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    67 views249 pages

    Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Revised Edition Gillesania

    Uploaded by

    Devie S. Ignacio

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 249
    Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics Rev Edit 1 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics trl 107 ron 20s SAN. The cardinal objective ofthis book is to provide reference to Engineering students taking-up Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics This may also serve asa guide to engifwering students who will be taking te ieimuse exaunination given by the PRC The book:hae 9 chapters. Each chapter prosents the principles and formulas involved, followed by solved problems and supplementary problems, Each step in the solution is carefully explained to ensure that it will be readily understood. Some ‘problems are even solved in several methods to give the reader a choice on the type of solution he may adopt ‘To provide the reader easy access tothe different topics, the ‘book includes index ‘Most of the materials in this book have been used in my review clases. The choice of these materials was guided by their effectiveness as tested in my classes [ih to thank all my friends and relatives who inspired me in writing my books and especially to my children and beloved wife Imelda who is very supportive to me Twill appreciate any errors pointed out and will welcome any suggestion for further improvement. DIEGO INOCENCIO T. GILLESANIA Cebu City, Philippines To my mother Tuminada, iy wife Imelda, ‘and our Children Kim Deunice, Ken Dainiel, ‘and Karla Denise ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS i Preface: vii Dedication, vill CHAPTER 1 Properties of Fluid 1 Types Find 1 Mass Density 2 Specitie Volume 3 Unit Weight or Specific Weight 3 Specific Gravity 4 Viscosity 4 Kinematic Viscosity 5 Surface Tension 6 Capillary 7 Compressiility 8 Pressure Disturbances, 9 Property Changes in ideal Gas 9 Vapor Pressure. 10 SOLVED PROBLEMS, T1023 SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 24 25 CHAPTER 2 Principles of Hydrostaties 7 Unit Pressure ny 7 Pascal's Law. 7 Absolute and Gage Pressures. 29 Variations in Pressure 31 Pressure below Layers of Different Liquids 32 Pressure Head. 33 ‘Manometers. 4 SOLVED PROBLEMS, 35 wo 68 ‘SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 68 t072 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS: iii CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 5 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces B Fundamentals of Fluid Flow Total Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surface B Discharge. Properties of Common Geometric Shapes. 76 Definition of Terms, Total Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surface 78 Energy and Head Power and Efficiency . Dams. st Bernoulli's Energy Theorem, ypes of Dams, 81 Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines Analysis of Gravity Dams 84 SOLVED PROBLEMS. Buoyancy 88 ‘SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS ‘Archimedes’ Principles 88 ‘Statical Stability of Floating Bodies. 90 Stress on Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels 96 Cylindrical Tank 96 CHAPTER 6 Spherical Shell 98 Fluid Flow Measurement Wood Stave Pipes. 98 Device Coufficients SOLVED PROBLEMS. $9 t0 195 ‘Head lost in Measuring Devices. SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 196 to 200 Orifice ‘Values of H for Various Conditions ‘Coptraction of the Jet. rifice under Low Heads. CHAPTER 4 vest Meter Relative Equilibrium of Liquids 201 Nozzle, Rectlinear Translation 201 Pitot Tube, Horizontal Mo! 201 Gates Inclined Motion. 202 Tubes. Vertical Motion. 203 Unsteady Flow (Orifice) Rotation 203 Weir. : Volume of Paraboloid 205 ‘Classification of Weis, Liquid Surfa SOLVED PRO} Conditions EMS. 210 to 240 Rectangular Weir. Contracted Rectangular Weirs Triangular Weits Trapezoidal Weirs ‘Cipollett Wetr. ‘0 Suttro Weir ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS iw ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS v Submerged Weir 305 CHAPTER 8 Unsteady Flow 306 ‘Open Chiat 481 SOLVED PROBLEMS, 307 371 pectic Enesgy 481 SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 3720374 Chezy Formula 482 “Kutter and Gungulllt Foranala 483 ‘Manning Forma 483 Bazin Forma. 483 CHAPTER 7 Powell guation 384 Fluid Flow in Pipes Uniform Flow 485 Definitions. Boundary Shear Stress. - Reynolds Number Normal Depth, 486 Velocity Distelbution in Pipes Most Efficient Sections 486 Shearing Stress in Pipes ‘Proportions for Most Eficient Sections 487 H in Pipe Flow ‘Rectangular Section Ag “Major lead Loss ‘Trapecoidal Section. 497 Darcy- Weisbach Forma, ‘Triangular Section 389 Value off Circular Sections 490 Moody Diagram Velocity Distribution in Open Channel 4 Manning Formula Allernate Stages of Flow oo Hazen Williams Foroula Froude Number. 492 Minor Head Lows. Criloal Depth oe Saxlden Enlargement Non-Uniform or Varied Flow 495 Gradial Enlargement anion 497 Sudden Contraction Flow around Channel Bends 500 Bends and Standard Fittings eG 501 0 547 Pipe Discharging ftom Reservoir 390 SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 7 to. 550 Pipe Connecting Two Reservoirs. 391 Pipes in Series and Paral. 392 Bguivalent Pipe 394 : Reservoir Problems. 394 Pipe Networks 298 SOLVED PROBLEMS 400 0476 SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS: 47 0.480 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS aso wears oeTeR ONE 4 Chapter 1 Properties of Fl CHAPTER 9 Hydrodynamics Force against Fixed Flat Plates Force against Fixed Curved V Force against Moving Vanes Work Done on Moving Vanes, Force Developed on Closed Conduit Drag and Lift. Terminal Velocity tion of ids rst or in motion, and with applications and device: a Sa Fld mach ean be subi wo mr aes fits which SOLVED PROBLEMS, 5310597 des with id a ot fu aa conc wh ie n enon, ‘SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 597 to 598 emis wt ion we Aw where the gas an be considers eas withthe appliston of hid mechanics to engineering devices ee ally water or oil, Hydraulics deals with such problems APPENDIX Sethe peep tare ate Heres aeer parrieen ne crapen mer TRA eee cee Sica eat y Tis Ae HepetinctCommenGoselame20cccon AMM ryencefuia ‘Table A ~5: Surface Tension, Vapor Pressure, Fluid are generally divided into two cate, and