Example 83 : The vapour pressures of n-heptane (A) and n-octane (B) are given in the following table. Assume that Raoult's and Dalton's laws apply, compute vapour-liquid ‘equilibria at constant pressure of 101.525 kPa Holling point of n-heptane (A) = 3714 K (98.4 C) Boiling point of n-octane (B) = 398.6 K (125.6° C) Data T.3C oR 108 110 ns) 730 1356 TK 37L4 378 383 388 393 398.6 pa. kPa, 101.325 | 125.323 | 139.988 | 159.987 | 179.985 | 205.316 reskra | 44396 | 55505 | o4s2s | 74.795 | 86.659 | 101.325 ‘Solution : The more volatile componcal is a-hepiane (A) X =A, = mole fraction of n-heptane in the liquid Yq = mole fraction of n-heptane in the vapour Here we have to compute the vapour-tiquid equilibrium compositions at different temperatures by using the following relationships : Where P is pressure of the system (101.325 kPa). p= and pare the vapour pressures of vhetane and n-octane, respectively. 1. At T=3714K (98.4°C) P= 101.325 kPa, p = 101.325 kPa and pl = 44.396 kPa Ppl _ 101.325 ~ 44.306 = oP = hscinee = 10 pop 7 101325— 44.396pis | 1013251 oo ee = ph fp = 101.325 /44.396 2 MT=ITIA, x= 10, y= 10 and a= 228 2. ALT=378K (105°C) P= 101325kPa, p= 1253294KP4 and ph =55595 KPa 101 325-5505 Fe 1as303 0.655 y= 1283230655 4519 mote ction of plane in vapour and x = 125323758595 = 2.25 Similarly alae yond oe Yenaaing topes me | 5K x y @ ve fara 10 ve | 28 ws | 3 | 06 | osio | 225 uo | a | oss | o6rs | 27 us | a | os | os | 2 vo | 3 | oir | oz | 208 256 00 co | 203 Average vale oF oe pee This provides arelation between y and xat 101.325kPa Example 8.12 : 100 kmol/h of a feed containing 35 mole % methanol is to be continuously distilled in a fractionating column to get 96.5 mole % methanol as a distillate and 10 mole % methanol as a bottom product. Find the motal flow rates of the distillate and the bottoms, Solution : Basis: 100 kmolis of feed 1%; = mole fraction of methanol in the feed 36 3-036 ay = mee son of hla dln = 9S cones te = de ton of etn inboxes i =e Let Fan be eo lw Kh, fet ita to proc pay vera mer ance : Mater ane mena ek iy Dig W ‘Substituting the values of F, xp, xy, and Xin above equations aOverall material balance : F=D+W Material halance of methanol : Xe F = ty: Dt xy W Substituting the values of F, xp, xy, and xin above equations 100 = D4 W D = 10-W 0.36% 100 = 0.965 D+0.1W 36 = 0.965 (100—W) + 0.1 W W = 69.95 kmovh | Ans. and D_= 3005 kmol/ ca Ans, Example 85 5 For she system n-heptane and n-octane given in exercise 8.3, construct Texand T-y plows: Solution : Boiling point of n-heptane (A) = 371.4 K 84°C) Boiling point of m-cctane (B) = 398.6 K (125°C) ‘On the ordinate through x=0, y =0, mark the boiling point of n-actane (398.6 K) ‘On the ordinate through x = 1, y= 1, mark the boiling point of n-heptane (371.4 K) BR 8S. sand Ty plots are shown in Fi BP ofA 0.001 02030405 06 0708 0910 rN x —— 5Example 8.11 : A liquid mixture containing 40 mole % methanol and 60 mole % water is Jed 10 a differential distillation at atmospheric pressure, with 60 mole % of the liquid is distilled. Find the composition of the composited distillate and the residue. Equilibria x oos [01 | 02 | 03 | oa | 05 y | 027 | ow | os7 | 06 | 073 | 07s Solutio Basis : 100 kimol of feed Let F, D, W be the kmol ofthe feed, dis Given : 60 mole % oF the feed is distilled D = 0.60% 100= 60 kmol We know F=D+w 100 = 604 W W = 40kmot ‘mole fraction of methanol in the fesd late and residue, respectively. 