N fiye ae van) nu tied — This chapter is going to show you: ‘* how to multiply and divide negative numbers * how to find the highest common factor and the lowest common multiple of sets of numbers * how to use powers and find roots * how to find the prime factors of a numbe You should already know: * how to add and subtract negative integers. * how to order operations, following the rules of BIDMAS © what a factor is + what a multiple is About this chapter t games do you'play? In many of them, you will certainly use numbers. For example, darts players need to make cal ns very quickly. They must work out the target numbers they must score, to finish the game Then they have to think about the possible combinations of scores from three darts Number skills are important in field games, such as fugby or cricket. They in many board mes and, of course mes. This chapter Will help you develop those skills further for use in everyday lite1.1 Multiplying and dividing negative numbers Learning objective * To carry out multiplications and divisions involving negative negative number u positive number This diagram shows th number. In.this exal sult of multiplying both positive and negative numbers by a positive all numbers are multiplied by +2 Multiplied by +2 | Resul eu : This shows that * multiplying a positive number by another positive number gives a positive number You can summarise this as (+) x (+) = (4 Work out the a a-x4 b-8x3 a-x4=-44 b -8x3=-24 wers, agram shows that multiplying a positive number by a negative number gives a negative result, as just shown the other way round. But this diagram also shows that multiplying a negative er by a negative number gives a positive nur 1.1 Multiplying and dividing negative number:k out the answers, 5) b -5x-8 a 7 x(-5)=-35 b -5x-8=40 salceateae tate OS eee, ‘© When dividing numbers with different signs, the answer is a 154-5 b 4+-2 c3x-8+-2 The signs are the same so the answer is positive. The signs are different so the answer is n Work these out a -3x-2 a Using the rules of BIDMAS, work out -3 x -2 first b This time you must do the calculation inside the brackets first 3 Its important to recognise here that 12 is a positive number, since the minus (-) is the operation and not the sign of the number 12. So -3-12 +-2=-3-(12+-2)=-3--6=Exercise 1A a7 b c d 1+7 e 327g eee b i i 4 i a 2x3 b -3x4 © -5x2 a i 7x-2 2 k 10 1 abe m 2 w= 1 0 2 op he ie te ueston nhac ack 3s ' ; ae e -3248 i 4 g -2 h i 74-2 i k 60 14 a b ‘h 6 i @ 2 von : e f g h 12 (UC eric mUCT i Ey 1.2 Factors and highest common factors (HCF) Learning objective cc * To le 1 z mmon factor common factor divisible factor highest common factor (HCF) is pe negative integerat CRC m LMA 1.3 Lowest common multiples (LCM) common multiple (LCM) multipleOO mene They all ach oth in mon the Challenge: LCM and HCF A a Two numbers have ai 24 and an HCF ¢ ar b Two numbers have an L 8 and an HCF of 3. What are < numbers 0 and an HF of 5. What ate th B a Whatare the HCF CM of f ii b Two numbers, x and y, have an HCF of 1. What i Ca e HCF and LCM i Sand10 ii b Twor er thai e1.4 Powers and roots ng objective of ugSquare roots and cube roots pple, 4x 4 = 16, but al So IG = +4 f you know that the vol be is 1 ware de length, you ne spin tives ons of thei multiplied together) g rite a cube st alw ave n front of it, like th r AGE =4, becau \ eae Use a calculator to work these out. 33124 cc Y219; on your calculator, you might need to select the square root or cube e the number. Make sure you know how to use the functions on your: b v6 c d e V2 8 5 h Y100¢ i ¥512 j 729 -alculator to find the value of eac nt bi c 5 di e 2 f h ' 2 5 k 12 I b c d e 4 f 5 using a cal yr, write down the val @D wor eeon b ) ¢ d 2X e 7 f 200 b = cz d 2. square number Whi oe h is the next cube mb that is als example, 1°, 4Challenge: Squares on a chessboard 1.5 Prime factors Learning objectives Fkey words on hat prin factor tree index form * To fin e fac te prime factor prime number ur ember that a prime number is a th i tors, itself ane rh F imbe prime factor of a s als number P it itten as a f itten as a f 7 tl mi rime fafactor tre 103 x2. : 18 into 2 , 6 : a nish with the same set ndex f netho oducts of their b 2x3 ; ‘ ete it me fa fa ; ; d 2 : . d@ 10a 7 ts prime factors a a c duct ofits pri in index for b 28 a product of its prime f r m 9 c 1000 as a product of its prime = d f il rm. r) number prime factors i a Whatis mber wi ime fac b t he Ik x i ct @ 2 whatareth answer i 1 b sf c of 128, in rm, d f @ 2 whataret : b Whatare tl c its a and b to find th 0. d F Find the f Challenge: LCM and HCF in Venn diagrams A Use the diagram: k out the HCF and LCN of numbers. : b ¢ >) on find square and cube 1 use a calculator to n find common fat and divide negative numbers, FOP Eka pea aaa ure roots of positive numbers ean have Wo Valles) Oe positive and nmon multiple (LCM) for pairs of RuMmbErS mon factor (HCP) for pairs of RUMBERSS he product of its prime factors:9 The SQUARE footstool Base 36 cm, width 36 om, height 49 cm £256 Frank noticed that all of the details were square number wondered: ‘If this were a medium square fi at would b e and pr next-smallest square footstool and the price and size of the n st square fox a Find \d the r otst b Find the cost and the size of the ist Rafael was away for the night. He was trying to sleep, but there much round hir * His ack ticked eve sconds © Atap was drippi s © Someone in the next room snored every nd © Acar seemed to go pas! cconds He noticed that all four thi fer on the stroke of midnight a how many more sec hings happen again? b How many times will all four things happen together again between midnigh Copy this Venn diagram a Write the prime factors of 96 and 252 into the correct parts of your Venn diagra bt agram i {CF of 96 and 252 fi the LCM of 96‘ nae 1 BW ra 53 a In January 2008, it cost €12 to visit the Eiffel Tower and £9.50 to visi : Blackpool Tower. The exchange £1 = €1.35. Whic tower was cheaper to visit? By how much? Give your answer in pounds and b The Eiffel Tower is about 325 m How many times taller isthe Eiffel Tower than the Blackpo Blackpool Tower is about 519 feet high I m= 3.3 fee ¢ Th popular is it than the Blackpool Tower with tourists? blocks of mahogany, oak and walnut. Assuming that every block is equal i area, what isthe area, in square centimetres, of each block? Give your answer to the nearest square centimetre When itis lit up, the tower has 10.000 light bulbs, using an average of 15 wai per hour each. The cost of electricity is 12p per kilowatt hour (1 kWh 100 li ximate yearly electricity bill for the lit for 12 hours per day watts per hour). Calculate the appro ts, assuming they 6 The circus ring, when flooded, can hold up to 190000 litres of water to a depth of 140 cm. (1 litre = 1000 cm | | : a How many cubic centimetres is 190000 litres? I b Assuming that the circus rin cular, the formula for working out the radius, given the volume, V, and the depth, d, is: '"\axd 7 metres above the ground is: 13m : ioe lat ate coven 4 4 edt Bg Co vou Sd Peat ‘observation deck of the tower, which is 120 m above the grouni Show your working clearly. Challenge