Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OVERVIEW OF ACCOUTING
ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS - principles upon which the accounting process is based (accounting
assumptions or accounting theory)
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• Accounting Research – careful analysis of economic events and other variables to understand
their impact of decisions
Selection of appropriate accounting policies is the entity9s management responsibility. However, the
proper application of accounting principles is the accountant9s responsibility.
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) – standard setting body of the IFRS Foundation
with the main objectives of developing and promoting global accounting standards. Standards issued:
• International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
• International Accounting Standards (IASs)
• Interpretations
The move to IFRS was primarily brought by the increasing acceptance of IFRSs world-wide and
increasing internalization of business thereby increasing the need for a common financial reporting
standards that minimize, if not eliminate, inconsistencies of financial reporting among nations
Norwalk Agreement – a memorandum of FASB (USA) and IASB to produce a single set of global
accounting standards, in which they agree to make financial reporting standards that are:
a. Fully compatible; and
b. Coordinate future work programs
Changes to reporting standards are primarily made in response to users9 needs and continually provide
useful information.
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Prescribes the concept for general purpose financial reporting to assist IASB in developing standards,
assist prepares in developing consistent accounting policies when no standard applies to a transaction
and assist all parties in understanding and interpreting standards.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• Provide foundation for the development of standards that promote transparency, strengthen
accountability, and contribute to economics efficiency
• Do not provide requirements for specific transactions or events
• Conceptual framework is not a standard. Any conflict between the two, standard will prevail.
• Use the hierarchy of standard for guidance in authoritative status. (See PAS 2 for reference)
• This can be revised but not automatically result to change of Standards not until the IASB due
process
• Scope of Conceptual Framework:
QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
Identifies the most useful information to primary users in making decisions using entity9s financial report
Applicable to information in FS and to financial information provided in other ways
1. Fundamental Qualitative Characteristics – information useful to users
a. Relevance – can affect decision of users
• Predictive Value – making predictions using past info
• Confirmatory Value – confirming previous decisions
➢ Materiality
• Information is material if omitting or misstating it could influence primary users9 decision
• Entity-specific
• IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgments provide non-mandatory guidance
called materiality process. Below are the four steps:
1. Cost-Benefit Principle. However, cost is not a factor when making materiality judgment.
2. Assess whether step 1 information could influence the user9s decisions by:
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• Assets – present economic resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events. An economic
resource is a right that has the potential to produce economic benefits.
- ability to prevent others from accessing the benefits of controlled resources
- control normally stems from legally enforceable rights (e.g., ownership or legal title). However,
ownership is not always
• Liability – present obligation of the entity to transfer an economic resource as a result of past events
- transfer of economic benefits need not be certain
a. Legal obligation – result from contact, legislation, or other law of operation
b. Constructive obligation – result from entity9s action (e.g., warranty, environmental
damages)
Executory Contract – a contract that is equally unperformed by both parties or have partially
fulfilled with equal extent; combined right or obligation
Executed Contract – fulfilled by other party
• Equity – residual interest after deducting assets from liabilities
Reserves - amount set aside to protect the entity9s creditors or shareholders from losses
• Income – revenue; increase in assets or decrease in liabilities that result in increase in equity
• Expenses – costs; decrease in assets or increase in liabilities that result in decrease in equity
NOTE: The new conceptual framework removes the notion of 8expected9 and 8probability9 of economic
flow, and 8reliable measurement9
Financial Position – balance sheet; assets, liabilities and equity
Financial Performance – income statement; income and expenses
RECOGNITION
• Items are recognized if it meets the two criteria:
➢ Meets the definition of financial element; and
➢ Provides useful information (relevance and faithfully represented information)
• An asset (liability) can exist even if producing (transferring) benefits has low probability, but can
affect the recognition, how it is measured, what and how information is provided
• Unresolve dispute of asset or liability will mostly affect the recognition
• Existence uncertainty and low probability of an inflow or outflow of economic benefits may result in
but does not automatically lead to the non-recognition of asset or liability. Other factors should be
considered.
• Measurement uncertainty
➢ Exist if the asset or liability needs to be estimated
➢ High level of measurement uncertainty does not necessarily lead to non-recognition if it provides
relevant information and is clearly and accurately described and explained
➢ However, it can lead to non-recognition if making estimate is exceptionally difficult or subjective
(can affect faithful representation) or especially if one or more of the circumstances exist:
▪ Exceptionally wide range of possible outcome and is difficult to estimate
▪ Highly sensitive to small changes
▪ Exceptionally subjective allocations of cash flows that do not relate solely to the asset or
liability being measured
DERECOGNITION
• Removal of previously recognized asset or liability when the item no longer meets its definition
• Derecognizes asset or liability that have expired, consumed, collected, fulfilled or transferred and
continues to recognize any assets or liabilities that have retained after derecognizing
Unit of Account is <the right or the group of rights, the obligation or the group of obligations, or the
group of rights and obligations, to which recognition criteria and measurement concept are applied9
MEASUREMENT
• Measurement basis is needed since recognition requires quantifying item in monetary terms.