40 xy = PR -o4 Xw = mole fraction of methanol in the residue left inthe still, Rayleigh equation is: (6) RH. of this equation is evaluated graphica y-x 8 ordinate v/s x as abscissa and measuring the afea under the eurve between the limits x= xy and x= Xy. Las oree rasp caain~ ia (&) = (2) ~ ots Plot U/(y =) vis x and measure the area under the curve from xe= 050 till the area ‘equals 0.916 and then read the value of x representing x (composition of the resid). x 0.08 on 02 03 4 os y oa7_ | oa | os7 | os | 073 | 078 y-x | 454 | 32 | 27 28 30 36 From Fig. Ex 8.11, xy = 0.075 mole fraction of methanol in the residue. ‘Ans. ‘Yousg ~ composited distillate composition.Methanol material balance : Xp F = Yog * D+ xe W Yo. ave. (60) + 0.075 > 40 0.62 0.40% 100 Seale : Refer Fig. Ex 8. 20mm = 0.1 units 20 mm gE woe oon = arn (8) Area = 36.64 em" 4 till we get : area = 36,64 em? and read Xw. (yraxis scale) Measure the area under the curve from x; From Fig. Ex 8.11, xy = 0.075 mole fraction of methanol in the residue, xy = 0.075 Ans. Example 8.13 : A feed containing 40 mole % benzene and 60 mole % toluene is to be distilled in a fractionating column to get a top product (distillate) containing 90 mole % benzene and a bottom product containing not more than 10 mole % benzene. The reflux ratio of 3 kmol per kmol of product is used. Assuming feed to be a liquid at its bubble point (caturated liquid), find the number of theoretical plates required and the position of the feed plate by Lewis-Sorel method. x | 0 [oos [ar [02 [03 [04 [as [06 [07 [os [oo [7 0 {0.13 | 021 [0375] 05 [06 | 07 | 077 [oss | 09 [asst ‘Solution : Basis : 100 kmol of feed to the column Overall material balance : F =D+W F = 100=D+W (A) mole & benzene in the feed Mole fraction of benzene in the feed = 100 xp = 04si ly, the mole fractions of benzene he distillate and the residue are Xo = 0.9 and xy =O. Material balance af benzene + xP 04 100 ko Dey W 09D + 01W 09D +0.1W 100-w 0.9. G00 W) +0.1W 625 kmol = 37.5 kmot From Equation (A), Solving, we get and wa vebeos Reflux ratio ole tat = 3D 3615) = 112.5 kmot LatD = 1125437.5 = 150 kmol “The rectifying section operating line is L D- x. TaD *+TsD Yous = O.7S xu 4 0225 Since the feed is a liquid at its bubble point, we have Ly = yt F 112.5 + 100 = 212.5 kmot and La-W = 2125-62: ‘The operating Line of the stripping section is Yost = Yanet Yas = LAIS Xq)~ 0042 © Distillate composition - x, -0.9 Ya = X= 09“The value of x coresponding to ya = 0.90 from the equilibrium diagram (ig. Ex 8.13) Yaar = O78 %y 40795, 0.75 «0.79 40.228 = asis Obtain the value of x ftom the equilibrium diagram corresponding 10 Ya. Keer = 644 Yous = 075 Xe: +0225 Your = 0.75 x1644 +0225 = 0.708 Xisfrom the equilibrium diagram corresponding Yous is 0.492 yrs = 0.750.492 +0225 = 0504 ois ftom the equilibrium diagram corresponding 0 Yau i 0.382 Xewvis near o x, so that the feed should be intreduced on the 4 plate fm the top. For the tripping ection, the operating line is Sinus = LAIS Ky 0.082 ‘Writing m fr m for convenience You = LMS %y.,- 0012 Yous = LATS «0382 0.042 = 0.498 ‘usfrom the equilibrium diagram corresponding 0 Yous #8 0.298 Yous = LAIS 0298-0042 = 0379 oof oF OF G5 os OF Ce OT OB OoT0 Fig. Fx 8.13: Figuilibrium diagram for benzene toluene system Xnesftom the equilibrium diagram is 0.208 Yes = 1L4165> 0.208 - 0,042 = 0.252 Xpeg fom the equilibrium diagram is equal 10 0.120 ANS x 0.120 ~0,042 = 0.127 Xqerfrom the equilibrium diagram is equal to 0.048. 