LRRD Rah hh. LKR RR RRR ARERR RRR RA RAR ARIRR RRA RA RRR RR ALA RRR RR RRRR RRR RO DRE AR RAR RR RA RIA RR RRR RAR ARR RR ARR ARR LARA RRARRARARRR ARE De, i i! i fe Dhi hi RoR RRA RR RRR RA Lak RXR RRR RR RRR RR Mo fi, Dk I Di DR RRR RAR RAR RRR AR DRA RRR R RRR RR RRR Dhak kh RAR RRR RR RIA RA RARER RRA RRA RAR RRR ARE Mi, i Mi! Mi, MD Dik fa! LRA A RRRA RRR RR RRR RR Mi, fi a i! Mi Di, a fi Ta _LhKtihi Ra hhh Ra RIA RA RRARRRR RRA RR RRR RA ALi ha Rha RAR RR EIR RA ‘hoe oeWelcome to HISTORY ——— BOOK OF THE ——— RENAISSANG Between the 1th and the 7h centuries cultura pital Sclentific and Imellectual explosion took place. Emanatin fom the workshops of Florence Burope’s cultural bith gradually spread throughout te continent and took hold Wecalll the Renaissance, meaning" rebirth or "Teawakening’ At the time, European inteletuals were looking back tothe philosophers writers and artistsof the Classical Gree and Roman peiodsin aquest recapture wat they saw asthe beau and purty of ages gone. The All About History Book ofthe Renaissance investigates the evens that ed upto the ‘movernent, fom the riseof the Medic family in Florence tothe invention of the Gotenberg printing press. Delve into the lives an lvelinoscf the Renaissance’ key players from Michelangelo nicknamed The Divine othe scandalous hellaiser Caravaggio Uncover thestories bend the most, famous masterpieces suchas the Mon sand the cling ofthe Vatican's Sistine Chapel. and find out how they wete painstakingly created. Wace the ‘expansian ofthe Renaissance throughout the continent and discover bow its fects still esonate today, or Coturibus making and in the New Work to the thecryofelicentism,a L FUTURE 4 rContents F] a eoppamua i Sa eee eat td DO apap ame) Mla bea 20 The road to the pC ete ere srs Pees 24 Rediscovering Poy tit ag Desires eee 30 Life in eta Ca Te eran ceed a Ragu ee: qgures 38 Renaissance hall Cg cnT Paneer eT aE renee er ot) ney ere re ly perenne) cota 46 Lorenzo de’ pert eo pete ee Cy tery rer Sree Parenter etry 50 Leonardo da Ar Aes ed ble ee es Lemire Samer reeset c Peet eseetei) 58 Nicolaus po acer ere ened Seen ee A a re er ey Pee cerry eee hae ered i eee Pere eo chy vist eee Poet ecr nein 72 Tycho Brahe ire eee] Sa 74 Galileo Galilei ed eng PR ETA ere rd Pere roan) Sete 84 Inside The Globe ern eee BRL CUT Poheepsnererne te an Peseaipeeee seer smart es Serer tern ao pee onePeleg Oey 96 The rebirth rg C3 era eet eee rd cerns) cone) per Ucn & fresh Vo pte pecan beatae Bre Ry ius nC orn Peer Bie CERT Ty coarr thy oer ste ey Cog g a Earths poston nthe heavens The J gent og Erotemeeerett a aero cor Impact of the DATARS e Lg ee eee cect | in England Poe eet era 134 i POETS rors reer neers 13810 Lud pers aro Pee eee eng30 Renaissance treasures The Renaissance produced some of the most iconic buildings, most innovative inventions and most memorable pieces of art. Here are 30 of the greatestus iginal painti despite Biblioteca Marciana cit 637 in northern Hay the i 30 Renaissance treasures30 Renaissance treasures Dbecomes an intogal part ofthe wall The mura ork, The the celng in . es man ac Palace, Ce poston. Ged hod of painting 8 : allows the pigment to me ‘ut to give hfetoa naked Adam. It has also ‘the plaster so that when I sets, the pani ben speculated that the more feminine fgure ted by God The una andhis mitations and pared the years, Venus Of Urbino Renaissance clock CREATED 1538 CREATED 1400s Currently hanging in the Galleri deg Uta in Florence, the Venus ‘The word Renaissance usually conjures up images of fine art ana s us reathtaking architecture but many great conveniences were Iso from traditional sod inverted during this prio, such a the printing press and the ment. Reclining arner’s astolabe, which a (Guidobaid cela Rove, the Duke of Urbino, apparently as an mnstuctive model forthe young bade BP be mameain often a symbe fidelity, which would therefore add weight to this notion. opportunity to unl otto mention technical talents30 Renaissance treasures cise and quik composition able metal type was mad The Birth Of Venus creatoue21 Pate n the 1480s by Sando Bostic, The Bib OF Ve se. as an adult woman, The the30 Renaissance treasures The Garden Of Earthly Delights ATED 1490-1510 eek os ae es Equestrian Statue Of Gattamelata MTN) The Mercator Map CREATED 1569 map isacylindcalThe Gates of Paradise (CREATED 1425-1452 ginal plan wa from the Ol 3g Den nis tal set wa then commissioned nother compris rn 30 Renaissance treasures ERO UNT RAST ORTON ARNT The Mona Lisa creareo 1503-608 fers most famous painting Ws that has been soratinised. analysed talked rd the fat that tis instantly up by the recent discov nting30 Renaissance treasures Deposition From The Cross CREATED 14371440 hd slreacy been Adoration Of The arte etal eee The Ambassadors CREATED 1533, sn Holbein th Santa Maria \uneveo 460 vata de la mac he skull. Other people jus ned tobe hung30 Renaissance treasures DRURUS SUNT Malleus Maleficarum First Folio Ce an ead rig Cee eas) Florence Cathedral crtateo 436 ences cathedtal dominates the cy 330 Renaissance treasures onal courtyard. T 515 and BET Cog ee cing tly analy The parachute CREATED 1470s Though in modern parachutes Sn a manuscript to the 10s that show py although the pee a he wooden frame cou drance hana pathol Church, Although Dante and his poem ato th30 Renaissance treasures ne Vi ey oe wthian columns ommissionedt ed constant daily bass to marvel atthe handryacre ve ne Ree arse iten’ the Renaissance Trace the origins