4 ELLIPSE Art-1. Ellipse An ellipse isthe locus of a point which moves so that its distance from a fixed point sein a constant ratio, les than one, {0 its distance from a fixed straight line. Te fixed point is called the focus, and is generally denoted by s. The constant ratio is called the eceentrieity, and is denoted by e. The fixed straight line is called the directrix. Art-2. Main Results of Different Ellipses 1. Equation Bye een ap Poa 2. Equation of major axis yr0 x=0 3. Length of major axis 2a 2a 4, Equation of minor axis x=0 y=0 5. Length of minor axis 26 2b 6. (4,0), (0, #6) (#.4,0),@, +8) 7. Foci (+ ae,0) 0, £48) 8. Directrices 9. Latera-reota : length a0? 20° a a Equation yetae . tae 10. Centre 0. “ y 0) 0,0) be allie’) ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES] Example 1. § 2 corte ae t= Bx Dy +1=0 represents an ellipse ME , tes ofits foci and the equation of its directrices. Also find 6 . 2910)gust 99 ea meee is 4y+y Bxt2y4 0 (427-83) + (P4224 4@7-2x4I+(P42y4 = 14441 4-19 +(y+ 1) =4 or we x-1=¥, y+ ley! 2 ay tye or 1 which is ellipse. Here @=4, B= 1 a=2, b=1 Also b= a? (1-¢") 1=4(-¢) > I-e= or icapeicans® o xoly=t 8-1 *. foci are (. +4B- 1) The equations of directrices are y’= + — als or yti= or y+1=4 2 B B 2 Centreis x'=0, y'=0 or x-1=0, y+1=0 or x=1, y=nt | c+ centre is (1, - 1). EXERCISE 4 (a) 2 2 1, Find the eccentricity of the ellipse (=) + (= x 2) f. i Find the eccentricity, the foci and directrices of the ellipse aka - Phi. (@) 3x s4y-12x-8y4+4=0 U2y), B(x 1P +6(y-1P%--1=0. wo Se ° major and minor axes, their len 3. Determine the centre, equations of the Poy 150x-9y+2050 foci and the directrices of the ellipse 25 ANSWERS » hy 1). (1, 1): x-6= 0, x + 2=0 @ Ashi | WooWe-22 4 3. G.5):x-320, y-5=0; 10,65(3,9),G,1); 4y-45=0, 4y+5=9 . Equation of the Tangent 2 2 rae, Find the equation of the tangent at the point (x;, y; ) of the ellipse ate =1 a x2 y Proof. The equation ofthe elipse is 4 2° = 1 1) a 6b Let (x, 32) be any other neighbouring point on the ellipse. The equation ofthe line passing through (xy, y:), (xp, y2) is 42-9 2 (x-x1) wall *2-2y (1.71); G2, ¥2) lie on ellipse (1) 2 yy | () A) 2 2 ty and rere =] a p wall) Subtracting (3) from (4), we get 1 1 (x?— x7) 44 (y,?- 2\= a po? V)=01 2)=2-— ee es) Lon or = (2-21) Qe +24) yone | XytX an tN yo" Yr, . poting this value of = in (2), the equation of the chord through (x, , yi), on) ® Af x43 a2 35] 2A) em) (3) y a (yt vat 21s J2>P1s then from (5), the equation of tangent at (x71) is 2x, @=n), #0 2y, BP oxy a y-yt- a & mi) ay Multiplying both sides by a , we get vom). 3b AL &—m) or [> of @)] "ih the Tequired equation of tangent.case, the tangent is parallel to y-axis and as it passes through (x,y, its equation jy” 2 2 = x=x, Or FNP AM OF HMA a If however y; = 0, then the slope of the tangent at (x, +91) does not exis, S| | which can be written as jn both the cases, the equation of tangent at (x, i) is Note, Rule to write the equation of tangent at (x1 ,)1). Change v7 toxx,and y? to yyy. Art-4, Equation of the Normal 2 2 Find the equation of the normal at the point (x), 1) of the ellipse S45 . a6 x2 Proof. The equation of the ellipse is — a . XX, The equation of tangent at (x1, y1) is a =1 a slope of the tangent = ae slope of the normal = S21 bx the equation of the normal at Gyidis y yy 2 Multiplying both sides by ba >» We get, n bo a (¥-"i1) — =— =x) ve 2 » of 2 2 or ZY ptf * gg, wx by 41 * ay Y which is required equation of normal.je 1. If the normal at the end of a latus rectum of an elli / ; Ipse passes through one gram? "of the minor axis, show that the eccentrici is gi nt ntricity of the curv feos eer’ ity is given by the equatio One end of latus rectum in first quadrant is L (« e, The equation of tangent at L is Crate aa or ext+y-a=0 e slope of tangent = — i 1 slope of normal = — e bf). equation of normal at L [= is y- a or aey~eB=ax-de or ax~de-aeyteb=0 It passes through B (0, — 6) 40~Pe-ae(-b)+eb=0 ~detabereb=0 abe=a@e-eb ab=a- aR a=@-PY——— $$$ — — — — — ————— dade) =[e-F OF a @(i-d-OF ete- eis root of x*+x" 2 2_ =] whose centre is re C, meets the 2g Example 2. If a tangent to the ellipse “> axis in T and the minor axis in ¢, prove that (GN.D.U. 2, 2 2 Sol. The equation of ellipse is. ~ +25 =1 a & F Let P (x1..y1) be any point on ellipse (1). 2 2 SoM aj a The equation of tangent at P (x), yi) is It era woe tee ¥x, p meets major axis i.@., x-axis ie., y= 0 where = =slorx= ae a x, a? cT=— a Again the tangent (3) me i i i. }) meets, mmnor axis ie., y-axis (x = 0) where 1 > =lory p 2 a= yi 2 LHS, = 4 z+ cr = =I [: of105 ws fhe normal at any point P of the ellipse meets its major axis pes If une tous of the mid-point of the chord PG. (P.U, 2010) «fin in x 2 int on the ellipse +2 = 1, quer ez Bea Pp eR pation ofthe normal at P (x15) is ‘he 2 >< 2D) ipmeets the major axis in G where y=0. A puting y =0 in (1), We ge, 2 ax Os g?_b* or — =ak-a' (1-2) x x ax 2 x fee ae or — =8 > x= ex, x xy Gis (ex, ,0) Let (X, Y) be mid-point of PG = to 2 4 yy =2Y lee?’ 2 2 Since P (x, lies on 2+ 2— =1 1591) lies on + a pe Putting values of x,, y,, we get 4x? 4y? so He Pee)? BP locus of mid-point (X, Y) isEXERCISE 4 (2) and normal to. the ell | tangent Find the equations of the v4 552 = 14 at G, 1). sat 5 of the tangents and normals at the point of the Clips. L (ii) Find the equation: ent ? = 25, whose ordinate is 2. vedy 2 2 ook Yay eel X_ 4% =1 at the eng g| (iii) Find the equation of the normal to the ellipse a ee dof | the latus rectum (first quadrant). 2. Show that (j) the tangents at the extremities of the major as of an ellipse tte parallel to the minor axis, and (//) the tangents at the extremities of the minor axis | are parallel to the major axis. Find the equations to the tangents at the ends of the latera recta of the ellipse = = = 1, and show that they pass through the intersections of the axis axj a 6 the directrices, 4, The normal at one end of the a latus rectum of an ellipse passes through a extremity of the minor axis, find the ratio of minor axis to the major axis of the ellipse. wv 2 5. If any tangent to the ellipse SS a = 1 intercepts lengths # and & on the a o a S axes, prove that eer lL. ANSWERS LG) 3x+5y~14=0, 5x-3y-12=0 GD) 3x+8y-25=0,8x-3y—18=0;3x-By+25=0, Bxt3yt 18-0 ili) x-ey-aeé=0 42 eee Art-5, Points of Intersection 2 Find i inte i f ? ndthe points of intersection ofthe line y~ mx +e with the ellipse Sch eb Proof. Th i " 2 2 © equation of the ellipse is = y= a) The equation of line is yay,107 s LIPSE. B ing value of Y from (2) in (1), we get, putt 2 2 anna a or PX ta mxt nde 2 a o x ta meta e+2amex-a h=0 or [@ mr) + 2a mexta(e-o)= which is a quadratic in x giving us two values of x. Putting these values of x one by one in (1), we get, corresponding values of y, and refore the two points of intersection. ther Art-6, Condition of Tangency 2 2 Find the condition that the line y= mx + emay touch the ellipse +2 = 1 e 6 od y? Proof: The equation of ellipse is. 42 =1 ol) a? 8 The equation of line is y= mx+e 2) Putting value of from (2) in (1), we get, 2 2 rap xt oo Bx te (met Pee 2° op . BStam etd +2 mex-F h=0 o (mtb) +2a mext ae (P-b)=0 (3) which is a quadratic in x ‘The line (2) will touch the ellipse (1) if equation (3) has equal roots. je, if 4a me -4(e WP +B) a (CC -B)=0 je, if em e-em +h) (C-P)=0 (Dividing by 4 a?) je, if med meta em -B +h =0 je, if ff Bm? - Be? + b'=0 je, if dm? +h =0 r de if Oma + BP i, i = 224 pe fe, if jfersyemse Which is the required condition. Cor. 1 Putting these values of c in (2), we get, ye mx Ja?m?+b* Which are the equations of tangents in terms of m,a ae Cor. 2. Any tangent in the slope form m is y= mx + (2 2 2 ron 2— =1 onthe line Art-7. Find the length of intercept made by the ellipse Be | ypemxtc | 2 an ottecipis 2425 +! | Proof. The equation ofthe ellipses “5 *')2 ) | The equation of line is y= mx+¢ -=Q) Putting the value of y from (2), in (1), We gel, (mxto? oy or B+ a (mxtcpad he or Battdmixtt atti @mex-¢ b= 0 or (ed m)2+2a mext(Pe-a b)=0 «8 Let x1 , x2 be its roots ame ag yyy SEE ty = TF 1X2= am? +b? am +b? 2 — | | 2a =—54 _ [2,222 22D Omg ph Ve MC amc? — p22 4 grmrp? 