3. Haath kurab: -
• In this, the king used to place his hand on the shoulder of the feudal
and put own hand near the heart.
Type of Jagir
(I) Samant jagir

(II) Hukumat jagir
(III) Bhaum jagir
(IV)Shasan jagir
(I) Samant jagir- the jagir given by King to his relatives and brothers on
which they used to had hereditary right.

(II) Hukumat jagir: - The jagirs given by the king to his employee in lieu
of salary over which he did not have hereditary rights.

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(III) Bhum Jagir: - Jagir to be given to soldiers who are sacrificed in the
service of the state. These were both hereditary and inherited

(IV) Sasan Jagir: - Temples, mosques, dargahs, samadhis, bard jagirs
offered to poets and Brahmins.

• It used to be tax free. Therefore, they were also known as Mafi Jagir.
Categories of feudal
• There were three categories of feudal in the princely state of Mewar.

There were 16 feudatories of the first class called Umrao. The chief
among them was that of Salumbar, who was always the commander
of the state. He had the right in Haraval. They had the right to tie the
sword at the time of the coronation of new king. Also had the right
to sign the paranas and pattas of Mewar. In the absence of the king
they had the right to look after the capital.
• 32 were feudatories of the second category. The feudatories of the
third category were called "Feudals of Gol" and their number was
several hundred.
Four Categories of Feudatories in Marwar
(I) Rajvi
(II) Sordar
(III) Himayat
(IV) Mutsaddi
• In Rajavi, feudals of near relationship of king were there, the feudal

lords of the three generations did not have to give tax like Rekha,
Chakri. Apart from the three generations, other Rathore feudal heads
and such feudatories that had marital relations with the Rathore clan
of Marwar were called Ginayat.
• Employees were called Mutsaddi.

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Three categories of feudatories in the princely state of Bikaner
(I) Descendants of Becca in first class
(II) Rathore Sardar other than Bika in second class
(III) The castes living before the arrival of the Rathores in the third class.
Kota
• There were 30 main feuds in Kota, of which the main number was of
Hada Rajputs. They were divided into two parts. 1. Deshthi (Feudals
who lived in the kingdom.) 2- Hazurthi (Feudals who lived out of the
kingdom with the king)
Jaisalmer
• Two categories of feudatories were created at the time of Hararaj.

1. Davy 2. Biography
Amer
• During the time of Prithviraj, the kingdom was divided into 12 parts,
which was called twelve Kotdi system.
• Bhowmi Samanta: -
• Whom the state used to give land in lieu of sacrifice in war. This land
was of both hereditary and no hereditary
• The state used to get many kinds of tasks done by the Bhowmiya
feudals, such as accessing the post, security of the treasury, lodging
during the officers' visit, food arrangements.
• Gracia Feudal: -
• land given by the state in lieu of military service.
• At the time of decrease in service, their land could be taken away.

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Characteristics of Feudal System
1. It was an administrative and military system based on blood relations.

The king used to appoint these feudals to various administrative posts.
2. The king takes the help of the feudal lords in administrative military and
policy decisions. These feudatories also played a key role in the selection
of the successor to the state.
3. The rise and fall of the feudal lord was with the king. The feudal did not
make war or treaty with any other king of his own free will.
4. The relation of kings and feudals was based on respect and duty. The
king used to give respect to feudal lords in exchange feudals used to
perform duty towards the feudal kingdom.
5. The king was the first among counterparts, not the lord of feudal lords.
To reinforce this fact, the king used to call the feudatories as Kakaji, Bhaiji.
The king used to be called Bapji by feudals
6. The feudal king always had to keep an army with him, which used to
help the kingdom during the time of war and peace, because all the feudal
states considered the kingdom as a collective heritage and their ancestral
property.
Chief Administrative Officer of the state
1. King: -
• All the administrative, judicial and military powers of the state were
vested in the king. The king ran the kingdom with the help of his
ministers, priests and crown prince.
• The king was not an arbiter but he was under pressure of priests and
policy decisions.

