IFOFAFD XBEJFE]F\ @AIR OGIRE@OF^@

‑Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa; Mbc`e`s`, Lbetuo ]`emfofe, mfe Xbenbjfdfeeyf’  

GABD;

Nafr`sof Xutr` Fyuemf ]uofe (82<<688==)

Dbra`fef Gotfv`f Egef Xbag (82<<688<0)
Jfajfe` Pgafemf (82<<688<:)
Or`sw`emf F. Ofagrb (82<<6886<)
Pgrfemg ^fe`putrf Mbigb (82<<6886:)
Fagys`us Mgpbe Ogtbe (82<<688:>)
Pua`fef D`amfjfrm`s (82<<688<>)
Ifr`f Gotfv`f (82<<6888>)
Gntgv`feus Pgsbpd Mfi`fe (82<<6886>)
Femr`fe Ifsryfeg Kgde ]fem` (84<<68840)

X\GJ\FI ^]RM@ @AIR OGIRE@OF^@

CFORA]F^ @AIR-@AIR ^G^@FA
RE@SB\^@]F^ ER^F E@XF
IFRIB\B

<8<6
 
 

OF]F XBEJFE]F\

Xuk` syuour obdfm`rft ]udfe Pfej Ifdf Bsf yfej tbafd ibilbr`ofe rfdift-Eyf

sbd`ejjf ofi` mfpft ibeybabsf`ofe tujfs ifofafd yfej lbrkumua ‑Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa;
Xbenbjfdfeeyf’  `e` tbpft pfmf wfotueyf.
Mbc`e`s`, Lbetuo ]`emfofe, mfe Xbenbjfdfeeyf’ 

Fmfpue tukufe pbeua`sfe mfr` ifofafd `e` fmfafd uetuo ibibeud` tujfs mfr` `lu   @etfe
Iustfcf, ^.@ogi.,I.@ogi  pfmf l`mfej stum` ‑Xbejfetfr @aiu Ogiue`ofs`’. ^baf`e `tu,
ifofafd `e` kujf lbrtukufe uetuo ibefilfd wfwfsfe tbetfej Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa lfj` pfrf
 pbilfnf mfe kujf lfj` pbeua`s.
Ofi` ibejunfpofe tbr`if ofs`d obpfmf `lu @etfe Iustfcf, ^.@ogi.,I.@ogi, sbafou
mgsbe iftf oua`fd Xbejfetfr @aiu Ogiue`ofs` yfej tbafd ibilbr`ofe tujfs `e` sbd`ejjf
mfpft ibefilfd pbejbtfdufe mfe wfwfsfe sbsuf` mbejfe l`mfej stum` yfej m`tboue`.
Ofi` kujf ibeyfmfr`, ifofafd `e` ifs`d kfud mfr` oftf sbipuref. Gabd ofrbef `tu, or`t`o
mfe sfrfe yfej ibilfejue fofe ofi` efet`ofe mbi` obsbipureffe ifofafd `e`.

Ifuibrb, ^bptbilbr <8<6

Xbeua`s

`
 

MFC]F\ @^@

OF]F XBEJFE]F\   ................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................ `

LFL @ .........................................................................................................................................6

XBEMFDRARFE ......................................................................................................................6

Aftfr Lbafofej ........................................................................................................................6

\uiusfe
\uiusfe Ifsfafd
Ifsfafd ...................................................................................................................=

]ukufe
]ukufe .....................................................................................................................................=

LFL @@ ........................................................................................................................................ 2

XBILFDF^FE ......................................................................................................................... 2

Xbejbrt`fe
Xbejbrt`fe Xbabnbdfe
Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa
^bosufa ..................................................................................................2

Lbetuo-lbe
Lbetuo-lbetuo
tuo Xbabnbdfe
Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa
^bosufa ............................................................................................3

Cfotgr Xbeyblfl
Xbeyblfl ]brkfm`eyf
]brkfm`eyf Xbabnbdfe
Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa .......................................................................4

Mfipfo
Mfipfo Xbabnbdfe
Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa .....................................................................................................4

Ngetgd Ofsus Xbabnbdfe

Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa
^bosufa .............................................................................................0

Lfjf`ifef Duoui Ibejftur Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa

^bosufa m` @emgebs`f .............
...... .............
............
............
...........
............
..........
... 6<

Nfrf Ibejdfmfp` mfe Ibenbjfd ]`emfofe Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa .............

...... .............
............
............
...........
............
..........
... 6<

LFL @@@ ..................................................................................................................................... 6>

XBER]RX ................................................................................................................................ 6=

Obs`ipuafe
Obs`ipuafe ........................................................................................................................... 6=

^frfe ..................................................................................................................................... 62