12 greater than xy = 0.1, one more step is incorporated so that the liquid phase composition obtained at any case should not be more than Xy.] Hence, there will be 7 plates in the column, a Ans,Example 8.14: A mizure of hencene and toluene conteining 60 mole % bencene is 1 be separated to give a product of 95 mole % benzene and a bottom product containing 10 mole % benzene. The feed enters a column at its bubble point. It is proposed to operate the column with reflux raiio of 2.5. It required to find the number of theoretical plates needed and the position of feed plate. Kquitibrinm data : x | 0 | aos | od | 02 04 [as | 06] 07 | Os | 09 | 10 y |e [ars [oor [oars 06 [a7 [arr loss [oo [ass [10 ‘Solution : Basis: Feed containing 60 mole % benzene Xe = mole fraction of benzene inthe feed mole % benzene / 100 0. i = 0.60 Sy = mole faction of benzene in the top product 95 = Tp = 095 mole fraction of benzene in the bottom product oo = 0-1 ‘MeCabe-Thiele method is used. ‘The operating line ofthe rectification section is having slope of R/R + 1, and intercept on y-axis equal to xy/R + I. The point of intersection of the operating line of the rectification section and the diagonal is ~ (xo, x9) ‘Slope of the operating line = R/R +1 where R = Reflux ratio = 2.5 With the help of given vapour-liquid equilibrium data, construct a plot of y v/s x. Point of intersection of this operating line with the diagonal is (0. Xp) = (0.95, 0.95)Draw the operating line of the rectification section through the point (0.95, 0.95) on the ‘diagonal and with intercept on y-axis equal to 0.271 ‘As the liquid is at its bubble point, the feed line is parallel to y-axis through the point (pon the diagonal. Draw feed line through the point (0.6, 0.6) on the diagonal and parallel to y-axis. (For feed at its bubble point, q = 1, thus, the slope of feed line is infinity.) Operating ine (0.95, 095) oo rectiying section i oa | 2 74 Fam. curve foo.0n) | os i mos : ; 03 s i 1 sl MD 22.! : | 3 secon | i S ar4Mos.on i i A we=00} _xp-006! 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 0B 09 10 Fig. Ex 8.14: Equilibrium diagram “The point of intersection of the operating line ofthe stripping section with the diagonal is, (wy) and it also passes through the intersection of the operating line of the rectification section and feed line. So draw the operating line of the stipping section through the point (0.1, 0.1) on the diagonal which will pass through the intersection of the feed line with the operating line of ‘the rectification section, Construct stages step by step and count them. Refer to Fig. Ex 8.14. ‘Number of ideal stages including the reboiler (from the plot) ‘Number of ideal/theoretical stages required in the column, = n-1=10-1=9 Ans. ‘The point of intersection of the operating lines of the stripping and rectification section lies ina triangle which represents the feed plate. Therefore, Position ofthe foed olate (from the alot) = St fram the tom Ans. “Example 8:15 + A mixture of benzene and toluene containing 40 per cent benzene and 60 per cent toluene is to be separated in a fractionating column to give a product (distillare) containing 96 per cent benzene and a hoitem product comtaining 95 per cent toluene. The (feed is a misture of two thind vapour and one third liquid. Find the number of theoretical stages required if reflux ratio of 1.5 times the minimum is used and if relative volatility is 25,Soto: Bass: Feed cotning 0 benzene and 0 toluene (y Wt) Molecula weight benzene = 78 Moleula weight of toluene = 92 xy = mole faction of tmzen ino fed 40 Fs “Do Te* 92 = 048 Similarly. x = mole fraction of benzene inthe distillate 96, = HT ~ 0966 at y= mole fraction of benzene in the botiom product ns 58 mtn 0.038 volatility = a=25 With the help of relative vlatii For genctting -y data, assume x =O, 0.1, 02, .. 