as z : & \ <= —— = - ~ = ge Name K E y Evidence of Evolution /Packground: (“ch evidence hasbeen found to indicate that roups of orgenisms have evolved or changed gradually over long, Berids of time. The study of fossils, embryology, biochemistry, and comparative anatomy provides evidence for evolution and evolutionary relationships between organisms. Objective: By observing anetomical and physiological evidence, you will determine their significance in evolutionary theory. Directions: Part I. Homologois Structures i }) Define a Homotogous Structure _/A)'ca KAO Comman afCe stew Shr Map ta_stroctire bot alten has aflerent fo nck nS 2) Carefully examine the drawings of the bones on page 2. Look for similarities among the different organisms, Color each part of the human arm a different color and label the parts below with the color you used: a) humerus (dotted) 2.07 c) radius (white) ew b) ulna (striped) € 4 (> ® metacarpals and carpats (grey and white) bee labels 5) Color the corresponding bones in each ofthe other animals the same colo as the human vee, 5¢E. Ia — © Ate the bones in each animal arranged in similar ways? In other words, isthe humerus in each animal next ace {othe radius and ulna? Are the phalanges at the end of the appendage? 4 “sg | 5) Fillin the fimetions the appendages listed Animal Appendage | General Funetion of the Appendages on Page 2 human arm movement of arm, grasping, manipulating whale fia SwimmingPart II, Analogous Structures Examine the butterfly wing and the bird wing shown below. Page 3butterfly wing 9) How do these structures ditfer? [ou a with na bar, b Sietrtm birds ha 10) Some apparently unrelated animals have organs with similar functions, yet are vory diferent in sruette and "Af form. These structures are called Zin [OO S structures 11) Are bitds and insects as closely related as the bat end bird from the previous page? Explain Ne = baits And bids have saternal skelehas, ckyp lungs. and backbones a slasec ts lack all af these structures JAteine!/skeletne shins ~art IIL, Vestigial Structures Gradual changes have occurred through time that have in some eases reduced or removed the function of some body structures and organs. The penguin’s wings and the leg bones of snakes and whales are examples of this phenomenon. 12) The cave fish and minnow shown below aire related. ‘The minnow is found in open streams and has excellent cyesight. The cave fish is found in dark, cave streams. Itis blind and hes reduced, non-functioning eye parts, Explain why eyesight is not an important adaptation to life ina cave, }fvAEre /S light — then Yo) Cant owe anutWag anuutay~ so ey lS aie uselese 13) Does the appearance of the cave fish and mifinow suggest common ancestry? Explain Yes = fis, Sealés, gills bark bone. 4) Organs or structures that have lost their function in the organism and become reduced in size are called —yestiaial structures gy Page 415) Read the list of human ve ial structures below. Given the probable fumction for the structure in ancestor organisms, suggest a possible reason why they are not considered necessary in humans today. » Structure Probable Function in Ancestor ‘Why Considered Vestigial in Modern ~ Organsim Humans 6 Jon Ft have Tar I= coceys (tail bones) long tel vas used for balance |S Fon) Chin dor bh lanl muscles that move | made humans more alert to predators} We Can't have predate ls ears aur Cats der) move muscles that make helped to keep body warm we Can wear Clotmg am hair standup | * ter vine temys of oul envitann little toe used for balance and grasping [WE 92) P< O07 F ral %e wisdom teeth used for grinding hard foods =| “© et pee ene CAN COOK Part IV. Comparative Biochemistry All organisms, from bacteria to humans, have basicaly the same general biochemistry. Although DNA, proteins and other chemicals may differ between species, all organisms will have some chemistry in common. The more closely related 2 organisms are, the more similarities there will be in their chemistry. ie 169 Corn poral! biochemistry is considered the best evidence for evolution < ‘An important protein in animals called cytochrome ¢ is used during cellular respiration. There are fewer i differences in the amino acid sequence of this protein between more closely related species. | ‘The chart below shows the number of differences in the amino acid sequence between several species compared | to humans. For example, there are 20 differences in the amino acid sequence of oytochrome ¢ from a snake | compared to @ human. 17) How many amino acid differences are there in the protein between a mothandahuman?___->| ‘Organism ‘Number of Amino Acid Differences in the Cytochrome c | dog 13 : ‘chimpanzee 0 | duck At yeast 45 snake 20 fish 2 moth 3L 18) Based on the chart above, which organism is most closely related to a human?_@ i'm Aan 2¢€ 19) Which organism is least closely related to a human? Uta et 20) Name one other type of biochertical analysis that could be used to compare these organisms, tu? DUA Comecrsorr