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• Standards prescribe specific measurement bases for different types of assets, liabilities, income and
expenses.
Measurement bases describe by Conceptual Framework
1. Historical Cost – acquired (incurred) cost of assets (liability) plus (minus) transaction costs
- do not reflect changes in value but may need to be updated (e.g., depreciation,
amortization cost) so, the value can be changed
2. Current Value – reflect changes in value at the measurement date
• Fair Value – price that would be received to sell (paid) an asset (liability) that reflects the
perspective of market participants at the measurement date
• Value in use of assets and fulfillment value of liability – reflect entity9s assumption
➢ Value in Use - present value of economic benefits from the use or ultimate disposal of
asset
➢ Fulfillment Value - present value of economic resources to transfer or fulfilling liability
Both do not include transaction cost from acquiring or incurring, but include transaction cost of
disposal or fulfillment
• Current Cost – cost at the measurement date plus (minus) transaction cost at that date
Entry Values Exit Values
Historical cost and current cost Fair value, value in use and fulfillment value
Reflect prices in acquiring assets or Reflect prices in selling or using an asset or
incurring liability transferring or fulfilling a liability
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FINANCIAL PHYSICAL
Invested money or investment
Capital Concept Entity9s productive capacity
purchasing price
➢ Both capital maintenances exclude the distributions to, contributions from owners during the period.
➢ Capital Maintenance is essential in distinguishing between return on capital and return of capital.
Capital Maintenance Adjustments – the revaluation or restatement of assets and liabilities results in
increase or decrease in equity. Although these increases or decreases meet the definition of income or
expense, they are not recognized in profit or loss under certain concepts of capital maintenance.
Accordingly, these items are included in equity as capital maintenance adjustments or revaluation
reserves.
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It prescribes the basis for the presentation of general purpose financial statements, its structure
guidelines and content9s minimum requirements to ensure comparability (inter-comparability and intra-
comparability). The terminology of PAS 1 is suitable for profit-oriented entities.
Financial Statements
• Structured presentation of an entity9s financial position and result of its operation
• Pertain only to the entity not the industry
• General purpose financial statements – cater most of the common needs of a wide range of external
users (cannot demand specific reports for their own needs)
Purpose of Financial Statements
• To provide useful information useful to a wide range of users in making economic decision
• To show result of management stewardship over the entity9s resources
Complete Set of General Purpose Financial Reporting Statement
1. Statement of Financial Position (or Balance Sheet)
2. Statement of Profit or loss and other comprehensive income (not the same as income statement)
3. Statement of Changes in Equity
4. Statement of Cash Flows
5. Notes – qualitative info to explain the quantitative info 1-4
- comparative information in respect of the preceding period
6. Additional statement of financial position - required under certain instances
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PAS 1 does not prescribe the order or format in which an entity presents items,
PAS 1 permits mixed presentation especially if the entity9s operation is diverse.
Current and Non-Current Assets or Liabilities
CURRENT NON-CURRENT
➢ Used for trading during the entity9s normal ➢ Used more than 1 year
operating cycle (12 months) ➢ Cash and cash equivalents restricted for
➢ Cash or cash equivalents restricted from exchange (e.g., maintaining balance of bank
being account)
➢ Includes accruals ➢ Includes deferrals
➢ Ex. Trade Receivables ➢ Ex. Non-trade Receivables
Currently Maturing Long-Term Liabilities
• Must be presented as current liabilities
• Example: A 10-year loan payable acquired 10 years ago must be fulfilled within this year. Hence, it
must be presented current liabilities
• Exception is refinancing agreement (defer settlement of currently maturing long-term liability)
when:
➢ Refinancing agreement is fully completed on or before balance-sheet date; or
➢ Refinancing agreement after balance sheet date but before FS are authorized for issue
b. Two statements:
1. statement of profit or loss (income statement)
2. statement presenting comprehensive income
Profit or Loss
• Income minus expenses, excluding the components of comprehensive income
• Not included in determining profit or loss
1. Correction of prior period error
2. Change in accounting policy
3. Other comprehensive income
4. Transactions with owner/s
Presentation of Expense
NATURE OF EXPENSE METHOD FUNCTION OF EXPENSE METHOD
➢ According to their function
➢ According to their nature ➢ Ex. Cost of sales, distribution costs,
➢ Ex. Transportation cost, advertising administrative expense
cost, purchase of materials ➢ More difficult to apply but has potential of
providing more relevant information
NOTE: If an entity classifies expenses by function, it shall disclose additional information
on the nature of expenses
NOTES
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• Provides qualitative information to the other FS, therefore other FS should be cross-refenced to the
notes
• Integral part of a complete FS
• PAS 1 requires entity to present the notes in system manner. It is structured as follows:
1. General information on the reporting entity
2. Statement of compliance with the PFRS and Basis of preparation of FS
3. Summary of significant accounting policies
4. Disaggregation (breakdowns) of line items in the other FS and other supporting information
5. Other disclosure required by PFRS
6. Other disclosure not required y PFRS but is relevant in understanding
PAS 2 INVENTORIES
Determination of costs to recognize as asset to expense is the primary issue in accounting inventories.