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• If the king was young then the administration was taken over by
queen. The elder son of the king was sometimes made the crown
prince, then the crown prince also assisted in the king's governance.
2. Pradhan-
• He used to give administrative and military advice to the king.
• In Kota and Bundi he was called Diwan / Faujdar, Musaheb in Jaipur,
Mukhtiar in Bikaner and Bharatpur Meharpur, pradhan in Mewar and
Marwar.
3. Diwan: -
• He used to advise the king on economic, finance and revenue.
• He also used recommended appointment of Hakim in parganas.
• Sometimes when the king was outside, he used to look after the
kingdom, then he was called "Deshdeevan".
4. Bakshi (Minister of Defense):
• He used to arrange discipline, training and military material related to
army.
5. Nayab Bakshi: -
• Used to look after the expenses on army and forts. Used to keep
account of 'Rekha'.
6. Shikdar: -
• He was similar to the Kotwal of the Mughal administration which
looked after the city administration. He also examined the expenses
of non-military personnel.
7. Khansama: -
• He used to cater to the needs of the royal palace and buying and selling
goods made in state industries.
• The king used to appoint a very honest person to this post.
8. Mir Munshi: -
• State diplomatic correspondent officer.

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• Rukka: - The letters sent by the king to the feudatories.
• Kharita: - Letters sent by the king to another king.
9. Wakeel: - He wass the representative of the Thikana in the capital.
10. Kiledar - The fortress used to look after the forts.
11. Naimetik: state astrologer.
Judicial System
• The king used to be the chief judicial officer, but only major crime and
death penalty cases were sent to the king.
• Minor offenses were settled by gram panchayat (panchkul) or caste
panchayat.
• In Khalsa region Hakim used to do the work of justice.
• The Jagirdar himself used to do justice in Jagiri areas.
• Crime was considered against the person rather than against the state.
• Social and religious status of the criminal was considered to decide
punishment
• No written record of cases and testimony was maintained.
• Justice was done on the basis of social and religious scriptures.
• Many Jagirdars were empowered to give asylum. Due to this many
times, big criminals used to escape by taking shelter with them.
• Punishment laws were not very stringent. Justice was cheap and quick.
Land Revenue Administration
There were two types of land -
(I) Agricultural land
(a) Barani: - Irrigation by rain.

(b) Unnao / Pival: - Irrigation from wells, ponds, steps.

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(II) Land of Charnota: - Land that was left for grazing of animals. It was also
called Gochar. It was public land over which everyone had collective
rights. Even the king could not declare it as Khalsa.
Land was considered as of king, but in practice the farmer had a hereditary
right over the land. There were two types of farmers -
(i) Bapidar: - who had hereditary right over the land. They were given
land pattas by the state. Which was called Dakhla. Even if the farmer
used to leave his land during the famine, he still owned the land when
he came back.
(ii) Gair-Bapidar: - Those farmers who did not have their own land. Used
to cultivate by taking land of others. They were also called Shikmi or
agricultural laborers.
• The farmer used to pay a fixed land revenue to the state which was called
Lagaan / Bhoj.
• Bhoga- tax in the form of grains.
• Hiranya: - tax in the form of cash.
• In determining lagan, the productivity of land, market price of crop and
caste of farmer were taken into consideration. Rajputs, Brahmins and
Mahajan farmers were Subject to less tax in comparison to other farmers.
• Patel and Chaudhary played the lead roles in determining Lagaan.
• Methods of determining rent
1. Lata/Kunta: - When the crop was kept in the barn at the time of harvesting
or after harvesting, then the share of the state was separated under the
supervision of the state employee.
• The official of the state was called Tafedar.
2. Mukata: - When land revenue was determined outright
3. Dori: - When land is measured and its land revenue determined.
4. Ghughri: - When the seed was given by the state, it was returned as tax.

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• Bighodi: - Tax based on Bighe.
• The village was called Moja, and the chief officer of the state in the
village was Patwari.
• The group of many villages was called Tapo.
• Jajam: - The tax to be taken on the sale of land
• Daan: - Tax on selling goods of the state from one state to another.
• The transit fee was called sire.
• Singoti: - Tax on sale of animals.
Effects of Feudal System
❖ Negative: -
• Due to feudal system, there was a situation of coupism. Hence
remained untouched by external influences.
• Due to feudal system, there was a degradation in the agricultural
system. New technologies could not come in agriculture. After the
arrival of the British, when more taxes were introduced, it gave rise to
peasant revolts.
• Due to feudal system, there was no development of industrial
businesses in the state.
• Trade commerce did not develop.
• Extravagance was encouraged by the luxurious lifestyle of the feudal
lords.
• Hereditary system reduced administrative efficiency.
❖ Positive: -
• Their main contribution is in saving our folk-art culture.
• Contributed to the architecture of Rajasthan. Build havelis, temples
etc.
• Gave protection to small scale businesses because they themselves
used to be the main center of their demand.
• Maintained religious tolerance.