``
 

MFC]F\ XR^]FOF ............................................................................................................... 6:

```
 

LFL @

XBEMFDRARFE

F.  Aftfr Lbafofej

Ifsfafd pbabnbdfe sbosufa sfft `e` tbafd ibekfm` pbilbr`tffe ofrbef sbr`ej tbrkfm` m`
ofafejfe rbifkf sbifo`e lbrtfilfd, i`sfaeyf mbejfe ibejjgmf ibejjuefofe uejofpfe-
uejofpfe pbeud dfsrft ftfu ibejuejofpofe jurfufe-jurfufe lbrefmf pgreg, ibengafo-
ngabo pfmf tulud ogrlfe sbrtf tbrofmfej fmf fenfife-fenfife k`of fkfofe tbrsblut t`mfo
m`pbeud` sbd`ejjf ogrlfe ibrfsf ifau, ifrfd, tbrs`ejjuej ftfu ibilben` dfa tbrsblut.
Zfafupue t`mfo ibafouofe pbey`osffe sbnfrf c`s`o efiue pbafou tbrsblut sumfd ibiluft
ogrlfe ibrfsf tbrjfejju mfe t`mfo eyfife, rftf-rftf ogrlfe mfr`pfmf pbabnbdfe sbosufa
tbrsblut fmfafd pfmf ofui pbrbipufe.
Ofsus pbabnbdfe sbosufa sumfd sbr`ejofa` m`bospgsb gabd ibm`f ifssf, efiue mfafi
ifsyfrfoft o`tf ifs`d lfeyfo yfej lbaui sbpbeudeyf ibeyfmfr` lfdwf ibrbof sblbefreyf
tbafd ibekfm` ogrlfe pbabnbdfe sbosufa ftfu ibejfejjfp ifsfafd `e` sblfjf` sbsuftu yfej
t`mfo sbr`us uetuo m`tfejjfp`. Mfafi lfeyfo ofsus, lfeyfo ogrlfe yfej ibi`a`d m`fi mfe
ibejfejjfp l`fsf pbrafoufe yfej m`tbr`if mfr` ftfsfe ftfupue rbofe obrkf. Ifrfoeyf
 pbabnbdfe sbosufa yfej tbrus-ibebrus tbrkfm` sfejftafd ibiluft obrbsfdfe m` ifsyfrfoft,
tbrutfif lfj` pfrf grfej tuf yfej ibi`a`o` fefo-fefo pbrbipufe. Efiue, fmf yfej
ibejftfofe lfdwf kustru ogrlfeafd yfej ibilbr`ofe pbaufej obpfmf pfrf pbafou uetuo
mfpft ibafouofe pbabnbdfe sbosufa tbrsblut. I`sfaeyf mbejfe ibifof` pfof`fe ftfupue
ibipbra`dftofe pbr`afou-pbr`afou yfej kustru mfpft ibilbr`ofe rufej obpfmf pbafou
sbd`ejjf ibiluft pbafou mfpft tbrsujbst` uetuo ibafouofe pbabnbdfe sbosufa tbrsblut.
Xbabnbdfe sbosufa `e` t`mfo dfeyf ibilbr`ofe mfipfo pfmf c`s`o ogrlfe efiue kujf
ibilbr`ofe mfipfo sbnfrf ibetfa ftfu ps`o`s. Retuo mfipfo yfej sbnfrf c`s`o ibifej
mfafi tfdfp pbiua`dfeeyf t`mfo tbrafau ibilutudofe wfotu yfej afif, efiue pfmf
mfipfo ibetfa `e` ibilutudofe wfotu yfej sfejft afif uetuo ibiua`dofeeyf. Lfdofe
fmf kujf yfej sfipf` ibembr`tf ifsfafd obk`wffe sfipf` pfmf t`emfofe lueud m`r`, ofrbef

t`mfo ouft ibefdfe pbembr`tffe mfe rfsf ifau yfej m`mbr`tfeyf. ]betueyf dfa `e` sfejft
6
 

ibrbsfdofe tbrutfif obpfmf ofui pbrbipufe yfej tfout k`ofafu fofe lbpbrj`fe sbem`r`fe
obaufr ruifd ifupue ob tbipft af`eeyf. Xbabnbdfe sbosufa sbfofe ibekfm` igigo yfej
ibejbr`ofe lfj` ofafejfe pbafkfr ftfupue ifdfs`sw`.
Xbabnbdfe sbosufa mfpft tbrkfm` m` rfefd pbrsgefa ifupue pul`o, tbrifsuo m` mue`f obrkf.
Ogiefs Xbrbipufe ibenftft tbrkfm` 2<8 ofsus m` rfefd pula`o mfe 6>: ofsus m` rfefd
mgibst`n yfej m`afpgrofe pfmf tfdue <860. ^bibetfrf, dfs`a survby Ogfa`s` \ufej Xula`o
Fife (O\XF) tbrdfmfp 3<.<<= rbspgembe pfmf <864 ibebiuofe > mfr` 2 pbrbipufe mfe 6
mfr` 68 afo`-afo` pbrefd ibejfafi` pbabnbdfe sbosufa m` rufej pula`o. Pf`tu m` kfafefe
uiui sblbsfr <4,<< pbrsbe mfe trfespgrtfs` uiui sblfeyfo 62,:: pbrsbe. Efiue, kuiafd
`e` fmfafd puenfo jueuej bs mfr` pbabnbdfe sbosufa yfej sblbefreyf tbrkfm` mfafi
ifsyfrfoft.
Ifsfafd pbabnbdfe sbosufa `e` sumfd sbr`ejofa` tbrkfm`, lblbrfpf ofsus pbabnbdfe sbosufa
yfej tbrkfm` suejjud tbrobsfe sfejft t`mfo sbpftuteyf m`afouofe gabd pfrf rbifkf yfej

sbdfruseyf ibemfpftofe pbrafoufe yfej sbsuf` mbejfe uiureyf luofe ifafd sblfa`oeyf
ibafouofe dfa-dfa yfej t`mfo sbsuf`. Dfa `e` sumfd sbdfruseyf ibekfm` sblufd nbri`efe
tbrsbem`r` lfj` p`dfo Obpga`s`fe uetuo mfpft tbrus lbrusfdf mfe lbrupfyf ibejftfs`
 pbrifsfafdfe tbrsblut. Ibifej lbefr lbrlfjf` upfyf tbafd
t bafd m`afouofe gabd
g abd p`dfo Obpga`s`fe
uetuo ibefejjuafej` ftfu ibejftfs` ifsfafd pbabnbdfe sbosufa, iuaf` mfr` ibilbr`ofe
sbi`efr-sbi`efr ftfu sgs`fa`sfs` ob sbogafd tbetfej pbabnbdfe sbosufa, sbx bmunft`ge, mfe
sblfjf`eyf. Fofe tbtfp` tbtfp sfkf pbrifsfafdfe pbabnbdfe sbosufa `e` lbaui mfpft tbrftfs`
ifafd sbifo`e lfeyfo ofsus yfej tbrkfm`. ^bdfruseyf mfr` p`dfo Obpga`s`fe `tu sbem`r`
fpfl`af nfrf-nfrf `e` t`mfo mfpft ibefejjuafej` pbabnbdfe sbosufa `e` m`dfrusofe uetuo
ibiluft ftfu ibafouofe nfrf yfej af`e afj`. Ofrbef suejjud i`r`s fpfl`af o`tf iba`dft
 lfeyfo fefo-fefo rbifkf yfej ibekfm` ogrlfe ftfupue tbrsfejof mfafi ofsus pbabnbdfe
sbosufa `e`, ibifej t`mfo sbiumfd uetuo m`afouofeeyf pbeybabsf`fe ifsfafd pbabnbdfe
sbosufa `e` mbejfe jfipfejeyf, efiue pfa`ej t`mfo fmf nfrf yfej mfpft m`afouofe uetuo
ibejurfej` sbm`o`t mbi` sbm`o`t luofe sbofa`jus `e` nuoup ibilfetu ifsyfrfoft.
Xfmfdfa fpfl`af `e` t`mfo sbjbrf m` sbabsf`ofe ifof fofe ibekfm` pbr`st`wf trfuift`s,
sbifo`e afilft obfmffe `e` t`mfo m` m`tfejfe` ifof fofe sbifo`e susfd m` tfejfe`, ofrbef
fofe sbifo`e lfeyfo ofsus-ofsus ftfu obkfm`fe-obkfm`fe yfej t`ilua. Ofrbef o`tf t`mfo