of the cultural movement we call the Renaissance, which has its roots in the city-states of Italy Pb oor erty pay ty 30 Life in Florence Porro Pores te it Pao enn ty Deanne Tea SOO tee es etd co neeEmergence of the Renaissance The road tothe — Renaissance The key events that shaped the rebirth of learning and art in Europe, especially on the Italian Peninsula ANNI Growth of humanism 1304 aly (Ope ofthe ey momen inthe od up to the Renaissance was the development of bumanism and a renewed terest Im ancient Ron These nev dens were cere in kay ‘but soon spread other aens of Europ, Humanism is based on the ingest ot ‘ncivuals and the human capacry 0 Jeam, and encouraged thinkers ofthe ‘era 0 develop upan ideas commonly accepted in the Mile Ages. The father ‘of mumanism, Francesco Petarea or Petrarch, stutie Cicero ara Vig a Piksopher and a poet fem ancient Rome He unearth previous ‘asia texts ands the world would cn splendour othe ancient world. These ideas encouraged many other intellectuals to qustion the wad in which they ive, ‘and kacked sated new ways of cual thoughe that werent tity seul Pra ieenT LEENA ae LLL Black Death 1474412 mIaly aly was not spared during the sak years ofthe Black Death ven afters peak in furone had hitched aide on galleys fram the east both the bubonic and spneumonic plague truck bard Messina, Sci, was the fist fel ts effects in 147, but the pandemic ‘saualy worked ts way north as tveached Genoa Venice and sain the falling year Even asthe dissise died down in other atts of Buope aly sufered various recurrences thoughout the ensuing decades, andthe epidemic ony finaly faded in 12 The Black Dest lingered in bath towns and the countryside right up unt the sesh cerry when Ia last ded ‘dawn for god.The road to the Renaissance The Proto Renaissance 1300-1400 Northern Rallan states aly was thebirthplacecfthe Renaissance Pict tsbeginning the PrctoRenaisance ovement startedn the norte alan cy states Spanning roughly te entirety ofthe th eentury twas ‘dominated by anew wave of Gothicart Originating in Siena thse werethe is painings that ddifered from tational medkval artwork Theinftuence came from Byzantine at whic had begunto influence puinngs in European courts GittodsBondone became known asthe father ‘of pieting aniseed wh binging elt bck into paving crating works hat superseded the obsolete paintings tha had previously dominated the rmecievalera 1378-1417 @ Rome After the death of Pope Gregory Xn 1378 the Cathic (Church tore self apart. tilly Pope Urban VE was named as Gregory's sucssor, but within afew months, part ofthe Catholic hierarchy named Clement VIL as the pope instead. Urban refused to sep aside and unable to seach a commpromse twas decided that he would rule ‘the Church fram Rome while Clement led his faction fom Avignon, France: In 1404, na bid to end the rivalry, thud pope, Alexander V, was elected shorty alter but this tl didi resolve the issue. The Counc of Constance was called in 184 to farce the resignation of beth John who had replaced Alexander. and the Roman pope, Gregory XI, wale dismissing the rule of ‘the Avignon pope, Benedict XI This did the trick and paved the way fora oncesain unified Catholic Church EMA epee eee] GENOESE-VENETIAN Bury eee ee renee! eer eee ers nt othe ealy days ofthe Rena eee teetersEmergence of the Renaissance Rise of Cr Growth of the Medici = city-states f. i 1450s m Florence, Milan, Venice, Genoa 1429 m Florence Northern aly became an ‘The Medics were abanking family ij economic powerhouse in sn Flocence who fnandally backed i F Continental Europe By the ‘Renaissance artists ke Michelangelo _mile ofthe 15th century, ‘The golden years of his dynasty began these tystates were at peace with Giovanni de Medica banker who yagi withthe Papal Sates andthe anchored his operations in rence Kingdom of Naples to the As well as amassing huge wealth de? south, afte taking advantage ‘Mecici was influential, hlding many ofthe Great Schism to break Toca poltica postions He ded in 429. free of secular constants baths sn, Casime, who was educated Florence grew powerful through in the ways of humanism, inert his trading wea while Venice fortune and created a business nett prospered from seaward trade overall of Burope. He was an astute sit managed commerce entreprencur but also had a healthy anring from the east Alltbe appetite or the ats, Cosimo authoised itis acted as safe havens in the consrucon of cathera, , Free esi famtys | yhich schelas and atts supported Remaisance atts with thet sicbalstiat ete | could cll bome ater feng ‘work and bl the tonic Academy . ometteyediote | tbe Ottoman Empi aftr the Wich cenued on schooling students coufiomibestes ot | rama fal of onstananople. ‘nancent works Even after his death, ] ‘Avweathy merchant dass (Cosimo son and grandson ried formed in the prosperous cy: astutely helping Florence to cementits sates, nurturing a much beter ‘talus asa major power aswell san system than felis (ich aehectaal and artiste centre. The had deminate ether areas fami fll ine decline shorty afer. 33, ‘of European society) for now the aban Wars gripped the peninsula, secular study and amin, | SEER Invention of eee prieradugio nica 1430 m Holy Roman Empire ‘The dese to ead ancent texts was complemented by the bth ofthe printing, pes Invented in 439 by Janes, Carenbers, he system lowed tt 0 ‘be mas produced rp and chespy Rather han beng painstakingly hand coed. ink was transfered to paper using ‘screw mechani thet was influenced by