“THE IMPORTANCE OF APOPTOSIS IN GROWTH

And STUDYING THE IMPACT OF DEFECTIVE

CELL”

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
MEDICAL RADIATION TECHNOLOGY

BY
ANIL KUMAR GOUDA
BSC-MRT
221704400002
(2022-2023)

1|Page
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that dissertation entitled “THE IMPORTANCE OF APOPTOSIS

IN GROWTH And STUDYING THE IMPACT OF DEFECTIVE CELL”
submitted by me to Centurion university of technology and management is record
of bonafide work was carried out under the super vision of Professor Sonalika
Mohapatra, School of Paramedics and Allied Health Sciences .

I further declare that the work reported here has not been submitted and will not
submitted either in part or in full for the award of any other degree or diploma in
this institute or any other institute or university .

2|Page
 Place-
Date - Signature of the Candidate

CERTIFICATE

This is to clarify that the dissertation entitled “THE IMPORTANCE OF

APOPTOSIS IN GROWTH And STUDYING THE IMPACT OF DEFECTIVE
CELL”submitted by Anil Kumar Gouda , is a record of Bonafede work carried
out by the student under my supervision, at SOPAHS(CUTM),as per her academic
code of the university .

The contents of this report have not been submitted and will not be submitted
either part or in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma in this institute
or any other institute or university.

Place –
Date - Signature of the Guide

3|Page
 TITLES :-
• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY
• CELL DEATH
• NEED OF APOPTOSIS
• MORPHOLOGY FEATURES
• IMPORTANCE OF APOPTOSIS
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

4|Page
 INTRODUCTION :-
• Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death.
• Bio-Chemical events lead to characteristics cell
changes (morphology) and death.
• These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear
fragmentation, chromatin condensation and
chromosomal DNA fragmentation.
• Between 50 and 70 billion cells die each day due to
apoptosis in the average human adult.
• For an average child between the ages of 8 and 14,
approximately 20 billion to 30 billion cells die a day.
.

5|Page
 HISTORY :-
• German scientist Carl Vogt was first to describe the
principle of apoptosis in 1842.
• In 1972 Kerr first introduced the term apoptosis in a
publication.
• Kerr received the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig
Darmstaedter Prize on March 14, 2000, for his
description of apoptosis.
• The 2002 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to
Sydney Brenner, Horvitz and John E. Sulston for
their work identifying genes that control apoptosis.

CELL DEATH :-
Cell die by one of two mechanisms-
- Necrosis - Death By Injury
- Apoptosis - Death By Suicide

6|Page
Apoptosis and necrosis have different characteristics.

7|Page
NEED OF APOPTOSIS :-
• Apoptosis is needed for proper development Examples:
I. The resorption of the tadpole tail
II. The formation of the fingers and toes of the fetus
III. The formation of the proper connections between
neurons in the brain
IV. Apoptosis is needed to destroy cells
V. In cancer clinical trials, apoptotic cells were
identified. The strong apoptosis in primal skin
carcinomas has, for example, clarified the
comparatively slow growth of these tumours, due to
their higher mitotic levels. Enhanced apoptosis has
occurred in highly radioactive cells and cytotoxins,
indicating that cancer therapies should be done with
medicines that raise the rate of apoptosis . While
apoptosis were later shown to cause cancer, they
were instead translocated to folic lymphoma with a
cell-death excitatory protein.
VI. During growth and aging, apoptosis usually occurs
as a homeostatic process in order To sustain tissue
cell communities. Apoptosis happens in the digestive
system or where illness or dangerous medications
kill cells as a protective mechanism

Apoptosis in cancer : from pathogenesis to

treatment

8|Page
 MORPHOLOGY FEATURES :-
• Cells shrink and round up.
• Cells become more dense.
• Cells detach from neighbors.
• Phagocytosis by surrounding cells.
• Removal of apopotic bodies.

9|Page
 IMPORTANCE OF APOPTOSIS :-
• Important in normal physiology/development…..
• DEVELOPMENT :- Immune system maturation,
Morphogenesis, Neural development.
• ADULT :- Immune privilege, DNA damage and wound
repair.
• EXCESS APOPTOSIS :- Neurodegenerative diseases.
• DEFICIENT APOPTOSIS :-
1.Cancer
2.Auto-Immunity

10 | P a g e
CONCLUSION :-
• A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in
a cell lead to its death.
• This is one method the body uses to get rid of unneeded
OR abnormal cells.
• The purpose of apoptosis may be blocked in cancer cell.

REFERENCES :-
• https://www.slideshare.net/saquibkhan5/apoptosis-
28305415
• https://www.slideshare.net/santupolley/apoptosis-
33554201
• https://slideplayer.com/slide/4653055/

11 | P a g e