Chapter 2 MAJOR BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS Linguistics has five major bral niches: : (hitpv/en. wikipedia oratwikifinguistics) MORPHOLOGY PHONETICS PHONOLOGY SEMANTICS SYNTAX Poop The five major branches of linguistics A. MORPHOLOGY - A branch of linguistics which primarily deals with word formation and_ structure, generally covers the processes an how words are appropriately put together to show the propriety of usage. It also deals with the arrangement and the interrelationship of morphemes in words. In linguistics, morpheme refers to the usage and application of the smallest meaningful language unit, like the base, the part of a word to which affixes are attached. Such word may also be considered a root word or any of the combining forms of a language. Morphology is a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of the structure of terminologies which cover the formation of words, especially on how wards are arranged to show the propriety of word usage, Morphology also cavers the identification, analysis, and description of the structure of a given language's morpheme, and other linguistic units, such as affixes, parts of speech, intonation, stress or accent. Specifically, morphology is that branch of linguistics that studies the patterns of word formation of a language as enumerated below: (The term morphology was coined by August Schleicher in 1859).Pn 1, Affixation — Fundamentally, affixation rofers —~ process of affixing or attaching profix, Infixes, ang ie to the basa and root words. This Is tho Most coilites morphological process of word formation ino fanguages in the world. The word formation throy hiey is rarely availed of in most languages, ON ings Among the few languages in which infix are util Filipino. In Filipino, affixation is translated as laplant is means unlapi; infix, gittaph; suffix, hulapl. vere Example Kain — salitang ugat (root word) Kakain —ka, unlapi (prefix Kumain - um, gitlapi (infix) Kainan — an, hulapi (suffix) Affixation as a process may practically includg derivation. Derivation is simply the process of forming new words by the addition of affixes to existing base or Toot words. A new word formed or developed by the addition of @ prefix, a suffix or by a phonetic change is Variably considered a derivative. 2. Derivation — This is the process of deriving or of Producing words from the original root words. The derivatives of the root word act are as follows: acting ‘enact reactivat action enacted reactivated activate enactment reactive activation enactor reactivity activator . enactory reactor active © . inactive reenact activity react reenacted actor reacted teenactment actress reactionary rd md of the root wo! It must be observed that the derivatives efixes and act are formed through the process of adding valid pr temp suffixes. It is, therefore, necessary that before one should aid firs! 'o form the proper derivatives of any root word, she/he sho m4es ee in recognizing segments of words if i fixes, infixes and known as affixes, specifically classified as pre 3 suffixes. The formation of new words through the aforementioned process may otherwise be called as derivation. ‘Derivation is the process of forming new wor’s By ae addition of affixes to existing base or root words. A WOE oo developed from another word with or by the addition of a p : suffix or by a phonetic change is called derivative. ot Prefix itis a word segment which is made up of one or more syflables that may be added before the root word to form another word. develop a skill or an expertise i Prefix Meaning RootWord © Example with Meaning amphi =. around theater amphitheater (an oval \ structure with seats around the arena) ante - before meridian antemeridian (before noon, : amy anti- “against = communist — anti-communists (against . ‘ communists) bene - good factor ' benefactor (one who Ts helps) bi- , two cycle bicycle (a vehicle with two ‘ : wheels) bio - life logy biology (study of life) Prefix Meaning RootWord Example with Meaning cata down comb catacomb (underground place of burial) co- together operate cooperate ( to work together) com- together mission commission (a body whase . members work together) Simezyville Publications — | ¥3,co) clreum- around contra - against de- down dec! ten demi - half die two dia- through dis- not en- make epi- above ex- ‘out of extra ~ beyond away fore front Hyper over hy Yeo. under PN Mohsen -* Chapter E navigate band grade meter god meter meter honest circle gastrium mayor ordinary go head lension 94strium around) contraband (goods procured against the fay, degrade (fo Fowngrade, decimeter (fen centimeters) demiged (haltgod) diameter (@ verse i consisting of two. 1 metricalfeet) : diameter (a straight line passing through the center of a circle) | dishonest (not honest) encircle (to make a circle) epigastrium (upper part of the abdomen) Mayor (former mayor} extraordinary (beyond the