Table of Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Speech perception and production Process 4

2.1 Speech perception 5

2.2 Speech production5

2.3 Speech Perception And Production Links 5

3. 3. The effects of using repetitions (for speech production) 4

1. Introduction

Language study that focuses on the spoken (rather than written) word has traditionally
been divided into two fields: speech perception and speech production. Phoneticians
studied and modeled articulation and speech acoustics, whereas psychologists and
psycholinguists worked on difficulties of phoneme perception. Despite their shared
objective of learning more about the nature of the human capability for spoken language
communication, the two large fields of research have had little mutual effect. Because
approaches and analysis are required to be substantially different when focused at direct
observation of overt activity, such as speech production, or study of hidden cognitive and
neurological function, such as speech perception, the separation has been somewhat
practical. Academic specialization has also had a role, because there is an enormous
amount of information available, but a single scholar can only absorb and use a small
piece of it. However, in line with the series' purpose, we suggest that the best
opportunities for advancement in speech research in the next years will be found in the
intersection of findings from study on speech perception and production, as well as
investigations into the underlying linkages between these two processes (Elizabeth D.
Casserly, 2010). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740754/

Most contemporary theories of speech perception and production presume that the two
modalities have a simple connection. That is, it is thought that the two modalities share
representations and processes. Single word perception begins with auditory processing in
many models of speech perception, and these sounds are subsequently transferred into
phonetic and phonological representations, lexical representations, and semantic
representations.
2. Speech perception and production Process

2.1 Speech perception

Speech perception is the process of interpreting speech. Hearing, interpreting, and

comprehending all of a speaker's sounds are the three stages involved in speech
perception. One of the key functions of speech perception is to combine these elements
into an order that mimics speech in a specific language. The phonology and phonetics of
the speech to be perceived are combined with the syntax of the language and the
semantics of the spoken message in speech perception. A model that will connect all of
the many components of speech and form a full message is required for adequate speech
perception. Various models have been established to aid in the understanding of the
mechanisms used to perceive various aspects of speech. There are models that focus only
on speech production or perception, and there are also models that incorporate both
speech production and perception. Some of the first models were created during the mid-
nineteenth century, and models are still being built now. (Liberman, 1967)

Linguists and psychologists felt that voice perception was a very simple and easy process
before the arrival of contemporary signal processing technologies. The use of consecutive
strings of abstract, context-invariant pieces, or phonemes, in theoretical linguistics'
representation of spoken language supplied the mechanism of contrast between lexical
items (e.g., distinguishing pat from bat) (Hockett, 1955). Because of the enormous
analytic success and relative ease of techniques based on such symbolic structures,
language researchers assumed that the physical implementation of speech would comply
to the segmental ‘linearity requirement,' meaning that the acoustics corresponding to
successive phonemes would concatenate like an acoustic alphabet or a string of beads
stretched out in time. If this were the case, understanding the linguistic meaning in
spoken utterances would be a simple acoustic-to-contrastive-phoneme matching
procedure.

Understanding the real nature of the physical voice signal, on the other hand, has proven
to be a difficult task. Prior to the 1940s, signal processing technology could identify and
display time-varying acoustic amplitudes in speech, resulting in the waveform seen in
Figure 1. Phoneticians have long recognized that the component frequencies stored in
speech acoustics, as well as how they change over time, assist to identify one speech
percept from another, but waveforms do not conveniently allow access to this critical
information. Ralph Potter and his colleagues at Bell Laboratories made a key
breakthrough in 1946 when they invented the speech spectrogram, a representation that
employs the mathematical Fourier transform to reveal the intensity of the speech signal
buried in the waveform amplitudes (as shown in Figure 1) over a wide range of potential
component frequencies (Potter, 1945). Each computation determines the signal intensity
by analyzing the frequency spectrum of a tiny time window of the speech waveform; the
results of these time-window studies are combined to produce a speech spectrogram or
voiceprint, which depicts the dynamic frequency properties of the spoken signal as it
varies over time (Figure 2).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740754/#R1

Figure 1

Figure 2
2.1.1 Models of speech perception

TRACE Model

The TRACE model for speech perception was one of the first models for perceiving speech, and
it is also one of the most well-known. The TRACE Model is a framework whose main purpose is
to combine all of the many sources of information available in speech in order to recognize
single words. McClelland and Elman (1986) developed the TRACE model, which is based on the
ideas of interactive activation [1]. All speech components (features, phonemes, and words) have
a part in producing understandable speech, and utilizing TRACE to connect those results in a
comprehensive stream of speech rather than isolated components.

2.2 SPEECH PRODUCTION

Speech production research serves as the complement to the work on speech perception
described above. Where investigations of speech perception are necessarily indirect, using
listener response time latencies or recall accuracies to draw conclusions about underlying
linguistic processing, research on speech production can be refreshingly direct. In typical
production studies, speech scientists observe articulation or acoustics as they occur, then analyze
this concrete evidence of the physical speech production process. Conversely, where speech
perception studies give researchers exact experimental control over the nature of their stimuli
and the inputs to a subject’s perceptual system, research on speech production severely limits
experimental control, making the investigators observe more or less passively, whereas speakers
do as they will in response to their prompts.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740754/#R4
 ACTIVITY/ STEPS NOTE
(Description AND
rationale)
A Class Standard 3

B Syllabus Unit 1 Aa, Bb, Cc

items
C Objectives: 1. Students will be able to recognize the
single letters Aa, Bb, and Cc, as well as
vocalize and write them.

2. Students will be able to recognize,

pronounce, and write nine words that
start with the single letters Aa, Bb, and
Cc.
D Aids/ Hybrid CD Flashcards 01-09 Activity
Materials Sheet Unit 1* Games and Activities* a
ball, markers, a whiteboard
E 1. (e.g. Teacher shows … and require the rationale for
Activity 1 students to …) getting the students
__________ 2. (e.g. Each pair of students …) to be in pairs is …
this is in line with
Etc.
__________Model of
Speech Perception…

1.
Activity 2 2.
__________ Etc.
F Closure (concluding activity)

G Reflection (evaluation/assessment/added value etc)