Hence, PAS 2 provides guidance in the determination of costs of inventories, including use of cost
formulas, and their subsequent measurement and recognition as asset then expense.
Inventories as assets
• Finished goods
• Work in progress
• Raw materials and manufacturing supplies
MEASUREMENT OF INVENTORIES
Inventory is not always valued at its <cost= price.
Measurement of Inventories
Exception to the measurement:
a. Producers of agricultural, forest products,
minerals and mineral products measured at
NRV of the practices in those industries Lower of Cost Net Realizable Value
b. Commodity if dealers and brokers measured
at fair value less costs of sell LCNRV
Cost of Inventories
• Purchase cost – trade discounts, rebates, and other Excluded in Cost
similar items are deducted to purchase cost • Abnormal waste
• Conversion cost – costs in converting raw materials into • Storage cost (but include those
finished goods (e.g., labor and production, exclude direct necessary in the production
materials because it is already included in purchase cost) process)
• Other cost necessary in bringing inventories to their
• Administrative overheads
present location and condition (e.g., costs of factory
management and maintenance cost of machines) • Selling cost
When a purchase transaction effectively contains a financing element, such as when payment
of the purchase price is deferred, the difference between the purchase price for normal credit terms and
the amount paid is recognized as interest expense over the period of financing
COST FORMULAS
• Deal with the computation of cost of sales or cost of goods sold and the ending inventory.
• Applies matching concept
• Considered cost flow assumptions. Therefore, not necessarily the actual flow of inventory.
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yes no
Formula:
ÿăýþ ÿĄ Ćăĉąĉ
Ăý ÿąĉĊ =
ÿăýþ ÿĄ ċĄÿĊĉ
NOTE:
➢ Use the same cost formula for inventories with similar nature and use, unless it9s different.
➢ Last-In-First-Out not permitted.
➢ TGAS – Total Goods Available on Sale
Note: Total inventory shown in FS must be the lowest cost (lower of cost or NRV)
Presented in cash basis – income (expense) is recognized only when collected (paid). Hence, only
transaction that affected cash and cash equivalent are reported; non-cash are excluded.
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PAS 7 does not require any particular method. But it encourages direct method because it
provides information that may be useful in estimating cash flows. In practice, indirect method is
commonly used because it is easier to apply.
INDIRECT METHOD
Asset other than cash Liabilities
➢ Increase Asset → Deduct ➢ Increase Liabilities → Add
➢ Decrease Asset → Add ➢ Decrease Liabilities → Deduct
Entities except financial institutions may classify Interest and Dividends as follows:
Cash Flows Option 1 Option 2 • Only those were received or paid are
Interest income received Operating Investing included.
Interest expense paid Operating Financing • Only option 1 is for financial institutions
Dividend income received Operating Investing • In CPABE, when problem is silent, use
Dividend paid to owners Financing Operating option 1
Additional Term:
• Treasury Bill – short term
financial instrument that 14 | P a g e
investors are lending money
to the government and interest
is acquired on maturity date
Downloaded by Mikee Siapno (siapnomikee7@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|21441027
PAS 8 prescribes criteria for selecting, applying, and changing accounting policies and the
accounting and disclosure of changes in accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates, and
correction of prior period errors. Intended to enhance relevance, reliability and comparability of FS.