wine and linen proses I's estimated that by 1500. alfa mien books entered circlton and many cies held hook fairs. The most popular were the ile and ancient texts On ds assembiy ine Tearing could be circulted ater than ever before and each a wider audience “Ths technological advancement was one ofthe keys othe start ofthe Renaissance ‘hus commencing the alan Wars. More setons ofthe population became Seni teagan erate and iteestedin schol texts a3 or wiccunclaganmntions AIR aninfermationrevoaton tok pace Se (a a aceite ema 1453 France "The closure ofthis 6 year war heped to kickstart the Renassance England. ‘hich had once been in the ascendency, suflered 2 series of loses culminating 1 ‘one inal defeat atthe Bate of Castillon and King Hear VI going insane. After the war England retested fom affairs ‘on the continent and became embreiled in the Wars ofthe Roses, an internal confi featuring many veterans fiom. the war. France and Spin tured. ‘heir attention tothe Rabin PeninsulaThe road to the Renaissance BETWEEN ‘VENICE AND MILAN Fall of Constantinople 1453 m Constantinople nest Byzantine mie pal of this now nf of knowl befall ofthe Roman Empe. Mean urope ‘ot seen inthe West sn ve Empl, a8 Otooan aEmergence of the Renaissance —_ Rediscovering the Antiquity While the Renaissance was intrinsically Christian in nature, its roots stemmed to the art, philosophy and literature of ancient times 24 Sfonnpeec eran Rete col os ee iS Mi > etc ten ys ad aie: Peres predominantly camposed of eager art lovers, while cee eae nr te Ses Seen ts ene ees ete had heard ofthe Ancient Roman copy f a Gresk statue depicting the Trojan priest Laccocn and his Se at peer a ee ees eee een Perea tear sees at cere ° een people Cee eae eee a rots ect er reat aren ee ce nee Cree een eee not Sree eat bears ore emt se testa eee Con eee i Beas en een ea ec ee meet ay eee ty cet iets Pere ee oT CL See erect ee ee ter oe eee eee) re Rees Der enn See eet ee eet ed eee nso oon’ eee ener einesret te) rete bent ce Pet Seer tote ai poverrnren seats ements emer ec Re ee es eres rmerly been the case during what he thought of oes ed ere eee at oes ee etd oy eyRediscovering the Antiquity “Hundreds of people made the pilgrimage to view it for themselves’ 5eT RT es pea of the Renaissancethe usual depictions ofthe Vingin Mary, four saints and the Crucifix, Artists pid themselves on drawing inspiration from orginal writings and painsakingly suxdying the classical paintings and sculptures that stil ‘existed for new ways to Interpret these age-old tals. Ancient weeks, uch asthe Apoll Betedere and Farnese Hercules were considered to be beth theeptome of masculine perfection and pinnacle of artiste accomplishment, and they would continue to inspire artists for several centuries The stifly mannered syle that had been popular before was now universally shunned in favour of@ more natural, realistic ene that ‘owed much to the painted and mosaic Roman rescos that had been excavated and sculptures lke that of Laccodn and his sons which showed “unprecedented emotion and movement, Rediscovering the Antiquity ‘The rise of Humanism, which lauded the Ininsc virtue of humanity andl belioved that ll ron were in charge oftheir own destiny naturally resulted in portratture becoming incrasinaly popular as an art frm in ts cw sight. kn he recent past the great and the good would usually ‘only be palnted imo religious scenes as donors Keeling before sins: Now men, women and even children were painted in secular context as real individuals in thts own righ. ‘ts drew upon the vivid, rid ports both painted and sculpted, produced by the Ancient Romans that astonishingly, seemed more fle than paintings that had been created immediately ‘rior tothe Renaissance. Ir seemed shocking ‘that such realism should have been gradually abandoned over the intervening centuries acl so they devoted themselves to breathing life nt their subjects, creating wens of incredible vibrancy, psychological insight ane realism. If Humanist artists intellectuals and writers ‘were the main driving force behind the growth (of te Renaissance, was their weakhy aban pation who allowed ito take flare and flourish by commissioning works for their houses in the town and county. They, oo, modeled themselves fn thai Roman forbear, who were cultured men and women enjoying a wide range of intelectual Prsuls and were equally at home discussing ‘Phulosophy with thee fends and watching the sladatrs batting out in the forum, This passion forthe distort past inevitably began to influence ‘more than jst thelr art purchases and the books they read but also the houses they lived in and the gardens where they spent thes lsure time ‘Until the dawn ofthe Renaissance, the prevaing architetural syle had been gothic ae highly embellished but now archtects started to look back toa more sophisticated, tipped bac classical style spre by the vila and temples of Ancent Greece and Rome. The rediscovery ofthe once lost seminal ‘Work De Architecture, which had been vriten between 30 and 15 BCE by the Roman miltary engineer and architect Maeus Vitruvis Pollo asa ‘nue only served to increase this fascination with the principles of classical architecture and their links to the great mings of antiquity, such as Pato and Archimedes oth of whom ate cited ‘After its rediscovery in 1414, varius editions of Yiruvins werk quickly began to circulate. withthe first illustrated version appearing lmest a century later in SIL It had an exctingand profound