FM Global Operating Standards 1-28 Sepiember 2008 Page 1 of DESIGN WIND LOADS TNSUREDS OF FW GLOBAL SHOULD CONTACT THE LOGAL FI GLOBAL OFFICE BEFORE BEGINNING ANY [ROOFING WORK. BER) Page 1D SCOPE nn 4 fut changes fee cease v4 112 Revoactve information ss 13 Hazord : 5 2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS me 2.1 Invoduetion 6 2.44 Roo! Design Loads 8 21.1 Basie Wind Speed 7 2.4.1.2 Ground Roughness Exposure nssnnnwnnnnnn 38 2141.3 Roof Upit Design Pressure 3 214.14 Topographic Facior (Ker) ag 2.4.5 Wind Tunnel Testing lo Detenine Wind Gesign Pressures a 24.18 Roof Overnangs 3 2.47 Minimum Wind Raiing for Approved Roo! System maa 2.4.2 Wal Design Loacs ee “6 2.4.2.1 Ouwere Wall Pressure ler Enclosed Building war 2.42.2 Inword Wall Pressure for Enclosed and Perily Encosed Buldings 47 2.4.2.3 Ou Wa Presa fr Paral Enea Buligs 47 2.19 Other Wind Related tems ee 59 3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS 53 8.4 Background vo 59 3.1.1 Wied Upiit . 88 31.2 Wind Damage neurone ae 3.43 Tomadoes o8t 2.14 Examples of Design Pressure Dtenninaton nos) For Proposed Construction 6 3.1.5 Partaly Eneloged Design Pressure .. ven 89 3.15.1 Existing construction 6 3.118.2 Proposed Construction 6 3.2 Loss History 6 3.3 Mustrave Losses. 6a 3.3: Deteriorated Gypsum Roo! Lis Off 64 3.3.2 Modorate Winds Remove Roof Deck 64 3.3.3 Wied Damages improper Designed and stated Root ceed) 4.0 REFERENCES 65 4.1 FIA Giobal Seer een ve seca ea 4.2 Oth0r . 65 5.0 LOSS EXPECTANCY GUIDELINES csormonennnes vn 65 APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS ees eee 68 APPENDIX 8 DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY 70 ‘APPENDIX C SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION cecursnunnsnnnonnararcnnnennines TL C.1 Basic Wind Speed Ce vnmannnennas TY ©.2 FM Global Flan Review Engng won vn B 6.2.1 Roots : Peeeenits ‘22002 Fact hn nsranee Company I igh esred. This formato propped conta ‘itn cc al ores corey ou esac eu chachandiarev es reins! [A Se Se ere Sechelt ra Sai oe ay er1-28 Design Wind Loads Poge 2 FM Global Operating Standards 6.2.2 Walls m List of Figures Fig. 1. Basic wind speeds - Wester United States (8/2001). Fig. 1. (par 2) Besio wind spoods - Central and Eastern United Siaies (8/200 Fig. 1 (pat 8) Basic wind speeds - Western Gul of Mexico Coastine of United States (8/2004) Fig. 1. (part 4) Basio wind speeds - Eastem Gull of Mexico and Southern Atlantic Coastine ‘of United States (8/2001), Fig. 1. (part §) Basie wind speeds - Hid-Atartic and Northern Atantic Coastine of United States (8/2001) : . Basie wind speeds - Alaska (82001). Basi wind speeds — Weston Mexico, Ssec gust in miles per hur (/200%) (par 2) Basie wind speeds - Easter Mexico, 3-sec guat in mites per hour (82001) Basie wind speeds - Australie, -sec gust in miles per hour (8/2001) Base wind speeds - Now Zealand, &60c gust in mies per hour (8/2004) Basic wind speeds - Wostom China, 3sec gust in miles per hour (8/2001). (oa 2) Basie win speeds - Easton Cina, ne gut nes per Now (7004) (pat 3) Basic wind speed for selected ces ~ Chin nnn Basic wind spaeds- Taiwan, 3see gust in rile por hour 8/200") Basic Wind Speeds ~ Brazil, 3-sec gust n miles per hour 6) (82001) aren Basie Wind Speeds for Selected Cites - Canada, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (mls) (8/2001) «23 0. Average nba of ornados per yor po 10:00 square mies (25800 scuaeklometes) in the United States, 1953-1980 (772001) enn Fig. C+. Basie win speeds - Japan and South Korea, 3-se¢ gust in miles per hour (8/2001) 35 Fig. 2. Basic wind speeds - Philppines, sec gust in rales per hour (82001). Fig. C3. Basie wind speeds - Cycloneprone Exposures fom the Indian Ovean, Sse ast is miles por hour (8/2001) : 37 Fig. 11. Bulking 2 is more than 3 (0.8 m) higher than Building 1 43 Fig. 12. Height of buings 1 and 2 are within 3 (0.8 m) of each other. 44 Flow Chart A Enclosed building vs. parflly enclosed building cy List of Tables Table C-1, Basie Wind Speed for Selected Counties and Cites . 4 ‘ble 1. Roof Field Area (Zone 1) Uplit Design Pressure, p, for Expasure B, Flat or Gable Root, esto (or 60 f (18 m) 84 m/e) [> 170 mph (S m/e) ‘Notes: 4. Values are nominal design 3-second aust wind speeds in miles per hour (rvs) ‘af 22f (10m) above ground for Exposure C category. 2, Linear Interpolation between wind contours is appropriate. 3: elands ang coasial areas outside the last contaur shall use the ast wind spped ‘contour of te coastal area 4, Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocaan promontories, and special wind regions shal be examined f6/ unusual wind conditions. Seek 50-yr MRI wind speed values ‘rom local building officials. As a minimum, increase the Wind speed values by 10%. Fi. 1. (part 2) Basie wind speece - Conta and Eastom United States (82001). ‘ecae2 Factory Mua insurance Company. Al gs evenedPage 10 FM Global Operating Standards | 10018, Za 058) 90440) seo wo 0 | sno) 1 100" os 0 EB Special Wind Region Notes: 1, Values are nominal design 3-eecond gust wind speeds in miles per hour (ms) at 331 (0m) above ground for Exposure C category. 