Retrospective Prospective
Adjusting the opening balance of the prior period Recognizing the effects of change in profit or
that is used for comparison to the current period as loss in the period of change and/or future
if new accounting policy has always been applied period; not the beginning balance
Only from this day onward and does not
Going back to prior periods to restate FS
restate the previous FS
• Retrospective application – applying new policy • Prospective application – applying new
to prior period policy in current
• Retrospective restatement – correcting error of • Prospective restatement – correcting error in
prior period current
It is impracticable if the prior period effects:
• Cannot be determined in the current period
• Requires significant estimates and
assumptions
Impracticable – cannot be done after making reasonable efforts
a. Is required by PFRS; or
new information; and not error Errors should be
b. Results in reliable and
corrections corrected to arrive at
more relevant
information • Changes in the realization reliable information
(incurrence) of expected inflow
• Change in measurement
(outflow) of economic benefits
basis
from assets (liabilities)
1. Transitional provision in a
Accounting
2. Retrospective restatement
application; in the Prospective application 2. Prospective
absence of 1 restatement; if 1 is
3. Prospective application; if impractical
2 is impractical
➢ If a change is difficult to distinguish between accounting policies and accounting estimates, the
change is treated as change in an accounting estimate.
➢ Voluntary change in accounting policy is accounted for retrospective application. An early
application of PFRS is not a voluntary change in accounting policy.
Accounting Policies
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PAS 8 requires consistent selecting and application of accounting policies. When selecting and
applying, an entity shall refer to hierarchy of reporting standards.
Errors
An FS do not comply to PFRS if they contain either material (can cause FS misstated) or immaterial
errors made intentionally to achieve a particular presentation. This is considered fraud. Errors can be:
• Errors of commission – doing something wrong
• Errors of omission – not doing something that should have been done
Type of errors according to period occurrence
• Current period errors – errors of current period; corrected by correcting entries
• Prior period errors – errors of one or more prior period; corrected by retrospective
restatement, if impracticable, prospective application is allowed
Both are discovered either during the current period or after but before FS are authorized for issue.
PAS 10 prescribes the accounting for, and disclosures of, events after the reporting period,
including disclosures regarding the date when the FS were authorized for issue.
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PAS 12 permits offsetting of deferred tax assets and liabilities only if,
➢ Legally enforceable right to offset current tax and liability; and
➢ Levied by the same taxation authority
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PAS 12 permits offsetting of current tax assets and liabilities only if:
➢ Legally enforceable right;
➢ Intention to realize in net basis
Characteristics of PPE
Recognition
a. Tangible assets;
1. Future economic benefits will flow to the entity; and
b. Used in normal operation; and
2. Cost can be measured reliably
c. Long-term in use (>1 yr.)
• Spare-parts, stand-by equipment and servicing equipment are PPE if it meets its definition. If not,
then recognized as inventory.
• Safety and environmental equipment are PPE. It does not increase the future benefits, but it is
necessary in obtaining future benefits of other assets.
Initial Measurement
Measured at cost
a. Purchase price
b. Direct costs of bringing the asset to the location and condition
c. Initial estimate of dismantlement, removal and site restoration costs
Except cost of opening new facility, introducing new product or service, new business location or new
class customers, and administration and general overheads.
• Recognition of initial cost stops when the item is in the location and condition necessary
• Cost of PPE is the cash equivalent at the recognition date. If deferred payment (installment), the
excess amount is interest.
• Acquisition through exchange:
Additional Cost
1. Replacement Cost
➢ Replaced parts carrying amount is derecognized as loss
➢ If replaced part cannot be determined, replacement part is used as indication
2. Major Inspections
➢ Major inspection cost is capitalized while previous inspection cost is derecognized
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a. Cost Model
b. Revaluation Model
Entity can choose either the two, and then applies the accounting policy to an entire class of PPE
COST MODEL - cost less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses
Depreciation
• Each significant part of item of PPE is depreciated separately.
• Depreciation is recognized as expense, unless it is included in the cost of producing another asset.
• Depreciation starts when used.
• Depreciation stops when:
a. Derecognized (sold or disposed); or
b. Classified as held for sale; or
c. Fully depreciated; however, if the residual value decreases below the carrying amount, the
decrease is recognized as an additional depreciation
• Carrying amount (Book Value) – recognized asset amount after deducting accumulated depreciation
and impairment loss
• Depreciation does not cease when the asset becomes idle or is retired from active use.
• Land and building are accounted separately. Land is not depreciated while building is depreciated.
Depreciation Methods ➢ Does not prescribe any method. It depends on the
• Straight-line Method management9s judgment, but the choice must be the method
ÿąĉĊ 2 þÿĂČÿąă āÿĂċă that best reflects the expected pattern of consumption.
ĀĉăĄċĂ ÿÿĄă ➢ Prohibits the use of depreciation based on revenue
• Diminishing Balance Method ➢ Requires annual review of depreciation method, useful life
• Units of Production Method and residual value. Any changes are treated as changes in
accounting estimates
REVALUATION MODEL
• Fair value less any subsequent accumulated depreciation and impairment losses
• Frequency of revaluation:
➢ If fair value fluctuates significantly, annually
➢ If fair value does not fluctuate significantly, every 3-5 years.