1 and find the comesponding values ‘fy fom the relation J Beneratex-y data and plot y wx Similarly, evaluate values of y forthe remaining values of x. x [0 | o1 [02 | 03 | 04 [os [06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 v Le [ox [osss[ 052 [o0as [ora [07 [08s [oo | 096 | 10Procedure for finding out minimum reflux ratio Given : Peed is 213" vapour and 1/3** liquid, We have: ¢= fraction of the feed that is liquid 0.333 or 4. = 1-1, where f- fraction of the feed that is vaporised 0.667 333 Slope of the feed line Has Slope = tan 6 e cept on y-anis as = 7-037 = 0.06 Draw a feed line through the point (044, 0.44) on the diagonal with slope equal to 05 (with an angle equal to ~26.56°) oF with intercept equal to 0.66 which will cut the cquilibrium curve at point P. Through the point A (0.966, 0.966) on the diagonal. draw the operating line A — P of the rectification section (dotted line) and read y' and x’ from the yoanis and x-axis, respectively. [Which represents the condition for a minimum reflux], Minimum ress rio * Ry = =X from the plot 3°= 0515. x ‘m = 0515-03 =?! Given: Operating reflux: R= 1S Ra Given: Operating reflux ratio = R = 15 Rp R = 15x21=314 Operating line of rectification section Point A (0.966, 0.966) on the diagonal. Intercept of the rectifying section operating line is 0.232‘Draw the operating line of the rectifying section on the x-y diagram through the point A (0.966, 0.966) with intercept on y-axis equal to 0.232, Draw operating Hine of the suipping scetion stating fuom the point (00881, 0.058) on the diagonal passing though the ‘point Q (the point of intersection ofthe feed line and rectifying section line). Do step by step construction of stages between the equilibrium curve and the operating lines stating from the point A upto point B and couat the number of stages. From the plot (Fig. Ex 8.15) Number of theoretical stages required including the reboiler = n= 10 Number of theoretical stages required in the column =n—1 = 10-129 Ans. 10 zy (0.809, 0.260) os 08 o7 foc romeapit yos oss x=030 na Numba ofthecrateah os plates inctucing rboier = 10 02. on Wr Example 8.21 : A liquid mixture has a relative volatility of 2.5. Compute the vapour- liquid equilibria for the liquid mixture. The above mentioned liquid mixture is fed to a distillation column for separation purpose. Feed is a liquid at its bubble point containing 50 mole % of A (the more volatile component). The productdistillate is to contain 95 mole % of A and residue is to contain 10 mole % of A. Reflux ratio is 2.5. Calculate the number of ideal plates required and the Position of feed plate. Solution : Relative volatility = @ =2.5 _ ax YS Te@-Dx Sx 25x ¥ = THAS-Dx > TF 15xEvaluate y at different values of x und tabulate. For x = aoy For x Y= Tersxod = 0717 x [0 ]0i [02 [03 [0s [05 [06 [07] 08 | 09 TT y [0 10217 [0.385 | 052 | 0.62 0.714] 0.79 | 085 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 1 Xr = mole fraction of A in the feed = 50/100 = 0.50 Similarly, Xp = 095 and Xw 0.10 Draw the equilibrium curve, Draw the operating lines, The operating line of the rectification section has a point (Xp. Xp) on the diagonal. Intercept of the operating line _ _X» of rectification section > R+T ‘The point of intersection of the feed line with the diagonal is (X,, x) ie. (0.5, 0.5) and this line is parallel to y-axis through it as the feed is a liquid at its bubble point. Point of intersection of the operating line for the stripping section with the diagonal is (xy. Xy) ie. (0.1, 01), First draw the operating line of the rectifying section through the point (0.95, 0.95) on the diagonal and with an intercept on y-axis equal to 0.2714, then draw a feed line through point (0.5, 0.5) on the diagonal and parallel to y-axis. Then draw the operating line of stripping section through point (0.1, 0.1) on the diagonal and passing Uwough the Tine and the feed Tine. Construct stages representing, ideal plates between the operating lines and equilibrium curve starting from (0.95, 0.95) till we reach or cover point (0.1, 0.1) and count them. 1 (095,095) os os o7 Ios os mos 1 = ntrcpt uv U1 UZ US Ua Us Ub Ur UB UY 1Urom the plot [Number of ideal plates including the reboiler = a= 8 [Number of ideal plates inthe columa = a Position ofthe feed plate = 5 from the top. Example 822 : A rectification column is fed with 100 kmol/a of a mixture comaining [50 mole % hexaine and 50 mole % octane at 101.325 kPa absolute pressure. The feed is at its boiling point. The distillate is to contain 90 mole % hexane and the botoms 10 mole % hexane. The reflux ratio is 3 : 1. Calculate the kmoVh distillate and kmolh bottoms, and the number of theoretical trays needed for this separation. The equilibrium data for this system is given below ‘Mole fraction of hexone in tiquid, x | 10 | 0069 | 04 | 0192 | aoas | 0 ‘Mole fraction of hexone in vapour, y | 10 | 0932 | 078 | 0.538 | 01775] 0 ‘Solution : Basis : 100 kmolh of feed mixture F = 100kmol/s The feed contains 50 mole % hexane. Therefore, Xe = 0.5 mole fraction of hexane in the feed ‘Similarly, Xp = 0.90 and xy = 0.10 ‘Overall material balance F=D+w “Material balance of hexane : AgF = apD+ ay W 05x 100 = 09D+01W 100 = D+W W = 100-D 50 = 09D+0.1.(100-D) Solving, we get D = 50 kmoth W = 100-50=50 kmolh Distillate = 50 kmol/h Bottom product = 50 kmol/h Draw the equilibrium curve using the duta provided. Ap = 0.5 mole fraction of hexane. ince the feed is at its bubble point, the fed line is parallel to y-axis through (0.5, 0.5) on the diagonal,“We have xw = O01 The operating line of the stripping seetion has point (0.1, 0.1) on the diagonal and passes through the point of intersection of feed line and operating line for the rectification section. Locate the lines on the equilibrium diagram and construct stages representing ideal plates between operating lines and equilibrium curve starting from (0.9, 0.9) tll we cover point (0.1, 0.1), in the usual manner, 10 09 os] — ywex os os. “oa oa 02: 01 f770.4,04) 40 Food tine — 00 01 02 03 0% 05 06 07 OB 0910 From the plot Fig. Ex 8.22 Number of theoretical plates including the reboiler = 4 ‘Theoretical plates in the column = 4~ 1 Feed plate — 24 from the top 3 (09,09) Ans, Example 8.23 : 100 kmol/h of a feed containing 40 mole % hexane and 60 mole % ‘octane is 10 be distilled in a column consisting of a reboiler. plate and a partial condenser. The feed is a liquid at its boiling point and is fed into the reboiler from which a residue is continuously withdrawn. The reflux ratio is'2 kmol liquidkmol distillate. The distillate contains 80 mole % hexane. (i) Using the McCabe — Thiele method, calculate the bottom composition and moles of distillate per hour. Equilibrium data ¥lmole fraction of hexane) 70 | 069 [040 | 019 | 0045 (mole fraction of hexane) 10 | 0932 | 078 | 053s [0.1775Solution : Basis: 100 kmol/h of feed containing 40 mole % hexane. Draw the equilibrium curve and diagonal with the help of the datn provided. ‘The reetification section operating line aR tu Y= RT * RT Xo = composition of distillate mole fraction of hexane in the distillate = 0.80 R=2 (given) R22 Ret = 24073 i Xp _ O08 Intercept of the operating line = ey = 2 = 0.267 ‘The point of interccton of the operating line with the diagonal is (Xp, yo) 'e. (08, 08). Locate the point (0.8, 0:8) on the diagonal and draw the operating fine through it with slope ‘qual 100.67 or intercept on y-axis 0.267. ‘Step off theoretical stages and read the bottom composition. Theoretical stages including the reboe Reflux ratio Slope of the operating line Boitom prxluct composition = xy = 0.135 co AMS. ‘Overall material balance + F =D+W 00 G1a2 03 O* 05 OF 07 OB DIO Fig. Ex 823) 39.85 kmolh