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Imperial Chemical Industries

Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) was a British
chemical company. It was, for much of its history, the largest
Imperial Chemical
manufacturer in Britain.[1] It was formed by the merger of four Industries plc
leading British chemical companies in 1926. Its headquarters
were at Millbank in London. ICI was a constituent of the FT 30
and later the FTSE 100 indices.

ICI made general chemicals, plastics, paints, pharmaceuticals

and speciality products, including food ingredients, speciality
polymers, electronic materials, fragrances and flavourings. In
2008, it was acquired by AkzoNobel,[2] which immediately
sold parts of ICI to Henkel and integrated ICI's remaining
operations within its existing organisation.[3]

History Type Public limited

company

Development of the business (1926–1944) Industry Chemicals

Founded 1926
The company was founded in December 1926 from the merger Defunct 2008
of four companies: Brunner Mond, Nobel Explosives, the
Fate Acquired by
United Alkali Company, and British Dyestuffs Corporation.[4]
AkzoNobel
It established its head office at Millbank in London in 1928.[4]
Competing with DuPont and IG Farben, the new company Headquarters London, England,
produced chemicals, explosives, fertilisers, insecticides, UK
dyestuffs, non-ferrous metals, and paints.[4] In its first year Key people Alfred Mond (first
turnover was £27 million.[4] CEO)
Sir Paul Chambers
In the 1920s and 1930s, the company played a key role in the Sir John Harvey-
development of new chemical products, including the dyestuff Jones
phthalocyanine (1929), the acrylic plastic Perspex (1932),[4] Products General chemicals,
Dulux paints (1932, co-developed with DuPont),[4] plastics, paints,
polyethylene (1937),[4] and polyethylene terephthalate fibre pharmaceuticals &
known as Terylene (1941).[4] In 1940, ICI started British Nylon speciality
Spinners as a joint venture with Courtaulds.[5][6] chemicals
Revenue £4.85 billion (2006)
ICI also owned the Sunbeam motorcycle business, which had
come with Nobel Industries, and continued to build Operating £502 million (2006)
income
motorcycles until 1937.[7]
Net income £295 million (2006)
During the Second World War, ICI was involved with the Number of 29,130 (2006)
United Kingdom's nuclear weapons programme codenamed employees
Tube Alloys.[8]
Parent AkzoNobel 

Postwar innovation (1945–1990)

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In the 1940s and 1950s, the company established its

pharmaceutical business and developed a number of key
products, including Paludrine (1940s, an anti-malarial drug),[4]
halothane (1951, an inhalational anaesthetic agent), propofol
(1977, an intravenous anaesthetic agent),[9] Inderal (1965, a
beta-blocker),[4] tamoxifen (1978, a frequently used drug for
breast cancer),[10] and PEEK (1979, a high performance
thermoplastic).[4] ICI formed ICI Pharmaceuticals in 1957.
1930s volumes of ICI magazine
ICI developed a fabric in the 1950s known as Crimplene, a thick
polyester yarn used to make a fabric of the same name. The
resulting cloth is heavy and wrinkle-resistant, and retains its
shape well. The California-based fashion designer Edith Flagg
was the first to import this fabric from Britain to the United
States. During the first two years, ICI gave Flagg a large
advertising budget to popularise the fabric across America.

In 1960, Paul Chambers became the first chairman appointed

from outside the company.[11] Chambers employed the
consultancy firm McKinsey to help with reorganising the
company.[11] His eight-year tenure saw export sales double, but
his reputation was severely damaged by a failed takeover bid
for Courtaulds in 1961–62.[11]

ICI was confronted with the nationalisation of its operations in

Burma on 1 August 1962 as a consequence of the military
coup.[12]
Map showing Imperial Chemical
In 1964, ICI acquired British Nylon Spinners (BNS), the Industries sales regions, offices and
company it had jointly set up in 1940 with Courtaulds. ICI factories in the United Kingdom in
surrendered its 37.5 per cent holding in Courtaulds and paid May 1955
Courtaulds £2 million a year for five years, "to take account of
the future development expenditure of Courtaulds in the nylon
field." In return, Courtaulds transferred to ICI their 50 per cent holding in BNS.[13] BNS was
absorbed into ICI's existing polyester operation, ICI Fibres. The acquisition included BNS
production plants in Pontypool, Gloucester and Doncaster, together with research and
development in Pontypool.