• Revaluation applied to entire class of PPE
• Revalued simultaneously. If not possible, use rolling basis (i.e., one asset after another)
Fair Value xx
Divided by: Remaining useful life (xx)
Annual Depreciation xx
Subsequent accounting for revaluation surplus
➢ Non-depreciable revalued asset, transferred directly to retained earning when derecognized
➢ If depreciable, a portion is transferred periodically to retained earning when used
or
Depreciation based on revalued carrying amount xx
ýăČÿĂċÿĊÿąĄ þċĈĆĂċĉ
Less: Depreciation based on original cost (xx)
ýăăÿÿĄÿĄą ĀĉăĄċĂ
19ÿÿĄă
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Revaluation surplus transferred each year xx
Derecognition of PPE
a. It is disposal; or
b. No future economic benefits expected from the asset9s use or disposal
If the asset derecognized is revalued, any balance in the related revaluation surplus is transferred
directly to retained earnings and will not affect the amount of gain or loss recognized in profit or loss.
Employee benefits are all forms of considerations given by an entity in exchange for service rendered
by employees.
Recognition
➢ Expense, when employees have rendered service unless it forms part of an asset
➢ Liabilities, if unpaid
➢ Asset, if payment exceeds the benefits
POST-EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
• Payable after the completion of employment (e.g., retirement plans and pension plans)
Contributory Non-contributory
Both employee and employer contribute Only the employer contributes
Funded Non-funded
fund is transferred to a trustee to No fund is transferred to a trustee thus,
manage the fund and obliged to pay the the employer has obligations of paying
benefits; have third-party the benefits
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Net interest on the net defined benefit liability (asset): (recognized in P/L)
(a) Interest cost on the DBO (ĀăąÿĄĄÿĄą Āā ąĄ Āþÿ Ď %) xx
(b) Interest income on plan assets (ĀăąÿĄĄÿĄą ĂāĀý Ď %) xx
(c) Interest on the effect of the asset ceiling xx xx
Definition of Terms
1. Current Service Cost – increase in the PV of DBO resulting from employee service in current
period
2. Past Service Cost – change in the PV of DBO resulting from a plan amendment or curtailment
3. Gain or loss on settlement – difference between PV of DBO and the settlement price
4. Interest cost on the defined benefit liability (asset) – change in the net defined benefit liability
(asset) during the period that arises from the passage of time
5. Actuarial gain or loss – changes in PV of DBO resulting from changes in actuarial assumptions
Actuarial Assumption – give value or best estimate of the variables that will determine the
ultimate cost of providing post-employment benefits
1. Demographic assumptions – e.g., mortality, health condition
2. Financial assumptions – i.e., discount rate and future salary levels
Discount rate used to discount post-employment benefits obligation is based on high quality
corporate bonds. If no deep market, use government bonds.
6. Return on plan of assets – investment income earned by the plan assets during the year after
deducting the cost of managing the fund
TERMINATION BENEFITS
• Employer9s act of terminating an employee as a result, either:
➢Entity9s decision to terminate an employee before the normal retirement date; or
➢Employee9s decision to accept the benefits in exchange of termination
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Government grants are assistance received from the government in the form of transfers of
resources in exchange for compliance with certain conditions.
Recognition
a. Conditions will be complied; and
b. Grants will be received
Measurement
Monetary Grants Non-monetary Grants
➢ Amount of cash received; or ➢ Fair value of the non-monetary asset
➢ Fair value of amount receivable received
➢ Alternatively, at nominal amount
Accounting
➢ PAS 20 uses income approach in which grant is recognized in P/L.
➢ Not automatically that when you received the grant, it is recognized in P/L.j
➢ Uses matching concept
➢ Recognized in P/L in systematic basis as related condition expenses are recognized. Analyze the
recognition of income in the following cases:
a. Grants related to depreciable assets
b. Grants related to non-depreciable assets
c. Grants received as financial aid for expenses or losses
The depreciation method used for computing related must also be the same for computing grants.
In statement of cash flows, the cash flows from the receipt of the grant and the purchase of the
related asset are presented separately, even if the entity uses the net presentation
Presentation of grants related to income
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Repayment of Grants
Treated as change in accounting estimate
There are government assistances that are not recognized as government grants. These are whose:
1. Value cannot be reasonably measured; or
2. Cannot be distinguished from the entity9s normal trading transactions
Examples are:
a. Tax benefits
b. Free technical or marketing advice
c. Provision of guarantees
d. Government procurement policy that is responsible for a portion of the entity9s sales
If significant, only disclosed.
Functional Currency
• The currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates.
• The currency that is mostly used by the entity9s operation and not necessary the country9s currency
• Factors to consider:
➢ Currency of sales and cost
➢ Currency of cash flows from financing and operating activities
• Cannot be changed once determined, unless necessary. The changes are then treated prospectively.