4 4 2a 92s andy? = sa ot 22, 2 0 Oma pee ~ bc? + a? mp? 2ab [x2 -x1] = =>—— Jp? _ 2, 2 9 am? +o ac al) Now equation (3) is a quadratic in x pivi values of x in (2), we get two values of ere {WO Valles x; and 2. Putting these 0” Y Let these values be Vis V2 “ yemate ll) 0. yamxnte109 Beating (5) from (6), subt ype im (2-41) mo cena of intercept = (ee - = 2 2 (xq — 4) + m (x) - x1)? [- of] =|x—x)| yl + m? 2ab = 22 are em Elem) prota: adition of tangency «2+ (2- yy? Cor. Cor The line (2) touches ellipse (1) if length of intercept = 0 2ab aa 2, if eye vis mn? 0 Em +B ie, if qa?m? +b? - =0 ie, if Pm? +b —c?=0 ie, if CHa m+ ie, if c= + fa?m? + 6? which is the required condition. Cor. Putting c= + Ja?m? + b> in (2), we get, yomx fa?m +b? Which are the required equations of tangents in slope form. Art-8. Find the condition that the line /.x-+ my +n=0 may touch the ellipse 2 gy Ps als a 2 2 Proof The equation of ellipse is ar =1 wal) a 2 The equation of line is Ix+ my +n=0 1) | Letthe line (2) touch ellipse (1) at (x15 91) The equation of tangent to ellipse (1) at (x1, y1) is ny APA _iao ®) ag2 2 al b’m —_— ~—— where n #0. n n @) ote 2. a 1? + Om? # Din . nO whenever a? /? Therefore, line 1x+my+n=0 hot pass through the origin if it touches the ellipse. the ellipse passes through its centre (0, 0). ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPL. } Example 1. Find the equations of the tangents to ellipse x? + 3 yy =3 which are parallel to y=4x48. Sol. The given ellipse is x?+3y? =3 ¢=3, P=) Consider the line y= 4x48 Its slope = 4 “tangent is parallel to this line .. slope of tangent .e., m=4dit ya mes fornia] purse equations of tangent © given ellipse are yadx Pare ; [ + or eax t7 Example 2. Prove that the line x cos @ + y sina = p isa tangent to the ellipse 1 if @ cos’ a + B sin’ a= p?. Also find the point of contact. Sol, The equation of ellipse is Ql) a The equation of line is x cos @ + ysina -p=0 + Q) Let the line (2) touch ellipse (1) at 1,91) ‘The equation of tangent to ellipse (1) at (x1, 1) is 8) (4) Putting values of x, and yx in (4), 4 2 42 @ cos a b sin’ a . Sa tor costa tb sin? a= pF ay bp Which is the required condition. a? cosa b? sina P P Point of contact iswa EXERCISE 4 (c) | 6. Find the co-ordinates () Find the equations of tangents to ee elli (4) Find the equations to the tangents to ee i e the line 5.x = 4 of the point where the line 5 x ¥ meets the Cling xe yt 1. Also find the length of the chord intercepted on the line 16 * 25 Find the length of the a intercepted by the ellipse x" +2 y? = 4 OH thy normal at the point (2.1). Find the length and the cet point of the chord cut off from the lg (i) pax by the ellipse a Peal, 5 . (Show that the line _y = of touches the ellipse 2x” + 3)? =}. Algg rn the point of contact. (ii) Show that the line x +2 y-4=0 touches the ellipse 3 x? + 4 y? = 12, Ry find the point of contact, 2 2 (if) Show that the straight line y= mx + orm? 4 touches ae =| a 4 \ at the point | - aba a on Determine k so that y =x + k may touch the ellipse 2x7+3)?=1, (Pbi. U. 2013) () Find th x ie equation of the tangents to the ellipse = — +? = 1 which mk with the axis of x an angle of 60°. . 2 (1) Find the equations of the tangents to ane 1 which make equ! 2 a a intercepts on the axis, 5) which a parallel to the straight line y= 3 y Cae ich 3° | perpendicular to the straight line y= 4y ha eg ge ad (bi. v.20 7. Find the common tangents of the ellipses 2 2 my 4 x y? tay sland — + x ‘|pues 113 prove that the locus of the foot of "i 8 Be the perpendicular from C, the centre of the pe MANY tangent is (x? +P)? = @? xP + BP? (G.N.D.U, 2003) ANSWERS 5 () W3x-y+7=0, V3x-y-7=0 (i) yx fa? +0? , y= Yat e5? 155 6 (@) ya3xt yo (i) 4xut+y47=0 Art-9. Test for a Point to Lie Outside, on or Inside an Ellipse x 2 y 2 Show that the quantity + Ir — 1 is positive, zero or negative according as the a point (x;, y; ) lies outside, on, or inside the ellipse 2 2 Proof. The equation of ellipse is “+ o -! @ Y A114 Art-10, Two Tangents From a Point Show that from any point two tangents can be and distinct, coincident or imaginary, ellipse. Let P be the point (#1591) psein QC Y ) a xaxi From P drawn PN Qi. 9") ies on ellipse < go meet te el all [+ of] (O IfPis outside the ellipse, then . |NP|>{NQ| = NP?>NQ? > NP?—NQ'is + ve 2 2 2. from), “l-+ 71. 1 is positive. a b (ii) If P lies on the ellipse, then [NP|=|NQ| > NP°=NQ? > NP?-NQ’=0 2 2 x y . v from 2), 4-1-1 is zero, ab (iti) IFP lies inside the ellipse, then INP] <|NQ| > NP? NP?_NQ? is negative 2 2 x y <. from (2), +1 1 is negati eB \egative. can be drawn to an ellipse, and they act according as the point is outside, on or inside 2 2iven point be ( 115 et the given P* 151). ‘The equation of any tangent to the ellipse (1) is where mis slope of tangent. If it passes through (x,y; ), then poms etm sb oF yx, = fatmP age squaring, yi? +m? x1? —2 m xy yy =a? mi? + Be (x7 a) m2 xy, m+ (y2—B=0 . e _. OY which is a See " ‘m giving two values of m. Putting these values of m in vy, =m (xX), We get the equations of the yo ie {Wo tangents drawn fr ‘hips. ‘om (x), Yi) to the ‘The tangents are real and distinct, coincident, or imaginary according as the roots of (2) are eal and unequal, equal, or imaginary. te, according as 4x1? y,2~4 (x?—@)(y,2-B)is B 0 ie. according as x17)? (x1? -@) (12-8) is 2 0 ie, according as m?y,2—m?y,2+B'x;2+ahy2—a Bis ZO ie, according as bx? +ay,2-a Bis 2 0 . ae yi? . 2 a 2 ie, sccording as “+ Te -1 8 0 (Dividing by @? 8?) a ie,, according as the point (x, ,y1) lies outside, on or inside the ellipse. Note. If the point is exterior, then two tangents can be drawn ; if the point is on the ellipse, then one tangent can be drawn ; and if the point is inside the ellipse, then no real tangent can be drawn to the ellipse. So we can also say that from any point at the most two tangents can be drawn to the ellipse. Whenever we say that two tangents are drawn from the point to the ellipse, then point is definitely outside the ellipse. Art-11, Director Circle The locus of the point of intersection ‘of two perpendicular tangents to an ellipse, is Called a director circle. 2 2 ATt12. Find the equation of director circle of ellipse o a cil. a (G.N.D.U. 2010; P.U. 2012) 2 ayy 2h Proofs 008 The equation of the ellipse be oe w(l)) abe116 e The equation of any tangent to the ellipse is yemet farm? +b? 0) Let (zj,91) be any point on direction circle. (2) passes through (x1, Yi)s then 22 2 or (yprmn)?= com! +b yi mx + or yp -2mxyy) mx? a? m2 +b? @ (x? -a?)m? -2x19, m+(yp -b?)=0 which is a quadratic in m. Let mh, mtz be the roots. Ifthe tangent are perpendicular, mym, =— 1. 2 ne? from (3), product of roots = or yp xp ta? or xp+yp = a? +6? the locus of (191) is [changing 1.» 04) LUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES] E i . xample 1. Write down equation of director circle of ellipse 16 x? +9 y*= 144 (P.U.200) | Sol. The equation of ellipse is 16 x2 + 9~ = 144 #=16, =9 The equation of director cirele is 24 Papap wey al or Ptys 1649 at the tangent at the point (— 1 - C11 B = through the point (1, 2) and find the equation of the ote eae eed =3 pas? om (1, 2). aepus “*= sot. The equation of tangent tothe elipse x +2y7=3 a | xCD+290)=3 or x-2y43=9 : {twill pass through (1, 2) if 1-443=0 1, lis je. if 0=0, which is true 1) to the ellipse x7+2.y=3 passes through the point (1, 2). ~ equation of ellipse can be wi Any tangent to given ellipse is 3 =mx+ pm 42 2 it passes through (1, 2) 3 m+ J3m?+> or 2-m= Bm? +> 2 2 3 Squaring, 4-4 m+ m?=3 m+ — voy Smet [eat] or 8-8m+2m?=6m?+3 or 4m?