TPA-IBS-98 laces IPA-VIBS-86 Repl Recommented Standards for Induction. s~ Bending. WY YX of Pipe \ SNe e Noe: und Tube. eee eo} Developed and AS , written by the Y, Tube & Pipe sce” a » A». YY, _ 1Recommended Standards for Induction Bending of Pipe and Tube Developed and written by the Tube & Pipe Association, International ‘SERVING THE VITAL INTERESTS OF THE PIPE AND TUBE INDUSTRYThis revised and updated publication, Recommended Standards for Induction Bending of Pipe and Tube (TPA-IBS-98), supersedes the Voluntary Standards for Induction Bending of Pipe (IPA-VIBS- 86) published by the International Pipe Association in 1986. This material is provided as a voluntary guide for induction bending of pipe and tube. In no respect is this presented as a requirement of anyone in the pipe and tube industry. These induction bending standards are presented for the benefit of the pipe and tube industry and users of its products. Application of these standards is strictly voluntary. Copyright © 1998 by the Tube & Pipe Association, International A technology association of the Fabricators & Manufacturers Association, Intemational All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. te a... ‘hemes Tube & Pipe Association, International 833 Featherstone Road Rockford, IL 61107-6302 Phone: (815) 399-8700 Fax: (815) 399-7279Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 Recommended Standards for Induction Bending of Pipe and Tube Index Part 1 10.. se eeeeees Scope 20 ...............Reference Documents 3.0 ............... Glossary of Terms and Definitions 4.0 . Ordering Information 5.0 oe. eee eee ee Materials 6.0. . ... Welds in Bends 70... ssseeee+ Pre-Production Bend Qualification Procedures 8.0 ............... Heat Treatment 9.0... sess Acceptance Criteria 10.0 .............. Cleaning 1L0.............. Marking 12.0. se eeeeese Certification 13.0 ...... ..... Figures and Tables Part 2 10... General Requirements 20 .ecccceeseeess Bending Procedures 3.0... s+ ++++++ Essential Variables 4.0.0.0... Material Groups 5.0 oecccceeeeeeess Industey/TPA Communication 6.0 0... ceeceeees Tables1.0 TPA-IBS-98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 Part 1 Recommended Standards for Induction Bending of Pipe and Tube Scope 1.1 These Standards set forth recommended procedures and criteria for making induction bends in pipe and tubular products. 1.2 The induction process employs a heating coil to create a narrow, circumferential, heated band around the material to be bent. When the appropriate temperature is reached, the material is pushed forward through the coil at a consistent speed and temperature while a bending moment is applied. After the material passes through the coil, it may be cooled (quenched) by forced air or water spray, or it may be allowed to cool naturally at ambient temperature. 1.3. Manufacturers or contractors may wish to follow these Standards in contracting for or specifying the bending or processing of various fabricated materials. It is not the purpose of these Standards to exclude any manufacturer or contractor or to prohibit the use of any other bending process which may be found to yield suitable results. 1.4 Neither the TPA, the FMA, nor anyone else involved in the formulation of these Standards guarantees the performance or reliability of any product processed according to these Standards.‘TPA-IBS.98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 2.0 3.0 Are Bend radius Bender Bending moment Buckling Bending procedure Center to center Centerline diameter Reference Documents Bends shall be formed and tested in accordance with the following applicable Codes and Standards, which shall constitute the minimum requirements to be met by the purchaser's design. ASME B.31.1 Latest Edition ASME B.31.3 Latest Edition ASME B.31.4 Latest Edition ASME B.31.8 Latest Edition ASME Section | Latest Edition Glossary of Terms and Definitions To assist readers in the understanding and common usage of bending terminology, the key elements of a bend are illustrated in Part 1, Section 13.0, Figure 1-1. The curved portion of a bend, See Centerline radius. 1. A mechanical device capable of forming a bend in a straight length of material. 