• All currencies other than the entity9s functional currency are foreign currencies.
Presentation Currency – currency used in presenting FS
Monetary items - amount received or paid in fixed or determinable (e.g., cash, receivables, payables)
Non-monetary items - do not give rise to monetary items (e.g., inventories, prepaid assets, PPEs)
Exchange Differences – the difference of translating one currency into another currency at different
exchange rates
Recognition of exchange difference:
a. Monetary items – recognized in P/L
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b. Nonmonetary items – recognition of exchange component is the same as how gain or loss are
identified, whether in OCI or P/L
• When foreign currency transaction occurred in one period and settles in another:
➢ Exchange difference between the transaction date and end of reporting period
➢ Then, exchange difference between the previous reporting period and settlement date.
FOREIGN OPERATIONS
A subsidiary, associated, joint venture or branch that is based in foreign country and using foreign
currency.
Before financial statements of the branch is incorporated to the FS of main branch or other necessary
translations (e.g., gov9t requirements), it is translated using the procedures below.
Borrowing cost is capitalized to qualifying asset – long term to get ready for use or sale
Types of borrowing cost:
1. Interest expense
2. Finance charge on finance leases
3. Exchange differences on borrowings in foreign currencies
Other borrowing cost not used for qualifying asset is expense.
Compare the value of actual BC vs. capitalized BC, the lowest value will be capitalized as
general borrowing cost.
ÿĀĀā ĀĄ ĀĂÿýćĄĆćÿą ýĀĀăā = āąāăÿĂćāĂÿăĀ + ĀĀÿÿĀĄćÿą āĀĀā
24 | P a g e
Related parties have the ability to affect the financial and operating decision of the other party through
control, significance influence or joint control.
DISCLOSURES
➢Close Family Members
➢Parent-subsidiary relationship
➢ Subsidiary discloses the parent name, even if no transaction happened in the period.
➢Key management personnel – CEO, CFO, COO
➢ Discloses his compensation by breaking down respectively into: short-term, post-employment,
other long-term, termination; and share-based payment
➢Related party transaction
➢ Discloses:
a. Nature or related party relationship
b. Nature terms and amount of the transaction and outstanding balances
c. Doubtful debts on the outstanding balances
➢ Outstanding balances are disclosed in individual FS, and eliminated in consolidated FS.
➢Government-related entities – entity that is controlled, jointly controlled or significantly influenced by
a government
➢ Discloses if there is related party transaction
a. Name of the gov9t and the nature of the relationship
b. Nature and amount of each individually significant transaction
c. Other transactions that are collectively significant but are individually insignificant.
Questions:
1. What makes parties related and not related?
2. Elaborate significance of related parties9 disclosures.
➢ Preparation of FS of retirement benefits plans to account and report all participants of the plan,
instead of individual. Hence, PAS 26 views retirement benefits plan as a reporting entity.
➢ Applies to all retirement benefits plan, except gov9t social security type arrangements and
employee benefits other than retirement benefits.
➢ Hybrid plans are considered defined benefit plans.
FS of Defined Benefit Plan contains either of the ff.: (actuarial report is needed)
1. a. net asset available for benefits
b. actuarial PV of promised retirement benefits, distinguishing vested and non-vested; and
c. resulting excess or deficit
2. statement of net asset available for benefits including either:
a. note disclosing the APV of PRV, distinguishing vested or non-vested benefits; or
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Questions:
1. Why defined contribution plan contains that info in FS, as well as the defined benefit plan?
2. What makes defined benefit plan FS different from defined contribution plan FS?
• Accounting and disclosure requirements for investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint
ventures, when entity prepares separate FS
• No entity is mandated to produce
• Applicable if entity chooses to prepare or is required by law
Entity shall apply the same accounting for each category of investment.
The measurement used for investment in separate FS is the same to non-separate FS.
Nature of relationship
Type of Investment Percentage of ownership interest
with investee
Financial asset at FV <20% Regular investor
Investment in associate 20% - 50% Significant influence
Investment in subsidiary 51% - 100% Control
Investment in joint venture Contractually agreed sharing of control Joint control
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➢ Subsequent adjustment – share in the investee9s changes in equity (e.g. P/L, dividends, OCI)
On acquisition, investment cost and share of net fair value of are accounted as follows:
➢ If cost > FV, the excess is included in the carrying amount of the investment
➢ If cost < FV, deficiency is included in income
If FS reporting period and accounting policies of the investee and investor do not coincide, investee
adjust his accounting policies before investor uses, and prepare FS that coincide to the investor
reporting period (difference should not exceed 3 months).