Sound Speed of Water 602 * Table A - 7: Conversion Factors from BG to SI Units, 604 ae Table A - 8: Other Conversion Factors 605 ee {Have unlfornt velocity when wing 1 No friction beeen moving layers of id 1 {No cy curments ot INDEX I-IV Real fais Exhibit infinite viscose { Ner-unllorm velocity dstbution when fo {Compresibie ‘espertnce fiction and turbulence in lw 2 E HYDRAULICS Properties of Fis Real is ne further divided into onion lila an Newtonin fids Most uid problems assume real fds with Newtonian characteristics for convenience. This assumption i appropriate fr water at ase, steam, ed other simple ids like alcohol, gesline, acd solutions, ck. However, Sirs ps apes ay ot Dae aig ine Mad Tar) couarrenone 3 whe posto resarof in Ps R= gos constant Joule / Kg" Rearislt/siag™ re Saison Ue MASS DENSITY » (RHO) The density of uid sits mass per uni of wolume L any au Unit English < shgs/f Not: ag st g/m Foran ideal gas, ts density can be found from the specie gas constant and del gas aw: . one ia l oer Specie vohume, Vs the volume occupist bya unltmass af ful ee lUnrr WEIGHT OR SPECIFTE WEIGHT, Bpedic weight or uit weight, theweightof 4 charTERONE FLUID mechanics curtenone bg the upper plate will adhere to it and sil move with the same velocity U wh English = yt the lid contact withthe ied pla wl have a zero velo. Fr small a a0 as ae we acm y= distance between the plates in ft or er ‘Consider two large, parallel —s » Plats ata small dstancey part the space between ‘hem ng led ith Consider the upper pate to besuljes ta force Fao a fo The Mud in contact with cuaerenone ae omerencee 6 ee Cetus Srnonant ee ee chatty ao. Gugyttaey | ° sa ma Note: Tpolse=1dynes/crs'=0. Paste _(1dyne=105N) SURFACE TENSION o (SIGMA) The membrane of “skin” that seems to form on the fee surface of «li duet the intermolecular cohesive force, al is known ne sie fens Serface torsion hereon tht insects ae able fositon water anda neato abet oat ont. Surface tension alo causes bubbles ad droplet ta lake on 4 spc shape sine any othr saps would hive moe sie ae pr Prossure inside a Droplet of Ligue: pilry atin) is he nave given to the behavior ofthe il ina tbe The rise of fall or iid ina capliay tbe is caused by Shae tension and dens on the eatve magnitudes a the cohesion ofthe Taji and the adhesion of the liga tothe lls of the containing vessel Inui rise in tubes they wet adhesion > cohesion an fallin tubes they d HOt wot (cohesion > adhesion) Capillary is important when sing bes hls than about 3/8 inch (23 su in dameter (ae ee the formula comes b= cepllary tae or depres = ant yedght in N/m a SHAPTERONE Fup mecnames ciserenone og Pama alee SHYDRAUUCS, HYDRAULICS > 7 7 5 & -4 fq 1-15 Maver co airin BV ecg ry v rater 10 [heroine gies | a | A i gisele 1 [aytakobor gine 7 PRESSURE DISTURBANCES Pressure disturbances imposed on a fluid move in waves. The velocity or alerty of pressure wave (alo known as morc! oF soulc wlociy) i ‘COMPRESSIBILITY, Comprsiiity(lso knowa atthe cit of presi) sd eaeona ‘hange in the volume ofa fluid per unit changin pressure fn constant Temperature proces, Vp rag Shee Fi oh wy 1. tate "7 ra hee: ‘AV = chang in volume = orignal volume p= change n pressure V/V= change in volume (usally in pec) BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, Ey ‘The bulk modulus of lastty ofthe Mud expenses the compressibility ofthe fide isthe ratio of the change in unit premure to the corresponding, PROPERTY CHANGES IN IDEAL GAS For any ideal gas experiencing any process the equation of sat given by When temperature ished costant isothermal condi to (Car's Lan) yo mecrantes curren one 10. wiarrERone FLUID mcHanics uo necinn gees Properties of las ‘HYDRAULICS, For Adiabatic or Isentrpic Conditions (no heat exchanged) “able 14 Tp por rosa re] rare rps aie ia By. t-22 “con TZ propane —— nal eretd cl s= final absolute pressure of gs Vs = nal volume of gas Ves final volume o as ‘Tyna abut temperature of pas in °K (K 1 final allt emperatare of gsi K I> rato ofthe specie heat at constant pease to the specific het at ‘oruant vole. Also known as adiabatic exponent c+) and a volume of 0552 ou. ally. pane (0) specie eservolr of gycerin has a mass of 1,200 As (a) wight, () wat weg, () mass Molecular activity in tig wil allow some of the maleculer to ccape the lguld surface. Molecules ofthe vapor also condense hack int the Liu. The epecenticn Uenfentueete, Score en tee acsbte eee ate processes, The egullrum pressure exerted by these fee molculs i known Weight. W= Ms (2m Weight W=11772N of 1.772 EN Unit weight Some liqulds, such as propane, butane, ammonia, and Freon, have significant wopor premore at wormal tenpertare, Liquide nese ther baling point ot that vaporiaes ely ae sid to lie guide. Othe guid such as mercy, have mmigracant vapor pressures at the same tomperatre. igus with Tw ‘vapor pressure are used n accurate barometers The fener toward vaporization is dependent on the tmperatre ofthe ney gui." Boding ccs when the tid temperate i nereer Yo the pont vt 1 Fie Sone emer Rn he MRE tng) promos Dest.” apr “Thos a qui’ bing tomperstre depends onthe os ambient pee 36 Density, = 12605 kat wells dhe gutd’s tendency to vaporize e i (CHAPTER ONE FLUID MECHANICS Fuuip MecHANics eel 13 127 See ronecnaues BO tuo nec cnet i Sten Specific gravity, «= 1.2605 ae IB). Since the mass of an object is absolute, ts mass wil stl be 22 kg. tad ae = ee BGs id weight of » 44a boukder if ito brought Wo 0 place Where the Solution — (2) Specie weight-7= un 8 Specific weight y= 2 082 51.168 ys Specific weight y=981 = 082 = 8084 KN? Density, = pees Density; p= 198082159 stugyt Derwity p= 1000 082 ~ 820k? Problem 1-3 F SRE Gea a: Atte of water weighs about 275 N. Comput its mass kilograms, Solution Mass Mas = 328 Mass 0.9964 ‘Problem d Han object has a mass of 22g at sea level, a) what wil be its welght at a pint where the aceleration duet gravity = 975 m/s? (8) What wil be is acs that pin? W= 456580) W=298a5N Brass shi sina tee Nd See Tee igh? Solution suzekg/o Specie weight y= px Spectc weight y= 125 Nim TEHYORAULES, 14 Whats the space weight ofr at 450 KPa abolate and 21°C? where R= 2877/3-°K Brat-2) p= 5.689 kg = 8881 Nin Find the mass density of helium as terapeatue of 4°C and peseure of 184 Pa gage, atmospheric pressure i 1.92 KPa (R= 2079/4 °K) solution Density, p= Be = Poe Pam, wea inns po 28522 KFa 73-27% “aor Dey 9 445 hm? Density = Problem 1-9 152°C and 25 KP gage the