<
 

 pbrefd l`sf ibefrud prfsfejof tbrdfmfp grfej lfdwf grfej tbrsblut fmfafd grfej yfej
mfpft ibafouofe pbabnbdfe sbosufa tbrdfmfp grfej af`e. Ofrbef iuaf` mfr` grfej yfej
 lbrtfip`a obk` sfipf` yfej lf`o pue mfpft ibafouofe dfa `e`. O`tf sbafif `e` tbrafau
tbrpbrfejofp mbejfe oftf ‑kfejfe mboft` grfej fs`ej’ ftfu ‑fpfl`af fmf grfej fs`ej yfej
 pfejj`a ifof dfrus afr` ftfupue sbiluey`’ pfmfdfa
pfmf dfa oblfeyfofe
ob lfeyfofe mfr` pfrf
p frf pbafou pbabnbdfe
pbabnb dfe
sbosufa `e` fmfafd grfej tbrmboft mfr`pfmf s` ogrlfe, dfa `e` tbetueyf luofe afj` mfrurft tbtfp`
 lbenfef tbrdfmfp pbrobilfejfe pfrf rbifkf
rb ifkf sfft `e` mfe obmbpfeeyf.
Xfmf mfsfreyf, sbt`fp grfej dfrus ibeuekuoofe lfdwf m`r`eyf t`mfo lbrsbm`f m`abnbdofe
mfe sbpfetfseyf t`mfo ibilbr`ofe pbaufej pfmf p`dfo ifefpue uetuo ibabnbdofe m`r` o`tf.
o`tf dfrus ibeuekuoofe s`ofp tbjfs pfmf sfft grfej af`e ibafouofe t`emfofe tfemf-tfemf
obfrfd pbabnbdfe, sbpbrt` ibi`etf uetuo ibiluof pfof`fe ftfu ibrflf-rflf. Lfdofe sbkfo
obn`a, fefo-fefo sblf`oeyf m`fkfrofe uetuo t`mfo ibil`frofe grfej af`e sbaf`e grfej tufeyf
iba`dft-a`dft ftfu ibibjfej-ibjfej tuludeyf. Ofrbef Zfafupue sbnfrf uiui wfe`tf

sbr`ej ibemfpft sgrgtfe sblfjf` ogrlfe pbabnbdfe sbosufa, efiue pbabnbdfe sbosufa mfpft
ibe`ipf s`fpf sfkf. Ogrlfe pbabnbdfe sbosufa l`sf kfm` fmfafd afo`-afo` ftfupue pbrbipufe.
Ogrlfe l`sf kfm` fmfafd afwfe kbe`s mfr` pbafou pbabnbdfe ftfupue lbrkbe`s obafi`e sfif.
Xbafou pbabnbdfe sbosufa l`sf s`fpf sfkf tbrabpfs mfr` kbe`s obafi`e, uiur, pbem`m`ofe, e`af`-
e`af` lumfyf, e`af`-e`af` fjfif, wfrjf ebjfrf, aftfr lbafofej, ifupue stftus sgs`fa, sbiuf
 l`sf ibekfm` ogrlfe mfe pbafou pbabnbdfe sbosufa. ^bd`ejjf dfrus fmfeyf obsuejjudfe
yfej lbefr-lbefr yfej m`afouofe gabd p`dfo obpga`s`fe mfe obsfmfrfe ifsyfrfoft mfafi
ibejftfs` pbabnbdfe sbosufa. Ofrbef ogrlfe mfr` pbabnbdfe sbosufa `e` luofe yfej s`
 pbebr`if pbabnbdfe efiue kujf obaufrjf ogrlfe s` pbebr`if pbabnbdfe. Efiue afj`-afj`
ifs`d lbaui fmfeyf upfyf yfej sbnfrf gpt`ifa yfej m`afouofe gabd p`dfo obpga`s`fe mfe
i`e`ieyf pbejbtfdufe yfej m` ifsyfrfoft uetuo ifsfafd pbabnbdfe sbosufa `e`.
Lbrmfsfrofe pfmf urf`fe yfej tbrmfpft m` ftfs ifof pbeua`s tbrtfr`o uetuo ibiluft
ifofafd yfej lbrkumua ;  ‑Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa; Mbc`e`s`, 
Mbc`e`s`,   Lbetuo ]`emfofe, mfe
Xbenbjfdfeeyf’
Xbenbjfdfeeyf ’.

>
 

L.  \uiusfe Ifsfafd 

Lbrmfsfrofe pfmf urf`fe aftfr lbafofej m`ftfs, ifof pbeua`s fofe ibeba`t` mfe
ibilfdfs ifsfafd yfej m`ruiusofe sblfjf` lbr`out ;
6.  Fpf pbejbrt`fe pbabnbdfe sbosufa7
<.  Fpf lbetuo-lbetuo pbabnbdfe sbosufa7
>.  Fpf cfntgr pbeyblfl pbabnbdfe sbosufa7
=.  Fpf mfipfo mfr` pbabnbdfe sbosufa7
2.  Fpf ngetgd ofsus pbabnbdfe sbosufa7
3.  Lfjf`ifef duoui ibejftur t`emfofe pbabnbdfe sbosufa m` @emgebs`f7
:.  Lfjf`ifef nfrf ibejdfmfp` mfe ibenbjfd t`emfofe pbabnbdfe sbosufa7

N.  ]ukufe

Mfr` ifofafd yfej m`luft gabd pbeua`s ifof tukufe yfej `ej`e m` nfpf` gabd pbeua`s
fmfafd ;
6.  Retuo ibejbtfdu` pbabnbdfe sbosufa
<.  Retuo ibejbtfdu` lbetuo-lbetuo pbabnbdfe sbosufa
>.  Retuo ibejbtfdu` cfntgr pbeyblfl pbabnbdfe sbosufa
=.  Retuo ibejbtfdu` mfipfo mfr` pbabnbdfe sbosufa
2.  Retuo ibejbtfdu` ngetgd ofsus pbabnbdfe sbosufa
3.  Retuo ibejbtfdu` lfjf`ifef duoui ibejftur t`emfofe pbabnbdfe sbosufa m` @emgebs`f
:.  Retuo ibejbtfdu` nfrf ibejdfmfp` mfe ibenbjfd t`emfofe pbabnbdfe sbosufa

=
 

LFL @@

XBILFDF^FE

F.  Xbejbrt`fe Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa

Ibeurut Z`efrsueu (<884), pbabnbdfe sbosufa fmfafd sbjfaf ifnfi lbetuo pbr`afou
yfej lbrogegtfs` sbosufa yfej m`afouofe sbnfrf sbp`dfo mfe t`mfo m`obdbemfo` gabd
ogrlfeeyf. Lbetuoeyf mfpft lbrupf unfpfe, tua`sfe, s`ilga, `syfrft mfe t`emfofe yfej
 lbrogegtfs` sbosufa. Fot`c`tfs
Fot`c`tfs yfej lbrogegtfs` sbosufa
sbosuf a l`sf m`fejjfp pbabnbdfe sbosufa k`of
ibejfemuej uesur-uesur sblfjf` lbr`out, yf`tu fmfeyf pbifosffe obdbemfo sbnfrf sbp`dfo
gabd pbafou, obkfm`fe m`tbetuofe gabd igt`vfs` pbafou,obkfm`fe t`mfo m``ej`eofe ogrlfe, mfe
ibejfo`lftofe pbembr`tffe pfmf ogrlfe.

Ibeurut Ngaa`br (6004), pbejbrt`fe pbabnbdfe sbosufa m`s`e` ibrupfofe sbjfaf lbetuo
 pbr`afou lbrs`cft sbosufa yfej t`mfo m``ej`eofe gabd yfej ibemfpft pbrafoufe tbrsblut, mfe
 pbabnbdfe sbosufa yfej mfpft tbrkfm` ftfu m`fafi` gabd sbiuf pbrbipufe. ^bmfejofe
ibeurut \ulbestb`e (mfafi Ngaa`br,6004) pbabnbdfe sbosufa sblfjf` s`cft pbr`afou sbosufa
yfej t`mfo m``ej`eofe ftfu t`emfofe yfej m`mfsfrofe pfmf sbos yfej ibey`ejjuej pbebr`if.
Xbabnbdfe sbosufa fmfafd pbr`afou ftfu pbrdft`fe yfej lbrs`cft sbosufa yfej t`mfo
m``ej`eofe ftfu t`mfo m`obdbemfo` mfe lbrfo`lft ibejjfejju m`r` pbebr`if pbabnbdfe.