effect ‘on contemporary archtectre, influencing famed Renaissance architets like Brunelesch,Bramante and Paladin They enthusiastically embraced ‘Vitis’ base tenets of architecture, hich was that “the ideal building has three elements itis sturdy, useful and beautiful ~ peincpl that he ‘aso applied to the buna frm, thus influence, artist a wel, ‘To this end, Renaissance architects emulated theoe of Ancient Rome. a eviiston that had coated civic ulldings that were very bit as beautiful and elegant as palaces They also used ‘mathematics and the sence of perspective to create facades that were perfectly proportioned and aEmergence of the Renaissance The Belvedere Torso Artists of the Italian Renaissance were inspired by several pieces of ancient sculpture, but few can claim to be as iconic as the Belvedere Torso Berane Pentima Peper pes) Ui seataeente ee ee Pena eee Eire peepee eben "Scholars now think that it was intended to depict the Is lejnnligon naltonAN-b.e Sr rts esethus harmonious and pleasing tothe eye of both ancient and Renaissance artists. “The celebrated Kalan architect Plladio, who Ispethaps the most famous ofall Renaissance architects, as heavily influenced by Witeuivs a employed his principles while designing a series of stunning vila for wealthy Venetians Fascinated by Roman architect, he studied thelr methods and techniques cose and reinterpreted them for is ces, using modern materials to replicate lasial designs, while atthe same time drawing on Viruvni' emphasis on perfect propetion. is important work was the most popular encyclopaedia of the gods’ symmetry and perspective to create buldings that are sill considered fo be oustanding examples of avchitecturl amen tay. ‘While Renaissance ates, scubtore and arcutects were geting excited about this new Surge of inerest inthe visual aspects of elasical culture, their academic poors were also excited about the new developments The Roman authors Ger, Livy, Vig, Horace and Ovid were paticulaly venerated. with wrters adopting thei vigorous language realistic even bawdy dialogue and their pure Latin, which was beloved tobe the ‘most atenn frm "The great Renaissance authors Dante, Petrarch and Boccaecio were ll heavily influenced by their classical forebears andthe latter aso took 2 grat interest in the werk of Home, which would eventually ead him to create the first Latin ttansations ofthe Mad and Ose, making them svnilable toa vast new stdin. ‘Boccaccio also translated the works of Euripes and Aristtle from the original Grek and, encouraged by his friend Petrarch, penned the hugely popular and infhental Genelia Dearum Genctum, which urtangled the often earmpicated if pot downright inoestuous relationships becween the inhabitants ofthe Gree nd Roman pontheans of the gods This important wosk was the most Popular encyclopaedia ofthe gods for over two centuries and, ike Beccacess ranlation of Ancient Geel, werk made these now familar old tales avaiable toa new generation of readers all ‘ager to have ational context for the classically Inspired paintings and sculptures that were beginning to gun popularity fist in the Kalan cies ad then gradually farther aed "The Bible siones and tales of martyrdom and sainthood that had inspired most arc until now were ll wellknown and generally picked up during chldhocd, The myths of Ancient Greece snd Rome were las fra, though, anc reid Rediscovering the Antiquity some background wading f they were tobe opery appreciated “Thanks to new translations and the dscoverce of hitherto lost texts from antiquity t was easer than ever tora the actual words ofthe ancierts and Renaissance readers did so in thet droves. Dariculaly those who subscribed to Humanist theories. There was a particular surge of imerest in ‘the wertings of the Grek philosopher Pato, with tuansaticos of hs work being widely culated among new audience There was alsa auch discussion about Plato's theories, especialy that now known as Neoplatonism, which contends that its mans tukimare geal to attain a tate of sprtal perfection. tneatly ted in with the Humanist belie that all men were in convo oftheir own destiny and should strive for virtue However, despite this increased interest in ff mores soit So Mreneetrsoa acne tas in 1503 that Machiavelli began to write setiouly ts poem te fst Dermal whch was [rt one ofa two-part poetry econ the hist of lrence- was nishedayeat Tater. Yet bend the cree thet neeciormng rect ot Pope I a ene =" Spain his war agin ance SY) ce the Hy seve and Se “in ey Septet ie NP). commanded his genera Ramin de Cardona. ze Pre With hat Qh th use feds was ered ‘eh ped eed "sep the cy’ ence on QD) cxtastphe tor reronaties Created by GF sacs ally Soden th mii FSF sco ena he runby eh On op vie aes ante ofthis Machavell made Vis torenowned figures. incuding (esate Borgia (wave pli promess Influenced much of Machisveis ely writing. and later nspived pat of his most notooous work. ‘The Prince Chates VI of France and several ‘eigning popes oftheir time by his captors allegedly on rack He fea dened any lnwolvementin the pls against the ‘Mec family but despite his potestatiens ‘finnocence Machiavelli was kep imprisoned. Yet fortune was on the dpiomats Se, as Pope Jus I chee i February the following yest Under the new ope: Leo X wio incidentally hale flom the fne of ruling Medias celebrations were cganised and an amnesty was agreed. Machiavelli was free The cost, Dowever was dea -he was banned fom the cy of lrence and ordered to retire to his