specific weight of certain gas was 187 N/a? ‘ermine he gas constant of Ih ga 15 Solution 97 kg gop = (208+ 101.595)10 athe (Gas constant, R= 71887 Ig" I cee eern f 20 17 elle ed w ermpersine FAC Site container. What the mass of? Solution Mass = A clinical tank 8 co in ameter and 90 con high led with a gu ‘he taken the quid weighed 420k The weight ofthe empty tank te 40 ig What the unit weigh Giunrrenone 47 HYDRAUUCS Properties of Fad 16 Properties of Fluids HYDRAULICS: Solution M 420-40 = sao kg/ me Foy (090) v=ps i081) = 22404 fm Y= 82h jem dE . Iesd= 13 rass of 8g, What ithe length oft se? Sp. gr. of Solution Late the length of side ofthe cube Mepv m= (1000 <113) 10192 =192em A liguid compressed ina container hae a volume of Iter a pressure of 1 [MPa and a volume of 0995 liter at a pressure of MPa. The bulk modulus of last (Es) af the igi: ‘roblem t= 1a What prossue i required to reduce the volume of wer by 06 percent? Bull ‘modules of elasticity of water, Ey = 22CPa Problem 1-5 ; Wotor in a hydraulic pres, iilly at 137 KPa absolute, is subject to & rssute of 116280 KPa absolute.” Using Fy ~ 25 GPa, deteomine the Pecentage decease nthe volume of water Solution su gra. (116280-197)=10 Probier the resulting pressure assuming isothermal conditions. (b) What would have ben the presnure and temperature f he process is isentropic. Uso = 13 i covers on ees ac cies unpre one 18: Soar, ro mecovoncs He wc paceuncis 9 soon eos Boece tight ine what fore sequel to pula very thin plate of 0.7 area a P= KPa abs Dtonstart spect of 03m the plate 8 men rom one ofthe surface (0) Forisentropie proces nieapte nim Penoh epee Pe™ 1,060 kPa abs “Oy ter 4 yen we ELA | pe ny ty old a Bs ie eeahs 7 a eae ema ~ (a0) asss03)037 T= 4664°K oF 184C Does = 2S8HOSOS ogy Problem 1-17 c : sca Myo oC pea pepe 07 rian determine its absolute viscosity in Pas and ils Kinematic vices nm nd into, : Soliton Abcolute visosty TA oilindcr of 125 mm redius rates concentrically inside a fixed cylinder of oapa—s PO rm racius. Both cylinders ane 200 mm ong. Determine the isco of ape ea Me guid which lls the space batween the cylinders ia torgue of D88 N-m is 00002 Pas ited to maintain an angular velocity of 2x radians/sec Assume the Yeloity gradient vo Be a straight ine Kinematic west: oi. 000042 » Toto 0978) ano? me . stoke pitied +411 x10%stoke cunrenone 94 20 Proper of as "Cinncs Ie tvonauucs Solution (2, = 0) é Wano- -0 “wa poesia 1 U=0:2529) a Unazke m/s tracaana rae 176.8% 15¢~ ara (aay Torque = (0125) Torgue=sA (1125) (088 + {20125403 (0225) = 88 Pa recs 2958 ia *-9795/0005 ae rh ‘Problem 7-20 specrecanty fem 2-2 she pressure 125 m below the ocean? Use sp. g.= 1.08 for sat water lation poh p= Ost 1.09)025) p= 1263 ie Ng cunrrer Two FLUID MECHAM ‘uo wecranics cuarrer nwo 36 Prints of restates ORNS ME ertvoRAULics Principe of yarortates 37 Problem 2-3 Problem 2-5, 1 the pressure 23 meter below a liquid Is 3ML445 KPa, determines un eight mass density and specific rally Who preaure in the air space above an ol (¢= 075) surface in a closed tank is i Pa steam what fe gE mow i caface? Solution Solution (a) Unie weight» P= Pree +H ‘es -3e0) re Reninee Tihs prises mae) prune Maw dnt 9 ran =7 ea ae anf nb ta eth 10 below tb ra of setuton 10 See pet on fal TBs «sayorsn a Pom = 100,329 kPa pa =1739 kPa Pree ae Problem 2-7 B % A prestireguge 6 m above the bottom ofthe tank containing a gui reads 9° Pa. Another gage height dm ends 103 KPa. Determine the spec weight of theliquld If the pressure a point inthe ocean is 0 KP, what the pressure 27 meters below this pain? Solution The dtferencen pressure betwen any two pon in solution liquid isp yh = 60 + (98101.05)27) 103 = 90= (2) po masakre Y= 65kNi carrer nwo 39 Preps oy PU AORAULIS Principe of Myerostates 38 Principies of Hydrostatics S HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS ples of Hiya Problem 2-8 An open tank contains 58 m of water {N/m ind the preasre eth interface anda the Batfom of he tank Solution (e) Pressure at the interface yh = 02 p= 288k (@) Pressure at he botom pa=Eth ites =n) +802) p= 52498 KPa bien atmospheric presture s 95,7 kPa al the gage atached to the tank reads 188 nmi vecuui, find the abyoltepresure within dhe tank Solution Tha Roe Por ee heer “par eyo) = 2:08 kPa vacourn 25.08 KPa pa 957 + (2508) P= 7052 KPa abs ‘Frobiem 2-10 The weight deny ofa gen 1210058 whey sin N/m an Nisin meters, Deerine the prose in KPa, at depth of Sm Since the density ofthe mad varies with depth, the pressure covered with 22 m of tects (= 8 =! should be solved by integration apy ‘p> 005m fee p= tok+02si? | fie ohh 106) 025651 -0 p= 5425 kPa jem 2 he gare shown ifthe atmospheric fre 101.02 KPa andthe able te at tho bottorn of the tank KPa, what te the specie gravity Gage pressure at te botiom fhe ark, p= 2913-20808 {Gage pressure at the bottom ofthe tank p= 13 poi Pe alle tele 97h Yt fous esi = eyes 2 Ot a9) + 90125) 981 <09y0.5) cunrrerTwo 4y cuarren Two ruvo nccnawes Mf suum uecvanes aces 0 Fn resets ‘Shrowauiies |S HYBRAULICS Bese Problem 2-12 Problem 2-24 air ha constant pct weight of 2 N/m and ware incompresilff Comput te barons postu in Ka a an lite of 1200 mi he ‘what would be the height ofthe storphere te sospher pene gf pee sae evel 1013 KFa, Assume items conten 02 ean oakr oar ote gk solution seltion Height of atmosphere, = & % =] _ isto! ee Taz Height of atone A= = 8806 Probl 2-15 (CE Board May 19 = oo00T85p Assming ssc wight off bm constant at 12 N/m what th {pproxint ght of Nout Barahaw a meray barre a bse p= (9000185 980 ‘kemoursn rtd 4m rede sae anesthe roe a sande top of he mountain ead 8 oe Sohtion " ap 0001163 fo wep Jogggy evo | anp=tn 101310) =-00n01630200-0) inpottsis Fra rete * 1h (ahaa ean (Ha (981013 6N0.658) = (9810 x 136,048) = 12 W195 m ag. aaa) 25 deraae Be Principles of Mydrostatier FLUID MECHANICS ‘EHYORAULES 50 Problem 2-27 (CE Board November 2001) Determine the value of yn the manometer shown nthe Figure. He soltion : ‘Summing-up pressure head from in || mses 5p +39-106= 2 lL Pl whet te y=0224 aaa ean carrer To impeantics Prior ot Problem 2-28 (CE Mey 1993) In the figure shown, when the , fanpelempy ie wae sua at pont Aad the mercury of sp Be 1955 shows a defection of TB Sm Determine the ew Aeecton of mereury when the tl wih water to Cian 4 Nw TE F ee Save for yn Figure Sump preaure head from A tin mete A + y-o25(13585)= BE o¥y-205=0 51 iparosatls pee r L Sk eae, pees 52. siarten Two