2. A commercial or industrial company engaged in the business of making bends, The amount of force, (ie., foot-pounds), required to initiate a change of direction in a straight length of material about the center of curvature. Definite folds, creases, ot wrinkles formed on the surface of the pipe or tube during the bending operation. ‘A written procedure containing the parameters and information necessary to guide the ‘operator in producing bends which meet the requirements of this Standard. The distance between the theoretical or calculated centers of two adjoining bends. Allso used for diametric measurement between the centerlines of two tangent points of a end, (ic., 180 degree bend for which the center-to-center distance will be equal to twice the centerline radius) The distance from the centerline axis of the pipe across to the other centerline of a 180 degree return bend.Centerline radius (CLR) Chord Cold bending Compression “D” of bend Degree of bend (DOB) Distance between bends (DBB) Ductility Elongation Extrados Flat plane Flattening Hot bending Hump LD. TPAABS-98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 The distance from the center of curvature to the centerline (axis) of the pipe, expressed as a number multiplied by the pipe or tube size. For example, the bend radius of a 5 x D bend for a 2-inch nominal pipe size (NPS) pipe or a 2-inch tube is 10 inches. The straight distance measured between the centerline points of any two points of a bend. ‘The bending of pipe or shapes by cold working at ambient temperatures. ‘The forces which thicken the inside wal of the bend. Centerline radius (CLR) divided by the tube diameter or nominal pipe size, (ie. 1.5D, 3D, 5D, ete.). The angle, expressed in number of degrees, to which the bend is formed, (ie., 45 degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees, etc.). The actual length of the straight section between the tangent points of two adjoining bends (i.e. common tangent) The ability of the material to deform plastically without fracture, as measured by elongation or reduction of area in a tensile test. 1. The increase in length of a test specimen at failure in a tensile test, expressed as a percentage of the original length. 2. The increase in length of material fibers during bending, expressed as a percentage of the original length. The outside arc of the bend. See Out-of-plane. See Ovality. The bending of pipe or shapes through hot working methods. A rounded protrusion or bulge on the extrados. Inside diameter of the pipe or tube.TPAAIBS.98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 Induction bending Tnner radius Inside radius Intrados. Minimum wall thickness Neutral axis Nominal Nominal O.D. Nondestructive testing (NDT) Nominal wall OD. Out-of-plane Outer radius Outside radius Ovality A method or process of bending which employs an induction heating coil to create a narrow, circumferential, heated band around the material to be bent. When the appropriate temperature is reached, the material is pushed forward through the coil at a consistent speed and temperature while a bending moment is applied. After the material passes through the coil, it may be cooled (quenched) by forced air or water spray, or it may be allowed to cool naturally at ambient temperature. See Intrados. See Intrados. The inside arc of the bend. The wall thickness specified on the fabrication drawing or computed in accordance with the applicable specification as the minimum acceptable for the design criteria. That portion of the pipe or tube that is neither in compression nor in tension. Usually refers to pipe sizes up to and including 12-inch LPS. Also used in reference to wall thickness, generally as a “mean” ot average measurement. Usually refers to referenced pipe sizes, not actual ©.D. Examination of materials or products in ways that do not impair future usefulness in order to detect, locate, measure, and evaluate defects and other indications. The mean or average measurement of the wall thickness. Outside diameter of the pipe or tube. The deviation of the horizontal plane of a single bend between its tangent points, based on the theoretical centerline of the bend. See Extrados. See Extrados. The distortion of the cross-section of pipe or tube from its normal (round) shape, usually expressed as a percentage of the difference between the major and minor axes of the starting material compared to the ©.D. before bending.Pipe ratio Plane of bend (POB) Radius Springback Tangent Tangent point Tensile strength Tension Transition area ‘Wall Wall factor Wall thickness Wall thinning Wrinkles Yield point Yield strength TPA.IBS.98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 See Wall factor. The plane of a bend in relation to the axis of the straight section preceding it. Used specifically for changes of plane in successive bends See Centerline radius. The movement of the bent pipe or tube toward the original straight configuration after release of the bending moment. The straight section of material on either end of the arc of a bend. The theoretical point at which the bend is started or ended. The point at which material stretched beyond its yield will