‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2004 AS 1100.201—1992 Australian Standard® Technical drawing Part 201: Mechanical engineering drawing‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 ‘This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee ME/72, Technical Drawing. It was, approved on behalf of the Couneil of Standards Australia on 25 August 1992 and published (on 16 November 1992, ‘The following interests are represented on Committee MB72 Association of Consulting Engineers Australia Australian Chamber of Commerce Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia Confederation of Australian Industry Department of Administrative Services Department of Defence Department of Employment and Technical and Further Education, South Australia Institute of Draftsmen, Australia Institute of Industrial Arts Institution of Engineers, Australia Master Builders—Construction and Housing Association Australia ‘N'S.W Technical and Further Education Commission Public Works Department, N.S.W. University of New South Wales University of Queensland Additional interests participating in preparation of Standard: University of Technology, Sydney Reve of satan tad, Tapas of prs nin Ansan Sans are eo pe acre nell pte the of tien amc eions as mccain ee eth Serta ats or th rem pram oh ae eon eon oo alt ets of al Asralon tava related pales le fowl nh Sevens Arg Cardoen af Paar si nermaton ts pplonetd ech moth by the agence utalon Sem ch datbng menor cles nl ek gee aah ofc pba new eon te anennens nd of Sint Soc Siageticnsforgrovnents dustin Sinai aes the bade of Standards Ama el ‘oR Neca fo” nay gay ad otra Sand sald be ae von dy ion tte matty be ieseted an apPepite acon hen This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR. 90109,‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2004 AS 1100.201—1992 Australian Standard® Technical drawing Part 201: Mechanical engineering drawing Fr history before 1992, see Preface ‘Second edition AS 1106 201-1992, Incorprating Ame 1-1992 PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA (STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA} 1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140 1981 0 7262 7805 x‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 PREFACE. “This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Technical Drawing to supersede AS 1100.201-1984. AS 100.201 was a revision and amal- ‘gamation of AS 17100 Parts 9 to 11 all published in 1974 and AS 1100 Pert 12 pub- lished in 1979. AS 1100 Parts 9 to 12 ran concurrently with AS CZ1.1 of 1976 which was witheravn in 1982. AS C21. was a revision of AS CZ1 which was first published in 1941 with further editions published in 1944, 1946, 1951, 1966 and 1973. The 1966 edition ito superset 1008 (opsnsemer oe 2082-- feng Witon ered ment ‘The AS C211 Standards were endorsements of The Institution of Engineers, Australia publications entitled, Engineering Drawing Practice. The document from which these publications originated, was published by the Institution under the title, Recom- mended Engineering Crewing Practice but the wae not endorsed by the Associa. jon, This Standard is one of a series dealing with technical drawing, the other Standards inthe series being as follows: Part 101: General principles Part301: Arehtectural drawing Part 401: Engineering survey and engineering survey design drawing PartS01: Structural engineering drawing In the preparation of this Standard, the committee took account of changes in Aus- tralian technical drawing practice and recommendations of the International Orga nization for Standardzation. Also considered were the equivalent Bitsh ang Amer can Standards. In its preparation, many changes in the layout of the text and figures have taken lace resutting in greater consistency and improved ease of use of the document New material introduced in this edition includes the simplified representation of pipe- lines, centre holes, seals anda guide to general tolerancing of castings. “The section on dimensioning and tolerancing which previously was in this part of the Standard is now contained’ in Part 101. Reference to Part 101 is required for the Source and definition of some of the contents of this part. This Standard is in agreement with the following Intemational Standards: 138 Technical drawings — General principles of presentation 1302 Technical drawings — Method of indicating surface texture on drawings 2162 Technical drawings — Representation of springs 2208 Technical drawings — Conventional representation of gears 2768 General tolerances 2768-1 Part 1: Tolerances for linear and angular dimensions without individual tolerance incications 2768-2 Part 2: Geometrical tolerances for features without individual tolerance indications 6410 Technical drawings — Conventional representation of threaded parts eat Technical drawings — Simplified representation of centre holes 6412 Technical drawings — Simplified representation of pipelines 6412-1 Part 7: General rules and orthogonal representation 6412-2 Pait 2: Isometric projection 6413 Technical drawings — Representation of splines and serrations 8062 Castings — System of dimensional tolerances 8826 Technical drawings — Rolling bearings 8826-1 Part 1: General simpilfied represeniation 9222 Technical drawings — Seais for dynamic application 9222-1 Part 1: General simplified representation 9222-2 Part 2: Detailed simplified representation,‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2004 CONTENTS SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL ‘SCOPE APPLICATION REFERENCED DOCUMENTS TERMINOLOGY ABBREVIATIONS @RORS SECTION 2 GENERAL APPLICATIONS 2.1 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING 22 LINES 23 SYMBOLS 24 DRAWING SCALES 2.5 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION SECTION 3 SURFACE TEXTURE 3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION 32 SYMBOLS 33 INDICATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS 3.4 INDICATION OF SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS 35 INDICATION ON DRAWINGS 36 GENERAL APPLICATION OF Ry VALUES 37 APPLICATION OF SURFACE TEXTURE SYMBOLS SECTION 4 WELDING 41 WELDING SECTION 5 CENTRE HOLES 5.1 GENERAL 52 SYMBOLS 83 SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION 5.4 DESIGNATION OF CENTRE HOLES SECTION 6 SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION OF PIPELINES 61 SCOPE OF SECTION 62 SYMBOLS 63 ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION METHOD, 64 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION METHOD. SECTION7 SPRINGS 4 INFORMATION ON DRAWING: 2 DRAWINGS 3 TYPES OF SPRINGS 4 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SPRINGS SECTION 8 GEARS 81 INFORMATION ON DRAWING. 82 DRAWINGS 83 TYPES OF GEARS 84 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF GEARS: Page 22 25 25 25 28‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 SECTION 9 SPLINES 91 SYMBOLS 92 92 DESIGNATION 52 93 TRUE REPRESENTATION 92 9.4 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SPLINES: 54 SECTION 10 ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS: 40.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION 56 SECTION 11 SEALS 41.1 GENERAL CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION 87 41.2 ELEMENTS OF DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION (OF SEALS| 97. 41.3. DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION 57 11.4 EXAMPLES 7 SECTION 12 KNURLING 42.1. CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF KNURLING 64 APPENDICES A GUIDE TO GENERAL TOLERANCING OF MACHINED COMPONENTS . 