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Strength Concrete
• This work also formed the basis for ASTM C 227, the mortar-bar
test procedure.
4
Methodology
To check the potential of alkali silica reactivity, five (5) different
commonly used sources have been selected due to the ambiguity
regarding their potential reactivity.
6
Methodology
The proposed sequence of work is as follows.
7
Aggregate Samples
Mortar cubes (25mm x 25mm x 25mm) Mortar prisms (40mm x 40mm x 160mm)
9
Samples after Casting
Fineness
ASTM C184 98.6% Min. 90%
(Passing #200)
Percentage (%)
Percentage (%)
40
60
30 50
40
20
30
20
10
10
0 0
Dolerite Quartzite* Rhyolite* Quartz* Muscovite/Sericite Calcite Hematite
35 40 Quartzite Mineralogical Composition
Mineralogical Composition
30 Dolerite 35 Rhyolite*
Percentage (%)
25 30
20 Percentage (%) 25
15 20
10 15
5 10
0 5
Calcite
Plagioclase
Sericite
Amphibole
Epidote
Ilmenite
Quartz*
Pyroxene
Chlorite
0
Quartz* K-feldspar Plagioclase Sericite Calcite Ilmenite or
leucoxene
Dolerite Mineralogical Composition Rhyolite Mineralogical Composition
18
Petrographic Examination
45 50
40 Tuguwali Hills Source 45 Mach Hills Source
35
40
Percentage (%)
30
35
Percentage (%)
25
30
20
15 25
10 20
5 15
0 10
Sericite
Calcite
Quartz*
Ilmenite
K-feldspar
Plagioclase
5
0
Quartz* Muscovite Chlorite Calcite Magnetite
120
Mineralogical Composition Mineralogical Composition
100
Kamser Source
Percentage (%)
80
60
40
20
0
Dolomite Argillaceous content Hematite
and fine grained
Quartz*
19
Mineralogical Composition
Petrographic Examination 60
50
Jhelum River Source
Percentage (%)
40
30
20
10
0
Quartzite* Sandstone*
120 Mineralogical
70 Composition
Quartzite 60
Sandstone
100
50
Percentage (%)
Percentage (%)
80
40
60
30
40
20
20
10
20
0 0
Quartz* Muscovite Quartz* Feldspar Calcite Muscovite Hematite
Quartzite Mineralogical Composition Sandstone Mineralogical Composition
Petrographic Examination
90
Reactive Mineral (Quartz)
80
70
Percentage (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sheikh Hills Tuguwali Mach Hills Jhelum Kamser
Hills River Mountain
Aggregate Source
21
Mortar Bar Test ASTM C 227
0.07
Sheikh Hills Source
Tuguwali Hills Source
0.06 Mach Hills Source
Jhelum River Source
Kamser Mountain Source
0.05
Expansion (%)
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 50 100 150 200
Period (days)
22
Mortar Bar Test ASTM C 1260
According to ASTM C 1260, sources are considered alkali silica
reactive if expansion is more than 0.2% after 28 days
0.35
14 Days Expansion
28 Days Expansion
0.30 14 Days ASTM Limit
28 Days ASTM Limit
Expansion (mm)
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Sheikh Hills Tuguwali Mach Hills Jhelum Kamser
Hills River Mountain
Aggregate Source 23
ASR Effect on Compressive Strength
In ASTM C 227 conditions, there is slight decrease in strength
for Sargodha sources.
45
1 Month Control Sample
40 1 Month Sample under ASR Condition
6 Month Control Sample
Compressive Strength (MPa)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Sheikh Hills Tuguwali Mach Hills Jhelum River Kamser
Hills Mountain
Aggregate Source
(C.V. 2.89% within ASTM limit i.e., 3.8%) 24
ASR Effect on Compressive Strength
In ASTM C 1260 conditions, there is a decrease in strength for
all the sources.