Xbabnbdfe sbosufa ibenfoup, tbtfp` t`mfo tbrlftfs pfmf lfyfrfe sbosufa l`af `f ibejdbemfo`
sbsuftu, pbifosffe ibafouofe obj`ftfe sbosufa, pbreyftffe ibrbemfdofe tbetfej gr`betfs`
sbosufa ftfu sbosufa`tfs, pbri`etffe ibafouofe t`emfofe sbosufa yfej m`suof` pbafou,
unfpfe ftfu pbr`afou yfej lbrogegtfs` sbosufa, sbiuf mfpft m`jgagejofe ibekfm` pbabnbdfe
sbosufa.
Mfr` lblbrfpf mbc`e`s` pbabnbdfe sbosufa m`ftfs mfpft m`s`ipuaofe lfdwf pbabnbdfe
sbosufa fmfafd pbr`afou ftfu t`emfofe yfej ibejjfejju, ibekbejobaofe, mfe t`mfo m`uemfej
yfej m`afouofe gabd sbsbgrfej tbrdfmfp grfej af`e mfafi lbetuo pbr`afou yfej lbrogegtfs`
sbosufa yfej m`afouofe sbnfrf sbp`dfo mfe t`mfo m`obdbemfo` gabd ogrlfeeyf.

2
 

L.  Lbetuo-lbetuo Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa

^bnfrf uiui, pbabnbdfe sbosufa fmf 2 lbetuo, yf`tu ;

6.  Xbabnbdfe c`s`o, yf`tu ;
^betudfe yfej t`mfo m``ej`eofe ibejfrfd obpbrluftfe sbosufa sbpbrt` iben`ui,

ibebpuo, ibibauo, ibenul`t, ibejbaus, ibi`kft tbejouo, ibebipbaofe tulud ftfu

sbetudfe c`s`o af`eeyf.
<.  Xbabnbdfe a`sfe, yf`tu ;
Rnfpfe vbrlfa/ogibetfr yfej t`mfo m``ej`eofe tbetfej obd`mupfe pr`lfm` ftfu lfj`fe
tulud ftfu pbefip`afe sbsbgrfej, tbrifsuo abaunge mfe ogibetfr lbriuftfe sbosufa.
>.  Xbabnbdfe ege-vbrlfa/`syfrft, yf`tu ;
Lfdfsf tulud mfe ftfu jbrfofe tulud lbrefmf sbosufa, obra`ejfe yfej m`afouofe
 lbruafej-uafej, ibeftfp tulud pbeud efcsu, `syfrft mbejfe kfr` tfejfe, ibek`aft l`l`r,
ftfu af`eeyf.
=.  Xbabnbdfe v`sufa, yf`tu ;
Ibipbra`dftofe iftbr` pgregjrfc` lbrupf cgtg, pgstbr, jfilfr ofrtue,  snrbbesfvbr ftfu
af`eeyf, ftfu pbabnbdfe ibafau` b-if`a , ^I^ mfe ibm`f af`eeyf.
2.  Xbabnbdfe ps`ogagj`s/bigs`gefa, yf`tu ;
Xbri`etffe-pbri`etffe mfe fkfofe-fkfofe yfej tbrus ibebrus mfe t`mfo m``ej`eofe,
fkfofe obenfe yfej t`mfo m`dfrfpofe, pbejd`effe ftfu nbaffe yfej lbrs`cft sbosufa.
Xbabnbdfe sbosufa yfej m`dfmfp` afo`-afo` ifupue pbrbipufe mfafi lbrlfjf` lbetuoeyf,
iuaf` mfr` ogibetfr yfej lbrogegtfs` sbosufa mfe ogetfo c`s`o sbnfrf tbrsbiluey`

(ibibjfej, sbetudfe ob lfj`fe tulud tbrtbetu) d`ejjf fkfofe yfej m`afouofe sbnfrf tbrfej-
tbrfejfe mfe sbrfejfe sbosufa (^fetrgno, <88:). Lbrmfsfrofe urf`fe m`ftfs mfpft
m`s`ipuaofe lfdwf lbetuo-lbetuo pbabnbdfe sbosufa fmfafd pbabnbdfe c`s`o, pbabnbdfe a`sfe,
 pbabnbdfe ege-vbrlfa/`syfrft, pbabnbdfe v`sufa, mfe pbabnbdfe ps`ogagj`s/bigs`gefa.

M`afes`r mfr` Dfagmgn.ngi
mfr` Dfagmgn.ngi lbr`out
 lbr`out `e` oftbjgr` pbabnbdfe sbosufa yfej pbrau m`obtfdu`;
6.  Xbr`afou Ibejjgmf
Xbr`afou ibejjgmf m`tfemf` mbejfe pbr`afou sbosufa yfej ibey`ejjuej, t`mfo pfetfs,
mfe t`mfo m``ej`eofe gabd ogrlfe. Ngetgdeyf, ,ibejjgmf sbsbgrfej d`ejjf ibilufteyf

3
 

r`s`d ibifosf sbsbgrfej uetuo ibafouofe dfa yfej t`mfo m`suof`eyf, mfe fkfofe af`e
yfej t`mfo pfetfs ftfu m``ej`eofe sbsgrfej.
<.  Xbafejjfrfe ^bosufa
Xbr`afou `e` lbrupf pbafejjfrfe sbosufa lbrft sbpbrt`, ibeybetud, ibrfsfofe, ftfu
ibrf`d sbnfrf pfosf,
pfosf, sbrtf pbeybrfejfe sbosufa
sbosufa yfej t`mfo pfetfs
pfetfs ftfu m``ej`eofe gabd
gabd
sbsbgrfej.
>.  Xbabnbdfe Jbembr
Xbr`afou `e` lbrupf pbreyftffe sbos`s yfej ibejd`ef ftfu ibrbemfdofe sbsbgrfej ofrbef
 kbe`s obafi`e yfej m`i`a`o`eyf. Ngetgdeyf, ogibetfr yfej ibejd`ef, jfilfr ftfu
tua`sfe yfej ibrbemfdofe, abaunge nflua ftfu nfemffe tbetfej sbos.
=.  Xbifosffe ^bosufa
Xbr`afou `e` tbrof`t sbos yfej m`sbrtf` fenfife duouife. Frt`eyf, sbsbgrfej m`pfosf
ibafouofe pbr`afou yfej t`mfo m``ej`eofeeyf. K`of t`mfo, `f m`lbr` fenfife duouife

tbrtbetu. L`sf lbrupf pbenflutfe prgigs` obrkf, bvfaufs` obrkf yfej ebjft`c, fenfife
tbrdfmfp obsbafiftfe m`r` ftfu obaufrjf, d`ejjf fenfife tbrrgr mfe pbilueudfe.
2.  Xbeyufpfe ^bosufa
Xbr`afou `e` lbrupf pbri`etffe fot`v`tfs sbosufa mbejfe kfek` `ilfafe yfej m`afouofe
sbnfrf tbrfej-tbrfejfe. I`sfaeyf sbgrfej wfe`t/pr`f ibejfkfo sbgrfej fefo ibafouofe
duluejfe `et`i mbejfe `i`ej-`i`ej ufej, fsfaofe `f t`mfo ibilbr`tfduofeeyf obpfmf
grfej af`e.
Xbabnbdfe sbosufa kujf l`sf m`lbmfofe ibeurut pbr`afoueyf. Ibafes`r mfr`  \f`ee
Grjfe`zft`ge,, lbetuo pbabnbdfe sbosufa ibeurut pbr`afoueyf, yf`tu;
Grjfe`zft`ge
   Ogibetfr mfe abaunge sbosufa tbetfej tulud sbsbgrfej?
   Ibilbr`ofe s`uafe pfmf grfej af`e m` mbpfe uiui?
   Fkfofe lbrduluejfe `et`i ftfu t`emfofe sbosufa af`eeyf?
   Ibeyblfrofe ruigr tbetfej fot`v`tfs sbosufa grfej af`e?
   Ibeybetud m`r` sbem`r` sbnfrf sbosufa m` mbpfe grfej af`e?
   Lbrl`nfrf tbetfej obj`ftfe sbosufa m`r`eyf sbem`r` m` mbpfe grfej af`e?
   ^betudfe sbosufa, yf`tu ibeybetud lfj`fe tulud sbsbgrfej tfepf `z`e?
   Ibefip`aofe jfilfr, v`mbg, nbr`tf, ftfu lbemf sbosufa pfmf grfej af`e.

:
 

N.  Cfotgr Xbeyblfl ]brkfm`eyf Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa

]brmfpft lblbrfpf pbeyblfl tbrkfm`eyf pbabnbdfe sbosufa;

  Ogrlfe iumfd m`tfoauoofe. Xr`f ibejfejjfp wfe`tf abl`d abifd, sbd`ejjf m`tbipftofe
mfafi pgs`s` sulgrm`efs` yfej dfrus m`oufsf`.


  Dfsrft sbos yfej t`mfo l`sf m`sfaurofe mbejfe pfsfejfeeyf. Dfa `e` ibeyblflofe pbafou
ibeyfaurofe efcsueyf mbejfe ibafouofe pbabnbdfe sbosufa.
  Xbrefd ibeyfos`ofe obobrfsfe sbosufa tbrdfmfp fejjgtf obaufrjf af`e sfft ifs`d obn`a.
  Xbafou ib`a`o` gtgr`tfs fofe ogrlfe. I`sfaeyf, pbafou ibrupfofe ftfsfe ogrlfe.
]brmfpft suftu pbeba`t`fe yfej ibejduluejofe sbos mbejfe oboufsffe, sbd`ejjf pbafou
ibrfsf abl`d iumfd uetuo ibafouofe mgi`efs`.
  Xbafou lbrfmf mfafi obaufrjf ftfu a`ejouejfe mbejfe `mbgagj` pftr`fro` yfej ouft.
  Obtbrjfetuejfe glft-glftfe tbrafrfej mfe i`uife obrfs.
 
Ibi`a`o` cfetfs` sbosufa yfej ibemuouej fmfeyf obobrfsfe sbosufa.
  ^br`ej ibilfnf ftfu ibegetge ogetbe-ogetbe pgreg.
  ]`mfo mboft sbnfrf bigs`gefa mbejfe obaufrjf.
  Cfotgr obi`so`efe
M.  Mfipfo Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa

6.  Lbenfef ps`o`s lfj` ogrlfe

Lbr`out lblbrfpf mfipfo ps`o`s yfej uiuieyf tbrkfm`;
  Iumfd ifrfd

  Ibrfsf sbafau t`mfo fife
f ife
  Ibejfafi` jfejjufe t`mur
  I`ip` luruo
  Obtfoutfe
  \fsf ifau yfej lbsfr
  ^ygo
  Crustfs`
  Ibejfafdofe ftfu ibej`sgafs` m`r` sbem`r`


  ^trbss 4
 

  Mbprbs`
Mfafi lblbrfpf ofsus, pbabnbdfe sbosufa kujf l`sf ibeyblflofe pgst-trfuift`n
strbss m`sgrmbr (X]^M), tbrutfif l`af pbabnbdfe `tu ibejfrfd pfmf pbeybrfej, pbrogsffe,
`et`i`mfs` ftfu fenfife pbibrogsffe, d`ejjf pbey`osffe sbosufa. Dfa yfej pfa`ej
ibejodfwft`rofe, ibeurut pfrf fda` m` Eft`gefa @est`tutbs gc Dbfatd-Eft`gefa @est`tutb gc
Ibetfa Dbfatd, X]^M yfej t`mfo m`tfejfe` mbejfe lf`o l`sf ibe`iluaofe ob`ej`efe
uetuo lueud m`r`.
<.  Mfipfo pfmf c`s`o ogrlfe
]bofefe ibetfa yfej ibi`nu strbss lbrft l`sf ibe`iluaofe lbrfjfi jbkfaf pfmf
c`s`o. Iuaf` mfr` eybr` gtgt, sfo`t obpfaf, lfdofe ifsfafd obsbdftfe c`s`o orge`s, sbpbrt`
tbofefe mfrfd t`ejj` mfe ifsfafd mbejfe juaf mfrfd. L`af tbofefe strbss ibeuku lfj`fe
gtfo ifof l`sf lbrmfipfo pfmf ogem`s` c`s`o sbsbgrfej. Ngetgdeyf, t`iluaeyf ifsfafd
 pfmf ofrm`gvfsouafr, ibtflga`sib, mfe sblfjf`eyf.

B.  Ngetgd Ofsus Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa

6.  Ogrlfe mujffe pbabnbdfe m` OX@, ofsus yfej lbruafej m` abilfjf ebjfrf‐o`tf
dfeyf s`luo sbpbrt` pbifmfi oblfofrfe‐ - LLN EBZ^ @EMGEB^@F (68
^bptbilbr <8<6).
Xbjfwf` OX@ lbr`e`s`fa I^ ibiluft surft tbrluof ob pula`o tbetfej pbruemuejfe
tbrifsuo pbabnbdfe sbosufa yfej m`mujf m`afouofe mbafpfe rbofe obrkfeyf. @f
ibejftfofe rbofe obrkfeyf lblbrfpf ofa` tbafd ‑ibabnbdofe, ibiuoua, ibifo`,mfe

ibruemuej tfepf l`fs sfyf afwfe.’ I^ tbafd ibafpgrofe obkfm`fe muf ofa` ob obpga`s`fe,
fofe tbtfp` afpgrfe `tu t`mfo m`t`emfoafekut`. I^ kujf ibafpgrofe ofsuseyf ob Ogiefs
DFI.
Ofsus yfej m`dfmfp` I^ luofe pbrtfif ofa`eyf tbrkfm` m` a`ejouejfe abilfjf
 pbibr`etfdfe. Afpgrfe pbejfmufe yfej m`tbr`if Ogiefs Xbrbipufe tbrof`t Obobrfsfe
tbrdfmfp Xbrbipufe pfmf <8<8 ibenfpf` <.>40 ofsus. Ibe`ejoft mfr` tfdue sblbauieyf
yf`tu 6.=60 ofsus. Efiue kuiafd ofsus obobrfsfe tbrof`t mbejfe abilfjf Ebjfrf ftfu
`estfes` pbibr`etfd, t`mfo lfeyfo.

0
 

<.  Orgegagj` Fos` Lbkft Xr`f Abnbdofe Zfe`tf Afj` ^faft Fsdfr m` Iusfaf Kft`ebjfrf
-sufrfkfofrtf.`m (Kuifm, 8= Kue` <8<6)
Ofpgarbs Ibtrg Kfofrtf ]`iur Ogilbs Brw`e Oure`fwfe ibilbefrofe fmfeyf
ofsus pbabnbdfe sbosufa tbrdfmfp kfiffd wfe`tf yfej tbejfd sfaft m` sblufd iusfaf m`
w`afyfd Kft`ebjfrf. Ofsus pbabnbdfe sbosufa tbrdfmfp wfe`tf yfej tbejfd sfaft
 lbrkfiffd m` iusfaf tbrbofi NN]S iusfaf tbrsblut.
Fos` lbkft pbabnbdfe sbosufa `tu tbrkfm` pfmf dfr` Kuift (=/3/<8<6), m` Iusfaf Fa
Fi`e, Obaurfdfe \fwf Luejf, Kft`ebjfrf, Kfofrtf ]`iur. ^fft `tu, kfiffd tbejfd
ibafosfefofe sfaft Fsdfr. Ibeyfemur Zfruejkurefa`s.ngi
Zfruejkurefa`s.ngi,, pbafou ibebipbaofe faft
obafi`eeyf ob wfe`tf yfej sbmfej ibafosfeofe ^faft Fsdfr.
^fft obkfm`fe tbrmfpft bipft kfiffd pbrbipufe. ^ftu m` fetfrfeyf ibeyfmfr` fos`
ogrlfe afau lbrtbr`fo sbd`ejjf pbafou ibafr`ofe m`r` mfafi obfmffe tfepf nbafef.

>.  Xbrkfafefe Ofsus Xbibrogsffe Fefo m` ^`oof, sbkfo Ogrlfe ^M sfipf` ^IF,
Ofpgar` M`jujft, d`ejjf Xbafou Fod`reyf M`tfdfe  „ OGIXF^.ngi
OGIXF^.ngi (Kuift, 62
Kfeufr` <8<6)
Ofsus pbibrogsffe tbrdfmfp sbgrfej fefo m`lfwfd uiur m` Oflupftbe ^`oof, E]],
 lbr`e`s`fa BMK fod`reyf m`prgsbs obilfa`.
ob ilfa`. Ofsus tbrsblut sumfd =,2
=, 2 tfdue ifembo tfepf
obkbafsfe mfe t`t`o tbrfej. Xfmfdfa, p`dfo obaufrjf sumfd ibafpgrofe pr`f lbr`e`s`fa KAZ
sblfjf` pbafou sbkfo <863. Ofpgar` mfe Ofpgarbs ^`oof pue sbipft m`jujft gabd 6>
fmvgoft ftfs pbil`frfe ofsus pbibrogsffe fefo m` lfwfd uiur `e`.