2, Linear interpolation Between wind contours is sporopri, 3 Islands and coastal areas outside the last contour shall use the last wind spped contour ofthe coastal area. vos and spect wind ‘4, Maurtainous terrain, gorges, ocean promontores, and special wind regions shall bs examined for unusual wind conditions. Seek 60-yr MRI wind speed values from local Bullding officials As a micimum, increase the wind speed values by 10%. Fig 1. (part 3) Basic wind speeds - Westem Gul of Mexico Gosstne of Untied Stas. (2/2001) 22002 Fotr Ma Inerance Company A ght eerDesign Wind Loads 1-28 FM Global Operating Standards Page 11 119(49) Bl Special Wind Region Notes: 1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in miles per hour (ms) ‘at 33% (10m) above ground for Exposure C category. 2, Linear interpolation betwoon wind contours is appropriate, 3 Ialands and coastal areas outside the last contour shall use the last wind spped ‘contour of the coastal area. 4, Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promontories, and special wind regions ‘shal be examined for unusual wind conditions. Seek 50-yr MRI wind speed values from local bulding officals. As 2 minimum, Increase the wind speed values by 10%. ia 1. (part 4) Basic wind speeds - Easton Gut of Moxico ané Souther Atlantic Coastine of United Staos (8/2001. 2200 Factory Mul surance Company Al gs sare.1-28 Design Wind Loads Page 12 FM Global Operating Standards 80° 75° 70° es 48° 40° Sag) kl em ast Sees oe 100(45) / 120154) . aag_t0 me 8 tadtag) 78 10 {88 Spectal Wind Region "Notes: 1. Valugs are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in miles per hour (ms) {at Bat (10m) above ground for Exposure © category 2, Linear Interpolation botwean wind contours is appropriate 5 Islands and coastal aroas ouside the last contour shall use the last wind spped 1 wulouel te coastal are ee |. Mountainoustorain, gorges, ocean promontoies, and special wind regions ‘hall be examined for Unusual ind conations. Sook S0-y" MRI wind speed Values ‘fom tocl bulding officials. As 8 minimum, mereage the wind speed valuos by 10%. Fiat. (att) Bacio wind eveede - Mis-Attante an Norte Aric Coastine of Unie Sials (8/2001) 22002 Factory Mul nsrane Company. A gh Fesere,Design Wind Loads 1-28 FM Global Operating Standarde Page 13 yet ATO te aoe ee eae ase oe or ta one I \ 1650085 Ha Notes: 4. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in miles per hour (rs) ‘al 331 (10m) above ground for Exoosure © category. 2. Linear interpolation between wind contours is appropriate, 5 Jalands and coastal areas outside the last contour shall use the last wind spped ‘contour of the coastal area, 4, Mountainous terrain, gorges and ocean promontories, shal be examined {or unusual wind conditions. Seek 50.yr MRI wind speed values from local building officals. As a minimum, increase the wind speed values by 10%. Fig. 2, Basle wind spoeds - Alaska (8/2001). ‘©2002 Factory Ma Ierancs Company Ad gt ered1-28 Design Wind Loads Page 14 FM Global Operating Standards 1st no 105" 85, 95 aa 30" — 207 Notes: Consul lc roerda in mountainous areas ‘To.convert huge base wind speeds f= mph t/t mult by O47 . Fi 3. Basio wind speeds ~ Westam Mico, 29° gust in mvs per how (8/2001) ‘22002 Factry Maus inerence Company Al ps exevedDesign Wind Loads 1-28 Fld Global Operating Standards Page 15 Siaaeaaneaaaeeaet| 100" 95" 90° 301 05 2. Fu | Notee: Cont eal record n mountainous areas speede in aph tom /e wot tese as rey Bae? Fi. 3. fom 2) Basic wied speeds - Enstrn Mexico, 3-900 gust in miles por hour (/2001) (e200 Faso Mun reuronce Company Adve reseed1-28 Design Wind Loads Page 18 FM Global Operating Standards “ia 4 Base Wind Spooss -Australa, ee gut mios por hour (ns) (200%) 2202 Factory Mail nracn Company. Alp sereDesign Wind Loads 1-28 FM Global Operating Standards Page 17 7 i 790" 168" ew ZenLanD, ‘BASIC WIND SPEEDS fever yEEES, BER AGRE Shocincnn = ez 7 a in arate ei ae de | . } ~AREE- “| sours | mals paceaaneae mw a8 Fig, §, Basle wind speeds - New Zealand, $220 gust in mies per hour (72001) 200 Fain ttl ce Company. Al oe rezaredDesign Wind Loads Bu 1-28 Page 18 FM Global Operating Standards Lie 70 9 8° Nolo: For numbered cly names and bese wind speeds, 890 Fa. 7. (oar) ia 6, Basle Wind Speeds for Wester China, sec. gust in ilo por hour (rvs). (72001) 22001 Facton Mal nance Company. Al ars ecanedoe 9 Nol: For numbered ety nemes and basi wind Fi. 6 (et 2) Basie Wind Speeds fr Easton Grin, 3-66 gust mibs por hour (nt), (72001) (22002 Fal Masala Compan Al és eared1-28 Design Wind Loads Page 20 'FM Globat Operating