rupture. ‘The force which thins the outside wall of the bend. The area at the tangent points of a bend that covers the change (transition) from bent to unbent material. The thickness of tubular material, usually expressed as “nominal” or “minimum”. ‘The ratio of the pipe outside diameter (O.D.) to its wall thickness (t), (ie. O.D//t). The thickness of the material, usually stated in “Schedule” for pipe or “Gauge” for tube. The amount of reduction from original wall thickness of pipe or tube to the amount of wall thickness remaining in the extrados of a bend after forming, See Buc 8: The point at which material permanently deforms during bending, ‘The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality as a result of stress and strain.TPA.IBS-98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 4.0 Ordering Information 41 Itis recommended that orders for pipe and tube incorporating induction bends shall include the following information: 411 412 413 44 415 4.16 417 418 419 4.1.10 4.111 412 4113 414 Material specification and grade. Outside diameter and wall thickness Minimum wall thickness required after bending. Quantity. Bend angle. Centerline radius. Center-to-face or center-to-end dimensions. End preparation (i.e. uncut, saw- or flame-cut, machine- or flame- beveled, counter-bored, etc.). Nondestructive testing requirements. Destructive testing requirements, Applicable Codes andjor Standards. Certification or Documentation. Al supplementary purchaser requirements. ‘Whenever possible, orders for bends should also include the following additional information: 4.1.14. Material construction - seamless or welded. 4:1:14.2 A sketch or drawing, detailing the bend configuration or material shape where such configuration or shape may be subject to question or misinterpretation. 4.1.14.3 Ovality andor minimum LD. requirements. 41.144 Marking requirements. 65.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 TPAAIBS-98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 Materials 5.1 Materials for bending shall conform to the applicable specifications and grade (ie, ASTM, API, etc.,) as requested by the purchaser per Part 1, Section 4.1.1. 5.2 Materials for bending shall be free from defects or contamination that may inhibit successful completion of a bend. 5.3 Surfaces may be cleaned by abrasive blasting, pickling, or other purchaser-approved methods Welds in Bends 6.1 Tubular products of welded construction (longitudinal, spiral or circumferential) may be bent under these Standards 6.2 Itis preferred that tubular products with a longitudinal weld seam, for single bends, have the seam located not more than fifteen (15) degrees from the neutral axis and preferably towards the intrados of the bend. 6.3 For tubular products with circumferential butt welds that will be located within the arc of the bend, care must be exercised at fit-up to minimize the ILD. and O.D. mismatch, Prior to bending, excessive weld build-up should be removed. The weld procedure should be qualified for this application. 64 All circumferential butt welds in the arc of the bend shall be examined after bending in accordance with the applicable Code, Standard, or as stipulated by the purchaser. Pre-Production Bend Qualification Procedure Pre-production qualification of bends shall be performed in accordance with the bender's qualified written procedures which shall be in compliance with TPA-IBS-98 Part 2 — Standard Practice For Qualification of Procedures. Heat Treatment Any post-bend heat treatment required shall be in accordance with the results determined by the pre-production bend qualification procedure and/or purchaser stipulation.TPA-IBS-98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 9.0 Acceptance Criteria 9.1 Post bend dimensions shall be within the following tolerances: Radius of Bend... 21% Degree of Bend (DOB) .. . + 1/2 degree Plane of Bend (POB)..... # 1 degree Flat Plane of Bend + 1% of Centerline Radius Linear Distances . + 1/8” for 12” NPS & under + 3/16” for 14” to 24” NPS + 1/4" for above 24” to 36” NPS + 3/8" for above 36” NPS 9.1.1 Variations in the above tolerances shall be as stipulated by the purchaser. 9.2. When required, all bends shall be subject to measurement of post-bend wall thicknesses by ultrasonic examination at not less than three separate locations on the extrados of the bend. Maximum wall thinning is noted in Table 1-1 9.3 When required, all bends shall be measured for ovality, either by means of calipers or by C-gauge, in accordance with the applicable Code, Standard or as stipulated by purchaser. Maximum ovality is noted in Table 1-2. 9.4 All bends shall be examined visually for laminations, cracks, notches, gouges or other such injurious defects. 