65 B_ GUIDE TO THE GENERAL TOLERANCING OF CASTINGS 69 © GENERAL APPLICATION OF Ra VALUES 74 D_ TYPICAL ROUGHNESS VALUES OBTAINED WITH ORDINARY MATERIALS AND COMMON PRODUCTION PROCESSES 78 © Copyight— STANDARDS AUSTRALIA ‘Us of Stance ened tht copys siti al Standards Ausaia publications and sulwar. Except thre the Copia Ac allows Sd except where proved for blow ne puaios or ufvereproiced by Standards Auamay be reprosied sored ina fval ye Sy frm ernst by ny means without pice permssion wring rom Sandee Ausalie.Pemaen may be comtional on sn appropats Tay pment. Rejet fr msn snd bmn cn cme stearerepas ol be Gress heed oe of San A aa Standards Australia will permit up to 10 percent ofthe echnical content pags of Stand abe copied forus exchuvey in howe proces ofthe Staal with payment ryt or advice to Sinus Aus, : : 7 Standards Ausra il alo permit the inclusion of ts copyright mater in computer sare pogran fo no royally payment provided Sid progmeare ured excosvey house by he cet of the prog Lies eee are should beak o cna that meri sod rom th arnt eon of the Standard nat isupdstad whenever the Stand is amended ce fevsed The mmber and ate of the Standard stonld therefore be isi denied "Theuce of material api orm ri compute sofware programs f0 De ised comercial vith or when payment, rin commercial contracts is subyet tothe payment of a royely. Thispolcy maybe Varied by Standards Australia at any tine‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Technical drawing Part 201: Mechanical engineering drawing SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 4.1. SCOPE This Standard sets out requirements and recommendations for mechanical engineering drawing practice. It is complementary to AS 1400.01 The Standard provides informationon surface texture and welding, and the simplified representation of pipelines, Details are also provided on various mechanical features and parts used on mechanical drawings Appendices provide guidance on the tolerancing of machined components and castings. 4.2. APPLICATION The principles given in this Standard are intended for adoption by engineers, draftspersons, and workshop personnel inthe preparation and interpretationof mechanical engineering drawings 1.8 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The followingdocuments are referred to in this Standard aS. 4100 Technical drawing 1100101 Part 101: General principles 1100 301 Part 301: Architectural drawing 1100.401 Part 401: Engineeringsurvey znd engineering survey design drawing 1100 501 Part 501. Structural engineering drawing 4101 Graphical symbols for general engineering 4101.1 Part 4: Hydraulicand pneumatic systems 1101.2 Part 2’ Ventilationsystems in ships 1701.3 Part 3: Welding and non-destructive examination 1101.4 Part 4’ Machine elements 4101.5 Part S: Piping, ducting and mechanical services for buildings 1913 Centre drills 2075 Glossary of terms and notations for gears 2536 Surface texture Iso 6412 Technical drawings — Simplified representationof pipelines 4.4 TERMINOLOGY For the purpose of this Standard, the terminology given in AS 1100.10 tapplies. 4.8 ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations for all technical drawings are given in AS 1100. 101, Those related only to mechanical engineering drawing are given in Table 1.1 and are decoded in Table 1.2 Abbreviations should be used only where brevity and conservationof space make it necessary and then only when their meanings are unquestionably clear to the intended reader. WHEN IN DOUBT SPELL TT OUT, NOTES: 1. An abbreviation may or mey not bs recognized intemationaly 2 The abbreviations given in Tables 1.1 and 1.2 are nol exhauslive. Other abbreviations and other meanings for those alven may be used, provided that — (@)_ their common usage in particular felds Is clear: (©) the meaning is carifiedon the drawing: or ()_ the meaning is claritiedin a reference document coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 TABLE 1.1 aaaneviaions ue = ecific heat . ‘spot face Lil unless noted otherwise bad TABLE 1.2 ABBREVIATIONS DECODING Abbreviation ar aNL BoP ap av awu BORE ch Come R DED oF. ECM EDM FIM FP PA Pop R RFS. RMS. SF SP HT SP VOL uno XTAL cross flats annealed bottom of pipe boliing point counterore tease harden ecendum electrochemical freezing point pressure angle (arithmeticme spot face Speatic nest crystal coPyRIGHT balancing valve boling water unit Compression ratio lametrical piten | machining elestrosischerge machining {ull indicator movement pitch crcle diameter Fougmness value ovation) Fegardiess of feature size Foo mean squsre speatic vaume unless neted othernise‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 SECTION 2 GENERAL APPLICATIONS. 2.1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING 2.4.4 General The units and methods used in the dimensioning and toleraning of drawings shall be in accordance with AS 1100,10% A guide to the genera|tolerancing of machined components is given in Appendix A and a guideto the general tolerancing of castings is givenin Appendix B 2.4.2 General tolerancing examples All features on components always have a size and geometric Shape. The tolerancing should be complete to ensure that the deviations of size and geometry for all features are controlled. The use of general tolerances simplifies this task by obviating the need to tolerance individually the size and geometry for all features. An example of the application of general tolerances for length, angle and geometry for features not explicitly toleranced is shown in Figure 2.1. The interpretation of the general tolerances in Figure 2.1 is given in Appendix A which also lists the permissible variations for grades of accuracy. 0.08 | 6 0 1 7 D3HI2 0 A fe \ {S] dose] | 2 42©> GENERAL LINEAR AND ANGULAR TOLERANCE GRADE m GENERAL GEOMETRY TOLERANCE 270.1 UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE FIGURE 2.1 DRAWING INDICATION OF GENERAL TOLERANCES 2.4.3 Geometry tolerancing Typical examples of geometry tolerancing applied to mechanical engineeringcomponents are shown in Figures 2.2 and 2.3, Figure 2.2 shows the drawing of a simple componentusingthe toleranoeframe metfiod. Figure 2.3 showsthe drawing ofa complicated component using the tolerance tabular method coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 8 8 (p25-0.33 go @/a] e]a5°8°3©) 7 [e801 D]sx ged 2 [@]pos @ cr] EQUISPACED a5 FIGURE 2.2 SIMPLE COMPONENT—TOLERANCE FRAME METHOD 2.4.4 Dimensioning of keyways Keyways should be dimensioned by one of the methods shown in Figures 2.4 and 2.5, 2.2 LINES 2.2.1 Type of line A type of line appropriate for each application should be selected from and used in accordance with AS 1100.10 2.2.2 Line thickness Line thicknesses should be selected in accordance with AS 1100 101 2.2.3 Applicationof lines Typical application f lines in mechanical drawingsare shown on Figure2.6 The letters refer to the various line types given in AS 1100.101 2.8 SYMBOLS The symbols given in AS 1100.101 and AS 1101.4, AS 1101.2, AS 1101.3, AS 1101.4 and AS 11015 should be used to indicate relevant features or requirements on drawings, The use of dimensioning and tolerancing symbols is shown on Figures 2.2 and 2.3. Welding symbols and their application are given in AS 1101.3, Symbols for surface texture are given in Section 3, for centre holes in Section 8, and for splines in ection 2.4 DRAWING SCALES Drawing scales shall comply with the requirements of AS 1100 101. Different Scales on one sheet should be kept to @ minimum, with all scales clearly indicated. 2.6 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION Conventional representation is a simplified drafting technique for depicting a component or repetitive feature to obviate unnecessary detailing A conventional representation drawing, is drawn to scale and to the line types specified in AS 11.00.1041 Dimensions and other details may be applied directly to this drawing or by means of tabulated data or other suitable methods ‘The conventional representationof springs, gears, splines, rolling element bearings, seals, and knurling is given in this Standard. For general and particular discipline conventions, reference should be made to AS 1100.101, AS 4100.30, AS 110.401 and AS 1100.501 coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 11002011992 10.16 7 oe 0 ‘© aul El 32 I 49.18, ween © moa "© ~}L- Gi ata « 15-64 / x Howto 0.0 M2 x 297 e'® croup | FEATURE [_] | GEOMETRY TOLERANCES DATUM Now srr value FEATURES ao 0.025 7 S B005@) | Ww 2 = Haas opr ® 0.06 @ 3 oe Bou MO] crs 4 1 1 > 0.05 ®) ¥® 5 k 1 > 0.05 vu) 4 i > gos M® 6 z ; U 1 ES gos & | x Sep eee Bo.0% OH) ro | FIGURE 2.3 COMPLICATED COMPONENT—TABULAR METHOD coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 —~ (e.