family esate on the cutis ofthe cyt was during this exile that Machiavel began to pen his most famous weeks, inuding the controversial comment on pits that sil ings tre to this day. The Prince Confined! to his esate ose of Florence, Machiavelli pondered how to weave his way back imo te political landscape ofthe cya came to conch: he would write a guide to pies as bhehad experienced it during his diplomatic cae 11513, he completed The Prine ant dedicated 10 Lorenzo di Piero de Medic, grandson of Lorenzo the Magnificent, the newly prockaimed ruler of Florence and head ofthe Media family. To this day, the exact Purpose of the dediaton i debated - was it to ater ‘he rule manatee to have himself enstated, ce wast an intelectual satze, mocking the polities of the cty from which head been exis? Ether way, the book was enough to cause scandal ‘when twas polished in 1532, fie years afer Machiavelis death In The Prin, Machel spit his workin oto pars the fist was deveted to methods of gpining power, while the second fandNiccolo Machiavelli “While in life he failed as a politician, Machiavelli's writings have inspired generations of leaders - both good and bad" arguably most mpotant section offered ave on how to old on o power when you had it was this boce ands controversial statornens for which Machiavelli best remembered - and not fondly Ase rom providing a description of the qualities thaeany ruler should have, The Pre ao poe a very serous moral questcn: wast bet your mara egy inact pd ose power oo compromis, using your cunning and vt, regardless method n der to achieve your goals? "Two chapters in partials fanned the flames of controversy. In Chapter 18, ented Concerning The ‘way In Which Princes Keep Fath, Machiavel wrete bat whet is admirable to attempt tobe a vtuous rules sometimes is necessary to employ les tharsmoral means to succes that fr the sale of ubmate good, sometimes you need tobe bad, Here, Machiavel aimed “A prince bang thus obliged to know well ho to act as abeast must imitate the fax and the lon fo the lion cannar preec himself from aps andthe fx cannot defend himsel fom wees, One must therefore be a fox to recognise traps anda on to frighten woes” Chapter Sever tide! ‘Concerning New Princes Which Are guid ther By The ‘Arms Of Others Or By Good Fortune} also appaled readers Macavelh seemed! to avocate muds 2 he recounted the sary of the Duke of Valentina, (Cosre Borgia. conquering Cesena in Romagna Having employed Remo de Oro as is deputy, Borgia commanded him to pacify and subdue the tym with free and he use brutal tacts such asbeheacings and eastrarons tring peace 10 the region. The town vas tamed bur the resides ‘despised Oreo, so Borgia had his deputy cut in bal and cise in de town plaza in cde ta curry favour With the brutlty over, Berga reduced taxation and invested in the town tough the ‘creation fa theave and camival Ths was served up asthe perfect example of whee the ends uimate peace protection and pespeity for his people) Justified the means (mass murder and mute. ‘fer completing The Prive, Machiaveli maved ‘on to ther wntings. inducing Discourses On Lan Art (OF War ard The Mandrake Root among cxhes If Te ‘Prine vealy vas. a curing poy to ires, then it never flied its purpose Ina kines Loren Pero de’ Medic never ead Machivells mastrpece and until hs deat in 1577 a the age of 5B, the eile politian remained confined to his estas newer to return o the political sphere et whe in if he failed as pititan, Machivels writings nave inspired generations of leacers both good an bod Among the tyrants ad cites of contemporary history who studied 7he Fringe including Sian and Mussolini - the work has inspired some of moder ‘cues meet ens erates including George RR Martin, te author ofthe bocks tha inspired TV fantasy series Game OF Trares. Tthis day, Machuvelis wrrings main relevant pthaps moreso in today’ pelital eimate than ever before The rs of power havent changed in ‘ove 500 years of politics What has changed ate te fees that mask the tue nature of beng a pltician those stewd, Machuvelianschemers that embody the truths of Machlavels writing ~but perhaps thats & nor such a be thing i a]Influential figures Nicolaus Copernicus ——~ 1473-1543 How the observations of a 16th-century Polish Catholic monk set the Scientific Revolution into motion and realigned Earth's place in the universe... 6) ntl Copernicus, the most widely cepted theory f the universe was thst che Earth was atthe cente, and the ‘Sun, Moon and planets al revolved around it This ‘was an ies that had been advocated by Aristotle rllennia before, then by Prolety and was fecely backed by eigious leaders Any who dared to Challeng this dogma were accused of heresy ~& crime punishable by death, However, following the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople -a bastion of Greek culture -many ofthe city’s scholars were force to flee west. With ther they brought a wealth of ancient knowledge and classical methods of observation and ‘questioning asa way to solve the grat mysteries ofthe universe {At the same time, growing scepticism ofthe ‘catholic hureh and Englands break fom Rome ‘meant that easoo was beginning to take the place of eign n academia, a realm that had before been largely poverned by Cristi belie As 2 _esul, Renaissance astrenomers began to challenge Aristotelian physics, (One of these stargazets was Mikola) Kopemik or ashe has come tobe known, Nicolaus Copernicus. He was born in 1473in Torun, Poland, When he 