CH-1

BCD is a binary coded decimal

EG- 1010
ANS- 10
MAC ADDRESS
Universally administered MAC address
● Permanent MAC address as it is assigned to us personally by the company
● Could not be the same of 2 company
Locally administered MAC address
● Temporary MAC address as it is assigned to us locally by an organization
● Could be same of 2 organization
There are a few reasons why the MAC address needs to be changed using LAA:
● To pass certain types of network restrictions
● To bypass mac address filter or a firewall
● Certain software need MAC addresses of devices to fall into a strict format

A MEDIA ACCESS CoNTROL (MAC) ADDRESS refers to a number which uniquely

identifies a device on the internet. The MAC address refers to the network
interface card (NIC) which is part of the device.
MAC addresses areCertain software used on mainframe systems needs all the MAC addresses
of
devices to fall into a strict format; because of this, it may be necessary to change
the MAC address of some devices to ensure they follow the correct format
rarely changed so that a particular device can always be identified no matter where it is.

UNIVERSALLY ADMINISTERED MAC ADDRESS (UAA) and the LocALLY

ADMINISTERED MAC ADDRESS (LAA).
- 1st 6 digits are identity no. and last 6 are serial no.
- It is rare for a user to want to change their MAC address.
- There are some occasions when a user or an organisation wishes to change their MAC
address. This is a relatively easy task to carry out but it will
cause big problems if the changed address isn't unique.
There are a few reasons why the MAC address needs to be changed using LAA:
CH-2
USE BENEFITS
 Checksum - CHECKSUM is another way to check if data has been changed or corrupted
following data transmission. Data is sent in blocks and an additional value,
the checksum, is also sent at the end of the block of data.

Parallel data transmission - the bits can become 'skewed' - this means they will no
longer be synchronised). It is, howe\·er, a faster method of data transmission than serial.

CH-4

Batch processing- It is apps that can run without user interaction