= \ {a} Poraitel hub a (b) Parallel shaft fe) Tepered keyway in parallel hut (@) Parallel keyway in tapered shaft (e} Porollet keyway in topered hub FIGURE 2.4 KEYWAYS FOR SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR KEYS fc} Tapered hub @i + (b) Parattel shaft (dl Tapered shaft FIGURE 2.5 KEYWAYS FOR WOODRUFF KEYS coPyRIGHTAS 11002011992 FIGURE 2.6 TYPICAL APPLICATION OF LINES—MECHANICAL We STISVOMBN 40 ALISWSAINA fa posseoay coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 2 SECTION 3 SURFACE TEXTURE 8.1. SCOPE OF SECTION This Section provides information on the indication of surfaoe texture on mechanical engineeringdrawingsandsimilar applications For a more compiete understandingof surface texture, reference should be made to AS 2536, 3.2 SYMBOLS 3.2.4 Basic symbol The basic symbol is shown in Figure 3.1. The dimensions of surface texture symbols are shown in Figure 3.2. Sloping lines in the symbol are at 60° to the horizontal LINE REPRESENTING THE SURFACE FIGURE 3.1 BASIC SYMBOL Li 2an a "> eee EEE reo LEGEND: = character height h 4.4h 2h 28h 25 35, 50 7.0 35 50 70 10 50 7.0 10 14 7.0 10° 14 20 40 44, 20 28, 14 20 28 40 20 28 40 56 ” These figures are rounded upwards. NOTE: f= character height FIGURE 32 SHAPE AND SIZE OF SURFACE TEXTURE SYMBOLS 3.2.2 Modification to basic symbol The following modifications may be made to the basic symbol (a) The symbol to be used where machining is mandatory shall be the basic symbol with a bar added, as shown in Figure 3,3. This symbol may be used alone to indicate that a surface is to be machined without defining either the surface texture or the process to be used, coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 (b) The symbol to be used whenthe removal of materialis not permitted shall be the basic symbol with a circle added, as shown in Figure 3.4, This symbol may be used aloneto indicate that a surface is to be left in the state resulting from a preceding manufacturing process. FIGURE 3.3 SYMBOL WHEN MACHINING IS MANDATORY FIGURE 3.4 SYMBOL WHEN MATERIAL REMOVAL IS NOT PERMITTED 3.2.8 Extension of symbols When special surface characteristics are to be indicated (see Clause 3.4), the symbols shown in Figures 3.1, 3.3 and 3.4 may be extended by adding a line of appropriate length to the long leg, as shown in Figure 3.5. FIGURE 3.5 EXTENSION FOR SYMBOLS FOR SPECIAL SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS: 3.3 INDICATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS, 3.3.1 General The principle parameter used for describing and quantifying surface roughness is the arithmetic mean deviation (R,). When specifying this parameter, the value should be selectedfrom those given in Table 3.1 The R, value should be shown on the drawing by inscribing the R, value in micrometres (see Column 1, Tabie 3.1) NOTES. 1. The ‘arithmeticmean deviation’ (R,) was previously known asthe ‘centre-ine average value’ (CLA), 2 The corresponding R, value in microinches is shown for comparison in Colurn 2, Table 3.1 coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 uw TABLE 3.1 PREFERRED R, VALUES 1 2 Roughness values ee um bin 50 2000 25 ‘00 i28 500 83 250 32 ‘25 16 83 oe 2 04 6 02 8 oa 4 os 2 0.025 i 3.3.2 Method of n The R, values shall be placed above the appropriate symbol to indicate the ‘degree of surface roughness required, as follows: (a) One value only Where only one value is specified, it represents the maximum permissible value of surface roughness (see Figure 3.6). Figure 3.6(a)shall apply when the surface roughness may be obtained by any production method Figure 3.6(b)shall apply when the surface roughness must be obtained by machining Figure 3.6(c)shall apply when the surface roughness must be obtained without machining (b) Two values If it is necessary to impose maximum and minimum limits on the principal criterion of surface roughness, both values shall be shown with the maximum limit placed @bove the minimum, limit (see Figure 3.7) Figure 3.7(a)shall apply when the surface roughness may be obtained by any production method Figure 3.7(b)shall apply when the surface roughness must be obtained by machining Figure 3.7(0)shall apply when the surface roughness must be obtained without machining vv epresents a value selected from Table 3.1, Column 1 NOTE: FIGURE 3.6 MAXIMUM SURFACE ROUGHNESS ONLY SPECIFIED a a/ : / . o {a} NOTE: ‘a and ‘ay’ represent values solected from Table 3.1, Column 1, ‘a’ is greater than ‘ay’ FIGURE 3.7 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM SURFACE ROUGHNESS SPECIFIED coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 3.4 INDICATION OF SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS. 3.4.1 General It may be necessary to specify additionalrequirements associated with surface texture. Such requirements shall be indicated as shown in Figure 3.8 and Clauses 3.4.2 to 3.4.6, LEGEND: a = Ro roughness value, in micrometres b* = production method, treatment of or coating (see Clause 3.6.2) ‘a ar c= cut-off (sampling length in nillimetres (see Clause 3.4.3} 9 @\/ a = indication of tay (see Clause 3.4.4) achining allowance in cillimetres Isee Clouse 3.6.5) F* = indication of waviness requirements (see Clause 3.6.6) g* = other roughness values (in brackets) * only specified when required FIGURE 3.8 LOCATION OF SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS 3.4.2 Productionprocesses If it is requiredthat the final surface texture be produced by one particular method, this method shall be indicated in plain language above the extension of the symbol, as. illustrated in Figure 3.9 If the material requires a final treatment such as platingor chemical processing, the R, roughness value appliesafter such treatment, unless otherwise indicated. If itis necessary to specify surface textureboth before and after treatment, this should be indicatedeither in a special note or as in the example shown in Figure 3.10 where two symbols are used, onetoa lineto indicate the untreated surface andthe other to a Type J line to represent the surface after treatment MILL 1.6 FIGURE 3.9 EXAMPLE OF INDICATION OF PRODUCTION PROCESS CHROME PLATE +E Vv | | FIGURE 3.10 EXAMPLE OF SYMBOLS APPLIED TO PRETREATMENT AND POST-TREATMENT OF A SURFACE coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 6 3.4.3, Cut-off (sampling length) Where the cut-off is to be other than 0.6 mm, the selected value shall be indicated below the extension of the symbol, as illustrated in Figure 3.11, Cut-off shall be selected from the following preferred series: 0.08; 0.25; 0.8; 2.5; and 8 NOTE: Cutatt in milimetres. FIGURE 3.11 EXAMPLE OF INDICATION OF CUT-OFF 3.4.4 Lay If it is necessary, for functional reasons, to specify the direction of lay, it shall be indicated by addingto the symbol the appropriate lay symbol selected from those given in Column 1, Table 3.2, Column 2 shows the method of indication of drawings and Column 3 gives the interpretation, Should it be necessary to specify @ lay not clearly defined in Table 3.2, then it shall be indicated by a Suitable note on the drawing 3.4.5 Machining allowance Where itis necessary to specify the value of the machiningallowance, this shall be indicatedon the left of the symbol (see example shown in Figure 3.12) Vv FIGURE 3.12 EXAMPLE OF INDICATION OF MACHINING ALLOWANCE NOTE: Machining allowance in milimetres. 3.4.6 Waviness Where necessary, the value of the maximum waviness height selected from Table3.3 shall be indicatedabove the extension of the symbol followed by the waviness spacing where required (see Figure 3.13). The indicationof waviness requirements shall follow productionprocess requirements. 