+8m-S=0 8 + J64 + 80 5 8 1 , When m= Pt the equation of tangent from (1, 2) is 1 y-2= poe 2y-4=x-1 or x-2y+3=0 (1) When m=— > =, the equation of tangent from (1, 2) is wr TO (=I) or 2y-4=-Sxt5 S¥4+2y-9=0 2:2) * the equation of other tangent is 5x+2y-9=0.us EXERCISE 4 (4) 1, 2) lie in interior oF exterior oF the g, 1, Find whether the points (0, 1), ( (GND. 2994 2 x Hlipse ~— 2. Find the equation of each of the two tangents to the ellipse 25° oly from the point (- 15. = 7). tions of the tangents drawn from the point (4, 1) to the Cllipgs ()_ Find the equat js tan! x +2)? =6, and prove that the angle between them is tan”! = (P.UL 2014 (ii) Find the equation of the tangents drawn from the point 1, 2) to the ling, vi +2y?=3. Prove that the angle between them is tan” (2), 4, Tangents to an ellipse make angle @, and @, with the major axis. Find the locy of their point of intersection if (i) tan O; + tan @, =k (ii) tan 0, tan 0. =k (iii) cot, + cot @, =" (iv) @, + @ is constant (= 2 a). 2 2 5. Find the locus of a point, the tangents from which to the ellipse S45 =] a & are inclined at an angle 8. ANSWERS I. Inside ; outside 2 4x-5y+25=0, x-4y-13=0 5.) x-y-3=0,.x+5y-9=0 (if) x-2y4+3=0, Sx4+2y-9=0 4. (i) kx -2xy-kd =0 Gi) ke -~-ket b= (iii) Py -2xy-RP=0 (v) ¥-2xycot2a-y-@+H=0 tan! 8 )22+ (4 a? — tan* )y? — 4 a? 6+ (a2 + 6) tam? O=0 Art-13. Equation of the Chord of Contact Find the equation of the chord of contact of tangents drawn from (x; » 1) 2 42 ellipse = or bi. v.2008 aBLIP’ 119 proof : The equation of ellipse P by) sey) 2 2 = iY oy ; | a Be “() | Let the tangents from P (x, y,) to the ellipse S | (1) touch at the points TO’, y'), T(x", pny YZ The equation of tangents to ellipse (1) at T, Tare xx’ yy! me op +-Q) xx!" ot a re GB) (4) (5) From equations (4) and (5), itis clear that the points T(x’, y’) and 1” (x"",y") lie on =F" = | which is the required equation of chord of contact. * Art-14, Equation of the Polar 2 2 Find the equation of the polar of the point (x, »1) ware. the ellipse = + = is a 6 Proof. The equation of the ellipse is | 2 2 a, b ah w(1) Let the line drawn through P (x, , y, ) meet linse i Qe rT cllipse in T, T. Let Q (x’, y’) be the point of intersection of tangents at T, T’. The equation of TT’, the chord of contact of "gens from Q (&’, y") to the ellipse (1), is T a! yy! P (v9) Sree 1 a 2= * Passes through P (x1, )) xx" a BE =1 a xx the locus of Q (x,y) is “She 7h = 1 a 6 which is the required equation of the polar of P. Cor. Prove that the polar of a focus with respect to ellipse is the corresponding directriy 2 py x Proof : Let the equation ofellipse be —- +5 a The equation of polar of focus (~ a e, 0) w.rt. the ellipse is a or x=-— e which is the corresponding directrix, Art-I5. Pole of a given Line 2 x Find the pole of the line Ax+By+C=0 wart. the ellipse —- e a x y? Proof. The equation of ellipse is —- + —- = 1 call) a 6 The equation of lineis Ax+By+C=0 Let (x), y;) be the required pole. The equation of polar of (x), y; ) w.r.t. ellipse (1) isArt-16. Condition for Lines to be Conjugate Define conjugate lines w.r-t. an ellipse. Find the condition that the lines " . . 2 2 premytn=Oand x +m’ y +n’ =O are conjugate w.rt. ellipse +2 = 1 2 2 6 (G.N.D.U. 2011) . . Z proof : To lines are said to be conjugate lines wart. ellipse = +. =1 if the pole of a first line w.rt. ellipse lies on second line and the pole of second line w.r.. ellipse lies on first line. jon of ell » The equation of ellipse is y=} ‘ a be we) The equations of two lines are Ix+myt+n=0 7 Ixtmiy+n!=0 “O Let (x;,.71) be pole of line (2) w.r.. ellipse (1) «+ equation of polar of (x; yi) wart. (1) is yp pb (4) 2 “pole of 2) wins. (1) is [2 =n n n Letit ie on (3),Pa _git-B mm +nn=0 Git BR mm'ann or af this result shows thatthe pote of (3) 7. (1) Ties om (2). Heng The symmetry result. Art-17. Equation ofa Chord in Terms of its Mid-point 2 ea i Find the equation of the chord of the ellipse @ 7 = 1, whose mid-poing (1.94). 2 2 . ee ae Proof. The equation of ellipse is ate} bri Let the equation of| chord through P (x1, yi) be x-x yay =p cos@ Sin BY) Any point on this chord is (x1 + cos 6, y+rsin 6). Let it lie on ellipse (1). 1 1 ay i+ ros 0? toy (ntrsin Oy =| i 1 or ap Gait + Dy rons 0 +72 cas? 6) + On? +2yrrsinO +? sin’ 6)=1 Dae cos sin’ i «( Ps Jae at ut, 2 z @ 6 a bo which is a quadratic in r. P(x,, y:) is the mid-point of the chord. equation (3) has equal and opposite roots. sum of roots = 0 fs BE a ysind a oe cos? sin? 8 —x, C08 8 A) x =i 2 a b s or which is the required equation. Note. The above equation can be written as Art-18. Equation of the Pair of Tangents Find the equation of the pair of tangents drawn from the point (x1 , 71) to the ellipse 2 y 2 = a b Proof. The equation of ellipse is Pea) (1) Let P be the point (x1,.1)- T Let Q (x, y) be any point on either of the tangents, PT say, drawn from P to the ellipse, T being the point of contact. Let PT: TQ=k:1 a kx tx, yn) k+l kel Now T lies on ellipse (1)2 1 (kx+% AES) tT oa) (weal pe kel 1 =meiy | ere yy ty byt PEF) 7 b 1 or ye (Px? + x2 + 2K) 4 ge CP tt Dhyne 2b a 2 42 XX, xy P 1 «(Sais s[ + a a which is quadratic in k. ++ PQ touches the ellipse ©. equation (2) has equal roots Art 19. Prove that the locus of the point of intersection of two perpendicular tangents to an ellipse is a circle. (P.U. 2012) Proof. Let the equation of ellipse be 2 2 “oy ae aed (1) ae Let P(x,, y,) be the point of intersections of two perpendicular tangents to (1). The joint equation of the pair of tangents from P( + ¥,) to ellipse (1) is SS, =T?since these tangents are perpendicular to each other, coefficient of x? + coefficient of y? = 0 or -bP +x? =a ot xp ty aa eb? locus of (2%, ¥,) is 2 Sol. The equation of the ellipse is = fl) The polar of the point (3, 4) wart. the ellipse (1) is 20) 94 | <9 3,27 _1=0 9° 16 or 4x4+3y-12=0. Example 2, Find the pole of the line x-2y+3=0 wars. the ellipse 3.37 + 4? = 12. ° (G.N.D.U. 2002; Pbi. U. 2010) Sol. The equation of ellipse is 3x°+4y°= 12 4 (1) The equation of line is x-2y +3=0 +-(2) Let (x1, y,) be the pole of (2) w.r.t. (1). ‘The equation of polar of (x1, yi) w.rt. (1) is 3xx1+4yyy—12=0 +) ra16 Be Now (3) and (2) represent the same line. 4 required pole is (- 7 2) . | ord of contact of the tangents drawn from the Poin, Example 3. Find the equation of the ch the points of contact of the tangents, (2,1) to the ellipse x? + 4y? =4, Find Sol. The equation of the ellipse is waay? =4 «| ‘The equation ofthe chord of contact of the point (2, 1) is xQt4nya4 or 2etdy=4 x+2y=2 0) or x From (2), y=? 0 2 ~@) Putting this value of y in (1), we have, 2 2- 2 (24) =4 or x24(2-x)2=4 or x? 444x742 =4 2x? -4x =0 = x(e-2)=0 > x=0,2 When x=0, y When x=2, yo Pag (0, 1) and (2, 0) are the required pairs of contact of the tangents drawn from (2, 1) to the ellipse x? +4 y? = 4 Example 4. If the chord of contact of tangents from (a, 8) to the ellipse 2 touches the circl +f=ae . a b yp yp i ¥ + = 2, show that the point (a, f) lies on the slit a tT b Sok The equation of chord of contact of tangents from (a, 8) to the ellip® ax x 2 =1is GE BD j= 2 pdELLIPSE, 127 (Ev tPSE + ittouches the circle x’ " PB b which touch a concentric circle of radius ¢ is the curve nD) Let (x1, y1) be the mid-point of chord. <1 the equation of chord is [ys T=8)] or +(2) The centre of ellipse is (0, 0). ++ equation of concentric circle with centre (0, 0) and radius c is (0% +(y-0F =e or P+ ae » ..3) chord (2) touches circle (3) [2 1? +a m=}128 — | ve ti Bye == Example 6. The perpendicular drawn from the centre of the elipse +75 = 1 ong polar ofa point P wart, the ellipse is of constant length c. Prove that the locus of the Poin, | t 2 4 P is the ellipse Sol, Let P(x, 91) be the point. “The polar of P(),.)) Wirt the ellipse ae yy is he “At =0 @ 6 From the given condition, = 1 from the centre (0, 0) of the ellipse on (1) [0+0-1| pape ale the locus of the point P(x, y;) is 2 2 PE ott hg a. Find the locus of the middle points of chords of an ellipse which subtend® | at the centre. Example at Sol. Let the equation of ellipse be Let P(x), y;) be the mid-point of the chord, The equation of chord is ¥H IN E rei " qszy?! ) or since the chord (2) subtends a right angle at the centre (0, 0) to the ellipse, the lines join the origin (0, 0) to the points where (2) meet (1) are at right angles. Now making (1) homogeneous by means of (2), we get, (3) which are the equations of lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of (2) with (1) lines given by (3) are at right angles coeff. of x? + coeff. of y? =1 from the point P Example 8, Two tangents are drawn to the ellipse a 16, % »ween them. Find the combined equation of the tangents and the angle bet vot is P(- 16,9) . ~ Q and point is P(- 16, Sol. The equation of ellipse is $ ~ = Oand p =64+27-1=90 _pe-4xt3y-1 1 =TY x I (SS, = 13) 2 2 gr Sx tHe AI 99 = 1637 +9y? 41-242 y-6 y+ Bx 12 ra B ax? 44y?