1¥as juste. years ois father ded and his uncle a bishop took the boy under his wing, He supported Copernicus thoughout his studies at the University of Krak, which he began in 1491 in the heyday ofthe Krakow astronomical: ‘mathematical school R vas here that Copernicus lad down a strong foundation for his later ‘mathematical achievernenis 1m 1496, he moved 10 Hologna, tay to study canon lay, andl ented room in the house of prominent protessor and astionomer Domenico 1473 Wepickout some of senke ater ols, themilestonesoverthis Scant anf mother astronomer’lifetime Buea ts Trun, University of Kahow anon aw but saan t@Ftan ove wt ‘rast (cured i isu, acting is foot Poland to secrearyaedphysicas, werk ssachuseh canon.Nicolaus Copernicus ‘Maria de Novara. He became his disciple and assistant and forthe fst time was met witha ‘mind that dared to challenge the existing theories ofthe cosmos (On completing his studies, Copernicus returned to Poland to live with his unde, acting as his secretary and psician 2¢ the same time During {his tme be began work on his now famed heliocentric they. In 1512 his uncle died and Copernicus moved to Frombor, where he tock ‘pa position asa canon - an administrative appointvent in the Church ‘Here he had more time to devote this astronomical ties, ane built himself a small, ‘observatory fom which he could plot the ‘movernent ofthe stars. Around 1S, he outlined his theories in a short, anonymous manuscript refered to only as Ceramentarials in which he summarised his heloceraric modal of the Solar System, where th planets oibited the Sun. While be only distributed the manuseripe aman a few frends, abuzz began to build around Copernicus and his unconventional theories but they also spatked contoversy in the Catholic Church, ‘While the threat of persecution cil nat eter Copernicus fam developing his theories, he was reluctant to publish them and kept his ndings secret for decades, However, in 1540 his pup Georg Joachim Rheticus convinced him to publish bis book De Revolutions Orit Coekestiam (On The Revolutions Of The Heaveny Sphere) 150. as Copemnius ay on his deathbed, the is- lever printed copy was placed into his hands The ‘Sclentfic Revolution had begun in earnest ‘A buzz began to build around Copernicus and his unconventional theories’Influential figures Michelangelo ‘> Buonarrotl ——~ [475-1564 —— Michelangelo Buonarroti was to become the dominant personality of the High Renaissance in Florence (where he surpassed even Leonardo da Vinci) and Rome UA 7D sstutwe was lai out or 7 pum almost rom bith, not because he came from e a family of artists, but hecause he grew up ina vilage of stonecuters in the hill neat Florence, From a young age be Was fascinated by the qualities of mabe the structure the grain, the soit tat stil yiekded tothe masons tools. He could 'se'the image embedded ‘and thought of sculpture not as making semething out ofthe natural ma free the entity paced there by evident was Micholangelo alent that his eluetant father allowed him to be apprenticed to Domenico mainiained his own promising young at of his teens, Micholan ‘caled cultural and poltical crc in Flore fom of seltexile. He had rogant.ifficlt and even be go int a fight fellow artist, Petro Totghan, and during the alercation sustained 2 broken nose which never 60reset prope. Soon afterwards Torigiano ended up at the court of Henry VI in England, Michelangelo was deeply religious and this shows in one of hs early wats. The Peta was ‘commissioned by a cardinal n 498 a8 pat of the furishing of St Peters, Rome, Iwasa truly astonishing accomplishment fora young, man stn is early twenties. His close studies ofthe nude ad given him a detailed understanding of the human ferm. But the image of Mary with her dead son was more than just a pai of accurately “His presentation of the human form was were often the models foc angels and putt had, ‘oF course always been represented in sculpture and painting both clothed and unclthed, but not until Michelangelo appeared do we find ‘an artist who delighted in the human form Sra tested it ith revecence, This was why, although he was a great painter, be prefered the 3D impact of seupture He stated his preference ‘uit clear: The nearer painting approaches sculpeure the beter it is_sculprre is worse the nearer it approaches painting” Ear artists had not a rebellion against prudery... it was a part of his personal piety’ observed flaws Michelangelo often sald that t was is tention to ft the metal vel with wh God had dothed his creature, in order to reveal the soul within, Inthe moving, Pita, he certainly achieved that “Michelangelo stands out inthe istry of art for many reasons but the most important i his rediscovery ofthe human for, The bodies of men and women (not forgetting chien who never achieved full understanding of anatomy pty because af a certain reserve naispaying nakedness. In religious works the figures of (Chris, saints, martyrs and iba figures were shown with sexual agans dscreety covered Michelangelo was contemptuous ofthis reserve, He dew inspiration frem the pagan art of ancient ‘Greece and Rome For this he was censured by some members ofthe religious establishment, But fichelangelo Buonarroti bis bold presentation ofthe human form vas not a rebellion against prudery: his attitude towards bodies was a pat of his personal plety. Men and ‘women had been erated inthe image of Go Therefore, thre was something gorcus, even holy, about their appearance: indeed, a