3.6 INDICATION ON DRAWINGS 3.5.1 General principles Symbols and their inscriptions shall be orientated so that they can be read from the bottom or the right-hand side of the drawing If necessary, the symbol may be connected to the surface by a leader terminating in an arrow. The symbol or the arrow shall point from outside the surface either to the line representing the surface of to @ projection line from it’ Figure 3,14 shows typical examples of the placement of symbols in drawings In accordance with the general principles of dimensioning, the symbol shall be used once only for a given surface and, if possible, on the view which carries the dimension defining the size or position of the surface. An example is shown in Figure 3.15, coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 0 AS 1100201 TABLE 3.2 LAY SYMBOLS, INDICATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS oa. | eng co = rea mp == = oe | ie AD etna Se {ll eenendeasse sane ramet eens A whieh the symbol is used a ae Mut-directionat ‘Approximately crovlar feiative fo he conte of the surface to which the symbol is applied Approsiratey eal | rete coe of acetone te sybal sapped coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 Is TABLE 3.3 PREFERRED MAXIMUM WAVINESS HEIGHT VALUE Waviness height (maximum) 0.0005 0.008 02 0.0008 0.012 02 0012 002 03 0.0020 0.03 ‘0.003 0.05, 00 0.005 0.08, 0.80 9.005 -— 5 FIGURE 3.13 EXAMPLE OF INDICATION OF MAXIMUM WAVINESS HEIGHT AND SPACING. NOTE: Roughness values not shown FIGURE 3.14 PLACEMENT OF SYMBOLS Be FIGURE 3.15 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SURFACE ROUGHNESS SYMBOLS AND DIMENSIONS. coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 ir AS 11002011992 3.5.2 Simplified procedures If one or more textures are requiredon a number of surfaces of a part, a simplified procedure may be adopted The procedure involves either usinga symbol which is quallfiedif necessary. or introducinga substitute symbol which is clearly defined. Such symbols should be placed near a view of the part, near the title block or in the space devoted to general notes. Details and examples are given in (a) to (4) below: (a) Where a single surface texture specification applies to all surfaces — the symbol may be qualified v/aut OVER OR “YALL OVER (b) Where a single surface texture specification applies to the majority of surfaces — the symbol may be qualified thus: 2 ALL OVER EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE INDICATED Surface texture specifications which are exceptions to the major requirement shall be indicated on the corresponding surfaces by appropriate symbols, (©) Where a single surface texture specification applies to a large number of surfaces — use basic symbol, Figure 3.1, a6 a substitute symbol on the appropriate surfaces and clearly define the meaning of the substitute symbol. See Figure 3.16 | This procedure is recommended particularly where the surface speotfication is complicated and where space is limited Surface texture specifications which are exceptions to the major requirement shall be indicated on the corresponding surfaces by appropriate symbols, (d) Where each of two or more surface texture specifications applies to a number of surfaces, use simplified symbols as substitute symbols on appropriatesurfaces as illustrated in Figure 3.16. The meaning of each substitute symbol shall be clearly defined on the drawing Thisprocedureis recommended particularlywhere the surface texture specifications are complicated and where space is limited. Surface texture specifications which are not covered by the above simplified symbols shall be indicated on the corresponding surfaces by appropriate symbols. 3.6 _ GENERAL APPLICATION OF R, VALUES Appendices C and D indicate the appearance and application of various surface roughness R, values and the production process by which each is generally achieved 3.7 APPLICATIONOF SURFACE TEXTURE SYMBOLS Theapplicationof surface texture symbols to indicate the principal criterion of roughness R, is given in Table 3.4. The applicationand placement of additionalindicationswiththe surface texture symbols is given in Table 35 coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 NOTES: 1: a anda,’ represent values selected from Table 3.4, Column 4 b! and represent & production method and lay respectively. 'y and'z' represent two selected letter characters FIGURE 3.16 EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF SUBSTITUTE SYMBOLS. 1 2 3 TABLE 3.4 SYMBOLS WITH INDICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE CRITERION OF ROUGHNESS, R, ‘symbol Meaning ‘Symoval of material by machine Is optional obligatory prohibited A surface with a maximum surface os, 3.2/ ¥ roughness value R. of 3.2m 63 43 3 Asurtace witha maximum tae | i % roughness velue of of 6.3m and 8 y ¥ mraimum of 3 um coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 a AS 11002011992 TABLE 3.5 SYMBOLS WITH ADDITIONAL INDICATIONS. Symbol Meaning of additional indication MULED Production method - milled Cuteott—2.5 mm Direction of tay—pespend Ju tothe plan of projection of the view Mechining allowance? mm Indication (in brackets) of a criterion of roughness other than that used for R, for example RL DA um ‘Maximum waviness hejght 0.01 mm and maximum wavelength of Sm NOTE: Symbols may be used singly, in combination, of combined with an appropriate symbol from Table 3.4 coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 2 SECTION 4 WELDING 4.1. WELDING Symbols for depicting complete welding information on drawings shall comply with AS 1101.3. The typical applicationof weld symbols ona mechanical drawing is shown on Figute 4.1 SECTION A-A FIGURE 4.1 USE OF WELD SYMBOLS coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 a SECTION 5 CENTRE HOLES 6.1 GENERAL The symbolic representation of centre holes may be used where it is not necessary to show the exact form and size or where the designation of standard centre holes is sufficient for information, 6.2 SYMBOLS Symbols for centre holes are given in Figure 5.1 Line thickness for symbol and lettering FIGURE 5.1 SYMBOLS FOR CENTRE HOLES: 5.3 SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION The symbolic representation of centre holes andtheir application are shown in Figure 6.2. If the centre hole may remain on the finished part, no symbol is required {a} Centre hole is required _—_(o? Centre hole shall not exist on the finished part on the finished part FIGURE 5.2 SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF CENTRE HOLES 6.4 DESIGNATION OF CENTRE HOLES The designation of centre holes consists of — (a) a reference to AS 1913, (b) the letter for the drill type (A, B, or R); (c) the pilot diameter (q); and (d) the outside countersink centre hole diameter (D). The two values are separated by a slash, Drill types A, B, and Rand the diameters d and Dare defined in AS 1918. Figure 5.3 shows examples of the designationof centre holes. coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 FIGURE 5.3 TYPICAL DESIGNATIONS OF CENTRE HOLES: coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 SECTION 6 SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION OF PIPELINES 6.1 SCOPE OF SECTION This Section specifies rules and conventions for the preparation of simplified drawings or the representationof pipelines made of various materials including both rigid and flexible. The single line method is presented. Both orthogonaland isometric methods of projection are given 6.2 SYMBOLS Symbols representing pipes, crossings, connections, and equipment are given in AS 1401.5. See AS 110.101 for the information on shape and size of symbols. 