=12) = 16x? +97? -24xy48x-6 y+ or 45x? +60 y2-180 = 3247418 y? - 48x y+16x-12 9+2 or 13x2-+48xy+42y? -16x4+12 y-182=0 . Comparing it with ax? +2hxytby* +2 g¢x+2 fy+e =0, we get =13, h=24,b= 42 Let be the angle between the pair of tangents ang = 2576-546 2h? -ab 13442 A eral or tang = 2450 35 O= =f) ss |’ EXERCISE 4 (¢) SAAMMISE A 1. (i) Tangents are drawn from the Point (1, 2 fe the equation of their chord of. (1,2) othe ellipse 3.x? + 4y°=5. contact.‘puss Pe (@ Find the point of intersection of tangents to the ellipse * points where the line x cos a + sin a = p meets it 2 2 (if) Find the point of intersection of tangents to the ellipse “5 +25 = 1 at the points where the line 1 +m y= meets it a . 2 2 (iv) Find the point of intersection of tangents to the ellipse +2 = 1 at the a 6 points where the line /x +m y-+ n=O meets it. (Pbi. U. 2008) () Find the pole of the line 8 x ~ 15 y= 120 w.ra. the ellipse 4x? +5 y? =20. 2 2 (oi) Find the pole of the line x—2 y+3=Ow.rs, the ellipse 7+ ab 2 2 (oi) Find the pole of the line x cosa + ysin a = p wir. ellipse = we a 6 (i) Show that the focus of an ellipse is the pole of the corresponding directrix. (Pbi. U. 2010) (ii) If the polars of two points P and Q w.rt. an ellipse meet in R, prove that R is the pole of the line PQ. Show that the lines x +y= 1 and 4x~-9 y=3 are conjugate with respect to the ellipse x? +3 y? =3. Show that the condition that the pole of /x + my= 1 want. the ellipse 2 2 2 x +25 =1 may lie on the elpse +5 = Lisa Fm =9. @ 6 oa 90 (P.U. 2060, 2004, 2011) Show that the locus of the poles of tangents to the ellipse 4x2 +)2=4 with respect to the ellipse 3x7 +4 y? = | is 9x" + 64y* = (Pbi. U. 2009) Tangents are drawn from any point on the ellipse 1 to the circle a 2+ = 2 prove that the chord of contact touches the ellipse a’ x’ + by? = c*. (P.U, 2011; G.N.D.U. 2011) y 2 - e . From a point P, two tangents are drawn to the ellipse — + = | and the line ab Joining the points of contact is at a given distance d from the centre, Find the locus of p,132 14, xe 2 a Tangents are drawn from any point on the circle x? + y? = a to the ellips? pol _. (bi. U. 2011 (a) In the ellipse Show that chord of contact of perpendicular tangents tothe ellipse = 4.2”. | : construct the equation of that particu | chord, which is bisected at the point (2, ~ 1) (P.U. 2002) (6) Find the equation of the chord of an ellipse oO = 1, which is | bisected at the point (1, - 2). (Pbi. UL 2008) (3) A system of chords of an ellipse is drawn from the positive end of its major axis, find the locus of the middle points. Gi) Find the locus of the middle points of chords of an ellipse which are drawn through the positive end of the minor axis. Prove that the locus of middle points of a system of chord parallel to the line 2 2 ix+my=0, of the ellipse = a =1 isthe line & mx-—@ ly=0. (P.U. 2013) | we yt Find the locus of the middle points of chords of the ellipse p 1 whose a’ | distance from the centre is constant (=). ey If the chord of an ellipse ~~ +77 = 1 passes through a fixed poitt | a b (h, h), find the locus of their middie points (P.U. 2012) 2 (P.U, 2009 2 > +r = 1, Prove that the locus of the middle points of chords of contact ® ; | 2 2 2 2,.2 ag] (P.U. 2001, 2003, 201) a Bb aue cy TS that the locus of a point whose polar wt. the ellipse souenes the parabola "= 4 kx is another parabola F From the point P(-16, 9), tangents lines are drawn to the ellipse x ji = 1. Find the distance d from P to that chord of the ellipse which joins the points of contact. sg. Tangents are drawn from the point P(4, ~-4) to the ellipse the distance of P from the chord of contact. . x? y 19, The polar of a variable point P wart, the ellipse - 5 = | always touches 2 b concentric circle of radius a b. 22 2,2 prove tha its locus is the ellipse 2 4 2 fp 2 that the locus of tangents to x?-+ y=? wins. the ellipse 75 +2> = Lis a 6 ae ee a bf dt 21, Show that the locus of poles of the tangents to »? = 8 x with respect to the ellipse pan 3 3x°+4y= 1 is another parabola y*=- — (G.N.D.U. 2010) 32 21, Find the equation of a stfaight line through the point (1, 4) and conjugate to straight line 9x +2y= 1 wont. the ellipse 3x2 +2y7=1. 2 x 33. Prove that the locus of the poles of tangents to the ellipse. —> a =l wnt. a 2 2 2,2 pry? theellipse 24 2 = 1 is 22-4 ae p a B 4. Find the locus of the middle points of all chords of an ellipse Which are of constant length 2 ¢. (P.U. 2008 ; G.N.D.U. 200!) Write the equation of the pair of tangents drgwn from (1, 1) to 4x? +y?134 E 26. Show that the joint equation of the pair of tangents drawn to the aN hte 2 2 2% = 1 from the point (4, 3) is xy-3x~4y + 12=0. Also py 16 "OF ay they are at right angles. Find the Gea of the point of contact of the tangents from (4, ve the 27. ellipse 3x2 +4 y? =48. Also find the joint equation of tangents, = a+ bat the points where i is 28. Show that the tangents to the ellipse sO sin@ P XCOSE PSO 2h areat right angles. cut by “28% ANSWERS 1 (@) 3x+8y-5=0 Ww (fe Fs) i) ©) @,-3) {2. 6 20. oy [2 ses 2 | Pp P 2 9, 10, 12, 17, 18 1B 1a. E 22, 3x+2y-11=0 24 1. = 2 % }: 28. 3y°-8xy48x42y-5 =0 27. (2,3). (4,0): x7 +2xy-12-8y 432 =9| use 135 1 (a) Prove that x S088; yim eer at ; 2°77} sin 6 © = < 8.< 2) Is a parametric aration of the ellipse | geprese roof Let PCS) Be any point on the ellipse 4? | iP ‘p! (1) x * I) si, is a or sl we can choose 8 such that 2 ~ . " a 9-2 <0 = % (0 is so chosen that all the points of the ellipse are covered once and iptwnen = 7). only once). Actually, there are two choices + 6 (exe Putting cos 6 in (1), we get, a cos? Oy? 2 Fe 1 or pe 7b 00s' O= sin? 9 y= bsin@ Hey 6 sin then x= acos@ and if Y =~ 6 sin = b sin (6), then 3=a00s0= 2608 (-~-6). Therefore by properly choosing the value of 8 (ie, taking - 0 or @ whatever is relevant), we take x=ac0s, y=bsin@,-7<0 <7. Thus any point P(x, y) on ellipse (1) can be expressed as x =a.c0s 8, y=b sing -n<@Sz, 2 2 Conversely. x =a cos 0, y= b sin 8, —x <0 sat satisfy the equation 2 1 6 f a 2 2 22 a’ cos’ 6b? sin? 6 | ° ——z-— + >a — = Lis true for @ where - x <0 <0 a b Hence x= a cos 0, y= sin 6, —2<@ Sz is the parametric representation of the elipse e Note. 0s called the parameter and the point P (a cos 0, b sin 6) is called any point “6° On the eltipse. Noe, x= 00s 0, y= 6 sin, 0-< 0 <2 is also.a parametric representation ofthe Bling 2 9? . a 2 * Ty = |. In fact any set of values of the parameter 6 which covers all the oy Pog ofthe llipse once and only once can serve the purpose.Be a x ye Art-20, (6) Geometric significance of the parameter 6 on the ellipse — a Proof. ‘The equation of the eltipse is ol) Let | A'A | = 2 a be the length of the major axis of the ellipse. Draw a circle wig, (centre of ellipse) as centre and | CA| = aas radius. This is called auxiliary circle ang, equation is x° +" = a Let P (x, ») be any point on the ellipse. From P, draw PM 4 A’A and produce | meet the circle in P’. Let | MCP" = 6. P’ is (acos 0, a sin 8) as P' lies on auxiliary circle x+y? = @& Now abscissa of P = abscissa of P’ = a cos 6 P is (a.cos ®, ») it lies on ellipse (1) a@cos?