9.5 Surface imperfections may be removed by grinding provided that the remaining wall thickness is within specified limits. 9.6 Itis characteristic of the induction process that an upset occurs at each tangent point (transition) of a bend. These are of a cosmetic nature and not detrimental to the bend. 9.7 Bends in the final condition shall have a minimum of 10% of each quantity produced randomly tested for surface hardness at the locations prescribed in. Table 2-1 of TPA-IBS-98.10.0 11.0 12.0 ‘TPAABS.98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 Cleaning Finished bends shall be cleaned as required by the purchaser. Marking Finished bends shall be marked as required by the purchaser. Certification All certification/documentation shall be as required by the purchaserTPAAIBS.98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 13.0 Figures and Tables ‘Tangent Point/Transition Area Wall Thickness | Wall Thickness Extrados Tangent Length 1 1 ‘Chord Centerline Radius Intvados L @2' Degree of Bend ‘Tangent Point/Transition Area oy Tangent Length | Centerline Axis Figure 1-1 10TPAIBS.98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 Maximum Wall Thinning in % AL x 100% t “D” of Bend Maximum Wall Thinning in % RD 23.00 R/Dn + 25.00 RD . 18.00 R/Dn 20.00 RID - 16.00 R/Dn 17.00 RID 3.0... eee ee ~ 15.00 R/Dn - 16.00 R/Dn R/Dn RID R/Dn RID R/Dn RID R/Dn R = Centerline Radius D = Outside Pipe Diameter Dn= Nominal 0.0. At = Actual Wall Prior Minus Actual Wall Post Interpolation is permissible for bending to intermediate ra = Actual Wall Thickness Prior to Bending Table 1-1 1TPA.IBS.98, Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 Maximum Ovality in % Dmax - D, —max "Simin x 400% On of Bend Dt Dt Dt Dt Dt Dt Dt Dh 10 20 30,40, 5070s RD 15 45 55 70 75 80 RDn 15 50 65 70 75 80 RD 20 35. «45 °~«8S OSS RiDn_2.0 40 50 60 70 80 RD 25 30 35 50 55 65 Rin 25 40 45 55 60 75 RD 30 30 35 45 50 55 R/Dn 3.0 30 40 50 55 60 RD 35 25. 35 40 45 50 RiDn 35 30 35 40 50 55 RD 40 25 30 35 40 45 50 RiDn 4.0 25 30 40 45 50 55 RD 50 25 25 30 35 40 45 45 RiDn 5.0 25 30 40 40 45 45 50 RD 60 20 25 30 30 35 40 40 45 RiDn 6.0 20 25 30 30 40 40 45 50 R D Dmax = Maximum Increased D After Bending Dmin = Maximum Decreased D After Bending Dth = Theoretical D Before Bending lominal OD t= Actual Wall Thickness Prior to Bending Table 1-2 12TPA-IBS-98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 Part 2 Standard Practice for Qualification of Procedures 1.0 General Requirements Ll 12 13 14 Scope 1.1.1 Part 2 of this Standard covers the preparation and qualification of procedure specifications for bending various materials using the Induction Bending Process. 1.1.2 Part 2 of this Standard establishes the minimum requirement and may be supplemented by additional purchaser requirements. Reference Documents 1.2.1 ASTM A370 - Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products. 1.2.2 ASTM A262 - Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Stainless Steels. Responsibility 1.3.1 Each manufacturer is responsible for bending performed by his organization and shall conduct the tests required in accordance with Table 2-1 of this Standard to qualify the bending procedures used. 13.2 Each manufacturer shall maintain a permanent record of the results obtained in the bending procedure qualification tests. Types and Purposes of Tests 1.4.1 The mechanical tests and metallurgical examinations used in bending procedure qualifications shall be as shown hereunder and all test specimens shall be taken in accordance with the locations indicated in Table 2-1 13TPA.IBS.98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 1.4.2 Tension Tests - These tests determine Yield Strength, Tensile Strength, and Elongation Properties of the base metal, and weld metal, in both the bend and the tangent areas. 1.4.2.1 Tensile properties shall be determined in accordance with ASTM A370. Test specimens may be rectangular plate type or round type. Specimen orientation (transverse ot longitudinal), shall be as specified in the applicable material specification. 1.4.2.2 In order to meet the requirements of the Tension Test, one (1) specimen shall be tested from each location and shall meet the requited Yield Strength, Tensile Strength and Elongation specified for the material. 1.4.3 Notch Toughness Tests - Charpy impact tests are used to determine the notch toughness of the base metal and the weld metal in both the bend and the tangent areas. 