Standards H ; L 3) MS USURIMEAR ESHER HUB Fe IEA H 2 i Ay sie : HOBERHE & 2 | walelslelel= [else le|elelelale i o elie |, E12 lelalalela/stelelelelalelele & UEMIASIEIS|E/le slalslelslel rena Bel-l=ll-lle lll = a) =|] [|e] || Fi. 6. (part 3) Basle wind speed fr selected cis - China ©2002 Fast at Insane Company Al fbi eredDesign Wind Loads 1-28 FM Global Operating Standards Page 2 120" 2 1 asig0) q 255+ > contrat Panein ohul\ s7i4op rose 22465) omg i 2a 2% hob fionen eno ae £ Asta Reeeaae aa), 14662) oi 140{62) | 2x = 3° we en ola Pore soto) yet | ‘mara j & 3 22 a 187(70} - 120" ver ee Petes Ramet ¢ 1 2% 40 1 PF ties Fi. 7. Basic wind speeds - Taiwan, 9-200 gut in ibe por how (272007) £2002 Fetry Maul nurnce Company. A igh rere,Design Wind Loads FM Global Operating Standards 5 > a & s-| BA ae j0- 7 = eee) | portaleza ° é [Brazil | _aminsyi wp SPEED mph 68 i — : 7 15 25: Pn202 1990 69° Kilometers ie 290 Niles Fig. & Bast Wind Spoeds- Brezi $s0c gust in mies por nour (rvs) (82001) «©2002 Factory Mv Insane Comary AI igs eredDesign Wind Loads FM Global Operating Standards, 1-28 Page 23 Fig. 9. Basic Wind Speeds for Selected Cites Canada, sec gust in mies per hour (ms) (2001) ae se m (22002 Fein tal Instance Company Ah resorted1-28 Design Wind Loads Page 24 Fl Global Operating Standards [eer ae Sa si a [acre se sa a % ic a ane Tr 3 2002 Factory Mtl nine Company Al his FeseredDesign Wind Loads 1-28 FM Global Operating Standards Page 25, ‘22502 Factory Mutual insrence Corpany Al igh sere1-28 Design Wind Loads Page 28 FM Global Operating Standards ree oo a co aca [sae “aa aes ba Tae ir (22002 Felry Muu Ireranes Company Argh eenedDesign Wind Loads 1-28 FM Global Operating Standards Page 27 nae Bak 7 co eae = —— = = ce ce = = ‘©2002 Factory Nuva inerono Company An rere,1-28 Design Wind Loads Page 28 FM Global Operating Standards a on a ve = 62002 Felry Mal eran Company Arh eneDesign Wind Loads 1-28 FM Global Operating Standards Page 29 a Sor Sa = ras hae a ©an0a Factory Ms Inezane Company A gh ess1-28 Design Wind Loads Page 30 FM Global Operating Standards im poe od oy Esser ba ae “sa cs es [oe er 7 ‘ec002Factary Mut Inerano Company A is eneDesign Wind Loads 1-28 FM Global Operating Standards Page St fe sn = eer some = Seer ie = ool os = eer = co ©2002 Factory Mu Insane Company Al igh esned.Design Wind Loads Pago 32 FM Global Operating Standards ine oa oo si a ©2002 Fel Maul eae Company At hes eared.1-28 Design Wind Loads Fin Global Operating Standards ‘eaice Factory Mavs ewan Company Al At ened1-28 Design Wind Loads Page 4 FM Global Oper 19 Standaras ‘Additional Design Wind Speeds ‘The wind speed information in Figures 0-1 through C-3 and Table C-1 are intended to.be used in Con- junction wih Section 2.1.1.1 twas not included inthe data sheet as considerable judgement wont info Its development and possessing itis considered & compalive advantage for FM Global. See Appendix © {or addtional information ee Table C1. Basle Wind Spoed for Soloctd Countries and Cites aunty ‘Bose Word Speed, 3.300 gust Ataris and Carebean Soa blaras:Bormuda, — | 125 mph (5 me) demaige, Dominican Repuotc, Hol, Bahamas, ign lands, end te Looward and Windward idonds ofthe Caribbean Sea Countioe Exposed the indian Ocean [seer C5 Tndonoste Not typhoon prone excopt 120 mph G4 wie) ore Sunda Islands eas of dave and south of tha Flores Soa Japan and Sou Kore See Fi C1 Malaysia Nota typhoon prove reer Phikpp nee [Sen Fig. C2 Samoa tends 736 mph (60 mia) ‘Shgapore Nt a typhoon prone region Net: Cena och acre mourns arse. ‘22002 Factory Nut nerenc Company AN gs esenesDesign Wind Loads 1-28 FM Global Operating Standards Page 25 a aI FIN Ply ail A Mei? ls Bs R SGARSE "Fi. C1, Basi Wind Speeds pan and Sout Kore, 3-s0c gust in miles por hour (ms). (8/2001) ee 3 is 6: ab wi es na So ae ‘e0002 Fal ess Company pi reeres1-28 Design Wind Loads Page 98 FM Global Operating Standards a we Te ae 1a le sjapetone Colebes Sea | “geverah wae ee a8 28 Notes: Coraut eal tect. umatcus ara Teteneetmph wre mapleyXO.8T Fig. C2, Basic wind spoedsPritepinas,s-coe gti miles per hour (22001) (2002 Fel sual nero Company Ih earedDesign Wind Loads 41-28 FM Global Operating Standards Page 37 (68, Bie ind pads Clr Expres nh ian Oat: 8 anit pr ar (0 ‘©2002 Factor Marsan Company At ig eso1-28 in Wind Loads Page 38 FM Global Operating Standards Inereage the basle wind speed by 10 % (4.6 mvs) or more, as appropriate, n areas exposed to extreme local \Wwinds. In the U.S. and Canade this would include such effets as the Santa Ana, Chinook, Columbia River ‘Gorge and Wasatch Mountain winds. Applicable areas include the Special Wind Regions shown on some: ‘of the wind speed maps. Appropriate increases for other areas exposed by high local winds should be made itjustiied by local records. | Determining Basic Wind Speed from Regional Cimatc Data For regions