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Stone Age:
 Early human activities in Rajasthan were seen in the area around the Banas
River and its tributaries.
1. Bagore-
 Located on the banks of Kothari river in Bhilwara.
 The oldest evidence of agriculture and animal husbandry is found here.
 Stores of miniature stone tools are found here.
 Hole needle has been obtained from here.
 Excavator - 'Virendra Nath Mishra'
2. Tilwara:
 Located on the banks of the Luni River in Barmer.
 Evidence of animal husbandry has also been found here.
 Small rock tools are found here.
 Evidence of fire altar has been found
 Excavator - 'Virendra Nath Mishra'
Other centers:
3. Budha Pushkar ( Ajmer)

4. Jayal (Nagore)
5. Didwana (Nagore)
Indus Valley Civilization / Harappan Civilization
/ Indus Saraswati Civilization -

1. Kalibanga:
 Located on the banks of river Ghaggar in Hanumangarh district.
 It literally means - Black Bangles.
 Amalanand Ghosh first discovered in 1952 AD.
 Balkrishna Thapar and Brijwasi Lal did the actual excavation in 1961-
1969 AD (up to 5 levels).
 The remains of Harappa (first and second level) and developed Harappa
(third, fourth, fifth level) have been found from Kalibanga. Remnants
similar to the pre-Harappan Kalibanga period were also found from a
place called Kotdiji in Pakistan.

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 The pre-Harappan settlement town was surrounded by a security
rampart. Evidence has been found of the agriculture farms from its
south-eastern direction. The people of Kalibanga used to grow two crops
(wheat and barley).
 Kadibanga, the Harappan period, was divided into two parts. The
western part was built at a height, and was called the fort. It used to have
administrative buildings. The eastern part was of relatively low
elevation, and was called the lower town. Both sections were surrounded
by separate security ramparts. A building was built near the gate of the
security rampart on the eastern side. Which may have been the
gatekeeper's room.
 Seven fire altars have been received. Roads used to intersect at right
angles. The roads were made of concrete bricks. The doors of the houses
did not open on the main road. High platforms were built along the side
of the main road. Where the market seems to be. Drains were also made
of concrete bricks, but wooden drains have also been used to drain in the
houses. The houses were made of raw bricks and ornate bricks. Couple
burials have been found. The remains of earthquake have been found.
From here, a child's skull has been found, which has 6 holes, which is
believed to be the proof of treatment and surgery for brain disease at that
time. bull's statue, red pottery on which black and red geometrical
decorations, cylindrical seals, copper tools, Taurus sculpture, ivory
comb, conch ornaments, earthen bangles were also received. Grains and
copper were sent to other Harappan sites from Kalibanga. The pottery
industry here was highly developed.
 In 1985-86 AD, the Government of India built a museum.
Sothi Civilization
 The civilization around Bikaner is called Sothi Civilization. Amalanand
Ghosh called it the origin place of Harappan civilization. It is also called
Kalibanga I.
 Two centers- 1. Savaniya 2. Pugal
Ahar civilization
 In the present day Udaipur district, the site 'Ahar' was situated on the
banks of the river Aayad / Berach, a tributary of Banas.
 Since this civilization is found around Banas river, it is also called Banas
civilization.

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 It is also called the civilization of the mounds of the dead. The
foundations of the houses obtained from here were made of stone and
used a mixture of pieces of Quartz chips and chips in the soil to make the
walls and foundations strong and beautiful.
 Here 6 cooking stove have been found in 1 house. This gives us
information about joint family and feast culture. Grinding tool and Pan
with two mouth stove and many types of utensils have been obtained.
The residents of Ahad used wheat, jowar and rice as food grains. These
people used to eat vegetarian as well as non-vegetarian food. People here
buried bodies with jewels and ornaments, which is proof of their being
an advocate of life even after death. It is estimated from the abundance
of stones here that during the medieval period it must have been a big
center for making weapons and equipment of stones.
 Here a Greek currency is found, on which the picture of 'Apollo' is made.
 Water pots without a handle have been received from here such pots
were also found in Iranian civilization. Which shows the relationship
with Iran.
 The dyeing, printing industry and weights obtained from here give
information about trade commerce.
 Black and red pottery are found here, which are called gore or koth.
 Earliest name- Aghatpur. Local name - Dhulkot.
 copper smelting furnaces from the Ahad have been received from here.
Therefore, it is also called copper city.
 This civilization was discovered by Ratan Chandra Agarwal.
Excavators –
1) 1)Akshay Kirti Vyas

2) Ratanchand Agarwal
3) Virendranath Mishra;
4) cheerful Dhiraj Sankalia.
Other centers of Ahad Civilization -
1. Gilund (Rajsamdh): - It was excavated by Brijbasi Lal, V.S.. Shinde and

Gregory Poshal from two dunes called Maudia Magri in the local
language. In contrast to Ahar, pucca bricks have been found here. Five
types of pottery; plain, black, polished, painted red, black, clay toys
(elephants, camels, dogs) stone balls, elephant tooth bangles have been
found from here.