Lup mecHanae is: Pe ‘Principles of Hydrostaties 5 HYDRAUUGS Bo DRAULics Principles of ydrastotee Inga sprees Coe as ‘When he fae i file with water point will ove down Pe sya x= Pe ‘with the same value as point 2 moving up to 2” igi Y 134y-* InFigure Fa.) Suu presare heed for 8 to Po +08+yox-G+ 015+ 90889 Sump pressure head from 2 tom’ in meters of water: 0+080+ 203+ x- 271-20. meas =00 20051 m= 2 wozninory + 034186)- (02) em 0+ 272sin0 4134 +2726 Thfy-1=8168-2724in0 New reading, R=15 42 [New reading, R=21.2 em 5+ 20.1) fis6y-x=136-2) B1G-272sind= 3 sin = 03852 Problem 2-29 The pressud at point win the igure shown yas increased froth 70 KF fo 108 KPa. Tis causes the top level of mercury to move 29 mm inthe sloping fake, Whats the inlnation, 0? ose cylindrical tank contsne 2m of water, Sm of ol (¢= 0.82) an thea fol has presute of 30 KPa” If an open mercury manometer a the of he tok has 1m water, determine the deflection of mercy. Sum-up pressure head from odin ctr of water st +308) +2+1-yae)= 2 gh +246+3-136-0 20626 Four (0) In Figure) ‘cHapren nwo FLD MEQAAN 54 Principle of yarostatics &HVDRAUL Problem 2-31 The U-tube shown 10 mm in diameter Bi and contains mercury I 12 mi of water i poured into the righthand leg what we he ata eights the to legs? - 4 le jt Solving or hfe Volume of water= 4 (8) A 12cm? h=1528cm = 1528mm Since the quantity of mercury before and after waters poured ee ee 1298) = K+ 1208 2 4 F ‘eee Le mn ies MECHANICS cuaprer Two PAULICS Principles of ryarostatcs_— 95 InFigure Brteing-ap pecans et 0 HB tgmen of air: 2A s1sa8-n0n9 = Reni2imm Inka cs 1124+ 2r=240 438 am inate heighs in cach eg ight handle, = ox nis28+ 11438 Right-hand log, he = 26728 mm Lefohand leg he = Rx Paks 1438 ethan leg, = 125.62 mm lem 232 a gage reading of-171 kPa, fee the (9 cevntiorn of Tgvide nthe open eter columas FF, and fan! () the defection ofthe Mercury in the Ube Tanometer neglecting, the Iveight ofa. Poncples of yerostatics 56 Solution Cotamn & ‘Sum-uppresure head trom 1 n mets of wate. smo.) + mon) Surface elevation = 15 - hy Surface elevation = 15-25 ~ 125 m Colema F ‘Sum-uppresture head from I of meters of water, hs Pi syo7)-mny~ © Ht r21-me0 y= 0397 m Surface elevation =12 + Sueface elevation = 12 0387 = 12357 m carrer To Princpies of arose. FLUID MEcHaNes EHYDRAULCS 57 Columa 6 ‘Sumeup pressure head fom tog in meters of water, b ps2 d-toy=0 Iya272m suc eatin 875 % +907) +40) 10.6) = FE Deflection of mercury Some pressure head fran to 5in meter of wale Begs r4e4-mitny= 2 aR +101 -135 1kPs k= oom eee Foe 2-35 ction of 130 mang ith reopen manonter attached 10 pipe shows a deton of 150 Fancast 0 min low the cern of he plpe yng Iocan te presi a hecntetin ofthe pipe Solution Sump pressure ead fom to Dinmetes of water bh + 045-015036)= 2 na Bi 0as-208 oi pa t8 kPa ‘CHAPTER TO we Principles of Hyarostates, HYDRAULICS 58 Frncplerertyaoctatis EUS HYORAI Problem 2-34 For the configuration show calculate the welght ofthe piston ifthe premise ga ation ) Gage liquid = mercury, =O m Ssum-up pressure hea from tod in meter of water: Be seeneits@y rise 2 Ps =15-01+010138) PS -an6mof water ma Solution Sium-sp pressure heed from IW) Gage quid = carbon tetrachloride Ato Binmeters of water, c reeling 4.105 = 2 Susp pressure head from tin meters of water i i Bs eon-nsy-2-15~ 2 pile ash F r ani" 3a 784k TPs -15+056 f 1 i PLP aan i Weigh where 2 - EL 276 m > trom a) fe he 276215 +059 k= 2136m Weight 61.61 kN a the figure shown, determine Mh height of water and the Tending at A hen the te pressure at Bis 200 bem 2-35 Two vessels ae connected to diferential manometer wing mercury. connecting tubing being filled with water The higher preseure veel i 15 Tower levation dan the other. (2) I the mercy reading 10 men is tho pressure hea ciference in meter of water? (If carbon teeaclori (c= 138) were used itead of mercury, what would be the manomel Toulng forthe sme presse diffrence? 59 60 Princes oF ytrostais Solution Sum-up absolute presure head from Bo Zimmer of water, 2 -o7ae)-n= Be FR -952 aE 2203 Sum-up absolute pressure head from B to 4 in meters of water Bt .a7qa0)+07= 26 -9snsa7— ds. bs vat p= 25 a abe Problem 2-37 Inthe figure shown, the atzompheric pressure is TOL ¥Pa. the gage Feading at Ais 40 kPa. and the vee pressure of acohai is 12. Ea Shoot, Compute +y ey? Solution Sun-up absolute pressure he fom penises, 1To2in meters of water, A Ft -yos) Be ee] | HA 94 32 a 9a1 ar yr list enepiesorryorontis OT Suanayp pressure (gage) hea from 1104 in eters of water AL + a9) +13(09)-13036)= fo roo t0s1=0 seissim Then, += 2842 Rey ora ae Problem 2-38 Tones or the manometer setup shown, Mictermine the difrence in pressure btcen A and & Solution x+068 1246 kPa IDMECHANICS cHaPreR TWO HYDRAULICS Priniplesoryrosatcs 3. figure shown, the 1 Inially ining the pressure at B tant what lle the ne” ery deflection? ase wee Four (2) owe) In igure sume-up pressure hon from A to B in meters of water PA .96-025(136) + 025+21 65m of water ‘cuaerer nwo 64 Princes of Hydrostatic: In Figured pi'= py +40 Stunvup presse head fom Ato Win meters of water 286-1. 025+29136+ 235+! aa 9g x 34-273008: New mercury deflection =250 +21 = 25 2162) New mercury deletion = 574mm Problem 2-4 ln the figure shown, determine the i and ce i presure between pin aes ue Pincpleseltyerorutes 5 cin Sup pressure head from A to 8 n meters of water, 2A. +0288) -0.09013.6)-0.31(082) + 025-0:(00012) Ba Po 1.0503 mo water 981(1.0523) «1032 Ps a jem 2 a2 GE Baa unig roma baronies pressure, how deep in te ocean the pt ler ana Bue po reaching the surface ha sb tines te vole an fa he btn? olution Applying Boyle's Law (asruming cher condition) tVinnval re t018 + 981.03) 1013+ 10108» Vr=6v ania 10910%Y =1036) (tbh 10136) 1013 currereo Real sec qurren two ee — cae us tcc: 67 Problem 2-43 ‘vertical tube, 3m long, with one end lose is inserted vertically, with ‘open en down, into a tank of water to sich adept that en open anos connected to the upper end ofthe tbe ads 199 min of mercy, Neg ‘vapor pressure and asuuing normal canons, how fri the lower end {he ute below the water arface inthe tank? the pressure in ai iid the tbe uniform = n= 200124 Ps Bere old s.sth; =208m hen, <= +y- 208 +0495 122538 Solution aaa le consisting of «cylinder 15 em i dlametor and 25cm high has neck fs S cm diameter and 25 cin long, The bot is inserted vertically in fit te open end down, such thatthe neck ix completly fled with Pind the