6.3 ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION METHOD 6.3.1 Representationof pipes The simplified representationof pipe, irrespective of its diameter, shall be by means of a Type Aline coinciding with the centre-line of the pipe Bends may be simplified by extending the straight length of the pipe to the vertex (see Figure 6.1 a)) However, bends may be shown for sake of clarity in the form illustrated in Figure 6.1(b). In this case, if projections of bends would otherwise nave been elliptical, these projectionsmay be simplified by using circular ares. B63 75 Ft On 100 aaa c ant = (a) Example A (b} Example B FIGURE 6.1 REPRESENTATION OF BENDS: oP la) Example A tb) Example B (el Example FIGURE 6.2 DIMENSIONING OF PIPELINES 6.3.2 Dimensioning in generel, dimensions shall be in accordance with AS 1100 101. Nominal diametersmay be indicatedby the short designation‘DN’ (see Figure 6 1(a)). The nominal diameter and wallthickness may be indicated on the line representing the pipe (see Figure 6.1(b)). The lengths should start from the outer faces of the pipe ends, flanges, or centre of the joint, whichever is appropriate. coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 26 Pipes with bends should be generally dimensioned from centre-line to centre-line of the pipes (see Figure 6.1(a) and (b)) If it is necessary to specify the dimension from vertex to vertex of the bent pipe, the dimension may be specified by the arrows heading ta short type B lines parallel to the projection lines in order to indicate the outer or inner vertex of the bent pipe (See Figure 6 2) The dimensions from outer vertex to outer vertex, from innerto inner and from innerto outerare shown in Figure 6.2(a), (b), and (o), respectively Radii and angles of bends may be indicated as shown in Figure 6.3. The functional angle shall be indicated; angles of 90° shall not be indicated. R20 RD 30° 30" (a) Example A I) Example 8 FIGURE 6.3 RADII AND ANGLES OF BENDS. Levels refer generally to the centre of the pipe above (+) or below (-) the datum levels (see Figure 6 4(a)). If, in special cases, it is necessary to specify the level to the bottom af a pipe this shall be indicated by the reference arrow pointing to short thin (type B) strokes. A similar rule shall be applied to indicate levels to the top of the pipe (See Figure 6. 4(b)). +3200 4250 [+3200 ) FIGURE 6.4 INDICATION OF LEVELS coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100201 990 ‘The direction of slope shall be indicated by a right-angledtriangle above the flow line pointing from the higher down to the lower level (see Figure 6.5) The amount of slope shall be indicated in accordance with the methods shown in Figure 6.6. FIGURE 65 DIRECTION OF SLOPE Dxuze Dx 1: 500 Soe ) ) DX uso oR o @ FIGURE 6.6 AMOUNT OF SLOPE 6.3.3 Crossings and connections Crossings without connections shall normally be depicted without interrupting the line representing the hidden pipe (see Figure 6.7(a)). If it is absolutely necessary to indicate that one pipe has to pass behind the other, the line representing the hidden pipe shall be interrupted (see Figure 6.7(b)) Permanentjunctions shall be marked by a prominent dot (see Figure6.8). The diameter of the dot shall be five times the thickness of the line. NOTE: Clause 6.3.3 agrees wilh [SO 6412. AS 1101 S—1864 does not conform toClause 6.3.3, (ai (o) FIGURE 6.7 PIPES NON-CONNECTED FIGURE 6.8 PIPES CONNECTED coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 2 6.3.4 Adjoining apparatus if needed, adjoining apparatussuch as tanksand machinery, not belonging to the piping itself, may be represented by their outlines using Type K lines, as shown in Figure 6.9 6.3.5 Direction of flow The direction of flow shall be indicated by an arrow on the piping or near a graphical symbol representing a valve (see Figure 6.10). FIGURE 6.9 ADJOINING APPARATUS a YF o w FIGURE 6.10 DIRECTION OF FLOW 6.3.6 Flanges Flanges shall be represented, using Type A lines (see Figures 6.11 and 6.24), Irrespective of their type and sizes, by — (a) two concentric circles for the front view, (b) one circle forthe rearview, (c) a stroke for the side view of a single flange, and (d) two strokes for the side view of a pair of flanges. A simplified representation of the flange holes may be shown by the appropriate number of crosses at their centre-lines (see Figure 6.11). 6.3.7 Example An example of orthogonal projection is given in Figure 6.11 6.4 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION METHOD 6.4.1 General Isometric projections have been introduced to a great extent for tender, manufacturing, and erection drawings in pipeline construction as well as in machine construction and the building industry 6.4.2 Coordinates Where itis necessary to use cartesian coordinates, for instance for caloulations or numerical control of machine tools, the coordinate axes shall comply with Figure 6.12. In all cases, the coordinates of individual pipes or pipe assemblies should comply with those adopted for the complete installationand should be indicated on the drawing or in an associated document 6.4.3 Deviations from the direction of coordinate axes Pipes, of parts of pipes, running parallel to the coordinate axes shall be drawn parallel to the relevant axis without further indication Deviations from the directions of the coordinate axes should be indicated by means of auxiliary hatched Projection planes, as shown in Figure 6.13, coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 NOTES: 1 Points at which the plpe changes direction and cennections ate indicated by reference numbers, The pipe and the reference hhumbers are identical with those In the isometric representaticn illustrated i Figure 6.23. 2 Reference numbers for points hidden behing other points are shown in brackets FIGURE 6.11 EXAMPLE OF ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION Pipes, or parts of pipes, situatedin a vertical plane shall be indicated by showing their projections on a horizontal plane (see Figure 6.14(a)) Pipes, or parts of pipes, situatedin a horizontal plane shall be indicated by showing their projections on a vertical plane (see Figure 6.14(b)) Pipes, of parts of pipes, not running parallelto any coordinate plane shall be indicated by showing both their projections on @ horizontaland on a vertical plane (see Figure 6 14(c)) Auxiliary projection planes may be emphasized by hatchings, parallel to the x or y axis for horizontal auxiliary planes, and vertical for all other auxiliary planes, coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 a0 (KY $ >< i ge FIGURE 6.12 CARTESIAN COORDINATES AXES [ : “ NE FIGURE 6.13 AUXILIARY HATCHED PROJECTION PLANES If such hatching is not convenient, it may be omitted; in that case, the rectangle (see Figure 6. 15(a)) or the rectangularprism (see Figure .15(b)), of which a diagonalcoincideswith the pipe, should be shown, using type B lines. 6.4.4 Dimensioning Special rules for dimensioning isometric projection for pipelines are specified below. Pipes with bends should be dimensioned from centre-line to centre-line of the pipelines or from centre-line to the end of pipe (see Figure 6.16). Radil and angles of bends may be incicated as shown in Figure 6.17 If required, the auxiliary hatched projection planes can be dimensioned (see Figure 6.18). If it is necessary to indicate double dimensions for manufacturing or technical purposes ane of the dimensions should be indicated in parentheses (see Figure 6.18), coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 a fa) Exanple A (0) Example 8 a} Example FIGURE 6.14 EXAMPLES OF USE OF AUXILIARY HATCHED PROJECTION PLANES. {a} Alternative for Figure 6,140) fo} Alternative for Figure 6.14(c) FIGURE 6.15 EXAMPLES OF AUXILIARY PROJECTION PLANES NOT HATCHED 6.4.5 Position of the end of pipes if necessary, the positions of the ends of the piping may be specified by indicating the coordinates referring to the centres of the end faces, For adjacent drawings, a reference note shouldbe given. For example — ‘continued on drawing x’. 