Xbr`st`wf tbrkfm` pfmf <> Fpr`a <863, yfoe` sfft ogrlfe ifs`d mumuo m` lfejou ^M.
X`dfo obaufrjf pue ibenfr` obfm`afe ofrbef ofsuseyf tfo kujf sbabsf`, ibso` ogrlfe
sumfd mumuo m` lfejou ^IF. Ofetgr Obkfosffe Ebjbr` Ifuibrb ibefejjfp`
ifemboeyf pbefejfefe ofsus yfej m`tfejfe` gabd Xgarbs ^`oof tbrsblut.
O`e` pga`s` ibifst`ofe pbafou tbafd m`tfdfe mfe sbaurud lfrfej luot` mfe lbrofs
ofsuseyf tbafd m`a`ipfdofe ob Obkfosffe Ebjbr` Ifuibrb. Xga`s` pue fofe ibabejofp`
 lbrofs k`of m`rfsf ifs`d fmf yfej obourfejfe.

68
 

=.  Ifdfs`sw` RJI Ifsuo m` Foue Ofipus Nfet`o ]br`if Xbsfe Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa
-]bipg.ng (I`ejju, <0 Fjustus <8<6)
]`jf ifdfs`swf Cfouatfs Duoui Re`vbrs`tfs Jfmkfd Ifmf ftfu RJI ibafouofe
 pbeba`t`fe tbrdfmfp
t brdfmfp foue `estfjrfi ofipus nfet`o. Lbrmfsfrofe dfs`a pbeba`t`fe, ibrbof
ibebiuofe lfdwf ifdfs`sw`-ifdfs`sw` yfej cgtgeyf m`uejjfd mfafi foue ofipus
nfet`o ibrfsf tbrjfejju mfafi lbrsgs`fa ibm`f.
Ibafes`r afife uji.fn.`m, ibejuejofpofe fmfeyf pbsfe afejsuej yfej ibejfrfd
 pfmf pbabnbdfe sbosufa, kujf ogibetfr tbrdfmfp lbetuo tulud ifdfs`sw` ftfu l`fsf
m`sblut mbejfe lgmy sdfi`ej. Fmf puaf yfej m`duluej` m` foue A`eb pr`lfm`, mfe
 lbrifnfi jfejjufe af`e.
^blfeyfo 22 pbrsbe ifdfs`sw` ibejfou fafi` jfejjufe ftfs rufej pr`vfs`eyf.
^bofa`pue sumfd ibafau` prgsbmur `z`e tbrabl`d mfduau. Efiue, dfs`a pbeba`t`fe ibrbof
ibeuekuoofe lfdwf tfo sbiuf cgtg m`uejjfd mbejfe `z`e ifdfs`sw` yfej lbrsfejoutfe.

2.  Ofsus \byedfrm ^`efjf Obkfdftfe ^bosufa ]brlbsfr mfafi ^bkfrfd @ejjr`s  „ 
mbt`oebws (^bafsf, 8: Kfe <8<8)
ZE@ \byedfrm ^`efjf m`vge`s duouife pbekfrf sbuiur d`mup tbrof`t ofsus
 pbibrogsffe pr`f m` @ejjr`s. X`dfo
X `dfo lbrwbefej ibemujf fmf 602 grfej ogrlfe pbabnbdfe
pb abnbdfe
sbosufa \byedfrm.
Kfosf pbeuetut @fe \usdtge ibejftfofe \byedfrm ibi`a`o` s`ofp yfej t`mfo
ibejfenfi. Igmus pbibrogsffe yfej m`afouofe \byedfrm fmfafd lbrtbife mbejfe
 pfrf pr`f iumf, tbrifsuo lfeyfo yfej ifluo sbtbafd obaufr ifafi.
^`mfej pbrtfif m`iuaf` pfmf Kue` <864 mfe s`mfej tbrfod`r lbrfod`r Mbsbilbr.
\byedfrm m`duoui ofrbef 620 pbafejjfrfe, tbrifsuo 6>3 pbrogsffe mfe mbafpfe
 pbrnglffe pbrogsffe, pfmf bipft pbrs`mfejfe tbrp`sfd, ibeurut Afyfefe Xbeuetutfe
Ifdogtf. M`f m`tfejofp pfmf <86: sbtbafd ogrlfe yfej lfejue lbrdfs`a ibejfil`a
 pgesbaeyf mfe ibilfwfeyf ob pga`s`.

66
 

C.  Lfjf`ifef Duoui Ibejftur Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa m` @emgebs`f

Zfafupue mftf, dfs`a survby, tbst`ige`, pbejfafife ogrlfe ifo`e ibe`ejoft, m` mfafi
RR t`mfo fmf obtbetufe t`emfo p`mfef pbabnbdfe sbosufa. O`tfl Remfej-Remfej Duoui
X`mfef (ORDX) dfeyf ibejftur t`emfo p`mfef Ibafejjfr Obsus`affe (Xfsfa <46 fyft (6) mfe

Xbenfluafe (Xfsfa <08, <0<, <0>, <0= mfe <03). Ifsfafdeyf t`emfo p`mfef ibafejjfr
obsus`affe mfe pbenfluafe dfeyf ifipu ibekfejofu pbrluftfe sbosufa ege-pbebtrfs`
(c`s`o), mfe t`mfo ibekfejofu yfej lbrs`cft ege c`s`o.
Obogsgejfe duoui mfafi pbabnbdfe sbosufa ege c`s`o, nglf m`tfwfrofe ibafau` \RR
Xbejdfpusfe Obobrfsfe ^bosufa (<86:) yfej ibefwfrofe mbc`e`s` pbabnbdfe sbosufa;
‑obobrfsfe sbosufa yfej m`afouofe mfafi lbetuo t ̀mfefofe
t `mfefofe c`s`o ftfu ege c`s`o obpfmf grfej
af`e, yfej lbrduluejfe mbejfe lfj`fe tulud sbsbgrfej mfe tbrof`t dfsrft sbosufa, sbd`ejjf
ibejfo`lftofe grfej af`e tbr`et`i`mfs`, tbrd`ef, m`rbemfdofe, ftfu m`pbrifauofe’. 
m`pbrifauofe’.   Rpfyf
uetuo ibilbr`ofe rfsf fife obpfmf ifsyfrfoft mfr` pbabnbdfe sbosufa m` rfefd pula`o, kujf
nglf m`tfwfrofe mfafi Lfl Xbenbjfdfe \RR XO^, odususeyf m` l`mfej `ecrfstruotur
ibafau` obwfk`lfe ebjfrf uetuo; (f) ibilfejue a`ejouejfe mfe cfs`a`tfs pula`o yfej fife
mfe eyfife? mfe (l) ibilfejue s`stbi obfifefe tbrpfmu m` a`ejouejfe pbiuo`ife mfe
rufej tbrluof pula`o. ^bmfejofe uetuo mue`f obrkf m`ifemftofe uetuo ibebtfpofe
obl`kfofe fet` obobrfsfe sbosufa m` ogrpgrfs`, sbr`oft pbobrkf, fsgs`fs` pbejusfdf, fsgs`fs`
 pbeyfaur tbefjf obrkf, mfe/ftfu p`dfo af`e. Pfej mfafi ofsus `e`, ogrpgrfs` mfe sbr`oft obrkf
dfrus ibi`a`o` ogmb bt`o, sbofa`jus Xbrkfek`fe Obrkf Lbrsfif (XOL) lfjf`ife pbenbjfdfe,
 pbefejfefe mfe pbiua`dfe obobrfsfe sbosufa m`afosfefofe.

J.  Nfrf Ibejdfmfp` mfe Ibenbjfd ]`emfofe Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa

Fmf lblbrfpf nfrf yfej l`sf m`afouofe sfft ibemfpft pbrafoufe yfej t`mfo sbegegd;
6.  Ibejgecrgetfs` afejsuej pbafou
Dfa-dfa yfej sblf`oeyf
sblf`oeyf m`pbrdft`ofe fjfr t`mfo
t`mfo ibilfdfyfofe obsbafiftfe m`r`;
  A`dft s`tufs` sboba`a`ej. Obt`of `ej`e ibafouofe t`emfofe, a`dft muau s`tufs` tbipft
ofiu lbrfmf. ]brutfif, pbrdft`ofe abtfo p`etu obaufr mfe obiuejo`efe uetuo
ibi`etf lfetufe l`af m`pbrauofe.

6<
 

   ^`ofp yfej tbjfs. ]ftfpafd afejsuej iftf pbafou mfe eyftfofe rfsf obt`mfosuoffeiu