sense of shame about the naked body as a result ofthe Fal Adam and Eve had only thought to cover thet nakedness after they had sinned by eating the foie fruit Mitelangeo avidly studied bores surviving dzsical statues 25 wel s live models, He was also assisted by beng able to observe anatomical dissection, Although this, oo, was frowned on in some quarters, physicians and artists were élInfluential figures ‘examining actual corpses o ee how bones, muscles, arteries are nerves actualy wotked. ‘These as been much speculation about his sexuality, He was one of those rare mortals whose gents imprisoned chem, restricting conventional relationships. He admired male beauty and. articulate fe, had relationships wit younger men. Whether these were homceroic ve cannos know: He was necessary crcumspect about them: such relationships were condemned by the Chureh They were however, not uncommon and prosecutions in the ecclesiastical courts ere rate Neoclassical plosopbers exalted the teaching of Plato, whic dealised non physical same-sex love Patonic love) asa way of transcending the material world and ascending to the divine. When he was in his sixties, ‘Michelangelo formed a close attachment to Vitoria, ft angela, ight The 6th (Colonna, a younger woman who was a ading ‘ntellectual, pee, pilesopher,theslogan and radical thinker, and who advocated a spirtualty akin that ofthe major Protestant reformers Ina drawing commemorating thet tendship, Michelangelo depicted her asthe Madonna lamenting the death of Christ. But to return othe closing years ofthe 1th ‘century, Michelangelo’ greatest scupure ofthisMichelangelo Buonarroti peti was the massive nude study of Davi This statuehad a somewhat chequera history Long before Michelangelo was bor, a huge block of marble was delivered t Ference Cathe fr the seulptor Agostino di Ducco to create figure for Incorporation in the bung, but be abandoned the Droect and the stone stood outside the chur for Almost our decades until the government offered the commission to Michelangelo. He completed the statue in 1504 butts advermure had not yet come toan end It became the victim, fst ot pobtial conflict and later ofthe weather. Florence's Jeaders argued about where to put it and wien it as finally moved nto pastion it was pelted with stones by a pro-Medici mo In later confontation of val actions, the statue's eft arm was broken. The damage was eventually repaied but. because the lation had been bay chosen, the statue “The artist worked at it for four years... in the utmost secrecy, because he did not want anyone... to see the untinished ceiling’ eal gp on to uo sczding oes eon al th 05 cargo was summoned 0 say ap he Ts dg an faction Son bat wl a te srectness fal later generations. Michelangelo tress himsf into this prestigious project but poltical and other factor intend and) when the work didnot proceed a the atst wanted, he stormed cut in a rage ‘and returned to his heme ‘ay, Julius ordesed him to return, not ‘nly © continue to resume his bouts on the ta but also to {alee up a mammoth Painting project. He wanted a senes of panels fr the ceing ‘ofthe Vatican’ Sistine (Chapel Michelangelo and halos were both strong (characters but the marl that isthe Sistine Chapel was the hil ot their stormy ebatonshi, Julius. the ‘warrior pope? ‘was dedicated to creating anew. rebuilt Rome the symibal ofa papacy that was reasseting its pobtical power. The design forthe eng was a comple series of biblical narratives involving ‘around 300 figures. The artist worked tit forfour years behind Tock doors in the utmost secrecy, because te did not want anyone ~ especialy rivals {ose the unfinished celling with ts dramatic realisation of Gd Testament stores frm the ‘Graton to incidents in the hfe of David as well as representations of prophets an sys. The scope, the deta the color, the figures so fli they seemed about to move as Vasar sud. “Yeduced ‘observers to stunned sence’ and the conception and its ealisation immedlately influenced the ‘work of other artists, Twenty five year ate, atthe Dbebest of Pope Clement Vi, Michelangelo crowned. his work in the Sistine Chapel witha Gepicton of the Last Judgement fr the east vall The theme ow ‘was a common one, having adorned ‘many medieval Gurchos but the tweatment by the ass was ‘nove one All he figures whether they be morta heavenly o hellish were depiced as nude humans, displaying a ide range of emotions. Tis caused along a sunning protest OD) chuen ales and, TF soon attr tne anist's Noe Pe covered with draperies, The censors saw the religious suet 1s debased by lassial paganism ‘Michelangelo vision was just the ‘ppesite: Cristian truth made comprehensible by dlesical realism Michelangelo never finshed the tomb of ope Julus. He was prodigiously busy. As well as numerous sculptures. e produced designs forthe dome of St Peters Balen and overs the extensive rebuilding ofthe Palazzo Fatnese, regatded asthe most imposing High Renaissance palace n aly The artist's workload ill the more remarkable when iis tealised that he seldom employed assistants Mietielangeo Buooanot ded in Rome in 1564 at the remarkable age of 88 Pope Phis IV wanted Rome to keep him and decreed that be should be Dried in the Vatican but the artist's wishes were ‘ulnmately respecte and his body was returned to Florence. Vasari, who designed his tomb, wrote of Fm, "be was sent into the word tobe an example to1men of at that they should lea from hs life sd fem his works”Influential figures How was