$c SAGAR SCHOOL ANTACIDS Chemistry Project AISSCE 2017-18 BY : VISHVJEET YADACERTIFICATE This is to certify that Vishvjeet yadav of class 12** has successfully completed the project work in chemistry, titled as “To analyse the given samples of commercial antacids by determining the amount of hydrochloric acid they can neutralize.” for class XII practical examination of the Central Board of Secondary Education in the year 2017-2018. It is further certified that this project is the individual work of the candidate. Principal Subject Teacher Br. Bisht Mr. Arvind SinghalACKNOWLEDGEMENT I hereby Acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to the following personalities whose immense help, genius guidance, encouragement, necessary suggestions, initiations, enthusiasm and inspiration made this work a master art and a joint enterprise. Dr. Bisht - (Principal) Mr. Arvind Sindhal- (Subject Teacher) Mr. X - (Lab Assistant) Secondly I would like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.INTRODUCTION Digestion in the stomach results from the action of gastric fluid, which includes secretions of digestive enzymes, mucous, and hydrochloric acid. The acidic environment of the stomach makes it possil inactive forms of digestive enzymes to bi converted into active forms (i.e. pepsinogen into pepsin),and acid is also needed to dissolve minerals and kill bacteria that may enter the stomach along with food. However, excessive acid production (hyperacidity) results in the unpleasant symptoms of heartburn and may contrib' to ulcer formation in the stomach lining.Contd... Antacids are weak bases (most commonly bicarbonates, hydroxides, and carbonates) that neutralize excess stomach acid and thus alleviate symptoms of heartburn. The general neutralization reaction is: Antacid (weak base) + HCl (stomach acid) —> salts + H20 + C02 The hydrochloric acid solution used in this experiment (0.1 M) approximates the acid conditions of the human stomach, which is typically i. 0.4-0.5% HQ by mass (pH ~ 1) = Antacids help people who have an r or get heartburn. - erIndex * INTRODUCTION + AIM + REQUIREMENTS THEORY PROCEDURE OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION RESULT CONCLUSION + PRECAUTIONS + BIBLIOGRAPHYAPPARATUS REQUIRED * Burette > * Fractional Weights Pipette gy = Sodium Hydroxide . Titratio A * Measuring Flas ro. lobe, Acid Schr) — halein * Weight Bo.cidic and has a pH of 7-6. Stomach acid is hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach. If there is too much Niel \ stomach aid ié can cause Sassi ae heartburn., Heartburn is wh stomach atid is produc, abnormal amounts or location. One of the symptoms of heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest or abdomen. Normal StomactCONTD.... eee 4 oA All aftacids are bases. The pH of @ base is 7-1-74. ‘All antacids have chemical in them called a buffer. When an antacid is mixed with an acid the buffer tries to even out the acidity and that is how stomach atid gets neutralized. Ig.an antacid it is not the name |brand that tell, well it_works it_is something called an. lient. Some antacids have one of the same active ingredients and some have all of the same active ingredients. The active ingredient of most of the antacids — magnesium, aluminium. r ry is any substance that can-meutralize_anCONTD.... Lan 3:)ACTION MECHANISM ) R See Ant erform “ a ration reaction, j-e- hey buffér gastric acid, = -) raising the pH to reduce se we nh acidity in the stomach. When gastric hydrochloric acid reaches the nerves in the gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal pain to the cengwmfnerveus system. This happens when these n. exposed, as in peptic ulcers. Antacids are commohly used to help neutralize stomach acid. The action of antacids is \based on the fact that a base reacts with acid togforn salt and water.CONTD.... 4-)INDICATIONS An re taken by mouth to relieve heartburn, t maehsmptom of gastro esophageal reflux disease, or acid indigestion. Treatment with antacids alone is symptotic and only justified for minor symptoms. Peptic ulcers may require H2-receptor antagonist or Peawen (GaP inhibitors usefulness! of many ¢ antacids is not clear, althgugh combination of magnesium and aluminium salts may prevent % alteration of bowel habits. Peptic ulcer HealthyCONTD.... = a S:)SIDE EFFECTS hydroxide: may lead to Forme of insoluble aluminium Kiciney Stones hosphate complexes, hypophosphate and osteomalacia. Aluminium containing drugs may cause constipation. -Magnesium hydroxide: has a laxative property. Magnesium may accumulate in patients with renal failure leading to hypo magnesemial with cardiovascular a logical complications. -Calcium: compounds contai , jum may increase calcium output in the urine, | associated to renal stones. Calcium salts may cause constipation. -Carbonate: regular high doses may cause alkglosis, which in turn may result in altered excretion of o&pen drugs, and kidney stones.CONTD.... 