@ y? a or y= bsind Since ordinate of P and P’ are of the same sign. we take y= bsin® «. Pis(acos@, bsin@) where -17<@ sx. Here ‘6’ is called eccentric angle of the point P of the ellipse (1). 2. Ps / yea ‘Art-20, (€) Construct the point P whose parameter is ‘6” on the ellipse ap @137 yi “The equation of ellipse is prod} ol) Let |AA’|=2 @,| BB] =2 6. Construct circles with O(0, 0) as centre nd radii 5. The equations of thesg ay circles are +) Let the half ray making an angle 6 with OX meet the circles (2) and (3) in M and N respectively’ Then |OM|=a, | ON |= 6. Let the vertical line through M and horizontal line through N meet in P (x, y). Then oK (KP|=|LN|={ON|sin@ > y=5sing P(a cos 8, 6 sin 6) is the required point which lies on the ellipse. By giving different values to @ (~2 <@ = 21), we can obtain all the points on the ellipse. x yt Art-21, For the ellipse —- + x=acos0 (The equation of chord joining the points ®, and 6 is Beg AAD , 5p GK, CA, 2 2 2 (ii) The equation of tangent at is ~ cos 0 +2 sinO-1 a mai ax b (iii) The equation of normal at the point 0 is -2) agp cos@ sin@ (iv) The chord joining the points 0, and @ will pass through the focus (a e, 0) if tan 6, san oa 22 2 2 Py P . x "0of. The equation of ellipse is Tae Tae a b LetP be the point 6, and Q be the point 0). * Pis(acos6,, 6 sin 0), Qis (a cos ,, b sin @,)or or or or ci) equation of chord PQ is . sind, PSN Gy gcos Os) ae ‘acos 04 ~ 2008 o, b(sin 92 — sin0;) (x- a@cos 4) y= bsin = — cos 04) a(cos Oy nea 2 (-ac0s61) bsin = 5 21 sin 2@—+ (2 ot in ,+9 eos Pi ~ psin@,==——p2 gr 098 1) y—bsin Os 8, +8; asm 6,+0 0, +9, 02 +4; Y in O27 1 sind, sin hid eye 1 + c056).cose2*4 > sin A a 2 2 a, +8 0, +8 0, +8. 4 E og ft 882, gin 12 = cos 8, cos 2+ 8ind sini’ a. 2 6b 2 2 m2 1482 Yt _ +6) “cos? + sin = 09 4-5 2 gos A482 ¥ in 1402 = egg 2 b 2 2 Let Q + Pso that 6, > 0, “. putting 6, =6,, the equation of tangent at 0, is or = cos 0, +> sind fe ea = 7 1 haa 1 = cos 0 x y. — cos 6, += sin, =1 a b <. equation of tangent at 0 is = cos 042 sin@-1= a b -1=0. (iif) ~- slope of tangent\ pxygps a e slope of normal b cos @ equation of normal at (a cos 8, b sin 8) is a sin@ y-bsin@= = (xaos 0) sO . ; b Multiplying both sides by ——, we get, : sind : ax, ; bY _ y= -a@ op = OY i ge sin@ cos 6 cos@ sin (i) The equation of chord joining the points @, and 6; is It will pass through the focus (a e, 0) 6. asin‘ sin el te aes esl 2cos—-.cos—— 2 2 8. a. e-1 ie, if tan tan 2 =—. 2 2 e+l Art-22, Co-normal Points x? y? . Prove that four normals can be drawn to an ellipse a a = | from a given point (4,8) in its plane. Proo: 2 Pan aa 1. The equation of ellipse is arte =1The equation Of normal to ellipse (1) at the point (a cos 6, b sin 6) is ax —-2) =7-8 | cos 8 Sing OF — axsec@— hy cose O(a’ ~ b*)=0 ax.27(1+7)-by(itP)(1-#)-@-0).24(1-7)=0 or Jaxi+laxf—by+byt-2(@-b)t+2(@-#)P=0 or byt +2(axta?-B)P+2(ax-a@ +b’)t-by=0 or Since normal passes through (A, £). bkO+2Gh+a—-B)P+2(Gh-@+h)t-bk=0 This is a bi-quadvatic in r, giving us four values of t. there are four points on the ellipse, the normals at which pass through (A, #) ie. four normals can be drawn from any point to the ellipse. Note. The feet of the concurrent normals form a set of co-normal points on the ellipse. Cor. Prove that the sum of the eccentric angles of the co-normal points is an odd multiple of z. Proof. Let 1), 2, t,, tq be roots of (2). =H b=0, Se=hhewy=-1 6, 6, 6 S,-S. 2.3.4. ae 2 2 2 1-S) +S, ‘ow an (2! Oe roe > 0 1 > Pha Qn+n 2 > O,4+0,+O:4+8=2nt lx| PSE [ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES (G.N.D.U. 2000) [v O00 a Example 2, Prove that the perpendicular from a focus upon any tangent to the ellipse 2 2 & 3 ry = 1 and the line joining the centre of the ellipse to the point of contact meets on the corresponding directrix. (P.U. 2009) 2 2 Sol. The equati pone coda OID. He | quation of ellipse is —-+—— = 1 atl 12 Any point on this ellipse is P(a cos 0, b sin 8)142 The equation of tangent to the ellipse at Pis x cos 94+ 2sin O-1 =O | a b | cos 0 a. b cos 8 | oe | Its slope ind | ° a sing slope of line perpendicular 0 = 75 Cos =a) | icular to the tangent at Pis | i ous $(a & 0) perpendicul equation of line through focus S( | OF a sin ae) | yoy 0088 | | = 4 508 (ae) i * »* 5 c0s8 The equation of line through centre C(0, 0) and point of contact P(a cos 8, bsin dis | ye (2) a For finding the locus of point of intersection of (1) and (2), we have to eliminate 9 from (1) and (2). From (I) and (2), we get | . 2 | bsin® 4 $08 ae) op Px =x-a0 | acosd b cos@ a -e2 or Oe ey ae ot (I-e2)x =x-ae | a or x-e’x =x-ae or —ex=-ae ce ine di or x= > which is corresponding directrix. Hence the result. Example 3. If the eccentric angles of two points on an ellipse differ by then show tha! 2 _ 2 the tangents fo the curve at these points intersect on the ellipse 2 2— =2 7 } a Suk I ee anid)143 yp ‘ a x 2 cot Letthe equation of elie be + am) Let P be the point @ and Q be the point = +9, 2 The equation of tangent at P to ellipse (1) is x Youn ~ con 0+ sinO=1 “@) The equation of tangent at Q to ellipse (1) is ie (a 0) +2 sn(Z +0 =I vy a a = sino +~ cos@ =1 or _ Pera ad a & @) To find the locus of point of intersection of tangents (2) and (3), we eliminate 8. Squaring (2) and (3), we get, 2 2 x y 2 cos? 4 + sin? @ + 005 8 sin 8 1 (4) a b ab 2 2 s sin? 9 + > -cos? @ -— cos 8 sin d= 1 (5) @ b ab Adding (4) and (5), we get, x y? => cos? 0+ sin? 6) + 5 (sin? 8 + cos? 8) =2 a’ b . 2 2 or cae =2 ab which is the required equation. Example 4, Show that the condition that the line Jx +m y+ n=0 is normal to the 2 2 2 pp ellipse 7 42— =1 is Sa a Be Pom (P.U. 2005) ey? Sol. The equation of ellipse is ay oh we(l) aad Let the given line /x+my+n=0 -Q) be normal to the ellipse at P (a cos 0, b sin 8),". equation of normal at P is ax bY _@_#)=0 a cos 6 sin@ ) ‘Now equations (2) and (3) represent the same line an cos ia? 6) | bn and sin@= ma?) Now cos? @ + sin?@= 1 Putting values of cos @ and sin #, we get, atn? bn? _ F@-py may a 7? @-p2y a rr which is the required condition. Example 5. Show that the locus of the poles of the normal chords of the ellipse 2,2 x" iy P a 6 Sty A listhe curve 4+" =@_ yy, @ + eye HD (P.U. 2002, 2008, 2013; G.N.D.U. 2003, 2009; Pi. U. 2010) 2 Pp Sol. The equation of ellipse is 7 42— =1 ol a pe ‘The equation of normal to ellipse (1) at point ‘6 is ax by -— -(¢-#)=0 0) cos@ sin@ : ) Let P (x1, 1) be the pole of (2) w.r.t,, (1) is mL ay -1=0. . A)) ees (3) and (2) represent the same line. Now | A. 2 ~~ @ 9) | sind ryc0s @ yin - +_- > a 3 3 a - | 2 aie oe oS (a? - bx, @- by, Putting values of cos @ and sin @ in cos? 0 + sin? O= 1, we get, a . rg 2 _ pry? x 2 2 _ p22 y 2 (ab?) x)? (a? - 5?) y, 6 6 b or 5 += @-PY yon a& Bf < loeus of i, y1)is + =@-PY. xy Example 6. If 0 and @ are the eccentric angles of the ends of focal chord of the ellipse 2 2 voy 1 1 =+-5 =1, provethat cos — (0-9) = ecos — (0+¢). ate ohe 50-9 5 Oro) | Sob ++ 0,6 are the eccentric angles of the ends of chord . equation of chord is Zoos? O 4 2sindb =cos? 5 “+ itpasses through the focus (a e, 0) Beas S*# 40 = cos oF $ qa es areal a toes (0- d) = come (Ct #)EXERCISE 4 (f) | (i) Find the eccentric angle of a point on the ellipse distance from the centre is 3 units (- 7 <0 S77). (Pbi. U. 29, (i?) Find the co-ordinates of the points on the ellipse 9 x” + 25 y? = 99. x 3 eccentric angle cos! (2) Find the eccentricity of the ellipse x=3 cos 0, y=2sin®, 0<0<2y, Obtain te equation of the tangent at the point (a cos 8, 6 sin 6) of the lpg 2 Deduce the condition that /x + my + n= 0 may touch the ellipse, | i} ) | | | | | | {| | | | | \ \ | 2 2 Find the co-ordinates of the point on the ellipse a = Lat wich a tangent makes equal angles with the axis. Also show that the leg | fate be perpendicular from centre on the tangent is 7 Prove that the area of the triangle formed by three points on an oes eccentric angles are a, B andy is 2b PP a2 sin —— vee ot Find the point of intersection of tangents at the points (a cos 6,, b sin 0), (oc 