where wind speed data is not provided inthis Gperating standard, contact your local wind: storm specialist Use of fegional cimatc data'can be used with caution, Prouer exreme~ale stalisticl “analysis is needed fo propery reduce such data, Such ilems as length of record, sampling error aver- ‘aging fme, anemometer height, data qualiy, and ground roughness exposure need to. be property ‘considered: Whenever necessery, consult wih your local windsiorm specialists for assiclanos in th 24.1.2 Ground Roughness Exposure Determine the Ground Roughness Exposure as noted in Appendix A, Glossary of Terms. The Ground Rough ness Exposure fs @ function of the terrain surounding the building it is being applied to. The Ground Roughness Exposure isnot affected by the height of the building in question relative tothe heights of the ‘objects in that surrounding tein Fora ste located in a transition zone between two Ground Roughness Exposures, utlize the more severe Ground Roughness Exposure (e.g, for B/C ullize C). Use the most clical applicable Ground Roughness Exposure evan Ii exists in only one direction, ‘Design components and cladding of buildings and other structures using the Ground Exposure category that results In the highest wind fond for any wine rection at the site ‘Any apparent shielfing afforded by indvidual or localized buildings and other structures or terrain features js not o be recognized as having any impact on Ground Roughness Exposure. 2.1.1.8 Roof Uplift Design Pressure Use Tables 1 through 3 to determine the fed of roof area (Zone 1) design pressure for enclosed buildings With root slopes up to and including 10 degrees. When entering these tables, consider the pertinent var- ‘ables such as Ground Roughness Exposure, mean roofheigh, and basic wind speed. Forother combinations {Of enclosed!parally enciosed buildings andior diferent roof slopes, and for Zones 2 and 3, apaly the appro- priate factors in Table 4 to the pressures in Tabes 1 through 3 to obtain the various roof area design pressure. For components end cladding, base design pressures on those given inthis data sheet. For secondary sup- porting members (e.g, joists, purine, elc.,) refer to ASCE Stancars 7-88 and apply the appropriate effective fea and an importance factor of 1.16. ‘nce miss al Stet nig ovale toni Sue BIN CE OLD Oe Siensestiteon acto mee abeso tis 7. = 'Aslgnifoant preseure change oceure jn Tablos 1,2 and 3, when "Ny" goos between 80 ff (27m) and just below 80 f This is consistent with ASCE 7-98, Tho reason primarily é thal the ASCE 7-96 data has been. ‘acsembled from the latest (as of 1998) boundary-layer winé-unnel and fullscale tests and from. prev- ‘ously evellabe iterature. These boundary-ayer wind tunnel test resulls were obtained for specific types fof buildings such as low or high~se bullings, ASCE cautions against indisriminate interchange of any ‘reseure values Inthe tables, which could Introduce unexpected erroneous valves. ©2002 Fel Maal Ineranee Company At rhe eredDesign Wind Loads FM Global Operating Standards 1-28 Page 39 Tako 1. Root Fats Area (Zone 1) Uplt Design Pressure, p, for Exposure B, Fat or Gable Root, © 10" (hor 00h (10m) che OM (27 m), imied fo Nw = I Enclosed Buillng = 0.00260 K, Ky KV" 1((6C,)~ (G0, n pounds per fF (os Enclosed Buicg, Roo! Ze 1 (Fils Ares). Eflecive Wind Ava 1 0 407%, Kyp= 10; Ke = 085; 11852 = hi (6G) == 10 N90 and (SC) = 1.8 forh» 30 (60) = 018 ‘ea ‘Baste Wird Speed, W 3386 gut (moh) rect ole na TE aa ee oat Fi Area Ui Dig Presu 9. Exasie & wer pals) els ale | | ee TA Sposa pat aes fa ep fos oo ape | eae | ae | es or |e oe ef} peep a fs] 80 ee | fe ar sofa psp asf ese feof as || toe oe fae fae far fae eo eae is Sar [ sa a0 fas [se fone || 00 aor] a8 68 S00 car fcas pases [rao aos |e Safa fares ae asf soo [nae fae fe pep wef moses |e ee GOST RK 16, (Sn pase P=) Eis Bung Rot Zan 1 Fv a). fected Ava 0.1 © 08H Fy hth Ky 0881214812 = | (6) 1.0 for 37 tad {S,) 214 rhs 7 (= 018, ‘ean asc Wind Spd V, Des atm) ‘oot Hott ivi meee ys ee ee a Gl il Are Up Cots Prose Expose BF a a fo~[car_{oa teas | ae ae | 98 | | a or Se eas} ao ta | asf te] aa] | 903s] 40a sete ea af 2a fas] [a8 Boba se es ara se aa st se elsif ses | ae] ga [se _| ae [se feo ar ects} ie fas ae | aa et [as] oe] na rs | ee [cis } a0 ee [ae | as ae | sa fos | re [a2 | wep de fae | ze] 3a [az | so [8 | 88 78] 88] 100 iota peep a0 bar as pss ee [re | es | 9a [07 1 tnterpatton is apprnrat 2. Pres (el mo ose! a era (22002 Flr Muu rere Company AU rts ese1-28 Design Wind Loads Page 40 FM Global Operating Standards Table 2. Root Feld Aree (Zone 4) Up Dosign Pressure, p fer Exposure C, Flt or Gabi Roo! © < 10° (For (18 m) << B01 (27 m,linfod to hws 9; Enclosed Building B= 0.00066 K, Kook INGC,) = (S0,3) he pounds port (os) Eneiosed Builing; Roo! Zone 1 (Fold Ara), Efectve Wied rae 1 to 107 Kee = 0: Ky 