6.4.8 Graphical symbols All graphical symbols shall be drawn using the isometric projection method (see example in Figure 6.19) Valve actuators should be shown only if itis necessary to define their position or type (e.g. spindle, piston). If shown, an actuator with @ position parallel to one of the coordinate axes need not be dimensioned. Deviations from such positions should be indicated (see Figure 6.20) ‘Transformation pieces (cones) should be depicted as shown in Figure 6.21. The relevant nominal sizes should be indicated above the graphical symbols, Examples of flanges depicted in isometric projection are shown in Figure 6.22 coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 2 8 A (al Example A (b) Example B NS FIGURE 6.16 DIMENSIONING FIGURE 6.17 RADI AND ANGLES OF BENOS~ISOMETRIC coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 B AS 11002011992 FIGURE 6.18 AUXILIARY HATCHED PROJECTION PLANES FIGURE 6.19 METHOD OF DRAWING VALVE SYMBOLS IN ISOMETRIC PROJECTION 6.4.6 Crossings and connections Crossings and connections shall be in accordance with Clause 63.3 6.4.7 Examples Examples of isometric projection are shown in Figures 6,23 and 6,24. coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 Mu FIGURE 6.20 METHOD OF INDICATING VALVE ACTUATORS 200/100 FIGURE 6.21 TRANSFORMATION PIECES vo (a) Flange joint (6) Single flange FIGURE 6.22 FLANGES coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 as AS 11002011992 Reference No. Coordinates: NOTE: Points at which the pipe changes x x00 v0C°x X20 xX 00% xxx YOOX Xx YO = 30 XX 00% XXX x‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 ” XK XXX ore — —-— an ot J OF HATNG PION gO Stal ae Lew XX" XX! snes GEAR TOOTH DATA Number of teeth 7 Mere SES ula pion or ricci} 7 Pressure angle 02% Pitch diameter 200 ea me Benn ora areas) Chorssiincetese 7 Chordal height Xxx Part number of mating pinion 300K Number of teeth in mating pinion 7% Sachsen nis mating sibs on spentied mounting Sea has Sear a a eae daes < Summary number’ OOK * Additional informationis usually recorded on @ summary, which should be identifiedby an assigned number and referred to on the gear drawings. This is necessary because of various cutter specifications, machine types and sizes and cutting methods that may be used for a given gear and Pinion pair with specified numbers of teeth, pitch and spiral angle. FIGURE 83 SPIRAL BEVEL GEAR coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 as xX axis oF MATING GEAR THRUST SURFACE (DESIGN CHOICEY —~| XX.XXX MOUNTING DISTANCE HYPOID PINION TOOTH DATA Number of teeth, x Diametral pitch (circular pitch or module) xx Pressure angle o°KK Spiral angle 1K" Hand of spiral RH (or LH) Offset above or below centié-line X10 Part number of mating gear 2000000 Number of teeth in mating gear xx Backlash with mating gear on specified mounting 200K = 100K Class of gear and relevant standard x Summary number 2000008, * Additional informationis usually recorded on @ summary, which should be identifiedby an assigned number and referred to on the gear drawings. This is necessary because of various cutter specifications, machine types and sizes and cutting methods that may be used for a given gear and Pinion pair with specified numbers of teeth, pitch end spiral angle. FIGURE 84 HYPOID PINION coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 Description ” TABLE 8.1 GEARS ‘Component of feature ‘Conventional representation Requirements and remats ‘STRAIGHT RACK Ful length United length —_—a_a flare APY \ ‘Single gear teeth should be draw yin dimensions 10 Show kts of tooth parton oot surtes may be ran aga type 8 thin ine for ‘dded Glanty GVLINDRICAL SPUR » = ‘Ono oF moro goar, woth should be draw requred {e'gve onentaton wit tespoct to another festre, eg. Keyway inex ; sige —t pr Right-hand helix shown on t Sous ieee, ie Pa | ete SNe : T wee ont Spiral and rypeid CES. Right-hand spiral shown, See examples under "Gear Pais coPyRIGHT (continued)‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 TABLE 8.1 (continued) “Component or feature ‘Conventional representation Requirements and remark ‘WORMGEARING Wormwree! Worm GEAR PAIRS Double neta! Immoral spur Pack and pinion coPyRIGHT (continued)002 nr Gz Ue STLSVOMN 40 ALISWSAINN fa posseoay coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 2 SECTION 9 SPLINES 9.1 SYMBOLS The symbols for the straight-sided and involute splines are shown along with their dimensions in Figure 9.1 7 aut 03h oan 1.8h 35 0.35 1.0 32 8 3 os 48 a5 8 7 or 24 63 " 10 4 30 90 6 “ us 42 26 2 20 2 60. 180 32 “Une thickness fer symbol and ettering FIGURE 91 SYMBOLS FOR SPLINES 8.2 DESIGNATION The representationby designation of a spline on a drawing should consist of the symbol for the spline type and its designation. The designationshould be indicatednearthe feature but always connected to the contour af the spline by a leader line (see Figure 9.2). In assembly drawings, the designation of both parts (hub and shaft) may be combined JL (designation) FIGURE 9,2 DESIGNATION OF SPLINES 9.3 TRUE REPRESENTATION A complete and true representationof splines showing all details with their true dimensionsis generally not necessary in technical drawing and should be avoided. Where a true representationof a spline is drawn, the designationof the spline may be added if desired. Figures 9.3 and 9.4 show the true representation of splines. coPyRIGHTs AS 11002011992 FIGURE 9.3 TRUE REPRESENTATION OF STRAIGHT-SIDED SPLINE ia) Example A (b) Example B ‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 FIGURE 9.4 TRUE REPRESENTATION OF INVOLUTE SPLINES coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 s 9.4 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SPLINES The conventional representationof a splined shaft of a splined hole shall be as shown in Table 9.1 For straight-sidedsplines, the root surface (minor diameterof extemal spline, major diameter of internal spline) shall be drawn with a type B line In the axial section of a splined shaft or hub, however, the root surface shall be drawn with a type A line. The pitch surface (pitch diameter) shall be drawn with a type G line for involute splines. Usually only the usable length of a spline is drawn. If necessary, the tool runout may be represented by an obliqueline or @ radius with the same line as used for the root surface (see Figure 9.5) If itis essential to indicate the position of the gear teeth in relation to a given axial plane, one of two gear teeth may be drawn witha type A line (see Figure 9.6). TABLE 9.1 SPLINES em Straightsided splines. Shak Hub Spine Joint NOTE: It necessary, the designation ofthe spline In accordance with Clause 8.2 may be added coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 {a} Example A R Wiz / YL Md (b) Example 6 FIGURE 9.5 TOOL RUNOUT FIGURE 96 POSITION OF TEETH coPyRIGHT AS 1100201 990‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 10.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION Balland rollerbearings may be represented intwo different 86 ways, dependingon the degree of detailed information required Method A in Table 10.1 shows the general method of representing a bearing where it is not necessary to show the basic function of the bearing. Method B in Table 10.1 shows the methods of representing various types of bearing where it is necessary to show the basic function of the bearing All features of the conventional representationshall be drawn in type A lines, If it is necessary to show the exact contour of a rolling bearing, it should be represented by the true SECTION 10 ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS. outlineot its cross section, with the upright cross in a central position (see Figure 10.1) FIGURE 10.1 BEARING CONTOUR TABLE 10.