Question:
1. Why is investment in associate initially recognized as cost?
2. Explain the effect of P/L, dividends and OCI to investment in associate.
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Core principle
➢ Restate FS using the measuring unit current at the end of the period or General Price Index (GPI)
➢ Restate also the comparative FS, whether monetary or non-monetary items
➢ Prohibits the presentation of this information as a supplement to unrestated FS
GPI – reflects the inflation hence
Restatement of Statement of Financial Position reflect general purchasing power
a. Monetary items → not restate
b. Non-monetary items at FV or NRV → not restated
c. Non-monetary items at historical cost → restated
Statement of Comprehensive Income and Cash Flows - restate all amount
Restatement Formula:
ăĀą (ÿĊ ăĄĂ ąĄ ĈăĆąĈĊÿĄą ĆăĈÿąĂ)
ĄÿĉĊąĈÿāÿĂ ÿąĉĊ ×
ĄÿĉĊąĈÿāÿĂ ĀĈÿāă ąĄĂăĎ (ÿĊ ÿāćċÿĉĊÿąĄ ĂÿĊă)
Gain or loss on the net monetary position due to restatement (historical amount – restated amount) is
recognized in P/L.
Retained earnings – balancing figure after restatement
Question:
1. Why is FS restated in hyperinflation economy? Understatement of assets and overstatement of
income will happen and it can distort the comparison
2. How will you compute gain or loss on net monetary position?
Financial Instruments – any contract that give rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial
liability or equity instrument of another entity
PAS 32 complement PFRS 9 Financial Instruments and PFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosure
Presentation
Classifies financial instrument based on the substance of the contract and not its legal form.
Classification of Financial Instruments
Financial Assets Financial Liabilities Equity Instruments
potentially favorable potentially unfavorable potentially unfavorable; residual A-L
Contractual right to receive Contractual obligation to pay No contractual obligation to pay
cash/financial instruments onfinancial asset or exchange financial asset or exchange
favorable condition instrument instrument
To receive: Requires delivery of:
➢ Variable number of EI for ➢ Variable number of own EI Requires deliver of:
a fixed amount of FA for a fixed amount of FA ➢ Fixed number own EI for a fixed
➢ Fixed number of EI for a ➢ Fixed number own EI for a amount of FA
variable amount FA variable amount of FA
Ex.: Redeemable preference
share – holder redeem
PPE, inventories, intangible Ex.: Callable preference share –
share at a set date
asset are not included issuer will only call holder
Unearned revenues, gov9t
obligations are not included
Compound Financial Instrument – contains both liability and equity; issuer9s perspective
Ex. Convertible bonds – bonds converted into issuer9s shares of stocks
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OTHER
Puttable Instrument – holder9s right to return the instrument in exchange for financial asset or
automatically returned because of specified future event
- Classified as financial liabilities, except when it meets definition of equity instrument
Treasury Shares (Treasury Stocks) – entity9s own shares; reflect transactions to equity
Interest, Dividends, Losses and Gains that relate to:
➢ Financial liability are recognized as income or expenses in P/L
➢ Equity instruments are recognized directly in equity
Transaction cost from issuing:
➢ Financial liability are included in financial liabilities and subsequently amortized as P/L
➢ Equity instrument are deduction from equity
Earnings Per Share – how much profit (loss) each ordinary shares (OS) earned
Ordinary share – subordinate to all other equity instrument
Preference share – prioritize over other classes of shares
Types of EPS
Basic EPS Dilutive EPS
➢ Actual outstanding OS ➢ Includes potential outstanding OS
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Question: Why are outstanding shares computed using no. of outstanding OS divided by 12 months?
Condensed FS
• Minimum
• Focus on providing info on significant events and transactions occurred since the latest annual
period
• Discloses compliance with PFRS, and other information that is relevant for the interim period
• If highly seasonal, discloses latest and comparatives 12-month period in addition to interim financial
report
• Presented in cumulative basis (year-to-end)
• Comparatives
➢ Statement of financial position – latest annual financial report
➢ Other FS – year-to-date period
Ex. Current Comparative
SFP June 30, 2021 Dec. 31, 2020
Other FS Sept. 30, 2021 Sept, 30, 2020
Materiality
Interim measurements may rely on estimates to greater extent than measurement of annual financial
data.