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2. Balathal (Udaipur): - Excavated by Virendra Nath Mishra, in which 5
iron-smelting furnaces, tube wells, hand-woven cloth, a building of 11
houses, etc. have been found.
3. Ojhiyana; (Bhilwara): -. The excavations done by B. R. Meena and Alok
Tripati they have found the statues of bulls and cows.
Vedic period
 The remains of this civilization have been obtained from Anupgarh,
Tarkhan Wala Dera, Chak-64 in Sriganganagar district.
Epic Period
 In the epic period, there were many settlements of Aryans in Rajasthan. It
is known from the Ramayana that at the time of the Rama-Ravana war
(when the South Sea did not accept the construction of a bridge over it), Lord
Rama had drawn his Amoghastra drawn towards Rajasthan to intimidate
him, causing the sea here Deserted.
 In the Mahabharata, there is enough mention of the Aryans in Rajasthan.
According to the Mahabharata, Rajasthan's Jangladesha (Bikaner) was
under the Kaurava-Pandava state and the Matsya state was their friend or
subordinate state. It is said that the Pandavas had spent one year disguising
themselves in disguise in the court of Virat, the ruler of Matsya country. In
the Mahabharata war, Virat, along with his army, was killed fighting on
behalf of the Pandavas.
Mahajanapada Period
1. Matsya Mahajanapada: - Area - South Western part of Alwar, Jaipur,
Bharatpur, Dholpur, Karauli. Its information is available from Rigveda,
Shatapatha Brahmin, Kaushitaki Upanishad, Mahabharata. Its capital was
Viratnagar (Jaipur). This Mahajanapada extended to the Chambal hills in
the south and to the forests of the Saraswati river in Punjab in the west.
According to Gopinath Sharma, after the war of Mahabharata, where Kuru
and Yadav districts became weak. Matsya district became powerful there.
The boundary dispute of Matsya Mahajanapada was with the Shalva
district. Matsya Mahajanapada was defeated by Chedi Mahajanapada.
Later, Matsya Mahajanapada became a victim of the imperialist policy of
Magadha Mahajanapada.
2. Shursen Mahajanapada: - Capital - Mathura. Area of Alwar, Bharatpur,
Dhaulpur, Karauli.
3. Kuru Mahajanapada: - Capital - Indraprastha (Delhi). Area- Northern part
of Alwar.

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Ancient Civilizations of Rajasthan
4. Shivi janpad
❖ Located in present-day Chittorgarh and Udaipur districts.

❖ capital – Madhyamika.
❖ First excavated site of Rajasthan - Excavator - DR. Bhandarkar; 1920 AD
❖ The information of Madhyamika is found from Ashtadhyayi of Panini,
Mahabhashya of Patanjali and Mahabharata.
❖ According to Badli inscription, the first inscription of Rajasthan,
Madhyamika was a Jain centre.
5. Malav janpad
❖ Was located in present day Jaipur and Tonk.

❖ Capital- Tonk, It is also called Kheda civilization.
❖ The maximum coins are received from the Malav janpad. These coins
have been obtained from a place called Nagar and Raidh. Raidh is called
Tatanagar of ancient India. The raid was excavated by Kailashnath Puri.
6. Yodhay janpad
❖ Situated in the present Ganganagar and Hanumangarh district.