2 2 | 4s, b sin Os) of the ellipse = @ b (Note, The results of this question should be remembered) Show that the locus of the point of intersection of tangents to an ellipse at | points the sum of whose eccentric angles is constant is a straight line pas through the centre of the ellipse. Prove that the circle on any focal radius of an ellipse as diameter touches auxiliary circle. Prove that the line y= mx+c is anormal to 2 z _@- py? =tus 0 147 prove thatthe line Ly + my is anormal to the ellipse py? vy? Find the locus of the middle points of normal chords of the ellipse ~ > + mers (G.N.D.U. 2001, 2009; Pbi. U. 2010) 2 2 Tangents are drawn from any point on the ellipse =-+25 = 1 to the circle a *. Prove that the chord of contact touches the ellipse a? x? + By? = r*, 2 2 re drawt ps y it Tangents are drawn to the ellipse “+25 = | to meet the coordinate axes at P ee we 2» and Q, show that the mid-point of segment [PQ] lies on the curve 2-4 2 x y Prove that the locus of the middle points of the portions of tangents to the ellipse 2 2 | included between the axes is the curve += x y 2 2 Ifthe tangent to the ellipse = +2 = 1 meets the major and minor axes in P a 6 and Q respectively, then show that the locus of a point R between P and Q such . a 9b that PR : RQ= 3: Lis represented by the equation —+—- = 16. xy x ye The tangent and normal to the ellipse a A = | ata point P(a cos 6, b sin 0) met the major axis inthe points T and T’ respectively. If | TT’ | = a, show that cos’ 6+ cos 8-1 =0 If @ and @ are the eccentric angles of the ends of focal chord of the ellipse 6. 6 I-e = 1, passes through the focus S, prove that tan —tan—+—— ae S po 2 2 Ite If the chord joining two points with eccentric angles a, B cuts the major axis of an ellipse at a distance d from the centre, show ‘that tn Stn 8 = 2 2 dta =0 , where 2 ais the length of major axis.2 5, 2008, sind _ 3 a b b 4. (acos,bsin@) where @ = tan (x +) 0) +0. (erecta sin 22% 2 Ps One 6 |——2— 2), [24 ae = (a5 ry ~0) 4-8, b [cos fists © cos fis" a ey vO oor Art-23. Geometrical Properties Property I. Focal Property. Prove that the sum of the focal distances of any point on an ellipse is constant, ai equal to the major axis. (Pbi. U. 2013 Proof. Let S, S’ be the foci, and ZM, Z’M’ the corresponding directrices of the ellips: Let P (x), be any point on the ellipse. Join SP, S’P. From P, draw PM .L on ZM, PM’ on Z’M’, and PN 1 on the x-axis, Then Pa 4.PMae.IN=e(CZ+0N)=e(2+ 11] =a en ll) @ S'P=e.PM’=e.NZ'=e(CZ'-CN)=e (£-x) Spices) ll) é Ya Zak ae Zz 3S CWS Ez >X “i ‘Adding (1) and (2), we get, ” gp + $/P=2.a, which is eonstant = major axis.149 i f any poi ete focal distances of any point (x,, y,) on the ellipse © e Fa 1) on the ellipse a a =lareatex,. II. if the tangent at any point P f of an ell , pat PN s perpendicular onthe major ani, they coreg ees Me melon as nt an dor axis, then CT.CN = Ca’. Ug LeP Oy ) be any point on the ellipse aan) y Putting y= 0 in (1), we get, « CT.CN= CA? Cor, Find the length of the subtangent. Proof: Subtangent = NT = CT -CN= Property UL. Uf the tangent at any point on an ellipse (centre C) meets the minor axis 3's, and P n is perpendicular on the minor axis, then Ct. Cn = CB’. Proof. Let P (x,y; ) be any point on the ellipse Y wy? ' ztatlh BI we m9) The equation of the tangent at P is A x >™ xx 12% =1 ee a Itmeets the minor axis in f, where x= 0. Putting x= 0 in (1), we get, yy aaa =P iu or yy Ct.Cn=CB?. ty IV. If the normal at any point P of an ellipse (centre C) meets the major axis {nd PN is perpendicular on the major axis, then CG =e. CN. Prope ng150 Proof, Let P (x13) be any point on the ellipse — ‘The equation of the normal at P (#171 )is ax PY og : a : ” axis in G where y= 0- \ It meets the major Putting y = 0 in (1), we get, 2 ax 2 2 ax. 2p of — =d-a(l-e) 4 x = x ve o — ne x *) x=ex, or CG =e.CN. Cor. Find the length of the subnormal., Proof: Subnormal = NG =CN-CG=% -éx=n(1-e). Property V. Reflecting Property Prove that the normal at any distances of the point. point of an ellipse bisects the angle between the fog (H.P.U. 2000 ; Pbi. U. 2001, 2005, 2009; P.U. 2001 2 2 , A ioe, y Proof. Let S, S’ be the foci of the ellipse z e = 1. Let the normal at P (%,y;)d! the ellipse meet the major axis in G. 2 Now SG L Cs+CG _ aete x GS’ CS’-CG ae-e'x, [- CG=ex] _ eater) atex, e(a-ex)) 7 a-ex, SG _ SP cs’ S'P PG bisects ZSPS'. Cor. ‘tangent PT is perpendicular to normal PG, and PG bisects the interior hanveen SP and S'P.ot of perpendiculars from the foci on ‘cle, and the product of the perpendiculars is hn ye prove that the locus of the feet ott the auxiliary c pra ww ft gn ellipse $0” ina a of the semi minor axis. nl (G.N.D.U.2007, 2008; P.U. 2010) . x equation of ellipse be 42. bettie ep | nS s' draw SK, S'K’ 1 on any tangent to the ellipse. meet of any tangent to the ellipse with slope m is yemx* fa?m?+b? x K 2. : yemae ferme b? .(l) = ve SK 4 tangent (1) “sc eye * 1 slope of SK = - — . 2. Sl0F ™ B «. equation of SK through S (ae, 0) is 1 ec y02- 2 & tae) o omy =-XxX-ae axtmy =~ae 2) Now K is the point of intersection of (1) and (2). To find the locus of K, we dininate m from (1) and (2). Squaring (1) and (2), we get, P-Imxyt me vaa e+e o P-2mxytme=dmita (le) oo ~-lmxyte er admta-ae QB) ad P4+2mxytmryaee (4) Adding (3) and (4), we get, F(ltm?)+ PR (tm)aa mre © P(e me) +L + ae )=a (+ nP) Dividing both sides by 1+ m?, we get, x° +) = a ‘hich is the required locus and is the auxiliary circle, Sinilaly, we can prove that locus of K’ is the auxiliary circle. Now we are to prove that SK .S'K’=6?.152 : 2 ee The equation of the tangent is —S Zye+b? =O yrmxt fa?n?s6? or mx-yt ent o? —— 22 2 le me+ya m+ m(—ae)+0+yarm +b a 2 SK = —— fen im +1 m+ 22 2 q + [ncor-ongernt™ amesyom tt pa m +1 S'K'= _g2mPe? + a2m? +0? | SK .S'K'= m +1 [25 +b? | ja2m2(1- 2) +" _ fame) + "| med m+) jorasm?y|_ oat m) ee mt a en lem l+m SK, S'K'= 8°. Property VII. Diameter Property Prove that the locus of the middle points of a system of parallel chords of an ellis is a straight line passing through the centre, Poi. U. 2005 2 2 Proof. Let the equation of ellipse be = + = 1. Let (r1,y1) be the mid-point ofp a? b chord of the system of parallel chords. ~. equation of the chord is [- T=51153 es the locus of (xy, y1 bx Be which being a linear equation in x and y, represents a straight line. Also it passes rough te centre (0,0) ofthe ellipse, perty VIII. {fone diameter of an ellipse bisects chords parallel to a second, then the second diameter bisects chords parallel to the first. 2 2 of, Let the equation of ellipse be = 42 . a be Prat Let the equations of the diameter be =mx ol) pare 2) ‘The equation of the diameter bisecting chords parallel to the diameter (2) is e : a (3) 2 Now (1) and (3) represent the same line. 2 e or mjm=- ant a The symmetry of this result shows that diameter (2) bisects chords parallel to the diameter (1). Note. Two diameters of an ellipse such that each bisects chords parallel to the other, are called conjugate diameters. The condition for two diameters with slopes mm, m2 to be 2 conjugate is my m,=~ 2. 2 a Art-24, Prove that the eccentric angles of the extremities of two conjugate semi- diameters of an ellipse differ by a right angle. (G.N.D.U. 2002, 2009, 2012; P.U. 2013) 2 2 Proof. Let the equation of ellipse be = 7 =i. a _ Let 9,,6, be the eccentric angles of P, D, the extremities of two conjugate semi- Giameters CP, CD, Then the co-ordinates of P, D are (@c0s ,, 6 sin 8,), (a cos Oy, 6 sin 8;) respectively. Let my, mz be slopes of CP, CD.154 z b sin@, - 0 S| m= = = tan and = m= tan 0; 2 “acos 8, - 0 CP, CD are conjugate diameters Bb memes oe 1 2 b db = tan 6, .