depth to which the open end i submerged Assume normal ric pressure and neglect vapor pressure Applying Boyle's Law rhenvs the bottle was sented Wolume of Y= 209 25) F6H5) Before the tube was inverted ‘Absolute pressure of i inde, p)= 1013 4 | Volume fair inside Vy = 34 jamie Absolut pressure p= 10135 When the tube was inserted ‘Abichiteprstue of ar nade ps = 101.3 © 9.8(136)0.25) Abelute pressure ofa nie pr 12131 KPa Volume oar inside the take, Vs = (8 yk the ote insert Wetare ofa: va $058 05) Yy=44179.an rss isi. > 101325 + 9814 bin nvs, 013 (34)=1m191[(3-9)A] 3-y=2505, y=0455 = InMi-rvl 11 325(4.90878) = 01298 + 981 14.4179 01305 +981 = 1256 = Got = 13.64035) pe 200124 KPa coarten ro, FLU wee coueter wo G8 principles at ydostats Ho Pinos ot hyenas Problem 2-45 A bioycle tre is infiste at sea level, where the atmorphercpresure I Pan and the temperature 621 °C, o 45 KPa Assuming the te doe expand, what s the gage pressure within the te onthe top oft where the altitude i 6,000 m, atmosphese pressure is 4722 KPa, and Temperatireis5°C. jlementary Problems ym 2-46 her report indicates the baromezi presure i 25 nches of mu the amorphere pressure in pounds per squat inch? ns 1402 pi ae mat E H ‘ the shown is filled with ofl, Determine the pressure heads at 8 and Cin Absolute temperature of i.) =21 #273 = 28°K One tp te moa Die prea p= 47.2 +p ‘Since the tite did not expand, volume of ait, V:= V a Ante npr af a Toes De one PM. «via Th: aed 38630) | (7224p = Ea 7R+p=5037 You e=oas he tank shown in the igure compat the pressure a points B,C, D-and p= 469.5 kPa PhP Neg the unit weight o a Ans: pe 48:76 = o=49ipe~ 21.8 70 _ racy orjrostnes IMG HYonAU Pincplesottyererttce OF Problem 2-49 A gies (babe ep the smspnce IRIE fe shor too Oa ‘ontnne ol and water, determine the spetic gravity of theo ee ne her report indicates the barometic pressure is 2854 inches of mercury. othe atmospheric pressure in pounds per syuare nck? Ans 1402p 2-47 be shown sill with oi. Determine the pressure heads at B ane Cin tater Probiem 2-50 glass 12cm tl filled with wate is invert The bottom i open, What the pressure at the closed end? Barometi pressures 10135 KPa is 10015 Problem 2-51 In Figure 13. im which Nui sl pressure of 700k rst be achieve? ‘nev he tank showa in the igure, compute the pressure a pols BCD, and £ Neplectthe unit sight fae wee fon Ans po = 49 p= p= 49: eer) vais Se 70 Princes oF yronaics ace Principle oftyrastaues 71 A glass Use open to the atmosphere at both ends i shown. fhe U iia tank contains water at height of 5 mn. as shown nse ew oman ol an water, determine the specif ravty of the Mopen cylindrical tank containing elsning fui (= 08) ata eight a pressure r= 124 KPa gageand = 1342 KPa gage. Assume the cleaning ls prevented fom moving tothe top ofthe tank. Use unit weight of T f= S79 LN) Determine the presse pin KPa, the val in r fe (¢) the value of i mllmatert. tf a As (a) 1288; (9 102: (6) 202 Problem 2 $0 A glass 12cm tall fille with water i inverted. The bottom s open. Wha ‘he presse at he closed end?” Barometric pressure is 101325 KP Problom 2-51 In igure 13.4 vebich Mud ila pressun of 700 KP ist be achieved? ‘ane ye ee Mierental manometer shown i measuring the diference i pressure wo ler pipe, ‘The indicating ligt is merry (ose gravity = 13.8) 675 Hers 225 mmy and fr is 300 mn. What is the pressure ciferenial eo al free the wo pe ace uit weight of concrete = 24) (usuly then as 235 KN/m}) vee hwteeesneaacH Factors of Safety actor of safety agai ding, Nc: Use (+ to set the stress at pit where Ry 6 earest_ In the dlagram Bown above, use) o get gy and () tm get pA negative stress indices fompresive sess and a postve ses indicates tna stron, ‘ice sol eannot cary any tensile stress, hers of Ei 3-14 is invalid f the es ls postive. Ths wll heppen i'e> 6/6. Should this happen, Eq 2-15 Wl be ured Factor of safety when: = coecen of fiction between the Bao the dam and the foundation | Bee Foundation Preaure Fores Fa eine al wd beng pane it zi ne a Aciiy=r * ioe 2 come rw Bag) RMT 3 CHAPTER THEE FLUIO MECHAM JD MECHANICS ane TER THREE Bo Total Hydrostatic Force on Suracst ‘EHYORA INVORAULICS Tota Hyer ‘BUOYANCY where: 7 anit weight ofthe Hi ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE Vex volume displaced. Volume ofthe body below he quid surface ‘A principle dicovere bythe Grek cenit Archimedes tha tats that“ yey, ei fares ating aed ply conditions of sat ody nerd na fic ap bya per force argon fr) eal Pa eight ofthe dpe hie principle, seo known ao the Iw of hydstatiy,applicn to both oa and submerged bodies, and all i, mogencous sold body of volume V fag” in @homogencaus Aula ‘Consider the body shown in Figure 3-9 immersed in uid of uit weight * i ‘The horizontal components of the force acting on the body are all ‘quium, since the vertical projection ofthe body in oppente sides is Deereecnied same. The upper face ofthe Body Is sujet to a vertical downveard Yoo BEE = Tey ‘whic sequal othe weight of the uid above it and the lower face isu spar oflgnid ~ Taqus to an upward force equal to the weight of eal or Imaginary lquk!above ‘The net upward force acting onthe boy is the Pagan! ore fs the body of height # as «constant horizmntal cross-sections area such as erica cylinders, Hock, te spprotbody 5. Toots y apse) Taras Figure 3-9: Frcs acing on teres bey BF=Fa-Fn Hf the body sof uniform verti ease-sectional area A, the aes submerged 4 = Vet) - Veh) BF (Vol: Vo) Spgrofliguid curren nee Pesci B acre _—— 90. IE can el nen oweowns ——seaiiiereectorrorsoes 97 STATICAL STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES A floating body i acted upon by two equal opposing frees These bony’s weight 1 (acting at is conto of gravy) an is buoyant force (acting a he center of buoyancy thats lcs atthe confor af gravity a isplacd iid) When thete forces ar colina at shown in Figure 3 10 at floats un apright postion. However hen the body te duet wind or wave act the centr of buoyancy shifts ois new position a shown in Figure 3-10 and the two fore, which ate no langer caer, produces 4 coupe sl fs). The body wil not overturn if ths couple makes the body ott twat ts original postion as shown in Figure 3-10 (0, and will overturn i ‘stuatlon i as shown in Figure 3-10, The point of intersection tetween the ax othe body and the line of action re 3-10 unstate poston the buoyant force calla the melaceter The distance from the metaent (0 0 the center of gravity (G) ofthe body i ealled the metcentsc hel (4G). Itcan be seen that aby i stable fe above G ae shown in Figure 10 (and unstable i M ie blow G a shown in Figure 3 10) ARIGHTING MOMENT AND OVERTURNING MOMENT ——Trrateroni= way 520] LEMENTS OF A FLOATING BODY: W = weight ofthe boxy r= buoyant force alvays eal o Wor lating body) = center of graty ofthe bly B= canter of buoyancy nthe upright postion (conoid ofthe dnplaced gu) so" entero buoyaney nthe ited pation Vp = volume displaced Mie motacenter, te point of inkrsction between te line faction “tne buyent force and the aif the boty = center of gravity ofthe wedges (erin {7 Keont stone beam eg’ ofthe wees volume ofthe wedge of merion = angle of ting Go dane rom G10 0 MG = metocente height tance from M 1 ore 3-10 (0) i eon 92 _ Soma nyeronat Force on suas ERIN Toraltiyerosttcrorceonsuraces 93 Moment duet sing of 8F= moment duet shifting of wedge ar @)=F 6) Use) Ge above Bo BF=y Vo Ure 4) Ge below Bo 2=MBs sind 1Vo Mio sin =y98 VALUE OF HB, he sablity ofthe body depends on the amount of the righting sou which in turn is dependent onthe metacenric height MG When the body tl the centr of buoyancy shite to anew potion (Ba). This shifting alo en the wedge o hf fom new position ». The moment due to the shiting the buovant force BF moat equal to moment de fo wedge st Fs) + watt Sc [Consider a body in the shape ofa retanguler parallelepiped length Las shown in Figure 3-11 is Voume of wedge,» = Wh/28/2) tan 8. Volume of wedge = LB tan @ :, For small values of ®, = 38 tei Pia ee eee Soe 2 ata a aS Mn= BE eEEE gator smal values of, sin = tn a, BIS ae‘ eral can eae ay etn. re we Since the metaceiric height MG As dependent with MB the stability of floating body therelore depends on the moment of inertia of the water section. I canals be sen thatthe body 8s more stable in pitching than roling beesuse the moment oferta in pitching greater than tha nln Vo BDL nee sth nth part the ae p= 38/2) tan = }LPano boteet Contoid of tangle, ¥ The righting oF overturning moment ona ating body is: Reel From geometry. = 22°83 Wz= Wien) (B/2)cost Ghronastics Totttycrosiicroresonsuraces 97 Cnapren mee FLUID MECHANIeS 96 _Totarnyaronatc Force on Sutaces & HYDRAULICS Gonsiera pipe of diameter D and Isiness# he subject to ane pressure Jp To detersine ths tangential sess in the pipe wall et us cut a section of length along the dames. The forces actingon aso fh section are tetotl pressure Pducto === {he internal pressure and this is 0 be F essed by Thich isthe total ste of the ple ral mB, 2 Applying equiibiem condition, ne plying es FL CaS en av ma, = = m (2, # e+ ano) = nap" Ey To determine the lngftinal sre, lt ue it the liner across its length as shown (ehy=0) STRESS ON THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS ‘THIN-WALLED CYLINDRICAL TANK. ‘A tank on pipe carrying ald or gas under a pressure ls subjected to tensile forces, which resist bursting, developed across lengitadinal and transverse PED! 5001 See Pu mecHanics io mECHANICS ‘CHAPTER THREE 9B Total Hydrortatle Force on Surtaces (G HYORAULI HYDRAULICS ‘otal Hydrostatic Force on surtaces_— 79. ‘SPHERICAL SHELL aspherical tank of dlamoter 0 and thickness ¢contins gos under apres of. the street ab the wall ean be expressed a Problem 3-1 TA vercal rectangular plane of height and base bis submerged ina iq tris stop edgy atthe quid surface Determine the ttal force Pacing on Psd nd its acai om the gui surface Wat stress, s= 22 MgB 3 et “ Feya/nV0 varbe SPACING OF HOOPS OF A WoOD STAVE PIPE 7-F a Po * “war ends e Frese dagen yok te (Gian pm) wrurs a6 yma Using the pressure lagram Pe Volume of pressure dlagram Fe vary) = "AY E 3-90 where: “The location of Fist the centroid of the pressure diagram. 5) alloeale tent stres of the hoop ‘A= rone-sctinal aes of the hoop 2 nal pain the pe Ne: Fe etnpior sce (ned owt) streraed ny» id wih tp oe ‘ih an te ld sue, te ems reson Po be to so hs opren mee Luo mecuan caren nance 100 _Sotattyrstte Force on Suracs ‘StoRA Tota Hyarstnc rere on Sartore, A vertical triangular surface of height and horizontal base width & submerged in a quid with its vertex at heigl eure. Determine the force Fating on one side an ts location from the ig surface Faio(er) : (cyan wears) {Using the pressure dingram for this cas quit complicated. With the ‘eps shown, i velume can be compute by integration Hence, pressure fees ‘ingram is easy to use only ifthe area is rectangular, with one side horizontal, 3 ‘ Fears oan oan veanann i i men ag Bec recs gu 15m wie a ma high neared wae ie ese ee ee ate ‘on one side of the gate and its location from the bottom, vpn Rar aiz~ aaa a Using the pressure diagram. iBolution hipaa mpataptgednens va peers, PovFA . Feta Pease : Fe bib wid) fre poreren Beasm P=1S451 KN Fis acted a he centroid othe dingramy which i Sef the alte from the base ieblen | SNE. eee te 50 A wera circular gate or ad i submerged in quid with ts op ecged "asa flushed on the fig surfece. Determine the magnitude and loeaton of the yris-e toa Tore acing one sde of the ga ¥=15-0214 yo 1286m “Tota jarastae Force on Surfaces 102 ‘Uning the preston diagram: F= Volume of pressure diagram Location of ‘A= 210) = r= HONE)" 45 Aa Ae ay 105) b4y- ay 1054 y= (15) + 45,1) 1286:m (mat cmos to get han shane fms) Problem 3-5 A vertical tlangular gat with op base hostaontal and 15 wide 3m high, It is submerged in oll having sp gr. of O82 with top base submerged fo a depth of2 m, Determine the magnitads and location ofthe total hyrosate prosure acting on one side of he gate HYDRAULICS ‘Problem 36 (CE Bos vertial rectangular pte s submerged half nol (pg. = Mraer such that top edge is lshed with theo surface. Whats the rato of the force exerted by wate acting onthe lower half otha by of eting on the via h=2ed0) R=am=¥ F= (9810082) 0)040.510)1 SKN te, 390" “9” Base) 5) = R167 m from the of surface ard May 3999) pper hal Solution ‘ Force on upp hal Form A Fo trex 8/4/9142) Fox Oiyebt Force on lower ball Benne er to oh pae= ts O5N4/2)+ 1/8) Pen 065 ted y= (465 ye Ia) 2) Fyn 035 yb 22h hd cy Ratio “otal ydestatc Fores on Suaces coarren mince 104. CORE roneon tail no ecensncS MN uo wEcnAancs CHAPTER THREE 1 965 HYDRAULICS, ‘Total Hyarosauic Force on surfaces Problem 3-7 (CE Board May 1994) ‘A verti crclar gate in a tunnel 8 m in diameter has ol. gr 08 oo side and ai on the other side I ofl is 12m above the invert and the pressures 40 KPa, whore wil e single support