Early pesticide development under ICI Plant Protection Division, with its plant at Yalding, Kent,
research station at Jealott's Hill and HQ at Fernhurst Research Station included paraquat (1962, a
herbicide),[4] the insecticides pirimiphos-methyl in 1967 and pirimicarb in 1970, brodifacoum (a
rodenticide) was developed in 1974; in the late 1970s, ICI was involved in the early development of
synthetic pyrethroid insecticides such as lambda-cyhalothrin.

Peter Allen was appointed chairman between 1968 and 1971.[14] He presided over the purchase of
Viyella.[14] Profits shrank under his tenure.[14] During his tenure, ICI created the wholly owned
subsidiary Cleveland Potash Ltd, for the construction of Boulby Mine in Redcar and Cleveland,
North Yorkshire. The first shaft was dug in 1968, with full production from 1976. ICI jointly owned
the mine with Anglo American, and then with De Beers, before complete ownership was
transferred to Israel Chemicals Ltd in 2002.

Jack Callard was appointed chairman from 1971 to 1975.[15] He almost doubled company profits
between 1972 and 1974, and made ICI Britain's largest exporter.[15] In 1971, the company acquired
Atlas Chemical Industries Inc., a major American competitor.[4]

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In 1977, Imperial Metal Industries was divested as an independent quoted company.[16] From 1982
to 1987, the company was led by the charismatic John Harvey-Jones.[17] Under his leadership, the
company acquired the Beatrice Chemical Division in 1985 and Glidden Coatings & Resins, a
leading paints business, in 1986.[18]

Reorganisation of the business (1991–2007)

By the early 1990s, plans were carried out to demerge the company, as a result of increasing
competition and internal complexity that caused heavy retrenchment and slowing innovation.[19]
In 1991, ICI sold the agricultural and merchandising operations of BritAg and Scottish Agricultural
Industries to Norsk Hydro,[20] and fought off a hostile takeover bid from Hanson, who had
acquired 2.8 percent of the company.[21] It also divested its soda ash products arm to Brunner
Mond, ending an association with the trade that had existed since the company's inception, one
that had been inherited from the original Brunner, Mond & Co. Ltd.

In 1992, the company sold its nylon business to DuPont.[22] In 1993, the company de-merged its
pharmaceutical bio-science businesses: pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, specialities, seeds and
biological products were all transferred into a new and independent company called Zeneca.[19]
Zeneca subsequently merged with Astra AB to form AstraZeneca.[23]

Charles Miller Smith was appointed CEO in 1994, one of the few times that someone from outside
ICI had been appointed to lead the company, Smith having previously been a director at Unilever.
Shortly afterwards, the company acquired a number of former Unilever businesses in an attempt to
move away from its historical reliance on commodity chemicals. In 1995, ICI acquired the
American paint companies Devoe Paints,[24] Fuller-O'Brien Paints[25] and Grow Group.[26]
In 1997, ICI acquired National Starch & Chemical, Quest International, Unichema, and Crosfield,
the speciality chemicals businesses of Unilever for $8 billion.[27] This step was part of a strategy to
move away from cyclical bulk chemicals and to progress up the value chain to become a higher
growth, higher margin business.[4] Later that year it went on to buy Rutz & Huber, a Swiss paints
business.[28]

Having taken on some £4 billion of debt to finance these acquisitions, the company had to sell off
its commodity chemicals businesses:

Disposals of bulk chemicals businesses at that time included the sale of its Australian
subsidiary, ICI Australia, for £1 billion in 1997,[29] and of its polyester chemicals business to
DuPont for $3 billion also in 1997.[30]
In 1998, it bought Acheson Industries Inc., an electronic chemicals business.[31][32]
In 2000, ICI sold its diisocyanate, advanced materials, and speciality chemicals businesses on
Teesside and worldwide (including plants at Rozenburg in the Netherlands, and South Africa,
Malaysia and Taiwan), and Tioxide, its titanium dioxide subsidiary, to Huntsman Corporation for
£1.7 billion.[33] It also sold the last of its industrial chemicals businesses to Ineos for
£325 million.[34]
In 2002, the ICI wholly transferred ownership of Boulby Mine to Israel Chemicals Ltd.[35]
In 2006, the Company sold Quest International, its flavours and fragrances business, to
Givaudan, for £1.2 billion[36] and Uniqema, its oleochemical business, to Croda International,
for £410 million.[37]

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Having sold much of its historically profitable commodities businesses, and many of the new
speciality businesses which it had failed to integrate, the company consisted mainly of the Dulux
paints business, which quickly found itself the subject of a takeover by AkzoNobel.

Takeover by AkzoNobel

Dutch firm AkzoNobel (owner of Crown Berger paints) bid

£7.2  billion (€10.66  billion or $14.5  billion) for ICI in June
2007. An area of concern about a potential deal was ICI's
British pension fund, which had a deficit of almost £700
million and future liabilities of more than £9 billion at the
time.[38] Regulatory issues in the UK and other markets where
Dulux and Crown Paints brands each have significant market
share were also a cause for concern for the boards of ICI and
AkzoNobel. In the UK, any combined operation without A former ICI plant in Huddersfield,
divestments would have seen AkzoNobel have a 54 per cent West Yorkshire, now owned by
market share in the paint market.[39] The initial bid was Syngenta.
rejected by the ICI board and the majority of shareholders.[40]
However, a subsequent bid for £8  billion (€11.82  billion) was
accepted by ICI in August 2007, pending approval by regulators.[41]

On 2 January 2008, completion of the takeover of ICI plc by AkzoNobel was announced.[2]
Shareholders of ICI received either £6.70 in cash or AkzoNobel loan notes to the value of £6.70 per
one nominal ICI share. The adhesives business of ICI was transferred to Henkel as a result of the
deal,[42] while AkzoNobel agreed to sell its Crown Paints subsidiary to satisfy the concerns of the
European Commissioner for Competition.[43] The areas of concern regarding the ICI UK pension
scheme were addressed by ICI and AkzoNobel.[44]

Operations
ICI operated a number of chemical sites around the world. In the UK, the main plants were as
follows:

Billingham Manufacturing Plant (in Stockton-on-Tees) and Wilton (in present-day Redcar and
Cleveland): ICI used the Billingham site to manufacture fertilisers in the 1920s and went on to
produce plastics at Billingham in 1934. During World War II it manufactured Synthonia, a
synthetic ammonia for explosives.[45] The Wilton R&D site was built to support the plastics
division with R&D and chemical engineering facilities. The ICI Billingham Division was split into
the ICI Heavy Organic Chemicals Division and ICI Agricultural Division in the 1960s. From
1971 to 1988 ICI Physics and Radioisotopes Section (later known as Tracerco) operated a
small General Atomics TRIGA Mark I nuclear reactor at its Billingham factory for the production
of radioisotopes used in the manufacture of flow and level instruments, among other
products.[46] The Agricultural Division was noted for the development of the world's largest
bioreactor at the time – the 1.5 million litre Pruteen Reactor, used for the cultivation of animal
feed. Engineering models of components and the builder's model of the complete plant are
now in the collection of the Science Museum London (https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.o
rg.uk/objects/co61257/models-of-the-ici-pruteen-plant-at-billingham-and-model-of-the-site-mod
el-representations-pruteen-manufacturing-plants-proteins). Pruteen had limited economic
success but was followed by the much more successful development of Quorn.
Blackley (in Manchester) and Huddersfield: ICI used the sites to manufacture dyestuffs. The
dye business, known as the ICI Dyestuffs Division in the 1960s, went through several
reorganisations. Huddersfield was tied in with Wilton with the production of nitrobenzene and
nitrotoluene. Huddersfield also produced insecticides. (Syngenta still manufacture insecticides
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at Huddersfield). Proxel Biocide was made at Huddersfield from the 80's onwards. Additives
also made at Huddersield. Huddersfield became Zeneca then AstraZeneca, in 2004
Huddersfield was Syngenta, Avecia, Arch and Lubrizol running what were all ICI plants at one
time. Through the years it was combined with other speciality chemicals businesses and
became Organics Division. Then became ICI Colours and Fine Chemicals and then ICI
Specialties.[47]
Runcorn (in Cheshire): ICI operated a number of separate sites within the Runcorn area,
including the Castner-Kellner site, where ICI manufactured chlorine and sodium hydroxide
(caustic soda).[48] Adjacent to the Castner-Kellner site was Rocksavage works, where a variety
of chemicals based on chlorine products were manufactured, including Chloromethanes,
Arklone dry cleaning fluid, Trichloethylene degreasing fluid and the Arcton range of CFCs. Also
on that site were PVC manufacture and HF (Hydrogen fluoride) manufacture. At Runcorn
Heath Research Laboratories, technical support, research and development for Mond Division
products was carried out, and the support sections included chemical plan design and
engineering sections. Just to the north of Runcorn, on an island between the Manchester Ship
Canal and the River Mersey could be found the Wigg Works, which had been erected originally
for producing poison gas in wartime. In Widnes could also be found several factories producing
weedkillers and other products. For many years it was known as ICI Mond Division but later
became part of the ICI Chemicals and Polymers Division. The Runcorn site was also
responsible for the development of the HiGEE and Spinning Disc Reactor concepts. These
were originated by Professor Colin Ramshaw and led to the concept of Process Intensification;
research into these novel technologies is now being pursued by the Process Intensification
Group at Newcastle University.[49]
Winnington and Wallerscote (in Northwich, Cheshire): It was here that ICI manufactured
sodium carbonate (soda ash) and its various by-products such as sodium bicarbonate
(bicarbonate of soda), and sodium sesquicarbonate. The Winnington site, built in 1873 by the
entrepreneurs John Tomlinson Brunner and Ludwig Mond, was also the base for the former
company Brunner, Mond & Co. Ltd. and, after the merger which created ICI, the powerful and
influential Alkali Division. It was at the laboratories on this site that polythene was discovered
by accident in 1933 during experiments into high pressure reactions.[50] Wallerscote was built
in 1926, its construction delayed by the First World War, and became one of the largest
factories devoted to a single product (soda ash) in the world.[51] However, the decreasing
importance of the soda ash trade to ICI in favour of newer products such as paints and
plastics, meant that in 1984 the Wallerscote site was closed, and thereafter mostly demolished.
The laboratory where polythene was discovered was sold off and the building became home to
a variety of businesses including a go-kart track and paintballing, and the Winnington Works
were divested to the newly formed company, Brunner Mond, in 1991. It was again sold in 2006,
to Tata (an Indian-based company) and in 2011 was re branded as Tata Chemicals Europe.
The Winnington plant closed in February 2014, with the last shift on 2 February bringing to a
close 140 years of soda ash production in this Northwich site.
Ardeer (in Stevenston, Ayrshire): ICI Nobel used the site to manufacture dynamite and other
explosives and nitrocellulose-based products. For a time, the site also produced nylon and
nitric acid. Nobel Enterprises was sold in 2002 to Inabata.[52]
Penrhyndeudraeth (Gwynedd, North Wales): Cooke’s Works, part of ICI’s Nobel’s Explosives
Company division produced nitroglycerine-based explosives up until the site’s closure in 1995.
Slough (in Berkshire): Headquarters of ICI Paints Division.[53]
Welwyn Garden City (in Hertfordshire): Headquarters of ICI Plastics Division until the early
1990s.[54]

Argentina

An ICI subsidiary called Duperial operated in Argentine from 1928 to 1995, when it was renamed
ICI.