❖ Junagadh’ Girnar inscription of Rudradaman (Sakh ruler) gives the
information that the power of the Kushans controlled by Yodhay.
According to this inscription yodhay used title of Veer
7. Shalv Janpad - Alwar
8. Arjunayan janpad - Located in Alwar, Bharatpur districts.
9. Rajnya janpad- Bharatpur
Maurya Period
Bairath; Viratnagar
❖ In 1837 AD, Captain Burt discovered Ashoka's Bhabru inscription from

Bijak hill. In this, Ashoka has been called the king of Magadha. It shows
inclination of Ashoka towards the Budha, Sangha, Dhamma and the
seven Buddhist texts are mentioned in it . Ashoka's Bhabru inscription is
presently kept in the museum in Calcutta. Another inscription of Ashoka
were obtained was discovered from Bhima hill In 1871 AD by Carlyle

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❖ Hensang also confirms the 8 Buddhist monasteries here. It was famous
for bulls and sheep.
❖ In time, the Hun ruler Mihirkul destroyed these Buddhist monasteries.
❖ King Sawai Ram Singh II of Jaipur had excavated here. In which a gold
plank was found. It may have been the remains of Lord Buddha
❖ The maximum rock paintings are obtained from Bairath.
❖ The script written in the Chattronas in Bairath is called Shankhalipi.
❖ Dayaram Sahni excavated here in 1936 AD. Nilaratna Banerjee and
Kailashnath Dixit also excavated here in 1962-63 AD.
❖ According to the Mansarovar inscription of 713 A.D., there was the rule
of King 'Maan Maurya'. The names of four rulers are obtained in this
inscription.
1. Maheshwar 2. Bhima 3. Bhoj 4. Maan
❖ Information of Maurya King Dhwal is found from the inscription of
Kansava (Kota) of 738 AD. After this we do not find any mention of
Maurya in Rajasthan.
Post-Mauryan period
❖ Greek ruler Minander had conquered the Madyamika in 150 AD.

❖ 16 Greek currencies of minander have been found from Bairath.
❖ 5 meters high Yaksha idol has been found from 'Noeh' in Bharatpur. It
has been called the idol of 'Jakh Baba'. It was excavated by Ratna
Chandra Agarwal. Coins of Kushan kings Huvishka and Vasudev have
also been found from here.
❖ Kushan period currencies have been received from Rang Mahal of
Hanumangarh. It got the name Rangmahal due to the black design on
the red colored vessels. The idol of a guru-disciple has been found here.
❖ Rangmahal was excavated by Dr. Hanarid of Sweden
Gupta Period
❖ According to the Prayag inscription of Samudragupta, Republics of
Rajasthan had accepted his supremacy
❖ Maximum Gupta period coins have been received from Nagalachail in
Bharatpur
❖ Bhimlat was built here by King Vishnuvadharn of Varik dynasty.

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❖ Usha temple was built here by queen Chitralekha of Pratihara king
Lakshmana San.
❖ Badwa (Baran)- A Gupta period inscription is obtained from. In which
Mokhari rulers are described. 4 pillars have been received from here. 3
of which are inscribed.
❖ The Hun ruler 'Mihirkul' got the Shiva temple constructed at Bardoli.
❖ Charchaima ( Kota) The Shiva temple of is also an example of Gupta
architecture.
Post-Gupta Period
❖ Bhinmal (Jalore) was the capital of the Chavada dynasty. According to
the Basantgarh inscription, the son of Satyashraya, Rajil Arbud, was the
king of the country at the time of Chavada king Vermalat. The author of
the Shishupala vadh, poet Magh was from Bhinmal. According to him,
his grandfather Suprabhadeva was the sarvadhikari of Vermalat.
Popularly known as Newton of India Brahmagupta also belonged to
Bhinmal. He wrote a book called Brahmasfuth Siddanth (Janta) during
the Chavada king Vyaghramukh reign. He also wrote a book called
Khandakhadak. Gurjara Pratiharas had overthrown Bhinmal in the
course of time.
❖ Hensang mentioned Bhinmal as ‘Pe lo mo lo’.
❖ Bhinmal's ancient name was Shrimal. From here the Roman Amphora
(Surapatraddha) is found. The Greek double-handed jug has been found
from here. Ratna Chandra Agarwal excavated this site.
Other Archaeological Sites

1. Ganeshwar
❖ Located on the banks of the Kantali River in Sikar district. It was
excavated by Ratna Chandra Agarwal.
❖ Ganeshwar is called the mother of copper civilizations. Here, rock dams
were made to protect the settlement from flood.
2. Sunehri:
❖ Located on the banks of the Kantali River in Jhunjhunu District. Iron Age
Center. The people here used rice, and used to make horse chariots. This
settlement was established by the Vedic Aryans.

Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492
3. Kurada ( Nagore)
❖ It is called 'City of Tools' because agricultural equipments have been

obtained from here.
4. Iraswal ( Udaipur)
❖ It was called 'Industrial City'.