be lcstad (above the inyert of the tunnel) o hold the gate in poston? Problem 2-8 (CE Board May 1992) JA closed cylindrica tank 2 mt in ameter ad 8 m deep with als vera fortsin & m deep of oil 6. gr = 08). ‘The ar above the liquid surface has a Pressure of O8 Kc. etermine the total normal frce in hg acting onthe Mall at focation fom the baton ofthe tank Solution Fanta Form O81 < 08098) « $87 = 556K ~OSg/cnt = 8000 kg/m? B 8,000(2g 2) = 32,0007 ky mA ae, c= (1000 « 0.808) + 8000 70°@) = AW hg ot Fy Toaooger 6) = 12480 kg, re 206" Fam pw, Fay=2001 KN ‘The support mast be located at point O where the moment due to Fa and Fas zero. Since Fy, > Fy O must be below Fa FEMo = 0) Fale=y) = Fal») 15985 -y) 2010-9 Tecags 5493-156 y-2@m 106 _Soratryaonat Force on Sutces Me Paronaucs ME nvonAutice Tat voaronaucrorceonsuinces_ 107 naa Solution Jeacia 3 Lanton ot Phat om ears Ti Saree Feria=omtk 00) where @ = hosay Presure Dacron anak (05+) =40 y= s0008)2) = 128 000mg 05h +p0es 2718 = ¥4.800)6)25)~ 288008 bg TK =S27 m= h +05~57m > civeal water depth PAP.4P:=186600nkg > Total normal force PPy=Pune Pes Problem 3-10 > (155800) y= 028.000) + (28,800912) [A vertical circular gate ie submerged in ligu! x that stop edge is Bushed Y=363m "> Location of? om the bottom teith the ligud surface Find the ato ofthe total fore acting on the lower Taio hat cing on he upper Ral Probe ST 5 Solution Jn the figure shown, stop wi ws fl sa = £2 trea the fc oni rene i , SOK. Find the crcl water ET 25m vhs depth. The length of th gate Rano = perpendicular tothe sketch — Woe ras im x ands craven rune VOB Soxarnyaronase Force on suraces Problem 3-11 4.30 m long dam retains 9m of ‘water as shown in the figare, Find the total rena force ating on the dlam and the location of the center oF ‘reste fom the bottom, Solution Feyha F-9m1(45)(00 0091 P1376 kN 4p aa s.caya0390)° (Ws 103925 sin 172m y= tia.) <1 732 Problem 3-12 ‘The lsosecey triangle gate shown, inthe figure is hingod at & and ‘weighs 1800 N.- What i the tla hydrostatic force acting on one side ofthe gateinilNewten? FLUID MECHANICS ‘GHVDRAUUCE Ehvonauuce Tota tydrostac Fore ansuracer_ 109 Solution Fey feasts mans A=s)@261) = p10 x 08sy@26790.309 Foauz77N Poaba77 kN ‘robiem 3-13 An inclined, cleular fate with vate on one Side is shown in the figure Determine the total sett force Acting on tho gate. B=2+0ssineor F ~2033 Fassia 0y F=18706KN Mo Saree ince Total Hydrostatic Force on Suraces Problem 3-34 The gate in the figure shown is 15 m wide, hinged at point A, and ress ‘SHYDRAULIES gait smooth walla 8. Compute @) the taal free nthe gale de i scvestor, (9) the reaction a B, anc) the esction at hinge A. Neglect the wweght of the gate Solution tan=2/3 Ae F= (9a «10969105 ‘cuaprer THREE Fiuip MecHanics Bre HYDRAULICS. Tota Hydronati Force on Surfaces 1; See aay” 153920) 6=015m se18-015 TEM=0] = R sieae(hes)=2Re R= 180 kN © bro Ru+Fsind-Re=0 Re = 1821625 xn 3369" Re=3B9UAN Pro Ri-=21825 cs 33.69" Ru=i8L.6EN Ram Ute Rat = (BLE + BBO y= 1909 KN, Problem 3-15 Delermine the magnitude tnd location of the total Iota fore acting on nthe figure. 112 _Soratnytontat Force on surtaces ccuaeren T4REE FLUID MECHAN & HYDRAULI ‘otatttyarostatcForeeonsuraces 113. Soliton Bebe te Ose aan ‘Gheny#= 126 Pa= S16 kPa Sting tore Solve for B and y Fava 73316 (980 ay” BxayQ61) Pue= 9BIi1.2690) + 94IYL5 + 810.8040) +22 12)F x4) lem 3-16 (CE November 1997) Determine the mognitude of the force onthe netined gate 5m by 03 shown in the Piruse 01,” The tank of Peer is completely closed fru the pressure gage atthe Totiom of the tank veads hoo. Nya. Use 9800 Nj. for wate. Solution te peapen th Soa00 p= 9800265) a= eit Pa F420 (0515) s99225N e-0156m — veo 1oam The gate shown in the figure hinged at A and rests ona smooth lor at B The fate 3m square and i of having epg. of 082 stands to aeight of 15 Ta es Pm a = above the hinge A. The alr above theo surfaces under presune of 7 KPa Shove atmosphere Ifthe gate weighs 5 AN, determine tne vertical force F fexured fo open i 114. darren mince “Total Hjarostatie Force on Suraces demons i asa] Tae 7-38 7 mee Je. 400% ae! rs5m Br aM. Play i. F019 = 212F = 28,3445) +54.06) F-19637 1D MECHANICS ccHapren THREE IG HYDRAULICS DWliMerindcrorecnsutoces 115. blem 3-18 (CE Board) Hion pins 20 mm in dlameter ace used for supporting ashbcards a he crest Mi nsonay dame. ‘Tests show tht the yield pint of iron to be 310 MPa lovee fer tess). Neglctng the dynamic eet of water on fashbourds (ict sssuning static conditions, what isthe proper spacing, ofthe ron pins ta the ands 600 mum Nigh ll yield when water lows 150 ma deep ve the tp of the Mashboar, Soltion ‘Moment capacity of one ron pi (2 mm 2): f= Mer soe ME) Rent M= 24547348 Nemm Ma 02807 EN Moment caused by F (considering Sm width of ashboar): MeaExy Fe981(045}06 5} ‘cnaprer THREE ruvomecta 0 ecuanes coneren mince 116 _eratnyaromane Force on sraces ‘EHDA Ehvonautics Totalrytostaictorce onsuraces_ 117. “i Problem 3-20 shia ; “A120 °C, page A in the fgure reads 290 KPa absolute, The tank is 2 m wide ete, Arnot erpenice tote igure sue atcapherc presreo be bat. 5p- ag” sy) Tirnoary = 186. Detainee tl reste ntngon site CD. ‘Problem 3-19 en} The semi-circular gate shown no in Figure 28 ts Nnged at 0, ons © 2) cones Determine the force F ured to hol the gate in poston. Solution i= 7-10-1058 Tay =e Poy Pa f2aanyin() P= 1301989 be i ay 1098 = 0109614" hone 2an1 ca Lake 15638 Fa 830) enone 1556-0547 BoM=0) PO) = Fa) Tam1989(1 569) F = 50885 Ibe no Solution Esving fork PARE Yh* Pop So0= G1 x 13.6(070)+ (81) 175 h=22m Total force on side CD: (Nete:1 bar ~ 100 Pa) i 75a te Tig SHArtee nee FLUID MECHAN ‘Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces HYDRAULIC HYDRAULICS Te HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Suriaces Problem 3-21 The funnel shown in the figure is fal of seater The vokume of the sper partis 90 liter and the Tower partis 74 ier. What isthe force tending «9 push the pag sam eas = 1808 Solation Tasgs7 0718 T= 3816KN-m x Since tho pg area n cont with water orznt the rs al ‘cs uniform The shape of the container Jos not fet the prs ot og Fore= ps Foree= 38100) 2) Force ~ 135378 N ‘robiem 3-25 (CE Board) A cubical box, 15.m on each edge, hak fs base horizontal and is hal-iled With water The remainder ofthe bo eile with air under a gage pressure 182 kPs, One of he vertical sides i hinged at the top and e fest swing. Inova. To whatloth can the top