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION Description Component or feature Conventional Requirements. and representation romarks METHOD A ‘See Clause 10.1 = Type Alines: METHOD 8. Type A ines parallel to Radial force transmission Ail force transmission thrush) Angular force t i a Ob ss oo Er shat axis Type Alines normal to shaft axle Type Alines normal to general ciection of force applied to elements coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 s AS 11002011992 SECTION 11 SEALS 44.1. GENERAL CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION For general purposes (without specified lip configuration where it is not necessary to show the exact contour), the seal shall be represented by a square anda freestanding diagonal cross centred in the square (see Figure 11.1), The cross shall not touch the outlines. The representation shown in Figure 11.1 shall be used only when the sealing directionis unimportant, aie nepessary to show the sealing direction, an arrowhead may be added to the diagonal cross (see igure 11 FIGURE 17.1 GENERAL PURPOSE FIGURE 11.2 SEALING DIRECTION REPRESENTATION SHOWN, It itis necessary to show the exact contour of @ sealing composition, it should be represented by the true outine of its cross-section, with the diagonal cross in a central postion (see Figure 11.3). The cross shall not touch the outlines. FIGURE 11.3 CONTOUR OF SEAL SHOWN 41.2 ELEMENTS OF DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SEALS The elements of the detailed conventional representationof seals are given in Table 11.1 41.3 DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION The detailed conventional representations of seals are given in Tables 11,2 to 11.4 41.4 EXAMPLES Examples showing the conventional representationof seals are given in Figures 11.4 1011.8, coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 8 TABLE 11.1 ELEMENTS OF THE DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION FOR SEALS ea cama imate ; mararomrasraany Filet aii) Feepesepreey ge =| 77 |seacetage meteor cen eee sae ce as 13 aN 18 combination with symbol No. 1.2, ememernsmm oye | nears ) (Rae waa ase Ser aminuous ang in parting | Steg in of Usupe Wings, pacing sevens a | 2 =a n tome cori point of tha square" T (mate) 16 ‘. LJ “an arrowhead may be adced inwy 1 (lomate) to show the sealing erection coPyRIGHT Comactess sels, fo" examele labyiint‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 ” AS 11002011992 TABLE 11.2 DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION Sa ai | ETE — bas representation ‘rotation: ‘Wustratic sanyaaig" cate SP" |= iy ae pe PS ie) = ei ea 7] feeennome IAI Ne) ee a nce a |p aa te Se) ae te tes ects | lel elsea al te Se at | pe ea foals Seg | meee i = Mechanical seals coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 oo TABLE 11.3 DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF U-CUPS, PACKING SETS AND V-RINGS a Detalied conventional representation ‘Application > neal FL Hf (Alda +8) Gia (Al fe 36 TN Ht a7 7 coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 6 AS 11002011992 TABLE 11.4 DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF LABYRINTH SEALS (IRRESPECTIVE OF THE NUMBER OF LABYRINTHS) No. Detaled conventional Application Pressure (a) Simplified representation (b) Illustration FIGURE 11.4 ROTARY SHAFT LIP TYPE SEAL (SEALING AGAINST FLUIDS) coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 6 7 : + 7 {a} Simplified representation {b} Mlustretion (cl Simplified representation \\ () Mlustration FIGURE 11.6 PACKING SET coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 6 AS 11002011992 {a) Simplified representation {0) llusteation FIGURE 11.7 V-RING ) (a) Simplified representation {1 llustration FIGURE 11.8 LABYRINTH SEAL coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 6 SECTION 12 KNURLING 42.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF KNURLING Knurling on a cylindrical feature shall be represented by a few type B lines as shawn in Table 12.1 Generally, the diameterof the feature represents the dimensionbefore knurling Dependent on functional requirements, the diameter of the teeth over the knurling and the pitch or type and grade of knurl may also need to be specified TABLE 12.1 KNURLING: Deseriation Component or fetwre | conventional Recurrent STRAIGHT Lines parallel 1 axis of feature Two sets of in acs of ts feat itraspective of knoring a . coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 6s APPENDIX A GUIDE TO GENERAL TOLERANCING OF MACHINED COMPONENTS, (Informative) 1 INTRODUCTION This Appendix provides guide for specifying permissible machining variation to the size and geometry of featuresthat have no expt tolerance indication, Itis the responsibilityof the designerto determinein the best way, but as far as possiblein aecordance with the guidelinesgiven below, the value of the permissible deviationsto be shown in the general note for dimensions and geometry without explicit tolerance indication, A2 LINEAR AND ANGULAR DIMENSIONS The generalnote should preferably prescribe the following (a) Standerd tolerances should be indicated by en accuracy grade selected from Tables A1 and A2 for linear dimensions and Tabie A3 for angular dimensions. (b) For linear dimensions, indicate a standardtolerance in millimetres (©) For angular dimensions, indicate a standard tolerance in degrees and minutes, decimal degrees, or @ percentage such as the number of milimetresper 100 millimetres. 3 GEOMETRY The generalnote should preferably prescribe the following (a) The geometry characteristics as listed in Table Ad, Standardtolerances should be indicated by a grade of accuracy from the various characteristics selected from Tables AS, AG and A7. For perpendicularitytolerances, the longer of the two sides forming the right angle shall be taken as the datum; if the sides are of equal nominal length, ether may be takenas the datum (see Figure At) (b) A single value in millimetres, whatever the geometric characteristic. Figure A2 shows an example application and the interpretationof the use of general tolerances. TABLE At PERMISSIBLE DEVIATIONS FOR LINEAR DIMENSIONS rillimetros “Accuracy grade Permissible deviations for basic sizerange Designation | Descéption [os |>3 |>6 |>s0 | >120 | >a00 | >to00 | >2000 and [and | and | and | and | and | and | and ey [26 | 230_| S20 | Sto0_| St000_| “2000 | 000 i fine woos [2005 [201 | 015 [102 [sos [sos | — nm mein voi [aor [202 [ios [20s [aos [2 [2 ¢ coarse v2 [203 [sos [ios [v2 [2 8 4 y veycoarse | — wos [as [as [os [a 6 18 For bosic sizes below 0.5 mm. the deviations shouldbe indestedadjocmnt Io the relevar base size TABLEAZ PERMISSIBLE DEVIATIONS FOR BROKEN EDGES (externalradii and chamfer heights) Tiaenede Accuracy grade Permissible deviations for basic sizerange Designation Description 2OS'and<3 | >3and<6 26 A fine 02 205 # nm medium € coarse 304 H 2 v very coarse For basic sizes below 0.5 mm. te devialons shouldbe indiested adjacent to the relevant basle ze. A4_ ANGULAR DIMENSIONS General tolerances for angular dimensions apply, itrespective of the linear tolerances appliedto the elements forming the angle. The upper and lower deviations of the angula rdimension do not limit the form devietionsof the lines or faces forming an angle. To define the measuring planes for an angle on a workpiece with surface form deviations, the angle Is measured along the direction of the superimposed planes (contacting surface of ideal geometrical form). The maximum distance between the superimposed plane and the actual surface should be the least possible value (see AS 1100. 101), coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 66 TABLEA3: PERMISSIBLE DEVIATIONS OF ANGULAR DIMENSIONS cages aa > 10 >50 | > 120 Designation | Desediption oe a ioe a ea a 7 Snenec ae eae [tee aed = sae pee ae Estee za 7 Sees TABLE AG GENERAL GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES Baas ata Hue freer eae // peat aera ae a f ane ff aan eee NOLZKHOH Tmser ws oie TABLEAS: GENERAL GEOMETRY TOLERANCES ON STRAIGHTNESS, FLATNESS, AND PARAL ESM Se Tarai iota racine Nice sures Pua eda aay mae a eg et ol ere |e ees ne seeped errata | rere (seen coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 6 AS 11002011992 TABLEAS GENERAL GEOMETRY TOLERANCES FOR RUNOUT AND TOTAL RUNOUT millimetres. ass Runout t ou 02 L os TABLE AT GENERAL TOLERANCES OF SQUARENESS: ilimotros Tolerance Porpendicularty tolerances for ranges of nominal ‘lass Tengths ofthe shorter side 400 > 100 > 300 A000 and ‘and ‘and. 00 A000 S000 02 03 04 05: kK oa 06 08 4 L 08. 