❖ In ancient times, iron was extracted from here. Bones and milk teeth have
been found in the excavation.
5. Jodhpur
❖ Located on the banks of the Sabi River in Jaipur. Iron smelting furnaces
have been found from here.
6. Naliyasar
❖ Located at Sambhar in Jaipur.
7. Baror
❖ Located on the banks of the ancient Saraswati river in Sriganganagar

district. Pre- Harappan remains have been found from here. From here,
8000 beads have been received, and button-shaped seals have also been
found. Lajvard bead has only been found in Afghanistan.
Rock Paintings
❖ Rock paintings have been received from the areas like Alaniya,
Rawatbhata, Kanyadah etc. from the Chambal river area of Kota. Among
them, Jagatnarayan discovered the pictures of Alaniya.
❖ Garadda was the center of rock painting in the area near Bank of Chhaja
River in Bundi. Rock paintings were received from Dodikar and Harsora
of Alwar and Sohanpura of Sikar.

Mob.: 9636977490, 8955577492

Rajasthan History English 2022

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Rajasthan History English 2022

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History of Mewar

Ancient names of Mewar:

It is the longest reigning dynasty in the world.

Pushpavati. According to Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha he ruled in Mewar in 566 AD

Agra in 1869 AD.

descendent of Guhil [Guhil-Bhoja-Mahendra-Nag-Sheeladitya]. This is the oldest

Bapa Rawal- [734-753]

ruler of Mewar considered themselves “The Diwan of Eklingji”.

Rawalpindi due to Bapa's military base.

3. Chakkavai [conqueror of all four directions]

Other Name- Alu Raval

bravery has been praised by his opponents as well".

* Jaisingh Suri was a benevolence of ministers(Vastupal – Tejpal)of

Reasons of attack are as follows - 1.Sultan's imperialist ambition, 2.Chittaur’s strategic

Later, Chittor was handed over to Maldev Sonagara (Muchola Maldev)

(1311 AD), Maldev went in to the service of the Sultan.

Farishta (Gulshan-e-Ibrahimi), Haji Uddvir (Zafarulwali), Colonel Tod, Italian traveler

He Defeated Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq in the Battle of Singoli (Banswara).

• A Banjare built the 'Pichola lake in Udaipur. (Banjare – Nomadic merchant)

• There is a 'platform of Natni' ( Natni ka chabutra) near Lake Pichola.

• Hansabai, daughter of Raja Chunda of Marwar, was married to Rana Lakha of

of Mewar. Rather Hansabai's son will be the next king of Mewar.

• Chunda is called ‘Bhishma of Mewar’.

• Due to the abandonment of Chunda, he was given many privileges – like

Haraval- front of the army

Chandaval - Back of the Army

• First Guardian - Chunda

• Second Guardian - Ranmal

• Mokal built the perkota (boundary wall) of Eklinga temple.

• Reconstructed 'Samideshwar Temple' in Chittor.

• Built a temple of Dwarikanath (Vishnu) in Chittor with reservoir.

• Built the Baghela pond in the name of his brother Baghsingh

Hastikundhi inscription - 997 AD

Shringi Rishi inscription 1428 AD

Treaty of Anwal-Bawal (1453 AD) -

Battle of Sarangpur (Madhya Pradesh) - 1437 AD

Kumbha v / s Mahmud Khilji (Malwa)

3. Kumbha and Mahmud Khilji's ambitions for empire expansion.

Treaty of Champaner (1456 AD)

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass, Jaipur- 302018

Battle of Badnaur (Bhilwara) - (1457 AD)

Cultural achievements of Kumbha

1. Architecture- Kumbha is called the ‘Father of architecture of Rajasthan’.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass, Jaipur- 302018

2. Rajasthan Board of Secondary Education

3. Abhinav Bharat (Organization of Veer Savarkar)

Jain Kirti Stambh - Chittor Fort has a 7-story building.

It is dedicated to Lord Adinath (Rishabhdev), hence it is also called Adinath Stambh.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass, Jaipur- 302018

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass, Jaipur- 302018

1. Kanh Vyas - Ekling Mahatmay (Book)

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass, Jaipur- 302018

 Vaastusara : Science of Vaastu Kala

6. Ramma Bai - She was the daughter of Kumbha.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass, Jaipur- 302018

Kirti Stambah Prasasti

3 December 1460 AD (Margashirsha Krishna Panchami Vikram Samvat 1517)

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass, Jaipur- 302018

 He was son of Raimal

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass, Jaipur- 302018

 He was Raymal's son.

 Rana Sanga had won in both these wars.

Malwa v/s Sanga