6-)PROBLEMS WITH REDUCED STOMACH ce Refliced Ve acidity may result in an impaired ability 0 digest and absorb certain nutrients, such as iron and the B vitamins. Since the law pH of the stomach normally kills ingested bacteria, antacids increase the vulnerability to infection. It ied could also result in the owes reduced bigavailability of some drugs. For | the bioavailability of ketocanazole (antifungal), is reduced at high intragastric PH (low acid content).CONTD.... 7-)SOME FAMOUS ANTACID BRANDS 1g tzer-NaHCO3 and/or KHCO3 2 Equate“Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2 3-Gaviscon-Al(OH)3 4-Maalox (liquid)-Al(OH)3 and Mg(Ok 5-Maalox (tablet)-CaCO3 6: Milk of Magnesia~-Mg( OH) 7: Pepto-Bismol-HOCE| &-Pepto-Bismol Children’ssCaCo; = 9- Rolaids-CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 ee 70-Tums-€a€O3 17- Mylanta ~ 7CONTD.... 8:)DRUG NAMES Somgrélrugs used as antacids ae, 7-Aluminiium hydroxide * Magnesium hydroxide 3: Calcium carbonate 4+ Sodium bicarbonate 5+ Bismuth subsalicylate 6: 7 & 9 + Cimetidine + Ranitidine + Omeprazole 70- Lansoprazole Histamine RAN TONE 0 m4PROCEDURE: 1S lization of NaOH- First we will take 20 ml of Pim Uc! and titrate it with unknown c Eee solution of NaOH to find it's ‘concentration. 2-Determine the mass of antacid for analysis- Since maximum of our antacids are t, so we will pulverize and/or grind th, tacid tablet with a mortar and pestle. asureyno® more than 0-29 of the pulverized commercial/antacid tablet in a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask having a known "CONTD.... 3-Prepare the antacid for analysis- Pipette 40-Oml of stan, ize O-T1M HCl (stomach acid equivalent) into the" flask “gnd swirl. 4- Prepare the burette for titration- Prepare a clean burette. Rinse the clean burette with two 3 to 5 mi portions of a standard NaOH solution. Record the_ getta lar concentration of the NaOH. Fill the ‘ith the NaOH solution; be sureno air bubbles\are in the burette tip: Wait for 30 seconds and then read its initial volume.CONTD.... 5:Titrate the sample- Once the antacid solution has cooled, titrate the sample with the NaOH solution to ab d point- Watch closely, the endpoint may only take\a few milliliters, depending on the “concentration of the antacid in the sample: When a single drop of NaOH solution changes the sample solution from yellow to blue, stop: Wait for 30 seconds and then read the final volume of NaOH solution in the burette: A a )R the ti OW the same sample- Refill the burette dnd repeat the experiment: b-)Analyze another antacid- Perform the experiment, in duplicate, fo other antacid- Record all data on the report sheet:OBSERVATIONS: Table 7: Standardization of NaOH Soln- Using 0-7 M HCI 5:NO Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant Solution Solution Volume Value cml) cml) cml) \ (nitial | Final i 1 20 0 W2 12 | 2 | 20 W2 | 22-5 1-3 2 |= 20 22:5 | 33-7 2 Table 2: Titration of GELUCI S:NO Pipette Solution (ml) Initial heal “of oO | 2] 40 ST 3 | 40 16-3Table 3: Titration of DIGENE using O-T M HCl 5:NO| Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant Salution Salution Value Value cml) (a) (ml) Initial | Final r 40 Oo | 154 15-4 2% 40 75-4 | 309) 15-5 kag 2: _|% 40 30-9) 46-3) 15-4 Table 4: Titration of ENO using 0-1 M Hel 5:NO | Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant Solution Solution Volume | cml) (mt 7 40 ° 3-3 B 40 73:2 "267 | 134 13-3 3 40 26:7) 40 73-Table 5: Titration of OCID 20 using O-1M HCl S*NO Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant Solution Solution Value Value (ml) (ml) Initial | Final t 40 oO 146 4-6 2 40 14:6 | 29-3 14-7 EEG. 3 40 29:3 | 43-9 14-6 Table 6: Titration of GAS-O-FAST using O-T M HCl NO | Pipette Solution (mal) Burette BIS | 47-2 Concordant ValueRESULT: Clearly from the graph Gelucil required least amount of NaOH for Reaching end point thus it is more effective than other intacid products used- S I © Arranging in descending eo § order our antacids are er in order :- Gelucil > ENO > Ocid 20 > Digene > SyPRECAUTIONS: * All apparatus should be clean and washed popper: *“Burette and pipette must be rinsed with the respective solution to be put in theim:* * Air bubbles must be removed from the burette and jet: * Last drop froth the pi e should not be removed by blowing: } * The flask should not be rinsed with ‘any of the fon, whith are being titrated: ; P=, _ . - bhBIBLIOGRAPHY: * Wikipedia-the free encyclopedia Waqemlaiy « ngecon ww: wikipedia: org i * www-google-com * www-yahoo:com * Comprehensive Practical in chemistry for class Xit * Pradeep’s a i * Chemistry NCERT Class Xil ‘a