tbrdffmfp pbr`afoueyf mbejfe sufrf tbjfs
tbjf s mfe kbafs, sbpbrt` ‑kfejfe ibrfejoua sfyf,
`tu ibiluft sfyf t`mfo eyfife,’ ftfu ‑kfejfe lbroftf sbpbrt` `tu obpfmf sfyf, `tu
t`mfo lf`o.’ Fpfpue yfej ofiu rfsfofe oftfofeafd mbejfe afetfej, tfp` d`emfr`
 lbrs`ofp fjrbs`c ftfu lbroftf ofsfr obpfmf pbafou.
   Kfejfe m`afmbe`. ^btbafd `tu, pbafou iuejo`e fofe ibabmbo ftfu lfdofe lbroftf
ofsfr, tfp` kfejfe tbrpfen`ej uetuo ibafmbe`eyf. Flf`ofe fpfpue yfej ibrbof
oftfofe, afau i`etf ibrbof uetuo pbrj` ftfu ofiu yfej pbrj` ibe`ejjfaofeeyf.
<.  ^bafau wfspfmf
Xbet`ej uetuo sbafau
sbafau lbrs`ofp wfspfmf sfft
sfft lbrfmf m` tbipft
tbipft uiui. I`sfaeyf,
I`sfaeyf, kfejfe
tbrafau fsy`o lbrif`e sifrtpdgeb sfipf` aupf mbejfe obkfm`fe
ob kfm`fe sbo`tfr. ^baf`e `tu, p`a`dafd
tbipft odusus wfe`tf obt`of ibejjuefofe trfespgrtfs` uiui uetuo ibenbjfd t`emfofe
 pbabnbdfe sbosufa.

>.  Ibipbrsbekftf` m`r`

]`mfo fmf sfafdeyf l`af lbafkfr lbaf m`r` fjfr l`sf iba`emuej` m`r` sbem`r` mfr` t`emfofe
obkfdftfe sbofa`jus sblfjf` gafdrfjf. Efiue, l`af t`mfo sbipft, lfwfafd sbiprgtfe
ibr`nf obifefpue ofiu pbrj`.faft `e` sfejft lbrjuef sfft ofiu mfafi lfdfyf.
=.  ]br`fo mfe afr`
Fmf s`tufs` obt`of t`mfo iuejo`e ibejgecrgetfs` pbafou pbabnbdfe sbnfrf afejsue.
I`sfaeyf, sfft sbmfej sbem`r`fe. Ifof afejofd yfej l`sf m`afouofe fmfafd sbjbrf fil`a
afejofd sbr`lu ftfu afr`. Dfa `e` pbet`ej ofrbef ibifen`ej obifrfdfe pbekfdft sbosufa
dfeyf fofe ibilfdfyfofe eyfwf. Ofafu t`mfo l`sf oflur, tfr`o pbrdft`fe grfej-grfej m`
sbo`tfr mbejfe nfrf lbrtbr`fo.
2.  Nbr`tfofe obpfmf obaufrjf mfe sfdflft
L`af ibemfpft t`emfofe pbabnbdfe sbnfrf tbrus ibebrus mfr` rbofe m` ofetgr ftfu
tbtfejjf, lbr`tfduofeafd obpfmf obaufrjf ftfu sfdflft tbrmboft uetuo ibi`etf sgaus` mfe
 lfetufe. Muouijfe mfr` grfej-grfej tbrmboft sfejft m`lutudofe m` sfft-sfft sbpbrt` `e`.
L`af pbrau i`etf obaufrjf ftfu sfdflft uetuo ibebife` ibafpgrofe pbafou ob p`dfo
 lbrwbefej.
3.  Ibi`a`d a`ejofrfe pbrjfuafe yfej sbdft.

6>
 

LFL @@@

XBER]RX

F.  Obs`ipuafe

6.  Xbabnbdfe sbosufa fmfafd pbr`afou ftfu t`emfofe yfej ibejjfejju, ibekbejobaofe, mfe
t`mfo m`uemfej yfej m`afouofe gabd sbsbgrfej tbrdfmfp grfej af`e mfafi lbetuo pbr`afou
yfej lbrogegtfs` sbosufa yfej m`afouofe sbnfrf sbp`dfo mfe t`mfo m`obdbemfo` gabd
ogrlfeeyf.
<.  ^bnfrf uiui, pbabnbdfe sbosufa fmf 2 lbetuo, yf`tu pbabnbdfe c`s`o, Xbabnbdfe a`sfe,
Xbabnbdfe ege-vbrlfa/`syfrft, Xbabnbdfe v`sufa, mfe Xbabnbdfe ps`ogagj`s/bigs`gefa.
>.  ]brmfpft lblbrfpf pbeyblfl tbrkfm`eyf pbabnbdfe sbosufa yf`tu ogrlfe iumfd

m`tfoauoofe, dfsrft sbos yfej t`mfo l`sf m`sfaurofe mbejfe pfsfejfeeyf, pbrefd
ibeyfos`ofe obobrfsfe sbosufa tbrdfmfp fejjgtf obaufrjf af`e sfft ifs`d obn`a, pbafou
ib`a`o` gtgr`tfs fofe ogrlfe, pbafou lbrfmf mfafi obaufrjf ftfu a`ejouejfe mbejfe
`mbgagj` pftr`fro` yfej ouft, obtbrjfetuejfe glft-glftfe tbrafrfej mfe i`uife
obrfs,ibi`a`o` cfetfs` sbosufa yfej ibemuouej fmfeyf obobrfsfe sbosufa, sbr`ej
ibilfnf ftfu ibegetge ogetbe-ogetbe pgreg,t`mfo mboft sbnfrf bigs`gefa mbejfe
obaufrjf, mfe cfotgr obi`so`efe.
=.  Mfipfo pbabnbdfe sbosufa lfj` ogrlfe yf`tu mfipfo ps`o`s (Iumfd ifrfd, Ibrfsf
sbafau t`mfo
t`mfo fife, Ibejfafi` jfejjufe t`mur, I`ip` luruo, Obtfoutfe, \fsf ifau
ifau yfej
 lbsfr, ^ygo, Crustfs`, Ibejfafdofe ftfu ibej`sgafs` m`r` sbem`r`, ^trbss, Mbprbs`) mfe
mfipfo c`s`o (mfr` eybr` gtgt, sfo`t obpfaf, lfdofe ifsfafd obsbdftfe c`s`o orge`s, sbpbrt`
tbofefe mfrfd t`ejj` mfe ifsfafd mbejfe juaf mfrfd)
2.  Ngetgd ofsus pbabnbdfe sbosufa yfoe` Ogrlfe mujffe pbabnbdfe m` OX@ -LLN EBZ^
@EMGEB^@F (68 ^bptbilbr <8<6), Fos` Lbkft Xr`f Abnbdofe Zfe`tf Afj` ^faft Fsdfr
m` Iusfaf Kft`ebjfrf -sufrfkfofrtf.`m (Kuifm, 8= Kue` <8<6), Ofsus Xbibrogsffe Fefo m`
^`oof  „ OGIXF^.ngi
OGIXF^.ngi (Kuift, 62 Kfeufr` <8<6), Ifdfs`sw` RJI Ifsuo m` Foue
Ofipus Nfet`o ]br`if Xbsfe Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa -]bipg.ng (I`ejju, <0 Fjustus <8<6),

6=
 

mfe Ofsus \byedfrm ^`efjf Obkfdftfe ^bosufa ]brlbsfr mfafi ^bkfrfd @ejjr`s  „ 
mbt`oebws (^bafsf, 8: Kfe <8<8)
3.  M` mfafi RR t`mfo fmf obtbetufe t`emfo p`mfef pbabnbdfe sbosufa. O`tfl Remfej-
Remfej Duoui X`mfef (ORDX) dfeyf ibejftur t`emfo p`mfef Ibafejjfr Obsus`affe
(Xfsfa <46 fyft (6) mfe Xbenfluafe (Xfsfa <08, <0<, <0>, <0= mfe <03). Obogsgejfe
duoui mfafi pbabnbdfe sbosufa ege c`s`o, nglf m`tfwfrofe ibafau` \RR Xbejdfpusfe
Obobrfsfe ^bosufa (<86:). Rpfyf uetuo ibilbr`ofe rfsf fife obpfmf ifsyfrfoft mfr`
 pbabnbdfe sbosufa m` rfefd pula`o, kujf nglf m`tfwfrofe mfafi Lfl Xbenbjfdfe \RR
XO^, odususeyf m` l`mfej `ecrfstruotur ibafau` obwfk`lfe ebjfrf uetuo; (f) ibilfejue
a`ejouejfe mfe cfs`a`tfs pula`o yfej fife mfe eyfife? mfe (l) ibilfejue s`stbi