1 45 2 PERPENDICULAR TOLERANCE Datum is the longer side FIGURE A1_ DATUM FOR SQUARENESSTOLERANCE coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 «8 2x45" [4 [0.08 [8] ak 0 15 0.15 GENERAL LINEAR AND ANGULAR \ \G | B0. HO] a8 @)| TOLERANCES GRADE m iN GENERAL GEOMETRY TOLERANCES 27 0.1 | 0.5 |B ° 2% -0.2 ise 1a 28 ust | 7 | 0.08 |B oa 0 + + J—— 415 -0.15 2-9} D3 @[0.14) [ae @) \—on 2® {bi Interpretation FIGURE A2. EXAMPLEOF APPLYING GENERAL TOLERANCES coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 APPENDIX GUIDE TO THE GENERAL TOLERANCING OF CASTINGS, (informative) B1 INFORMATION ON DRAWING A casting drawing should show the following, (a) Name and part number. (b) Actual or estimated mass. {c) Important dimensions. (d) Dimensional tolerances. (e) Surfaces to be machined and machining allowances. (f) Special requirements, such as finish, testing, gauging, special tolerances, disc or special grinding, driling, tapping, machining locations, and hardness determination locations. (9) Special location for symbol or pattern numbers or trademarks, and type of symbols or numbers preferred ((aised or sunken). B2 PRODUCTION METHODS The tolerance specified for a casting may determine the method of casting. It is therefore recommended, before the design or the order is finalized, forthe customer to liaisewth the foundry to discuss — (a) the proposed casting design and accuracy required; (b) method of casting (0) the number of castings to be manufactured; and (6) the casting equipmentinvoived Becausethe dimensional accuracyof a casting s relatedto productionfactors, toleranceswhich canbe achieved for various methods and metals are described in Paragraph 810 for — (i). long series and mass production, where development, adjustment and maintenance of casting equipment make it possible to achieve close tolerances, and (i) short series and single production The tolerancesshownare suitable for castings produced by sand moulding, gravity die casting, low pressure die casting, high pressure die casting, and investment casting. B3 BASIC DIMENSIONS The basic dimensionsgiven refer to the dimensionsof a raw casting before machining (see Figure B1), The necessary machining allowances are therefore included (see Figure B2) RAW CASTING BASIC DIMENSION! RAW CASTING BASIC DIMENSION FIGURE 81 DRAWING INDICATIONS B4 TOLERANCES There are 14 tolerance grades, designatedCT3 to CT16 (see Table B1 and Figure 63) coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 0 CASTING TOLERANCE MACHINING ALLOWANCE L BASIC DIMENSION FIGURE 82. RELATIONSHIP OF COMPONENT WITH MACHINING ALLOWANCE SHOWING. THE TOLERANCE SYMMETRICALLY DISPOSED ABOUT THE BASIC DIMENSION RAW CASTI __ MINIMUM LIMIT OF Size AXMUM UMIT OF SIZE NOTE: Anymismatch shall le within the Emits of size shown (see Paragraphs 83, B4, and 26). FIGURE 83 TOLERANCELIMITS BE POSITION OF TOLERANCE ZONE The tolerancezone, unless otherwise stated, is to be symmetrically disposed with respect to a basicdimension, ie. with one halfon the posttive side and one half on the negetive side (See Figure B3), However, when agreed by both manufacturer and purchaser for specific reasons, the tolerancezone may be asymmetric, i.e. on either the positive side or negative side. coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 a AS 11002011992 BG MISMATCH Mismatch shalllle withinthe tolerance given in Table 81. When it is Importantto restrictfurther the value of mismatch, it shell be stated on the drewing (see ParagrephB7), and shalllie within the tolerances, givenin Table B1 or Table 82 whicheveris smaller (see Figure B4). This valueshall not be addedto that given in Table 81 MISMATCH MISMATCH MISMATCH FIGURE 4 EXAMPLESOF MISMATCH B7 INDICATION OF CASTING TOLERANCES ON DRAWINGS Dimensions for which generaltolerancesare ‘not suitable shall be allocated individualtolerances. These may be finer or coarser than the general tolerances which would normally be applied to the basic dimensions, but the perticular values should be chosen from Table B1 TABLEB1 CASTING TOLERANCES rilimetros Raweasting basic ‘Total casting tolorance (seo Note) casting tolerance grade CT. ‘aimension > < statstet sr [sto w]in |wfis{ uti | is — 10 | o18 | 026 | 036 J osz form |1o Jas |20 | 28 | 42 0 +6 | 020 | 028 | 038 | oss |ovs_| ir [is |22 | 30 | se 16 25 | 022 | oa0 | 042 Jose [oar J12 [iz fas a2 Jas]s Jo | | 2 25 40 | 024 | 032 | 046 | ose | oo | 13 | 1a |26 |36 |s0]7 Jo | a | 4 40 a3 | 026 | 036 | oso | ovo |10 [14 | 20 |28 | 40 || a | to | 2 | 16 63 too | 028 | o4o | oss fave fir [ae [22 |a2 |as [a |o far |e |x 100 40 | 030 | o44 | 062 | ose | 12 Jie | 25 | 36 |so |7 | to | 12 | v6 | 20 180 20| 034 | o50|o70 | 10 |14 |20 | 28 | 40 [se |e | a1 | 14 | ia | 250 ao o4o | oss | ove [ra [1s | 22 |s2 |as [52 |o | 12 | re | 20 | 2 ‘400 e0| — | oe¢|oso}i2 fie |26 |36 |s | 7 | 10 | 14 | ae | 22 | 2 exo] 1000] — | [io |i [20 [20 [so |e Je | 1 | ie | 20 | % | sooo] seo] — | —|— |re [22 [a2 Jas 7 Jo fas [ae] 22 | 2 | or seo} 250] — | — |= |= |25 |3e |sa |s |to | 15 | 21 | 26 | 3 | a 2500 | 400} — | — |= |= |~ Jas [52 |e [12 | az | 24 | 30 | 38 | a0 4000] sao} — | —]—- [- |~ | - |r0 | | 14 | 20 | 22 | a5 | 44 | 55 5300 | 1000} — | — | |- J itt fits 2 | 32 | 40 | 50} oe NOTE:See Paragragh 84, coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 AS 1100.201—1992 ” TABLEB2 MISMATCH Tolerance Mismatch (s00 Noto) ‘grade mm cr Send 4 Within toletanceln Teble Bt 5 6 08 Tand & or gandt0 10 41 (013 18 14 1016 25 NOTE: These values shall nol be addedto those given in Table Bt B8 WALL THICKNESS The toleranceor wall thickness must be specifiedto suitthe type of casting required Tolerance grading should not be applied. B9 TOLERANCESON TAPERED FEATURES Wherea designrequires a taperedifeature, the toleranceshall be applied symmetically along the surface (see Figure 85) TOLERANCE ZONE ANGLE OF TAPER FIGUREBS TAPERED FEATURE B10 TOLERANCES FOR LONG AND SHORT SERIES PRODUCTION PROCESSES Table 83 shows tolerances which can normally be expected in casting processes. As indicatedin ParagraphB2, the accuracy of casting process 's dependentupon many factors includingthe following (a) Complexity of the design. (b) Type of pattern equip mentor cies (©) Metal or alloy concermed (6) Condition of patterns or dies. (e) Foundry working methods For long series of repetitionwork it may be possibleto make adjust ments and to controlcore positions carefully to achieve closer tolerancesthen those indicated in Table B3, For short production series and for single castings, it is generally impractical and uneconomic to use metal pattemsand to develop equipment and casting procedures resulting in close tolerances. The wider tolerances for this class of manufacture are shown in Table B4 Many dimensions of @ casting are affected by the presence of a mould joint or a core requiring increased dimensionaltolerance Since the designer will not necessarily be aware of the mouldand core layout to be used, Incteases have already been included in Table 81 coPyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE on 20 Jul 2008 7” AS 11002011992 TABLEB3: ‘TOLERANCES FOR LONG SERIES PRODUCTION RAW CASTINGS Tolerance grade CT ‘Mothoa Matleab! | Coppa | zine | Light | Nickel- | cobalt stet | Grey | sc. | eiron | toys | alloys | metal | based | -based iron _| iron alloys _|_alloys_| alloys. Sandeast wito13 | a1013. | r1t013 | 1013 | 2] — | von | = a hand mouided Sandeast, stor0 | stota | stor | stoto | soto | — | v9 | — e ‘machne-meulded nd shell moulding Metaticpermanent | — | 7ts | 7tos | 710s | 7t09 | 7109 | sos | — = ‘mould gravity an low pressure) Pressirecie at = = = | ewe | ss | stor | — — casing Invesimenteastirg | 4to5 | 4tos | stop | — | atos | — | atos | atos | ates NOTE: The tolerances indicated are those which can nermelyte held for castings producal in long series and when produdion foctors inlvencigthe dimensional accuracy ofthe casing have been hily developed. TABLEB4 ‘TOLERANCES FOR SHORT SERIES OR SINGLE PRODUCTION RAW CASTINGS ‘Tolerance grade CT Moulding material steel | Greyiron | sphowida | malleableiron | Copper alloys | Light metal alloys graphite ron ceeensand | 131018 | 131015 3310158 131018, 43to18 Hito13 satseting | 121018 | 111013 i1t013 111013 sto 12 rote 12 materials Notes: 1 Thetolerancesinctcated are those which can normally be held for sandcastings preducedin shot series or as single castings. 2 The valuesin this table apply generalytobasicszes greater than25 mm. For smaller sizes, fhertolerancesccan normally be econamically and practealy held as fobows: (@) Basic sizeup to 100 mm: three grades fines (@) Basic size 10 to 16 mm: twoarades finer. (6) Basic size 18 to 25 mm: one rade finer, coPyRIGHT