0861 1.1852 = hi (6G,) == 10 for h £90 Rand (GC) = 1 fort > 90 fe (60) = 0.18 ean ‘Bodie Wid Spood, V, 3300 gust (mph) Roof | 80 (60,) = 0.48 oan Basi Wind Speed, V, 5-30 gue, (mph) Root | see [oo [woo [Tio | ao | 130 | wo | ras | 160] 1] 170] 15 eight Feat Field Ave Upit Beslan Pressure, p, Exec D ps nee) ws} a> sl] eT lapaye >a] ae] ee | |e ae ote | or | re | 8 | oe | Fe 9 [ a0] eae 5060] ro] ata [05 | 08 [120 [2 $0 [ ao_[ as 58 [67 [00a a0 i226 180 foo_[ at aes [oo] 2 fos tno far [sas [tet | a0 00_[ a8 | a2 0s _[ 77 |e | t08 [as [ toa] 1481018828 soo[s0_[ se] 09 [a] ae | tte tae [ia | st ar6 [98 | 258 00_[ 6a [88 [ra |e nonfat || 96218520827 soo [seat [75 [or] 108 | ter] tar _| 68 [169190 [ar 257 = 0.000519 K, Ke Ka V1 ROO) = (SO opsscols a) ‘Encased Bulg, Root Zone 1 (Field Aes) Efocve Wind Ares 0.1 Ow Kove 40; Ky 088; 1= 4.15.2 hs (664) = = 10 orm 27 mand (66,) 2» 1 forh 227 m 18 [lon Basio Wind Spo0d.V 5-20 gus, mie) rot [ze] OL eT | = | oO | 6s | Ole] we eign Root Fak fea Unit Design Prom, p, Expbawe D Fo) ea) os [a pe | se ee or a se ae aa [42 [43 -p a7 | 27 25 | 30[-35 | 41 | 47 [oa | 60 ea _[ as te [2328 [as [30 | as [sz [88 | 67 wf ta [4s] 18 | 2a [aes [aa [a0 | 48 | 3 [80 | 68. w_[ia_[ 1s} 20-| 25] 30 [se [az | aa | 86 [0a | 7 wpe 21 [a7 [33 [40 [ae [55 | es [7s | o6 | 8 wp go | 22 [27 [aa a [ae [sr | es | 6 | a7 [88 eo_[ 32 | 2a | -s1 | -s8[-ae [ss | os | 75 | 89 | 08 | 110 m_[ 2a }-28 | -33_|-4i-]-so_[ se | es [eo | 92 [wos | 8 of e [28 | 38} aa | sa | a2 7a [es | o7 | 10 | 24 wo [es [20 | 6 [4s | sap oa | ve [es | or] 1s | 128 1. Inerpalton ie spponat 2 Prosue (i al uit pa 602 Factory Mul nsrace Company AE rhs reserved1-28 Design Wind Loads Page 42 FM Global Operating Standards Table 4. Roof Decign Outward Prossure Mpls or Roof Zones f, snd 3 symm “About ¢, J For wats, Seo ‘ables Symon eat, “Zone Nee: 4, Zn0excat Zone 24> 1 eam Zone 34. 1" and n> €0 (18 n). 4 Zine Berea Zone 36> 10" eran 6018 m) 4 petits 2 Ro) pond an pra oe et wih 0 1 "12 (187 mm 90°=7 12 in (585 my 6° Zone 9 rab totes anna me) Roof Design Noga Pressure Mulptars Zanes 7,2, for Pat ard Gablad Roofs ‘poly mulipiers to presbufe values in Tabloe 7, 2, and 3, 08 appropri ‘ean Rac? Heipn.n—| Roof Sloe Enatosed Boll. ‘Patialy Eelosed Bulg Zanot | zone 2 | Zones | Zonet | Zone? | Zore3 WZGOR (TO and when | _O= TO 10468 [259 [191 | 199 | 25 nw forso-tereot=h<| Oto | ise | 210 | 268 | 405 [242 [9.18 ‘oRtB 10% moan fat hoght 4. Ve ow" bse 0 esse lan emin. ect Factry Mut iene Company. gi eseDesign Wind Loads 1-28 ge 43 FM Global Operating Standards 2.4.44 Topographic Factor (Ka) “Topographic effects can inrease wind speed locally due to significant his, ridges and escarpments of spect fied dimensions and proximity to the bulling or proposed building in question. Guidelines for determining design pressures under these conditions are provided in ASCE Standard 7-98, and ulize Ka values greater than 1. The topographic factor greater than 1 fs generally the exception (for extreme cases) rather than the Tule. However, when apelcable, the design pressuro adjustments can be significant. Due tothe adcional ‘complexity when utlzing @ Kz, greater than 1, and the fact that this is forthe minority of cases, the proce= ‘dure for this is excluded from this data sheet. Refor to ASCE Standard 7-98 for futher information on the topographic factor. ‘When a significant hil, ridge or escarpment exists Inthe vainly, contact your locel windstorm specialist for advice and assistance in any needed calculations, 2.1.4.8 Wind Tunnel Testing to Deter \Wind tunne! testing for determination of design wind loads is sometimes done for various reasons (inegular buiding shapes, channeling effects or bufleting in the wake of upwind obstructions, etc). Wind loads doter ‘mined ‘rom tunnel testing aro acceptable to use, provided that ASCE 7-96 Standard, Section 6.6 "Method 3— Wind Tunnel Procedure" is folowed. ine Wind Design Pressures (Contact your local windstorm specialist for advice and assistance if needed. ‘where mult-evel roofs meet at a common wall, the edge ofthe upper roo is treated as roof perimeter ang comer areas (Zones 2 and 3) if the diference in holght Is 23 ft (0.9 m). The lower roof stp where it meets {higher wall's treated asa field area, except forthe square areas at each end which are treated as perim- ters. (Seo Figures 11 and 12.) Re EB one G menten “ia 7, Buling 218 mare than 3 (0.9 m Higher than Bulg 1. 