of his box be submerge in an open body flesh water witout allowing any water enter? ‘Frobem 3-22 Inthe igure shown, the gate AB rotates about an axe tvough B, The gate width 12 meters A torque T is applied to the shat ‘trough 8. Determine the torque T to aop the gate closed, Solution prea 120 _Sotatryomat Fore on suraces LE Mange Of \ BOK O7-A02=0 9840) Fapea D051] ~1845100 Re w739075105) 4KN 9th (0 3)0.5) Renork xr 07546 1505) ae ie5a5K ay aes 075+ Ingeion 207k 75+ 8) sease79-c04n29 0 1650h + 4108-13975-5175=0 1655 fm 29ai2 eam fo neon coumten mee 4.34 “Tota Hyorortatic Fore on Surfaces Problem 3-24 ind the magnitude and location of ad the force exerted by water of one fide of the vertical annular” de Siac s)*-m()}) P= 1541 KN Location of F 1, 305-30) Ay” 05? - O14) +4218 =4208 m below thew. ‘The gate in the figure shown freishe © EN Gor cach mater ‘norma othe paper. It center of rity is 05 m from the ll face Sn 1 m above the lower fae Find I for the gate just to come tp the vertical potion, CHAPTER THREE 122 _Soatnyonat Force on Surtces ENE HoRAUS hvorautics Total tyivostticForeeansuraces_ 123 Soltion Solution Considering 1m length f= Cath) A= 4905 0 AN F-9s1ne.5y) 4715 iN Th) + W (06) -F15/2)= 0 A051" (3) +5106) -14.7154 (075) =0 635i 11.0u+3=0, Solve ty tral and error Problem 3-76 In Problem3-25 find h when the foce against ‘Soltion em F.0/3) + (09) + PCL) F315/2 4505/3) + 5106) #705), P= 10918-75584 3, ferns Pr Determine the fon ‘stig oe sagen the parabolic due to water fate shown using! top” sa maximum, ar=paa pory tan tay By squared property of parabola: ae=wReWv7a)an, ar 2319p fe ed Pee Location: oo foo uanay= fueann?Pa) n-axoe[ern?h ype 01608 2/7 17-078 e214 below the wa is Cuapren tunee 124 Problem 3-28 In the figure shover, find the ‘width of the concrete dam fcessary to pretent the dam from sliding The speci gevity of concrete is 24 ant the ocffiient of fon beeen the base of the dam and. the factor of safety aginst sing. Is the dam also. safe overturning fom Solution Consider 1m length of dam Wem ¥, We re-510)640) Wetlah, = 84049) 101257 be26e7 m Twas) Tota Hyarostte Force on Surfaces 22>1 (ete) Tour nyarosatic Force on Surtaces 125 1 dam stangalar in crosesoction withthe upstream face vertical, Waters Mhushed with the top. The dam ls 8m high and 6 m wide atthe base end Weighs 24 tons per cule meter ‘The coetfcint of ft tatween the base Ind the foundation fe O8 Determine (othe manimam aed innit Presrure on the foundation, ad the i factors of safety aginst overturning Id against sling Solution SPF Of coe Se Sp. gr. oF con (Consider 1m length of dam 2g hea) wes76r where = unit wt of water yk A = 1048) R= Peay R=-W=s7e 519m overturning moment 134 Tota Hyvostatie Force on Suroces Consider 1m length of dam 28.54 6:2)52(0)]= S188 KN W= 2354 [OYG2KI) = 8569 KN 562)] = 15.913 &N = 981P4(S0)1)]= 1.2263 KN = 94(4905)23.2)0) = 5690 WN FoyBiA = 9125500) = 12.269 kN Rear Ner iio iu S318 + A568 18 + 12063- 50 EM = WiG473) + WeR95) = W7.9) + Wye45) S1838479 + 85:9(295) + 1591501735) + 12253855 om = 7650/3)» upoary 28360/3) + 55900047) (OM = 37,758 KN-m Location of Bans ¥ = 4390012 pax SBI) «ag Total Hydrostatic Force on surfaces Fup mecianics vvoRauucs 135 xos0022 = aM on 1s (4) Foundation presse =B-3 f2Ma/2-182-59m<8/6 tnaisi a9) 2 |'* 362 Stren at the hel se") 4452s R , 12288 Aes” 38210 Problem 3-30 The subtnerged curve AB sone quarter ofa erie of radius 2 ti is focatd onthe ower Romer ofa tank as shown. The Tength of he tank perpendicular tothe skechis dim, Find the Imagrivade and octon ofthe Torizontal and vertical open of te ttl force ting on AB 136 Taalbaoee. FLUO Me nt “HANICS CHAPTER THREE 3.6 Fetal erento Freon utes ‘einona Gevornoics Total tydrostaicroresonsureces 137 pees Another way of solving fata . ‘ce unit pressure is always normal tthe Fremewen oc ens nora to the cle passes Fue 3504 KN fhroagh its center then the total force wetter hall ako pase trough the contr of the y Bice O hence the moment about O due vase For due toy and Fie 20 ay) 2 PM0=0) Teens 10 Fre-Fuy=0 0067 m ‘e737 =35240.007) vet 0097 ¥-09578m fELeem ete: Tis tre olor phar aos ‘Therefore: Fis acting 1.067 m below Frobien 3-35 (CE Board The Gest gale shown consists oft cllndsia furface of hich AB i he fase supported by a tructural ame hinged a 1. The length ofthe gate fe 30 me Conte the Iagnitude and lction of fhe horizontal end verted feomponenis of the tial proare on AB. Fe = Wophta faz Misia = 3.14 Vays = 41.24) = 44,86 = Snatso) en Soltion = #2) ar" Oe 19 089 NF +80) +3140080y 7 0857 m "Therefore Fis ating 0957 to tha ight of 138 _Sotattyeronatc ore on suraces Fava Fy =981(433) 108 65) F/=3679 kN v= $0886) = 2887 m Therefor; Fis acting 2557 m above O F=9si012590) Fre 128k Moment about O duet Fivand F=0 Fr (s)= Fal) asx 369.877) 1=857m “Therefore; Fis ating 857 m to from O Problem 336 (CE May I999) Calelate the magnitude of the resultant force per mete length due to water acing on the rai tier sate shown in Figure 021 Tuattycrosatcroresonsertaces 139 ution (Considering 1 meter length Bunya Fy=981G)6*1) Fu= 17638 KN. ery, A= Ann As, OF) yey sn oot ("in 60 are A=326m Fy=951g.25%1) Fy 3198 KN Pe geen Po feresm + BLE P= 17945 KN ablem 3-37 Calelato the magnitude of the fesllant pressure ona Lftwide sip InFigure 2 Solution gurestz Fy=PaA y= (2A »25)601) = 780 hs Foor Vase Fu 624% [5 MO) = 125 os P= (e Pe rent ar 140 _Soearryerosate Force on suraces Problem 3-38 Determine the magiitude of the honzontal "and vertical emponents of the ft force er ete length action the “fll. funy Fy = 9810910)2) Fy = 58.80 kN Bye pval Fe Bbta)eo7steara) vvorauucs Total tyaronacc rors onsurtces_ 141 Problem 3-39 (CE Board November 1993) Jn the figure shown, the 1.20 m Mlaricer cylinder, 120 m long ete upon by water on the lef and filhaving epg of 080 on the right Deermine the components ‘of the feaction at Bf the eylinder weighs 19.218, Solution Dagny a Foo = 9816129012 1.2) Fn~ 1695 RN Fro= 98104 (2672.2, Fa= 6657 kN Fan1h A= 81 ~08)06)1.2x12) Fro" 6784N Fran y= (1 x 08904 x(570.21 y= 1027 Bro) Ret Fn +Pa-W=0 Roy = 19162-6657 -52 Rey= 7.641N, 142. starrer rine Total yarstatie Force on Surtces Problem 3-40 ‘An inverted comical pl 400 mam diameter an 00 mm ang closes a 200 diameter circular hale tthe bottom of a tank contain 60 om ofl ha Sp. gr of 082, Determine the total vertical forse sting onthe plug sie fn em Fy=@s1

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