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Established in the city of San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, it operates an integrated production site with
commercial offices in Buenos Aires. Since 2009 it has made sulphuric acid with ISO certification
under the company name Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals S.A.

It also had an operation at Palmira, Mendoza, for its Wine Chemicals Division, that manufactured
tartaric acid, wine alcohol and grapeseed oil from natural raw material coming from the wine
industry in the provinces of Mendoza and San Juan. This operation held 10% world market share
for tartaric acid. It was sold in 2008 and currently operates as Derivados Vínicos S.A.
(DERVINSA).[55]

Australia

The subsidiary ICI Australia Ltd established the Dry Creek Saltfields at Dry Creek north of
Adelaide, South Australia, in 1940, with an associated soda ash plant at nearby Osborne. In 1989,
these operations were sold to Penrice Soda Products.[56] An ICI plant was built at Botany Bay in
New South Wales in the 1940s and was sold to Orica in 1997.[57]

The plant once manufactured paints, plastics and industrial chemicals such as solvents. It was
responsible for the Botany Bay Groundwater Plume contamination of a local aquifer.[57]

Bangladesh

In 1968 a subsidiary of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) was established in then-East Pakistan.
After Bangladesh gained independence in 1971, the company was incorporated on 24 January
1973[58] as ICI Bangladesh Manufacturers Limited and also as Public Limited Company. The
company divested its investment in Bangladesh and was renamed as Advanced Chemical
Industries Limited (ACI Limited) on 5 May 1992. The company sold its insect control, air care and
toilet care brands to SC Johnson & Son in 2015.[59] Currently Advanced Chemical Industries (ACI)
Limited is one of the largest conglomerates in Bangladesh with a multinational heritage operating
across the country.[60] The company operates through three reporting divisions: Pharmaceuticals,
Consumer Brands and Agribusiness.[61]

Sri Lanka

ICI maintained offices in Colombo importing and supplying chemicals for manufacturers in
Ceylon. In 1964, following import restrictions that allowed only locally owned subsidiaries of
multinational companies to gain import licenses, Chemical Industries (Colombo) Limited was
formed as an ICI subsidiary with 49% ICI ownership and remaining held public.

New Zealand

The subsidiary ICI New Zealand provided substantial quantities of chemical products – including
swimming pool chemicals, commercial healthcare products, herbicides and pesticides for use
within New Zealand and the neighbouring Pacific Islands.

A fire at the ICI New Zealand store in Mount Wellington, Auckland, on 21 December 1984, killed
an ICI employee and caused major health concerns. Over 200 firefighters were exposed to toxic
smoke and effluents during the firefighting efforts. Six firefighters retired for medical reasons as a
result of the fire. This incident was a major event in the history of the New Zealand Fire Service
and subject to a formal investigation, led by future Chief Justice Sian Elias. The fire was a trigger

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for major reforms of the service; direct consequences included improved protective clothing for
firefighters, a standard safety protocol for major incidents, the introduction of dedicated
fireground safety officers, and changes to occupational health regulations.[62]

See also
Companies portal

Imperial Chemical House

IMI plc (formerly Imperial Metal Industries)
Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom

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Further reading
Reader, W. J. (1970). Imperial Chemical Industries: A History, vol. I: The Forerunners, 1870–
1926. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192159373.
Reader, W. J. (1975). Imperial Chemical Industries: A History, vol. 2: The First Quarter-Century,
1926-1952. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192159441.

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