35
Control Sample Sample under ASR Conditions
30
Compressive Strength (MPa)
25
20
15
10
0
Sheikh Hills Tuguwali Mach Hills Jhelum Kamser
Hills River Mountain
Aggregate Source
(C.V. 2.32% within ASTM limit i.e., 3.8%) 25
ASR Effect on MOR
In ASTM C 227 conditions, there is slight decrease in strength
for Sargodha sources.
18
1 Month Control Sample
16 1 Month Sample under ASR Conditions
6 Month Control Sample
14 6 Month Sample under ASR Conditions
Modulus of Rupture (MPa)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Sheikh Hills Tuguwali Mach Hills Jhelum River Kamser
Hills Mountain
Aggregate Source
(C.V. 4.97% within ASTM limit i.e., 5.1%) 26
ASR Effect on MOR
In ASTM C 1260 conditions, there is a decrease in strength for
all the sources.
14
Control Sample Sample under ASR Conditions
12
Modulus of Rupture (MPa)
10
0
Sheikh Hills Tuguwali Mach Hills Jhelum River Kamser
Hills Mountain
Aggregate Source
(C.V. 4.76% within ASTM limit i.e., 5.1%) 27
ASR Effect on UPV
In ASTM C 227 conditions, there is slight decrease in velocity
for Sargodha sources.
1 Month Control Sample
1 Month Sample under ASR Conditions
6 Month Control Sample
6 Month Sample under ASR Conditions
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (m/sec)
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Sheikh Hills Tuguwali Mach Hills Jhelum Kamser
Hills River Mountain
Aggregate Source 28
ASR Effect on UPV
In ASTM C 1260 conditions, there is a decrease in velocity for
all the sources.
5000
Control Sample Sample under ASR Conditions
4500
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (m/sec)
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Sheikh Hills Tuguwali Mach Hills Jhelum Kamser
Hills River Mountain
Aggregate Source 29
Conclusions
I. Chemical analysis of ordinary Portland cement confirms the presence of
higher alkali content for local brands i.e., greater than 0.8%.
III. ASTM C 227 has shown less expansion ranges from 0.05-0.07% for all the
sources from Sargodha and less than 0.04% for Jhelum and Kamser sources.
IV. ASTM C 1260 has shown more accurate results in accordance with
petrographic results and all the sources from Sargodha are found reactive
having expansion greater than 0.2%. However, similar results are observed
in case of Jhelum and Kamser sources.
30
Conclusions
V. More prominent reduction in flexural and compressive strength is observed,
at later ages ranging from 23-28% for Sargodha sources.
VII. On the basis of results, it seems that ASTM C 1260 is more effective standard
against slow reactive aggregates. Moreover, flexural strength of concrete will
be more effected as a result of ASR.
31
Recommendations
I. ASTM C 1260 needs to be considered for detection of alkali silica reactivity
as it is quick and give better results.
II. For construction purposes, aggregates from Sargodha source can be used after
applying precautionary measures to prevent ASR.
III. In future studies, effect of Pozzolanic materials to control the expansion due
to ASR need to be studied.
32
References
• ASTM C 227 “Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity
of Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)”.
33
References
• Diamond, S. (1989). “ASR-Another Look at Mechanisms,”
Proceedings, Eighth International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate
Reaction, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 83-94.
• Johnston, C. D. (1986). “Alkali-Silica Reactivity in Concrete-
Importance of Cement Content and Alkali Equivalent,” Proceedings,
Seventh International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, pp. 477-482.
• Meissner, H. S. (1942). “Discussion: California Experience with the
Expansion of Concrete through Reaction between Cement and
Aggregate,” ACI Journal, Proceedings V. 38, Jan., pp. 209-366.
(Discussion, Nov. 1942, ACI Journal, Proceedings, V. 39, pp. 236.1-
236.7).
• WAPDA Study Report. (2004). “Concrete Materials Studies”. Mangla
Dam Raising Project.
34
References
• Oberholster, R. E., and Davies, G. (1986). “An Accelerated Method
for Testing the Potential Alkali Reactivity of Siliceous Aggregates,”
Cement and Concrete Research, V. 16, pp. 181-189.