ordinary) forgo (to give up) forehead (front head) Uront part of the hypertension (over ar hi i blood pre. ssure) higt hypogastrium (lower part| th abdomen) fh Meaning i f Prefix in - inter- intra- kilo- mal - multi- non- post- pre- pro- quasi - re- semi- Meaning not together within one thousand bad many not after before in favor of nearly again half partly wit Root Word Example an tas (not sensitive) sensitive insensitive th er wil hool interschool (togelh se other schools . ithi cif} city intracity (within the city, ) isting of meter kilometer (consisting 4000 m) i Ipractice (improper practice | practice of a profession) fold multifold (many times doubled) essential nonessential (not essential) meridian _postmeridian (afternoon, . pm.) war prewar (before the war) * Joson | pro-Joson (in favor of Joson) judicial - quasi-judicial (nearly * judicial in nature). write | : . tite rewrite (to write again) annual semiannual (occurrin g twice a year or every half of the year) formal Semiformal formal} (partly Jimeeys i Ville Publications [15sub- supe! sur trans- Prefix ultra un auto ante- under above over across three Meaning beyond not self before way charge port cycle Root Word modem necessary mabile graph chrome norm chamber date = subway (4 way y, the surface of thea an underground way superman (having nature above that oy a man} surcharge (@ charge over the ordinary fee) transport (io carry across) tricycle (a vehicle with three wheels) Example with Meaning ultramodern (beyond what is modem) unnecessary {not necessary) automobile (seif- moving) aulograph (one's own handwriting) auto chrome (self: coloring) autonomy (seff- government) antechamber (a room belore another) antedate (date it back)ite morte (before anti- Prefix bi- against Meaning two mortem death) iting anteroom (a Wa! room room before anainer) inst . antialien (agains! alien foreigners) ates t cea antilittering tagains litering scatiering garbage) . inst ‘ antismuggling (agains! smugging practice of ilegally bringing in or taking goads out of the country) slavery antislavery (against human slavery) narcotic antinarcotics (against drug addiction) American anti- American (against ; the Americans) Filipino anti-Filipino (against the Filipinas) tuberculosis —_antitubercutosis (against the disease caused by infection) Root Word Example with Meaning angular biangular (havi angles) ng two annual bi fe tannual (twice @ year) cameral bicamerg} havi - chambe| my ng twobio- circum 18] life around Jimeeycitle Publications chapaer? facial lateral lingual monthly partisan ped polar sexual graphy data dynamic physics rotate bifacial (having two faces) _ bilateral (two sideg) bilingual (having two languages) bimonthly (occurring twice a month or every two months) bipartisan (composed g members from two parties) biped (having two feet) bipolar ( having two poles) bisexual + (having the ° characteristics of both ' sexes) | _ biography (story of one’s life) | biodata (records of one’s life) bio dynamic (study of the activities of living things) biophysics (study of biological function in relation to applying 'avs of physics) circumrotate (fo tum around as a wheel)Oo creer? 5 : ~ Gircumseribe (fo draw sere fine around) : lar circumsola ° ; sort (surrounding the sun} ‘ ; . activate deactivate (to rende i inactive) ve " bar debar (io exclude) Ed oy Prefix Meaning ReotWord Example with Meaning de down, centralize decentralize (to break off the centralization) 1 eet) color oor (to deprive of calor} generate degenerate (fo Jower or make it worse) deci ten gram decigram (the tenth part of @ gram) liter deciliter (the tenth part ofa liter) bel decibel (one tenth ofa bel, the common unit of Power ratio) dis - not, apart able disable (not able) fie ; accord disaccord (not in harmony) advantage disadvantage (unfavorable condition) 5 aw arm . disarm (to take the weapon apart or away) fancy Pbteations — [19band disband (to break 2 nay exe extra Prefix hydro- out of, in excess of Meaning related ta continue former judge wife current effort judicial sensory vascular Root Word water dynamic electric mechanics discontinue (not to. continue) ex- judge (former Jaga, ex-wife (former wifey ex-current (moving o; flawing out of) extra effort (in excess gf common effort) extrajudicial (occurring beyond the jurisdiction of a court) extrasensory (beyond the range of normal perception) extra vascular (situaied outside of the vascular system) - Example with Meaning . hydredynamic (pertaining to the force or motion of water or another fluids) hydroelectric (pertaining to electricity generated by the energy of wate!) hydromechanies (the branch of physics that Geals with the way in Which various forces } } IL i ! i i t t ieiM 7 ees [EET (te EET] 1 act on liquids) : ' 1G) : phobia hydrophobia (any ! "Morbid fear of water) >) i therapy "hydrotherapy (scientific : use of water in the or : treatment of diseases) : ik not egal iNegal (not legal Sof legible