2.1.16 Roof Overnangs For roof areas extending beyond exterior walls (overhangs). adjust design pressures in accordance with Table 5, For the specific conditions in Table 5, apply the factors In Table § to the design pressures previously deter- mined “for that particular roof areas ‘ez002 Factory Mua nerance Company A gs esa.1-28 in Wind Loads Page 44 FFM Global Operating Standards 8d9.1 7 Biag. 2 FES cones RY miei toe Fig 12. Height of baking 1 and? ave win 3 (0.9m) ofeach oor ‘abo 5. Root Oveang Factors [ARDY on overhang areas ony endfor hs 60 f (18m Encleod Bai Portoy Enclosed Bul Siope Fa_—[ Perimeter [Gamer Fat | Perimeter [Caer 95 107 ia Dua NA i ‘ONA DNA Wwe0s30 | pHa ‘DNA 18, BWA DNA a woos" [OWA ics a5 RA ONA it 2.1.7 Minimurn Wind Rating for Approved Roof System Based on the field of of area design pressure previously obtained, use Table 6 to determine the mini- ‘mum Approved wind clasiication rating noaded forthe entre roof assembly (deck and above-deck system). ©2002 Factory Mul reraes Company Alig reveredDesign Wind Loads FM Global Operating Standards 1-28 Page 46 Table 6. Recommended Rating of Flt, Porter and Comer eroes (Zones 1, ? nd 3) ‘Minima Wid Rating for Approuvd DochAbove DeckiEntra”™ AsSemby Root Fels Ares Design Roo! Fisk Area ‘Roof Porneter Area "Roo! Camor roa Prosoura , (os) Eeioses Big. Enciosod Bg. Enclosed Bis 15 60 K varies Ka 10 Ky™ O88) 2118; 110 or n= 60 and (GC,) =~ 0.8 forh > 60 f (GO,) = 0.18 ‘Basle Wind Speed, V, 3-60 gust, (mph) oc ‘Wai Design Gubvard Prose, , in Pounde Por fat) otter | 7 | a | eo | 95 | we ‘B= O0006T9 K, Ke, Ke 1 (60) ~ (G0) Rlopaseals Po) Wall Zane & Efedive Wine Area 0.1 f0 08 more 18m and0.1 10 18m forh> 18 mK varon Kas THK 2 (085; 1= 1.15 (6) = = 10 for hs 18 mand (GG, } =~ 09 for h> 18 m; (Oy) = 0.18 Toon sic Wind Spood,V, See gus, mis) Root Hein [<28-[ 40] 45] @ [ee] eo 7 & | wm ) me | 0) & Above Grand, Wal Design Outward Pressure, 6, Kpaccle KPa) os | | oe [oe ps pe Te | aD ee] ae [ae |e [07 08 | 0] 43 | 15 [18 | 22 | a8 | 29 [39 [37 [os [to 2] 48 | 4a | 22 | 25 | 20 | 3a | ge | a8 m_[-ea [i013 [16 [ne | ae [28 [30 [as [ao | as gos [48 | 13} 418 | 19 | 22 | 26 [30] 35 | 40 | 45, 30 [08 | 4e | 13 46 | t9 | 2s [27 3r ] se | at | as, [oat [az | te | 38 | a] 2a | os | se | 4a [0 | 88 wf 43 [ ia] te | 22 [26 [an [a7 | aa | 49 [58 [63 "ao [ia asf a | 2a] 28] se | ao [ae [oa | 6 | oe wo 4s | te _[ 20 | 26 | at [se [as [as [sr | 6 [7a {-lnerptton soporte. €2002 Fel Mua Insurance Company Al igs resend.Design Wind Loads 1-28 FM Global Operating Standards Page 49, Tob 8 Wad Design Outward Pressure, for Exposure. 0 < 10% Enclosed Bulking, Area Zone 4 B= 0.00256 K, Ky Ky "1 ((60,)~ (60,J0 pounds por (os ‘Wall Zane & Efecive Wind fea: tt 70 for h 260 and 1 to 20 for h> 60K, varea: Kz = 1.0: Ke = OBET 215; 1.0 for n= 60 and (GC,) =~ 0.9 for > 60 ft (60,) = 0.18 wean ‘oie Wied Speed, V, $-s0c gust, (mph) Root Hein [Z6E] 80] TO] WO] Wa] tao | Wa | mS] 160] 160] iO] 15 Above \sroung, nt) ose] ele] opel eT esl ea a le ea a | fs | ee fo et es eo ema aa | ae ert r8 |e for 34 3 Preesus, ps pou por Tel) 99_[ 28 [27 af [or | os [| re] ats 00 | 25_[ 20 af ae [e8 [orf a | 09 |r po0| 29] 3 | 40 | aor fer | re [esas] tor | et oO oo 33137 | 48 _| “85 [66 77_|_90_| a6 90s [ttt | a7 500 [35] | a8 | o3 | 69 | e1_|_o¢ | ton_[ tos [as [toa | 104 ‘Px 0000873 K, Ke 1 (GC,)~ (GG) Mopascals (Pa) Wal Zone © Efocve Wind Rien: 0.1 20. orb 10 mand Ot Yo 18 mF forh > 19 m{K VarOe Ky ® TOK 0.85; = 118 {6C,) ==1.0 or ns 18 mand (GC, ) =~ 08 fr h> 18 m; (6C.) = 048 Tien Basle Wind Speed. V, Sse gua, (me) Root Holo [Z8e-] a] a TP Ee eT TO | eT | oove Grown, Wal Deslgn Ouiwars Proseurs, ph Kiopaseals WPsy om) os) 08 |e | 12 ae | ae ee a ae ase 5 YO [hea [ie [20420 [sa [30 [as at [8 [az | 43} a7 | 2s | a8] a0 [35 | 40] a6 | 52 | sa a [ iz [138] 47 21 | 25} 30 | 35 [40] 40 | 52 | sa woes ap 2s} _s0 [3s | 40] ae [82 8a [4] 48] 49 | 24 | zo [sa | 40 [as fas | ei |e eof te [47 aif 36 [a1 | sr | aa [0 [88 | 68 | 7a, wo | te [te | 22] 27_| as 30 [a6 | sa | og [ro [78 war [te [es | 28 [3s [at [as | se | 64 | ra [eo *-tmrpltion te sppropate (©2002 Faetry Mut rerane Company, Al igs ert1-28 Design Wind Loads Page 60 FM Global Operating Standards Table 9, Wal Design Cunvard Pressure, p, fr Exposure D, 6s 10, Enclosed Bung Area Zone 4 = 0.00256 K, Ky Ra V1 [50 ~ (60a) in pounds por F (ps) Vial Zane &, Efocive Wind Aree 1 1 10 for 60 A and to 20 forh> 60K, varoe| Ka = 101K, = OBB) "8 19 for h $60 and (66,) =~ 0.9 for > 60 fi: (GC) = 0.48 oan Basle Wind Spoed,V, 980 gus, (mph) Roof Height [20s] 80] i00 | HO] 70] 1 | 74] 1 | 10) 100] 170] ToS (Ground, ‘Wa Dadi Ouiward Pressute, p,m pounds per haf) os] ee |e] ela tele lee eT ee EO Ce go [ze [i]s] ar s8_ [os _[re |r| or | oo |e | 108 yoo [|_| 9] a fos [6s re [ator | oo | a 198 20092 [36 | a3 [os 78] | 08928180) 30034] 38 | 47_|a7 [66 [70] 02 | 09 | 105" [20] 196 | 160) 40098 | 40_| «| 607i [a8] o7_| tor t_| a6 | 142109 soo _[ ar fat] st] ee ear] 100 | toe ate [ae | tes [05 ‘P= 0.000815 K, Ka Kz VF [(6O,) — (Go,J]n Rlopasests Pap Wal Zoe &, Ecve Wind Ars: 0.1 f0 03 mor hz ¥8 mand 0. 