Recognition and measurement
• Same accounting policies as annual, except if there is changes
• Measurement is on year-to-date basis
• Two views of interim period:
1. Integral view – a part of annual report is included
2. Discrete view – only for the period
• Gains and losses are recognized immediately (discrete view) ex. write-downs, gov9t grants, dividends
• Cost and expenses (income) needs allocation (integral view) ex. depreciation, taxes
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CORE PRINCIPLE
• If CA of asset > recoverable amount, impaired
Recoverable amount (higher of FVLCD or VIN) xx
Less: Carrying Amount xx
Impairment Loss xx
• Assets are tested for impairment individually
Indications of Impairment
• Assess at the end of each reporting period, whether there is indication of impairment
• Indications:
External sources:
1. Significant decline in asset value
2. Significant change factors that affect recoverable amount (ex. increase in market interest rates)
3. CA of net asset > market capitalization
Internal sources:
1. Obsolescence or physical damage for an asset
2. Significant change in use of assets that affect recoverable amount (ex. discontinuance)
3. Evidence that asset9s economic performance is worse than expected
• If there is indication, it signify to review and adjusted remaining useful life, depreciation or
amortization method, or the residual value even if no impairment loss is recognized
Exercise: What is your generalization for indications of impairment?
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GOODWILL
• Goodwill = Purchase price – net assets FV
• Does not generate cash flow but contributes to cash flows of multiple CGUs
• Hence, tested for impairment only once allocated to the CGU expected to benefit from combination
• Goodwill from business combination is allocated to each of the acquirer9s CGU
Corporate Assets
• Assets other than goodwill contributing to future cash flows of both CGU under review and other
CGU
• Testing for impairment is same to goodwill
Exercise: Differentiate corporate asset from goodwill.
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Exemption:
➢ Executory contracts, unless onerous
➢ Those covered by other standards
PROVISIONS
• a liability of uncertain timing or amount
• Estimated
• Ex. Warranty, restructuring cost, environmental damages (define restructuring)
• Presented in balance sheet separately from other types of liabilities (trade payables, accruals,
contingent liabilities
• Reviewed at end of each reporting period
• Recognition:
a. Present obligation→obligating event (legal or constructive)
b. Probable (more likely than not) outflow of resources; and
c. Reliably estimated
➢ Do not recognize future operating cost
EXERCISE: Why is asset disclosed when probable unlike liabilities that only disclosed when possible?
MEASUREMENT
Nature of the outflow Measurement Basis
General rule Best estimate
Involves a large population of items Expected value → probability weighted ave.
Each possible outcome in a range is
Mid-point of the range
as likely as any other
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RECOGNITION
a. Meets definition;
b. Probable future economic benefits; and
c. Cost can be measured reliably
SUBSEQUENT MEASUREMENT
Either cost model or revaluation model and applies to entire class of intangible assets
• Cost model – cost less accumulated amortization and impairment loss
• Revaluation model – FV less subsequent accumulated depreciation and impairment loss
- Only used to intangible asset with active market
Intangible asset with:
a. Finite useful life
➢ Amortized
b. Infinite useful life
➢ Not amortized but tested for impairment at least annually
➢ Useful life cannot be forecasted and doesn9t mean no end
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AMORTIZATION
o Similar to depreciation of PPE, but uses the term amortization
o If finite useful life, use shorter of its useful life or legal life, if any. (Patent max. life is 20 yrs.)
o Starts when available for use
o Stops when sold, classified for sale under PFRS 5, or fully depreciated
o Do not stops when no longer used
o Recognized as expense
AMORTIZATION METHODS
1. Straight-line method
2. Diminishing balance method
3. Units of production method
➢ No prescribe method
➢ Based on management9s judgment as long as it best reflects the expected pattern of consumption
➢ If pattern is undeterminable, use straight-line method
➢ Prohibits revenue as basis
➢ Residual value is assumed zero, unless sold before the end of its economic life
IMPAIRMENT
o CA > recoverable amount
o Tested using PAS 36
DERECOGNITION
1. Disposed; or
2. No future economic benefits
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Investment property – land and/or building held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both
Investment Property Owner-occupied Property
For rental or capital appreciation
Purpose For operational
or both
Cash flow generation Independent In conjunction with other assets
Scope Land and building Include other than land and building
Standard PAS 40 PAS 16
RECOGNITION:
1. Meets definition;
2. Probable future economic benefits
3. Reliable measurement of cost
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Exercise: Why do you think cost or FV models are used to subsequently measuring investment
property?
SUBSEQUENT EXPENDITURES
➢ Expensed
➢ Unless, they meet recognition criteria are capitalized (ex. replacement of assets)
IMPAIRMENT
➢ If using cost model → PAS 36
➢ If using FV model → no separate accounting policy
Exercise: Why FV model has no accounting for impairment?
DERECOGNITION
• Disposed; or
• No future economic benefits
CA – Net Disposal = Gain or Loss recognized in P/L
Vocabulary:
• Finance lease - risks and rewards have been fully transferred
• Operating lease – opposite od finance lease; basically the same as landlord and renter contract
Source: https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/accounting/lease-accounting/
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