— tan 8, = ~~z a a sin6, sin, __ cos 8, 608 0, sin 6, sin 8) =— cos 6, cos 0 or cos @; cos @, + sin @ sin @. = 0 cos (0; - 02) =0 1,81 = or 0,-0=+ 3. id Note. We can take 0-02 = FT , where nis odd integer. eccentric angles of the extremities of two conjugate diameters differ by ant a multiple of oe Cor. Let 6 be eccentric angle of P P is (a cos 8, b sin 8) : Be [ v= (02), os (--3) [: I-tled or (~asin@, bcos) extremities of the conjugate semi-diameters are: (acos 8, b sin 8), (— a sin , b cos 6). Art-25, Prove that the sum of the squares of conjugate semi-diameters of af tps? constant and equal to the sum of squares of the semi-axis of the ellipse. (Pbi. U. 2001, 2005; ua2 ____—_____# 2 .2 ( A tie prot tte Et ete Oey ee = | whose centre is C (0, 0). Let P (4 €08 6, b sin 6), D (— a sin 8, b cos 6) be the extremities of the conjugate ceni-iaeters P= y(ac0s8 +0)" + (bsind-0)? =Ja* cos? 945% sin? 0 CD= Y(-a sin8 - 0)? + (bcos 0-0)? = fa sin20 +5? cos? OP +CD? =a" cos’ 0 + & sin? @ + a? sin? 0 +B? cos? = a (cos? 6 + sin? @) + B (sin? 8 + cos? 8) = a? (1) + B?(1) CP +CD? =a +b? which is constant, ‘Art-26. Prove that the tangents at the extremities of a diameter of an ellipse are parallel tothe conjugate diameter. (P.U. 2003; G.N.D.U. 2010; Pbi. U. 2013) 2 2 Proof, Let PCP’, DCD’ be a pair of conjugate diameters of the ellipse +2 = 1 ee where Cis centre (0, 0). Let P be (a.cos 6, b sin 6). +. co-ordinates of D are (- asin 8, b cos 8). The equation of tangent PT at P is x.acos 8 y.b sind Pes Seee 2 Be a xcos@ y sind ee a a + slope of PT = * beos 0-0 b Also slope of CD =-—cotd i -a sind -0 a slope of PT = slope of CD CD is parallel to tangent at P. Similarly CD is parallel to tangent at P’ and CP is parallel to tangents at D, D’. Note + ‘ rn 6 poi tangents at the extremities of conjugate diameters ‘of an ellipse enclose a Prallelogram,ual to the product of the aygs GNDY, E 2m ‘Art-27, Prove that the area of the parallelogram formed by the tangen of two conjugate diameter of an ellipse is constant and eq) Proof. Let PCP’, DCD' be a pair of conjugate diameters of the ellipse where C is centre (0, 0) Let P be (cos @, b sin 8) ©. Dis asin, bcos 6). Let EFGH be the parallelogram formed by the tan} ‘Area of parallelogram EFGH = 4 times the area of parallelogram EDCP gents at P, P’, D, D’. Join Pp, = § times the are of triangle CPD. | ° ool =| acos@ sind 1 2)-asind boos6 1 aos — sin | _ 4 (gy 05° 9+ ab sin?) 74 sin@ bcos 4} a =4a6(cos’0+sin’ 0)=4 ab(1)=4 = constant =2.a X 2 b= product of major and minor axis of the ellipse. Art-28, Prove that the product of the focal distances of an extremity of a semi-diamett of an ellipse is equal to the square of conjugate semi-diameter. (P.U. 2000, 2008; G.N.D.U, 2010; Pbi. U. 2010) Proof. Let CP and CD be two conjugate semi-diameters of the ellipse 2 | * 2 +25 = 1, where C (0, 0) is centre of ellipse. 2 ~ > Let S, S' be the foci of ellipse. Let P be (a cos @, b sin 8). Then D is (—a sin @, 6 cos 8) Now SP=at+e.acosO =a(1+ecos6) e'p=g—-e.acos@rs. pu 157 SP. (1 # e605 8). a(1 —ecos gy =a (1-2 008 B)= 2 a Bogs g =a (a ~P) cos 9 = @ (1 cos? 6) +8 ., sp.s'P= CD* [v dea? ©0870 = a? sin? 04+ 5? cos? @ ] Note + The above article can also be stated as 5 Prove that Meerkat point P is a mean proportion between the pe a parallel to the oa ° istances of P. Art-29. Define equi-conjugate diameter of an ellipse and find their ‘equations. a / (P.U. 2006; Pi. U, 2009) proof. Def. of equi-conjugate diameters Two conjugate diameters of an ellipse are called equi-conjugate when they are equal in length Let PCP’, DCD’ be a pair of conjugate diameters of the ellipse 2 2 y X41 @ 6 where C is centre (0, 0). Let P be (a cos 8, 6 sin 8). Then D is (— a sin 8, 6 cos 6). CP*= (a cos 0-0)? + (bsin 8-0)" =a" cos? @ +B sin’ 8 CD*= (asin 8-0) + (bcos @-0)° =a’ sin’ @ +B? cos* @ PCP’, DCD’ are equi-conjugate diameters PCP’ = DCD’ or CP=CD cP = cp? @ cos 6 + B sin? @ = a sin” @ +B cos’ 8 @ (cos? @ — sin? 8) = 6 (cos” @ - sin” 6) or cos 20 = B cos 20 or (a’- b*) cos 20=0 “+ cos20=0 [v 7-8 40] 20-5 o -= 2 x x 0=— or -— 4 4 a ob When 0-2, pi (eco, bn] or (=-4]158 equation of CP is +o b 4-0 v2 b Es Zs =) po (cr } When 0-2, pis(-asinZ, poo? b be y-0= . equation of CD is b —-0 ye b y-0- 42 — (x-0) or y= -= ¥ ay a ve <. equations of equi-conjugate diameters are y = a Same equations are obtained when we take 9 =~ it Note, Tangents at the extremities of the major and minor axes of the ellipse are y y=tb. . the diagonals of the rectangle formed by these tangents are given by yeto a Hence the equi-conjugate diameters of an ellipse lie along the diagonals of te rectangle formed by the tangents at the ends of the major and minor axes. Art-30. Concylic Points Prove that two straight lines through the points of intersection of an ellipse with at) circle make equal angles with the axis of the ellipse. Proof. Le. 1lx+my+n=0 i} and Uxtm'y+ian' =0 a be any two chords of the ellipse 2 12 Xe 2} wn) ae Any conic through the intersection of ( 1) and (2) is Py -1+A(ixt+my+n)(l'x+m' y+n')=0159 ues 7 - pe a circle when co-efficient of xy =0 of te pm m=O ies ie ies m m Hence the two lines make equal angles with the axis of the ellipse. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES} gaanple 1. P is a point on an ellipse, Sa focus and SL the semi-latus rectum at S. If the ainate MP of P meets the tangent at L in Q, prove that MQ = SP, x2 2 gol. Let the: equation of ellipse be z +1 re +l) Any point P on itis (a cos 4, 6 sin 8), 2) b Focus of (1) is (ae, 0) and Lis ie =| a The equation of tangent to the ellipse (1) at Lis (“) Va) xe) ha & oe or exty-a=0 (2) ‘The equation of MP is x=acos@ “© where M is (a cos 8, 0). Solving (2) and (3), we get, x=acos0,aecosO+y-a=0 | or x=acos0,y=a(1—ecos 4) Qis(acos 0, a(t ~e cos 0)) * MQ Wiacos 6 cos 0)? + [a(1 — ecos 0) - 0]? = Ya? (1 - ecos 8)” =a|1~ec0s 8] =SP * MQ=sp.AoE Ee Example 2. If y = x is a diameter of the ellipse A ze 1 and eccentrciy a ellipse is F , find the equation of the diameter conjugate to it. (Pu, 2; 3 Sol. The equation of diameter is y= im, = 1, where m, is slope of diameter. Let m, be slope of conjugate diameter 24-2 id a(I-e”) = —-> or (1) (m) =-——~ a wz) 2 2 a -(I-e?) - (1-4) [es B my = | __2 my 5 the equation of diameter conjugate to y=.x is pee2e a 3 iv y= my] or 3y =-2x or 2x+3y=0 Example 3. If y+x=0 and 2 y-x=0 are a pair of conjugate diameters of the ellips, 2 42 xy a + z = 1, find its eccentricity. Pu. 2008) P xy? Sol. The equation of ellipse is — + Ez a 2 Let m,, m be slopes of diameters ytx=0 and 2y-x=0 de. y=-x and y= 3 m =-1, my = diameters y+x=0 and 2y-x=0 are conjugate diameters of the ellips ye fmm = -— > Cl) 1). @a-e*) ees a 2 ae 2161 Find the length of the semi. te et oe 4y= 36. “ter conjugate to the diameter y=3x of weave? | | ion of ellipse is 9x2 +4 y= 36 0.20085 reese Oy st 2 yt s a « ae 1, f =4, Beg sunt of squares of conjugate semi- i-diameters ea tP=9t4= mation of diameter is y=3.x ”* ypmeet the ellipse (1) where 9244 957=36 oF 45x =36 “© o[ +] is an extremity of diameter (3). «. length of semi-diameter (3) = CP, where C ‘0, 0) is centre of ellipse Let / be the length of the semi-diameter conjugate to (3), Then cP += 13 84P=13 » P=5 = I= 5. [+ of@)] “anpe 5. If P and D are the extremities of conjugate diameters on an ellipse Yr 2 2 Ly _ : | 2°53 71 show that the tangents at P and D meet on the ellipse ay =2, and ty, | “ofthe locus of the middle point of PD is => eee yp (Pbi. U. 2007, 2010, 2013) Dv ¢ nein heoc @).oot equation of the tangent at P is X.acos@ y.bsing Ste a b xcos@ y sind + = a b The equation of the tangent at D is sin@) _ y-boos 8 _, —— +> b or x sing yeos 0 =I oo -— ona 0) Now we want fo find the locus of point of intersection of (1) and (2), for hich have to eliminate @ from (1) and (2). Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we get, 2 2 (cos? = sin?0) + 2 (sin? 4.00878) = 1 +1 or b which is an ellipse. The co-ordinates of mid-points of PD are given by acos § - a sin® 5 sin + bcos 0 25, YS 2 2 a or "3 (cos @ ~sin 4) (3) ae i and y A (cos 8 + sin @) wo) Now we want to find the locus of mi fi . . we have to eliminate 6 from (3) and (4), middle point of PD given by (3) and (4). For ths x I From (3), 7" a (cos 0 sin @) wld) yl From (4), 5 = 5 (cos @ + sin 0) (8) Squaring and adding (5) and (6), we get,(P.U. 2013) .» CP and CD are two conjugate Semi-diameters of the elf ‘a 'Ipse. :. Pand D can be taken as (a cos 6, b sin 9) and (~a sin 0, 6 cos 9 ; respectively. The equations of circles with CP and CD as diameters are (Oe a.608 8) + (y-0) (yp sing)=9 | and (- 0) + asin 8) +(y—0)(y~b e086) =0 | ot ¥ + -axc0s0~bysing=0 | and x+y+axsinO—bycoso=0 or. x +yP=axcosO+bysing ad P+ =~axsinO+bycoso Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we get, 2(x° +?) = af x (cos? O + sin? 6) + by (sin? 8+ cos? 6) o 2rty Yaa s oye Also C (centre of ellipse) is (0, 0), | | which is the required locus of T. 2 2 Example 7. If CP, CD be any two conjugate semi-diameters of the ellipse aa =L a Prove that the locus of the point of intersection of the normals at P and D is UeL4P YP =@-KY (ee -BYY. 2 \2 ae Meer (I) So, The equation of ellipse is e 2 a Here CP, CD are any two conjugate semi-diameters of the ellipse (1). Pand D can be taken as (a cos 8, b sin 8), (- asin 8, b cos 4). The equations of the normals at P, D are ax by -(@-B)=0 cos@ sin® md 2%, bY 4 gi wy=0 2. sin@ cos @ % ~—axsecO—bycosecO-k=0and = bysecO+ ax cosecO+k=0 where k= a? } it) From (2) and (3), we get, 0 1 sec 2 cosec =a -bky +akx —bky-akx aX +b°y axe + by? ax'+ wy? axvtey k(ax - by) sind = *. cos O= Tyax+ by) COS —~k(ax + by) = 1, we get, | 2 2 o (ate? 4b2y2)2] Getbyy # lax by =e (ax-by)? (ax+b y)? Putting value of cos @ and sin @ in cos” 6 + sin’ @ 2 2 axteby? : abx?+ bey? -2 ax-by ax+by or weer ke pL (ax-by)? (ax+by) oo. or (a?x? 4b y?)? EGE +89) = (2x? ~b2y?) 2@2+e y= BY x By (eka at which is the required locus. , a Example 8. Find the minimum an | , . hlsostnse igle between a pair of conjugate diameters of the ellps (P.U, 2007, 201!) Sol. The equation of ellipse is 4x? +.9y2= 36 2 2 ae 9 4 ll Its centre is O (0, 0). Let the extremities of two conj jugate i-di; Q-asind, bcos 0) or PS eos,» Sa Nandos be P (a cos 6, b sin 6) \— 3 SI 2sind-0 2 ie = =tan@ Slope of OP = —__. 3cosP-0 3| pS ts jaro be the angle between the diameters, 2 2 S tang—|—2 2 3 ( ad = (tan 6+ cota) tang = “Tt....Y 2.) 3 1+| 0. 3 @ b (G.N.D.U. 2000; P.U. 2003, 2011, 2012) x? y Find the equation of diameter whichis conjugate to y= wart, 5-425 =, Show that the lines y+3x=0and 4 y—x =0 are conjugate diameters of the ellipse 3x7 +4 y? =5. Show that the diameters of the ellipse x? +4»? = 100 through the points (8, 3) and (— 6, 4) on it are its conjugate diameters. Find the condition that the pair of lines Ax?+2Hxy+By? = 0 may be 2 2 conjugate diameters of the ellipse *-+2— = | a 2 b 2 (i) Show that the diameters y+x=0 and 2 y¥—x= 0, are conjugate diameters of the ellipse x7 +2? =3, (P.U. 2000; Pbi. U. 2001) Gi Find the eccentricity of the ellipse if y= x and 3 y=—2-x area pair ofis Conjugate diameters. Lai) Prove that the polar of any point on a diameter of ellipse 2 a 6 parallel to the conjugate diameter, . . . 2 () Prove that the sight lines joining the cente ofthe ellipse = @ feo - . 2m? 2 {0 ls intersection with the line y= im x+ |! +5" a1. is conjugate 2 diameters. @ MW xcosa+ysina=> isa chord joining the ends of conjugate s* 2 2 diameters of the ellipse a = 1, show that be @ cos a+b sin’a =2p?. 2003) |purse 16. 167 _ dx my 2 go If the tine +" % =n eel conjugate diameters, prove that /? + m?=2 n?. 1, at the ends of (P.U. 2008; Pbi. U. 2011) 1f@ and 6" be the angles subtended by the major axis of an ellipse at the extremities of a pair of conjugate diameters, show that cot? 0 + cot? 0’ is constant. . . 2 2 ifP and D be the conjugate diameters of the ellipse or = |, show that the @ focus of the foot of perpendicular from the centre on PD is wwerty yaar rey, (P.U. 2000 ; G.N.D.U, 2003; Pbi. U. 2011) Show that the minimum angle between a pair of conjugate diameters of the 2ab 2_ pe Show that the locus of the mid-points of the chord joining the extremities of a 2 2 pair of conjugate semi-diameters of the ellipse =+2,- = 1 is another ellipse ae 6 2 2 allipse = +25 = listan 2 6 (P.U. 2007; Pbi. U. 2007, 2008) having same eccentricity as that of the given ellipse. oe y IEP, Dare extremities of conjugate diameters of the ellipse, p45 = 1, find a the locus of the (D point of intersection of tangents at P and D (Pbi. U. 2004, 2008) (ii) middle point of PD. (H.P.U. 2003; Pbi. U. 2008) 'fthe points of intersection of the ellipse 5 ra = tend = eee b a B 2 nd points of the conjugate diameters of the former, prove that * = Cee any pair of conjugate diameters of an ellipse cut the tangent at a point P in T ‘nd T’, prove that TP.PT’ = - OD? where OD is the diameter conjugate to OP.tp SWERS 9. 13. 19. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE , 2 42 i 5. An ordinate NP of the ellipse S+4 = 1 meets the auxiliary citele in a 6b 6. Find the condition that the line x cos @ +y sin @ =p may be a normal pe 7 ANSWERS 2 Bb? =0 bx+a2y =0 12, Aa’+ Gi @ Determine the angle between the two tangents through (x; , y; ) to the ely Find the locus of the vertices of equilateral triangle circumscribing the elipy 2 vay | 5 Prove that the polar of the point (— 3, 4) w.r.t, the parabola y= 4 x touches te ellipse x*+2)?=3 and find the coordinates of the point of contact. xy 2 Find the locus of the point of intersection of tangents at two points on the ellps 2 2 ate = 1, when their eccentric angles differ by 2a, Deduce the case wha @ 2a=2, 2 Prove that the locus of the intersection of the normals at P and Q is te ci v+y=(atb). ellipse 2x7 +3 =1, If any two chords be drawn through two points on the major axis of an elif BY noah equidistant from the centre, show that tan ~ tan © tan 2 tan — = 2°02 2 2 a, B, y, and 6 are the eccentric angles of the extremities of the chords-169 A be the major axi of the ell & int Pon the ellipse meets the tangent at A in the poi se. If the tangent at a parallel to OQ (P # A, A’). © point Q, show that A‘P is th through the foci ., ines are drawn 1 foci of an ellipse perpendi 7 i i i A 9, of conjugate diameters and intersect in R, Stow rs ie eaenioe ra concentric ellipse. at the locus of R is a jp. show that the perpendiculars from the centre of an ellipse upon ll chords joining the ends of perpendicular diameters, are of constant length Prove that the angle @ between the pairs of tangents drawn from the point 2 ot yh Per. 34) fothe ellipse 24-55 = 4s given by ‘Also write the equation of the locus of P(x), y;) when 0 = 60°. 2, Prove that the product of two conjugate diameters of an ellipse is maximum when the diameters are equal. 13. Prove that if CP and CD are conjugate semi-diameters of an ellipse and @ is the angle between them, then sin? @ varies as CP? +CD™. 2 2 14 ICP and CD are conjugate semi-diameters of the ellipse ar = Land Sis a its focus, prove that PD? - (SP - SD)’ = 2 B. 1S, Prove that if the line joining the ends of two equi-conjugate semi-diameters of an wad ellipse pass through the focus, its eccentricity is E . '6. A pair of conjugate diameters of an ellipse are produced to meet directrix; show that the orthocentre of the triangle so formed is the focus. CP and CQ are conjugate diameters of the ellipse. A tangent parallel to PQ meets CP and CQ in R aud S respectively. Prove that R and $ lie on the ellipse170 18. 20, 5. IL ICP and CD are equi-conjugate semi-diameters of the ellipse 25 4 aN Leap << emi-diameters of an ellipse with lengths of, P meets the major axis in G, then prove thy prove that their equations are = + z = 0 and the length of each is If CP and CD are the conjugate s as 2 a, 2 b and the normal at PG _b cD a x yt Any tangent to the ellipse. Ee = | meets its director circle in points P any a 2B Q. Prove that CP, CQ lie along conjugate diameters of the ellipse, C being the centre of the ellipse. ANSWERS 2b? xy? +a? y)? —a? b? tan! | x+y -a? -? 3+ ya -BP Haar ta y- a B) 3. (L-1) 2 42 2 12 x Freee Se 2 ab e b cos*a sin? p” 3 (x2 4y? 4a? 462)? = 16(62x? +a2y? —4 262)