10 1.8 mE for > 18 mK, vanes Ky = 1K 085,1= 135; (G¢,) == 1.0 for hs 18 m and (6G, )= 09 for» 18 m; (GO) 0.18 Teen ‘Beste Wind Speed, V, 3-208 gual (me) Roo! won [ZH] 0] a] |S ae] eS ew) Above ‘Ground, Wal Desi hem) 0-8 [a | ee | ae ee a a a ea [2 | ta [a7 | a [as] a0 [os [at par] 53 | 8 fe [ 13-15 | 48 | 23] 28 | a3 | 39 [as [62] 50 | oy, wl | 1s [48] 24] 29] 34_[ a0] a8 | 88] 60 | 60 a] 44_[ 48 | 4a] 24] 29 | 3a [40 | a5 | 53 | 60 | 68 w_[oa [4s | 18 aa | 39 sa ao | ae | sa |_o0 | 68, @ | 4s [47 | 21 | 26 | a2 | se_[ aa [51 | se | or | 75) wie [18 [ 23 | ee [ae [a0 ar | ss | os | re | 8s wo [a7] 4a] 24 | 29] 36 | a2 [50 | 58 | oe [7s | es) qo [is | eof 2s [aim] sv] aa] 52] eo] ral apa i apeaprte ©2002 Factory Mv nero Conary Alig esevedDesign Wind Loads 1-28 Fld Global Operating Standards Page 5 Table 10, Wal Design Outword Prossure Muistee for Wall Zones 4 and 6, Encosed Bulings Symmetvicl About. Wall Design Outward Pressure liters, Zares 42nd & Flat and Gabied Rook, 0 45" ‘Aly mules to pressure values in Tables 7, 6, end 8 as appronlal, Wan Roo a Ereosed Bul Height above ground, h(t) Zotod Zan he6on (8m) Sar 10 122 > 60 8m) ete 10 7183 ne60 t(t8 mI) wee 708 134 > 60 8m) wo sas" O98 183 1) Fors 60 (18 mis the sar. este tung kee pln manion or 04 tra Band never as than 4% of ist rngontal denon, 08 (9. 1) For» 608 (16m) “ais 0. teste buking ese ln enson bu rete an 9 (0.9m) 1 For sapes< 10 5 Fovsunes> £2002 Fel Mul nero Company Argh ered1-28 Design Wind Loads Page 52 FM Global Operating Standards i eserel|3)3]5]3[3]2[2|=|2 | "| cor |a}als|ajalsislalale A ; Coote g/3}818|3]5|3|8|2|> | 8 [PT coor lg a || i 8 | | eeore # oore|s}3/3/3|3]3)5/3]3|2 | 21 Peon rE *T coor efafa alla] ss al 3] |_| ses 8} || re ja co9t =) | | comlalsislslelele|ais/s| # 34] [= : i aa oor| z3 : 3 eel S2del 3 Whales ai : es eer } See Es el His dies Li i fei [ee i : 2/82 alas slik 7 age sea E ; ge fea | iy Wa | a |" e ey Sy : ae 53] 2 23 |e 33] |e i 2G | [sa 2 i a] S3} [Tron -lelolel-lfelele a i 8) | el moon ile | | [*] coore 7 FE 2 ee 2a g a HEB ul : i eca02 Factory Mut isrance Company. rg econ.Design Wind Loads 1-28 FM Global Operating Standards Page 53 coorlelelelelalalalals coors |3/aiai2)2}=|\2|3| le|_teven ol feo e| | | Colsielsisiale|sisis} S| Gort tsi] 3| 29 /215/3)3 | | |_|_tsr +] |_| pasa ! (oo'| slate] gi (oo}| le|_tevenn 8) | | oon 8] FT coomlalslelsiafalstelel x3] || coor|elstalelalslalslals 23] |_| tam $3] LL mas 22] || coomlelelelslelclelelal gal [| cools! 32) (g| som Fg) fo|_ wna al 48 FP eoplebslalcelstalele] fe} || coor lelalslaalalslelals 2 us 3e| |_| oma §| 8] | coovlaletelelelelelelel Sal | | coomlelelelelsistelslels| = 2) Se [elem FP 32) |p| mam 3 3 | coor lelelslalsiels ge cor lo) elel-lelelelslels| & ae Coon le] FS Sma RSPR SED || 3! Zale oor}elolels|=\2}z\ele| 25] Woor)s}slelaleigisis|3|a| 2 5B | toner > aoe z Ee Sy Siegel | feo lslelsielelelelelelan coor laafelsele lala E SIESTALT coomlel-looleleletela eetel | Coomlalsblelesklete| § SIRS Sela mio SEI | mom FSI i Sle asg|"| coo lelelolsleleleleleleeele| | coorelslelslals(alalsials eee coatalo lel elelsslel ee mamPPRRRRRE A) | bone oorele|-[olafoleleleley ele] | Coomels|s|s|s|sis|s|s|s| g 2/82 e/g = ea 2) gt : e|$3 8/8)" | coor|elalslels|s| £32/8)"| coorb|slelelalal<{slelelel 2 aul Pes dh ba PS SEES ASIS8] § TSA] [Tecoebleleb bbls e4§l (] coxlealealalastls yal [el eum i Lea) fg em Pe Pie A°S8) |T corlalalelslslelelele| 5] || coomlelsfelelflatalalsl 2 5 3 seurorea|“|S]°/ 1° 1S ee FET aa a i i al 9 ae co91"|4|e/ofofo|r|nlolo} =| eoorelals|a|alal|e{sls| = a] es] || So 4 || Sorbisleleistelee|sis] 5 2] 55] |) coomlelatelalalalatale! Se] |] coos i =| 33) LL sme 5) | | fete i alg eo0!Jn|x]2|o}olofolole| 2 &| coore|aielalafalalsialsts| # 8] 8) [| mus |= i 5 oor [elelsigla/s|glals| $ (oor igigiaie|=|=|as|ale| ~ a jeurorea | ug orl " Sa ("09%|o]o]2]¢]2/0l0]0/| s! coor |z|alalelalelslelals| & $3) fal tose Se) |p} sem PPE 3} PT coor alelelalale 3 | i 3 coos leielelsisisieisig} i Flee ge das i gee 9 | He lolol £ Ee ge is /318/3]8/8)8/8\8| tt Is|8|8| = aE FE Be j 22002 Factory Mul nae Company Athi eared1-28 Design Wind Loads oh Fi ioel Operating Sadar A Core | 5/9] 5/3)3)8)3)5]5)< 3 ih 7 3 dj : a 42] Ie “Fe lig i cite qe ay le 2 4) a BER eel i S32 ele) 3 3|5/3| 2 2 | e alslo| & flezg| eo 3 stl sea slala) § sleaze Bs slats] 2 a ade i sical Cee : sjS¥ |" | Cor He i Fe uh se a sgl a } H A coil # 4 i JH ql i et Q i = 3 | 2 7 ee ge ae i nz 2% |e 2| e 2 = EPSP PPrryPRRe EE ’ sane Factory Mutual nsec Company A hs soredDesign Wind Loads 1-28 FM Global Operating Standards Page 55 Table 14, Wal Dosign Inward Proseue Mutts for Wal Zones 4 and 5, Enclosed and Parialy Enclosed Busing. ‘Symmetrical About ¢, Symmetrical About Wall Doan iar Preveure Mir, Zones 4 and 8 Tor fat and gable reat © 5 ] ‘Apply lips o external and ileal values Ip Tablos Tf 12 and 19 ight Above | — Root Sips Enclosed Sulng Parlay Enosed Balan (Ground, 2 Zones 4 ad 5 Zones 4 and § Bera Inia Esl ingen zwagem | Ozer 10 10 10 34 ZeG0A (18m) | 1 Os