the Sistine Chapel's ceiling painted? Explore the tools and techniques behind Michelangelo's lofty Renaissance masterpiece 7 * painting the Stine Chapels “The last major abstale that Michelangelo faced () celingin the ealy part ofthe asthe sheer sale ofthe projec which incredibly fF ieth century, Michelangele had to only took four years to complete Painting the € ‘overcome a mumiber of daunting ceiling was a massive logistical undertaking and Ihudles. The fist comes directly fom the physical he invited some of his friends fern Florence to ropes ofthe ouling. as tsa barrel vaul, ome to aid him. ‘which isa curved surface. To make Kt mare ‘AS well as panting some ofthe recurring cific tl that rel vaul is imersected with elements such as columns and states, these smaller vaults pestoned over the windaws As assistants helped Michelangelo ul the such thee reno lat surfaces anywiese except scaffolding and muxprepare the plaster, as wel as around the windows, where the artist also painted lending ahand with the manufacture of pais, sens of half moon shaped lunettes. AS resuk, the trimming ef painteushes and the sketching leven por o picking up a paintbrush Michelangelo of fullsize drawings on paper fr ansfesral onto tha to frst work out how ta create realistic the vaull. This later process involved the paper Partrayals of human figuresin proper proportion sketch being pressed agnnst the celina picked and inmotion on these wildly uneven surfaces. with smal oles around the outines and then His ability to pall this off is testament to is covered with black chalk dust o produce a doted Immense artistic ski, cutine on the plaster, Another major challenge in pointing the Sistine (Chapels celling was actualy geting up there ast is 20 metres 65 fee) above the floor Fortunately. conservation campaign that started in the Fighties revealed the method Michelangelo employed to reach such heights he constructed a complex Scaffold, The scffeld consisted of truss bridge thar spanned acros the vault and ran on rails that were ta 90-degree angle tothe walls. This Dermitted Michelangelo to aocess all areas ofthe cling asthe scaffeding could be raved along the rll it was only ever covering a quarter of the \aulcat any one ime, ase needed ambient ight from the windows to paint. Interestingly, the les ‘hat supported this strcture can stil be seen in he walls to this day. Te third problem Michelangelo ad to tackle was how to ay out the sketch lines forthe entire cong, e dl this by dividing the vault into ‘various uns by stretching chalked stings rom tne end ofthe chapel the ote with help fom assistants) efere snapping them against the prepared plaster. In doing this, be laid out te liner structure ofall the architecture, which is consistent thrcughost. 64Influential figures ® o Raphael ~~ [483-1520 —_ One of the most ‘human’ of the humanist Renaissance artists, Raphael's works display not just technical skill, nor just genius, but love 2 ‘the son of Giovanni Santi, tino, a iltop town on the Se mensmehie sai meter eee ene, ere ene ‘centre of Uibina Bat Raphael early years were not without dificities His mothes ied when he ‘was eight and his father followed her to the grave ‘when the boy wes I. Raphael's talent was alreudy ‘obvious and he was pce by his uncle and ‘guardian in the workshop of Pietro Perugina, who maintained ty atelier in Perugia and Forence, ‘There could have been no better time for Raphael ‘learn bis craft fr this was the period we nv know as the High Renaissance’ Painters, architects and al kinds of craftsmen were much in demand. as church leaders and evi rules competed to decorate their houses public buildings and places, ‘of worship wth works of arin te atest tye ‘Commissions in plenty ffom discerning patrons meant that artis had opportunity to develop their skulls and explore new ideas. Raphael reputation sre and by the age of he was attracting patrons ‘his ow aceouns. Luke mast artists. he lea peripatetic fe, ‘executing an akarpiece ber. a fresco there and the portato a courtier somewhere eke However, thanks othe wealth genetaed by trade twas in Florence that there were many generous pstons ready to commission new wots for ther churces, houses and civic bunkdngs. This was vet (be ‘owindependent Raphael lived fram I5D4 to 1508, {hvowing himself int his work with al the vigour ‘of youth. This was where he absorbed and made hs own the new casicism. Gorgo Vasari who, in 1550, published Lies Of The Most Excelent Pater, Sculptors Aad Architects, described a discussion ‘roup wich met regularly in the stadio ofthe architect Bacio Agno. ‘Among the foremost tenders” he wrote. "was Raphael of Ubina, then young man” Tn is early twenties, the newcomer was already contributing his own ideas. What thee ideas were we can se from his earliest signed werk (Chucfiion With Saits, painted fora church in the Umbrian ety of Cita di Castello Traditional ‘epicion of religious scenes had displayed holy figures wit has, somerimes et against aged ‘background to indicate the timeless. heavenly significance ofthe events portrayed. Later tweatments of such subjects would present them ahistorical happenings set in the everyday work Rapbaels Cruefion stands midway between the to. Se in a tel landscape occupied by real people the painting yet conveys the numinous by is radiant blue sky populated by dancing anges. ‘Atype of painting for which demand was towing was the porta. Patrons had sometimes ‘aid to have their Hkenesses inched 3s 'observers