obfifefe tbrpfmu m` a`ejouejfe pbiuo`ife mfe rufej tbrluof pula`o.
:.  Nfrf ibejdfmfp` mfe ibenbjfd t`emfofe pbabnbdfe sbosufa yfoe` mbejfe
ibejgecrgetfs` afejsuej pbafou, sbafau wfspfmf, ibipbrsbekftf` m`r`, tbr`fo mfe afr`,

nbr`tfofe obpfmf obaufrjf mfe sfdflft, mfe ibi`a`d a`ejofrfe pbrjfuafe yfej sbdft.

L.  ^frfe

6.  Ibilfejue s`ofp sfa`ej ibejdfrjf` fetfrf afo`-afo` mfe pbrbipufe sbd`ejjf fofe
tbrd`emfr mfr` pbr`afou yfej ibejfrfd pfmf pbabnbdfe ftfu obobrfsfe sbosufa ofrbef
ibejfejjfp lfdwf sbt`fp grfeej ibi`a`o` dfo uetuo m`a`emuej` mfe m`dgrift`
<.  Xbiluft obl`kfofe dfrus sbjbrf ibekfm`ofe pbem`m`ofe sbos sblfjf` suftu pbafkfrfe
wfk`l ofrbef mfpft m`a`dft lfdwf ifs`d ifrfoeyf ofsus pbabnbdfe ftfu obobrfsfe

sbosufa mbejfe fmfeyf pbem`m`ofe sbos `e` ifof fofe ibilbetuo suftu pbifdfife
yfej sfif fofe lfdfyf mfe mfipfo yfej m`t`iluaofe mfr` pbabnbdfe ftfu obobrfsfe
sbosufa.
>.  Grfej tuf pue dfrus ibibrdft`ofe pbrjfuafe fefo fjfr tbrd`emfr mfr` obiuejo`efe
ibafouofe ftfu ibekfm` ogrlfe obobrfsfe sbosufa mfe ibilbr`ofe pbifdfife
ibejbef` nfrfibejdgrift` grfej af`e mfe t`mfo ibafouofe t`emfofe yfej lbrof`tfe
mbejfe obobrfsfe sbosufa.
=.  Duoui sbygj`feyf ibilbr`ofe pbra`emuejfe mfe rbdfl`a`tfs` obpfmf ogrlfe ofsus
 pbabnbdfe sbosufa fjfr ogrlfe mfpft obilfa` pfmf ogem`s` sblbaui tbrkfm`eyf ofsus.

62
 

Dfo`i sbafou pbebjfo duoui dfrus lbrgr`betfs` pfmf obsbafiftfe ogrlfe mfe mfpft
ibilbr`ofe obfm`afe.

63
 

MFC]F\ XR^]FOF

LLN EBZ^ @emgebs`f. (<8<6). Ogrlfe Mujffe Xbabnbdfe m` OX@, Ofsus yfej Lbruafej
m` Abilfjf Ebjfrf ‐O`tf Dfeyf ^`luo ^bpbrt` Xbifmfi Oblfofrfe‐, M`fosbs

 pfmf <= ^bptbilbr <8<6, mfr` dttps;//www.lln.ngi/`emgebs`f/`emgebs`f-

24282:=0.fip  
24282:=0.fip
Dfagmgn. (<864). 2 Nfrf Ibejdfmfp` Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa. M`fosbs pfmf <3 ^bptbilbr
<8<6, mfr` dttps;//www.dfagmgn.ngi/frt`oba/2-nfrf-ibejdfmfp`-pbabnbdfe-
sbosufa  
sbosufa
Dfagmgn. (<8<8). Lbetuo Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa yfej Xbrau M`obtfdu`. M`fosbs pfmf <:
^bptbilbr <8<6, mfr` 
mfr`  dttps;//www.dfagmgn.ngi/frt`oba/lbetuo-pbabnbdfe-sbosufa-
yfej-pbrau-m`obtfdu`  
yfej-pbrau-m`obtfdu`
Dfagmgn. (<8<8). Dft`-Dft`, @e` Mfipfo Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa pfmf Xs`o`s mfe C`s`o.
mfr`  dttps;//www.dfagmgn.ngi/frt`oba/dft`-dft`-
M`fosbs pfmf <2 ^bptbilbr <8<6, mfr` 
`e`-mfipfo-pbabnbdfe-sbosufa-pfmf-ps`o`s-mfe-c`s`o  
@qlfa Iudtfrgi. (<8<6). Ifdfs`sw` RJI Ifsuo m` Foue Ofipus Nfet`o ]br`if Xbsfe
Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa. M`fosbs pfmf <= ^bptbilbr <8<6, mfr`
dttps;//tboeg.tbipg.ng/rbfm/6=00008/ifdfs`sw`-uji-ifsuo-m`-foue-ofipus-
nfet`o-tbr`if-pbsfe-pbabnbdfe-sbosufa  
nfet`o-tbr`if-pbsfe-pbabnbdfe-sbosufa
Kfllfr \fimdfe`. (<8<8). Ofsus \byedfrm ^`efjf Obkfdftfe ^bosufa ]brlbsfr Mfafi
^bkfrfd @ejjr`s. M`fosbs pfmf <= ^bptbilbr <8<6, mfr`

dttps;//ebws.mbt`o.ngi/`etbrefs`gefa/m-=4=08=0/ofsus-rbyedfrm-s`efjf-obkfdftfe-
sbosufa-tbrlbsfr-mfafi-sbkfrfd-`ejjr`s  
sbosufa-tbrlbsfr-mfafi-sbkfrfd-`ejjr`s
Oa`omgotbr. (<86:). 66 Fafsfe Grfej Ibafouofe Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa. M`fosbs pfmf <2
^bptbilbr <8<6, mfr` dttps;//www.oa`omgotbr.ngi/`ecg-sbdft/rbfm/><<2=8>/66-
fafsfe-grfej-ibafouofe-pbabnbdfe-sbosufa  
fafsfe-grfej-ibafouofe-pbabnbdfe-sbosufa

6:
 

Xytdfj Oure`ft`. (<8<6). Xbrkfafefe Ofsus Xbibrogsffe Fefo m`

m ` ^`oof, ^bkfo Ogrlfe ^M
^fipf` ^IF, Ofpgar` M`jujft, D`ejjf Xbafou Fod`reyf M`tfdfe. M`fosbs pfmf
<= ^bptbilbr <8<6, mfr`
dttps;//fip.ogipfs.ngi/rbj`gefa/rbfm/<8<6/86/62/838888=6/pbrkfafefe-ofsus-
 pbibrogsffe-fefo-m`-s`oof-sbkfo-ogrlfe-sm-sfipf`-siff 
 pbibrogsffe-fefo-m`-s`oof-sbkfo-ogrlfe-sm-sfipf`-si
\`zo` Eurifesyfd. (<8<6). Orgegagj` Fos` Lbkft Xr`f Abnbdofe Zfe`tf Afj` ^faft Fsdfr
m` Iusfaf Kft`ebjfrf. M`fosbs pfmf <= ^bptbilbr <8<6, mfr`
dttps;//kfofrtf.sufrf.ngi/rbfm/<8<6/83/8=/<6602>/orgegagj`-fos`-lbkft-pr`f-
abnbdofe-wfe`tf-afj`-sfaft-fsdfr-m`-iusfaf-kft`ebjfrf  
abnbdofe-wfe`tf-afj`-sfaft-fsdfr-m`-iusfaf-kft`ebjfrf
\gdfe Ngaa`br,  Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa Duluejfe Mgi`efs` Ifygr`tfs mfe I`egr`tfs,
I`egr`tfs, ]`frf
Zfnfef, Pgjyfofrtf, 6004, dai. 0
^`t` Fi`efd. (<8<8). Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa Ege C`s`o; Obkfdftfe Pfej ]`mfo M`duoui.
M`fosbs pfmf <2 ^bptbilbr <8<6, mfr` dttps;//lfdfsf.`m/pbabnbdfe-sbosufa-ege-

c`s`o-obkfdftfe-yfej-t`mfo-m`duoui/  
c`s`o-obkfdftfe-yfej-t`mfo-m`duoui/
^us` Z`k` Rtfi`, <863. ‑ Duluejfe Ogetrga M`r` Mbejfe Xbabnbdfe ^bosufa ’,
’, ]bs`s,
Xbrpustfoffe Cfouatfs Xs`ogagj` Re`vbrs`tfs Iudfiifmyfd Xurwgobrtg
Z`efrsueu, Xs`ogagj`
Z`efrsueu, Xs`ogagj` Obsbabiftfe Obrkf,
Obrkf, RII Xrbss, Ifafej, <884, dai. 6>

64