ia 10 i 37 z>con(iem) | OSes as 10 18 10) 34 Note: 1, Not Te wis fi ct paler a ome reas) sed as: + the sre of. freee blag seer pan deenson {ore ens th ave fll (nea ot heigl pee > 10, excoptforh> 6018 1 Sn itenoued never es than ot ast Rorartal race, oF 3 meat or > 60 (18m. in 167 ma 9" = 72,88 ed 02 Fociry Mua narane Company AE hts eer,1-28 Design Wind Loads Page 56 Table 15, Wal Desion Outward Proseure p, Zane 4, of Partly Enclosed Bunge for Exgoeu B, @ < 45° FM Global Operating Standards — | om coor ’ el || es 4 3] [Toon 3 3 (ee F | || ses ; 4) [eon ai Al is Hl 23] |" coors 4 ay == j 84 (rosy ee E a (opr ‘I es] LL ns ay 84 FT or g Sega a4 23)" coon za ge ela | sms eet fe E18] | room eee Bae) | Som ue ay oor auly 292] | moe ga SE SIE [ coor Pre ea si_| mm ebay SET] | coor au 32] || me gy EEY) Lom, aga] | | coolslalalsfalsle|=|=|e e| is] (sl g2 | ss $4 | | com |elzteleyelefelelafa =<] 2 SE || ms 38 (ce s{elels|a) croor|2| 2/8] 3]5|3|3|3l2|2 42} jg. = 33) [ee Hi (eer £3 | | cezielsls|sfel=la|etela 34) [eer ble ur £3 |, | mom ef | sy §| [PP coor | ¢ 22 | | cas Pe sy ¥ ; A 3 ee ' eae le i ee Bas ‘©2002 Factory Nua ese Company Al gi renee mean oot hag ‘exer Into) @ wal pening Pah where n> 60 (8 Far @o 40" anor haghtn 360% (8 oh insuane tare pes vals by 1 iota ie appr.1-28 Page 57 Design Wind Loads FM Global Operating Standards “oa sren singers pon scsi 9) 9 09 5 4 WBy os Be oF < Bd root ating _twaDyoe 604 (18m) ore0 sis 20) Note: Do notions Zone 6 eal rssue by 105 fr 8 10" ans EO (Tp Ths ha boon secu orin Tbe 18 mre [hes avogard Tose No ates 16,40 so hon aptyg Tale 8). 2.1.3 Other Wind Related toms 2.1.8.1 Design and anchor new roof mounted equipment fo withstand wind pressures according to sheet acting on all exposed surfaces. 2.1.8.2 Whore the basic wind speed is equal to or greater than 100 mph (46 ms), roof designs should not ltlize gravel surfacing which can become a source of wind bome debris. is data 2.1.3.3 Protect window openings exposed to potential small missiles (such as roof gravel) where the basic ‘ind speed is equal to oF greater than 100 mph (45 mvs). Replace ordinary glazing with small missile resis- tant glazing (such as ised by Dade County), or cover it with fl Approved by FM Global Research. Other alteratives include protecting thom with listed hurricane shuiters (such a6 listed by Dade Country) or pro- tecting these openings with plywood. Install harcware for shutters and cut plywood to size prior to hur ccane Season. Keep materials on site. Refer to Appendix A, Glossary Of Terms, for a description of areas. exposed fo small missiles under "Wind Bome Debris Regions For Small Miles”. 2.1.34 Protect window openings exposed to large missiles within 30-60 f (9.1-18.3 m), depanding on the local exposure) stove grade (see table below) or within 15 f (4.6 m) above inadequately secured concrete ‘or clay oof tes or other elevates exposures. (Refer to Appendix, Glossary OF Terms, "Wind Borne Debris gions For Small Misses" and Table 19, “Height of Ground Level Debris Exposure 2.1.8 Sliding door latch mechanisms which release In a downward direction should be avoided as they fare prone to sell-release from severe door vibrations during high wind pressure cycle loading, 3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS. 3.4 Background 94.4 Wind Upite It fs extremely important to recognize that wind blowing over a roof exerts varying upit forces on diferent ‘areas of the root. For simpli, the roof can be divided into three areas: 1) comers, 2) perimeter and 3) the field-ofroo (area inside comers and perimoten. The roof perimetor and comers are exposed to higher up forces than the fel ofthe oof, The maximum uplift forae occurs at the corners when the wind blows at an ‘angle of about 45" tothe rot (oughly along the diagonal). The maximum upit force along the windward root perimeter occurs when the wind blows at 90° to the penmoter. Actual pressure coefficients for the comers ‘and perimetor vary depending on the bulding height, parapot height, roof siope, et ‘To compensate for these Increased pressures, apecial roof deck and above-dack component fastening is recommended in the corner and perimeter areas. For an FM Approved roof system, itis not necessary to actualy calculate the Increased pressure. The increased fastening recommended by FM Global data shoots for these areas is sutficiont to resist these forces. ‘The roof deck and related securement will alvays experience the full uit load. Per this operating sten- ard, however, the uplift loads forthe above-deck components can be influenced by the type of oof deck. Ifthe deck is of panel construction, such as steel, wood or cementtious panels, precast gypsum and concrete plank, the internal bulding pressure is alowed to act on the underside of the above-deck ‘components. ©2002 Fat Mutual nsrane Company Al ghis eerved