1.43.1 Notch toughness properties shall be determined in accordance with ASTM A370. Three (3) full-size (when possible) Charpy Type ‘A’ V- Notch specimens from each location shall be tested. The axis of the specimen shall be transverse to the axis of the material and the notch perpendicular to the surface. (For diameters smaller than 8 inches, the specimen may be longitudinal) 1.4.3.2 The acceptance criteria and the test temperatures shall be the same as requited for the material or as stipulated by purchaser. 1.4.4 Hardness Tests - These tests determine the hardness of the base metal, weld, heat affected zone, bend, transition area, and the tangent areas. 1.4.4.1 Hardness tests performed on the bend surface shall be performed using Rockwell, Brinell, or other approved methods. Hardness tests of welds and heat affected zones should be performed using microhardness Vickers or Knoop scales. 1.4.5 Susceptibility to Intergranular Corrosion - For stainless steel bends, the susceptibility to intergranular attack associated with the precipitation of chromium carbides is tested in accordance with ASTM A262, Practices ‘A’ and ‘E 14TPA-IBS-98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 2.0 Bending Procedures 2.1 Bending Procedure Specifications 2.1.1 Each manufacturer shall prepare a written procedure for bending of the materials per the essential variables and material groups qualified to demonstrate that bends having suitable mechanical properties such as strength, ductility and hardness can be formed by that procedure. 2.1.2 Changes may be made in nonessential variables, i.c., those other than the variables listed in Table 2-2 (Essential Variables). 2.2 Bending Procedure Qualifications 2.2.1 Each manufacturer shall be required to qualify bending procedures by making the required type of test bend, testing the specimens, and recording the results in a procedure qualification record. 2.2.2 Testing shall be in accordance with Table 2-1. 2.2.3 In the event that any one test fails to meet the requited criteria, a re-test shall be performed, in each case, in accordance with the prescribed test conditions. 3.0 Essential Variables A bending procedure must be requalfied when a change is made in any of the applicable essential variables beyond the limits indicated in Table 2-2. 15TPA-IBS-98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 4.0 Material Groups 4.1 Material Groups are as follows: 4.1.1 Group 1 - Carbon Steel 4.1.2 Group 2 - Carbon Steel (Specified Minimum Yield 42,000 - 56,000) 4.1.3 Group 3 - Carbon Steel (Specified Minimum Yield > 60,000) 4.1.4 Group 4 Low Intermediate Alloy (0.4 to 2.0 CR-MO) 4.1.5 Group 5 - Low Intermediate Alloy (2.0 to 6.0 CR-MO) 4.1.6 Group 6 - Low Intermediate Alloy (6.0 to 10.5 CR-MO) 4.1.1 Group 7 - Chrome - Nickel 4.1.8 Group 8 - Stainless Steel 5.0 Industry/TPA Communication ‘Any comments or suggestions pertaining to the Recommended Standards for Induction Bending of Pipe and Tube should be directed to: tea... ‘Tube & Pipe Association, International 833 Featherstone Road Rogkford, IL 61107-6302 Phone: (815) 399-8700 Fax: (815) 399-7279 16TPA-IBS.98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 be a1geL ‘pounbos uoum, ge dnoip Ldnoip ssoupseH soenns ssoupieH soeung ssoupie eoeuns —_ssoupiey ‘SsoupseH eoeuns —sseupLeH gdnoip ousuen ssoupseH soeuns, ssoupiey oejang Ssoupsey s2eying —sseupseH e2eyng ssoupieH soeung —ssoupLEH, g dno ausuen usu ssoupseH soeuns, ‘ssoupien soeung Ssoupsey soejing — ssoupiey soejing ssoupuey ooeng —ssoupiey eaeuns §— dnou {ss0upIeH om “seoupiey- oI “ssoupieyrorsiy —.ss0upmoy-ooqN _es0UpIE}FOVDIN——_,S80UpIBH-OIOIN “upton Adieu “usionn Adve suatenra Adieu usienaeeug — yatenra Adieu suatenA AdseuD ‘suey aL UL, ‘ausue ‘sue, ssoupseH ‘ssoupion e2eung upleH eomuNS SEELEY aoELNg ssaUpLEH a2eyNg —seoUPHEH reg §—g dno ausveL (saone301 2) jsu0) ‘ssoupiey s2eung, ssoupiey soeuing uo SsoUpIEH eens —ssoupHEH eens —_ dno (suoneo01 2) ssoupiey o2epng ‘ssoupsen b dno (perdde stquouneen eo dnoip ppuagisod » Kuo) pueqasod (enpeu 0 (snpew sero) jeUaTeY PlomquebueL quebueL way uonssued PIom sopenut sopenxa 3S] JO UONeD0] sysaJ, uoRRoIyTENG) ainpasoig pusg s3qqey, 09 17TPA-IBS-98 Replaces IPA-VIBS-86 Essential Variables Location of Test Material Carbon Temperature in*F Bending Speed —_Pipe/Tube Group Equivalent Diameter Intrados _Extrados Thickness Group 1 na 3150 +100 na na na Group 2 +05 +150 +100 2.51PM ze sue 210 14-28" over 30° Group 3 02 250 350 2.31PM ‘zone pipe size 218 204 Group 4 na #100 350 +51PM na 22 Group 5 na 2100 250 = 5PM na 22 Group 6 na 100 350 =51EM na 22 Group 7 na 3150 +100 + 51PM na 22 Group 8 na 3150 3100 + 51PM na 2 1. Any change in the following essential variables requires requalificatior Cooling Type ~ air, water, or still air Heat Treatment +50° F 2. RID Factor ~ Lower F/D qualifies higher R/D (i.e., 3D qualifies 5D, 7D, etc.) Table 2-2 18