illegible (cannot be ! read) [ . ig, legitimate illegitimate (not mn : legitimate; bom out of wedlock) Lt ; ; logical illogical (not logic: fo - without reason) : : . i im- not material immaterial (not ' important) dt : r i mature immature (not fully I grown) i ; > measurable immeasurable {cannot 9 be measured) | movable ° immovable (cannot be { moved) . moral immoral (net moral: | contrary to conscience) g perfect imperfect (not perfect) in- not accurate inaccurate (not . accurate) active inactive (not active) Simezyvilie Peta lew‘1 advisable inadvisable (unwise) Prefix inter- intra- 224 Meaning attention capable compatible decent efficient together, mutual continental marry district within mural Cellular muscular not rational regular Fey le Big Root Word Den Example with Meaning inattention (lack of attention) inca pable (not capabre) incompatible (not . harmonious) indecent (contrary to good taste) inefficient (not efficient) intercontinental (capable of reaching from one continent to another) intermarry (fo marry each other, especially with someone who does not belong to the same religion or class) inter-district (interact with other districts) intramural (taking place within the school) intracellular (occurring within the cells) intramuscular (occurring inside the muscle) irrational (not within reason; absurd) itregular (not regular) ———-_. kilo Pref mis-Chapter 2 responsible irrosponsibla (not responsibla) revocable inavocabla (cannot be ‘ revoked) kilogram (one thousand kilo” one gram thousand grams) liter kiloliter(one thousand liters) ton kiloton (one thousand tons) watt kilowatt (one thousand . : watts) Prefix .Meaning ‘RootWord . Example with Meaning mis- bad, ‘adventure misadventure wrongly, © (unfortunate event) incorrect : arrange misarrange (to arrange . _ wrongly) : behavior misbehavior (improper conduct) deed misdeed (fmmoral act) judge .misjudge (to judge , unfairly) manage * mismanage (fo manage improperly) match mismatch (to match ; inappropriately) mal- bad, function malfunction (failure to Jimmzyvitle Publications §=— | 23non Prefix Post. ay ictective not Meaning after FOr Pate, Chapter 2 nutrition treat commissianed compliance conductor cooperation partisan profit seclarian Root Word date Staduate: function) malnutrition (faulty nutrition) maltreat (to treat badly) noncommissioned (nox holding commission) noncompliance {failure ip comply) nonconductor (cannot conduct any form of emergency) ho cooperation (failure fo cooperate) nonpartisan (not controlled by any political party) nonprofit (not organized for making profit) nonsectarian (not associated with any religion) Example with Meaning Posidate (io assign a date iater than the actual date) Postgraduate (Pertaining 10 3 course taken after one has finished Calaureate degree)pre re- before again humuous mortem nuptial war condition determine fabricate historic mature view act activate posthumous (arising after one’s death) . Posthumous book (published after the author's death) postmortem (performed after one’s death) postnuptial (occurring after marriage) postwar (after the war) - ’ precondition (a condition to be met before a certain point should be done) predetermine (to determine beforehand) prefabricate (to buiid hand) prehistoric (belonging to a .period before any written history) Premature + (occurring before the natural period begins) ° preview (an advance showing of a motion picture) Te-act (act again) reactivate (fo make i active again)ene Prefix semi- sub- Meaning hatf, partly under, below mara cop elect Root Word cover lease sign tire visit automatic circle private committee lease reelect (0 efect again) * capture recapture 4, capture again) Example with Meaning recover (10 Obtain, again) re-cover {10 Cove; again) release (lo sef free) tetease (fo rent again) resign (te give up a job} re-sign( fo sign again) retire (to withdraw from work at proper age) te-tire (to provide a tire again) revisit (fo visit again) semiautomatic (partly automatic) semi-circle (arranged like half of a circle) semiprivate (partly Private) subcommittee (a committee under another committee) Sublease (to obtain 4 | | |lease under another : | t lease) | ! standard substandard (below g i . standard) n | secretary sub secretary (a f secretary under another secretary) r | super- above, more than natural supernatural ( ' believed to be with power beyond that of the known forces of / nature) : ! . i ‘ ' sonic supersonic : ! . (characterized with : speed more than that of { a sound) | Prefix Meaning Root Word Example with i Meaning trans- across or transform (fo change : through form through making another i shape) oceanic transoceanic (one that _ Can go across - the i ocean) ' plant transplant (fo plant | ' something to another : place) ultra- beyond; extremely modest ultra modest | (modest beyond compare) © s t vires ultravires (beyond the : lawful power of a | corporation) k }. Jimezyvidle Publications = | 27