Module Iv Application of Refrigeration and Refrigeration System Com onents Application of refrigeration ~ domesie esa Application of refrigeration 2 ice plants. Cold storages - ick-freezing. domestic refrigerators ~ water coolers - food Preservation methods - plate freezing, Refrigeration system components - devices, Evaporators, Cooling towers - fils - Refrigerant leakage and detectior controls, Compressors, Condensers, Expansion Different types and their application n - Charging of refrigerant - System M1 APPLICATION OF REFRIGERATION (@) Food Processing, preservation () Chemical and Process industries © Special applications ‘Wl Food Processing, preservation ) Storage of fruits and * Controlled atmos; aims at maint vegetables: phere is required to preserve perishable goods and aining O, level at 3-5% and CO, level at 3-10 Percent and also retards deterioration of Products increasing storage life, Some Vegetables like peas, beans, etc. are partially cooked before freezing, Some products like apple, apricots, peas, etc. are Late) 'Yydrated and then freezed and this is known as dehydro-freezing. * Fruits and vegetables are preserved at temperature of about —15 '=27°0, Houschotg fridges are used to store fruits and vegetables for short ) Petiod of time with small quantity. -% ‘Scanned with CamScanner(ii) Fish: Dy ° ° * aN Freezing of fish right after catching them results in better mj 1 Some ships make use of refrigerated sea water at ~1% (preserve) freeze fish since it takes month to return on board. term preservation requires cleaning, processing and freezing . Icing of fish is common in India which is done to chill jg, 0°C. Slime and bacteria from fish are washed away by melt Wale, Small size fishes are preserved by air-blast freezers and immenioy freezers. Large sized products are preserved by contact plate freezers, (ii) Meat and poultry products preservation + + oy ¢ ° These products are at temperature of — 25°C in frozen state. Pp — For long term preservation, they are stored at 1°C. These products are preserved by both chilling and freezing. Right after slaughter, these products are preserved immediate. Two types of chilling are done 1. Air chilling - Results in considerable amount of dehydralot i low at the surface & makes use of aif at I temperature. 2. Liquid chilling - — Makes use of flake ice and majority of . (iv) Preservation of diary products of ¢ ° a products are processed and transport liquid chilling method. a Refrigeration helps to maintain quality and taste of thes ag Milk is preserved at about 2 to 5°C. Ice creams are preserved at temperature of about - 25%: Butter and cheese both are preserved at 0°C. ‘Scanned wih CamScannerIn beverages like wine, Tefrigeration is needed , for controlling temperature during fermentation, . for storage. in 3 stages, 1 2 3, for removing excess potassium tart rate by cold Precipitati ion. o Some wine requires 7°C for storage and its ality di temperature and length of storage, quality depends on (i) Bakery products % Bread is most important bakery product. % Numerous processes like fermentation etc. are used to prepare bread which makes it desirable to keep it in a room temperature of 26°C. ¢ Refrigeration is needed in manufacture of other bakery products to maintain uniformity of products, preventing spoilage and for storage. (ri) Candy manufacture ir it © Reftigeration in Chocolates and pastry helps to maintain au and also avoids stickyness at temperature of about 5 to 10°C, an ste. candies are stored at low temperature for better tas : ucrose and in some ; . &s * Main constituents of candy are glucose ee amy Re ral cases dextrose, which are sensitive to tempe! 4 ha Chemical and process industries Separatio es places at mn of gases industry take t * Separation of gases in ce J agerton capacity of about temperature as low as — 150°C wit 10,000 tons of refrigeration. ts by fractional distillation : ituen! f N: Separation of air into its constituen”. tion temperature O° 8? Where air is liquified at — 191°C. Laie? . - 196°C: is ~ 186°C and that of oxyse” ‘Scanned with CemScanner(ii) Condensation of gases “ Some gases which are produced synthetically, are Condenseg cooling which enables them for easy storage and transportation, liquid state. ¢ Eg: Ammonia is condensed at temperature of about ~Py 10°C before filling, storage and shipment. ii) Dehumidification of air “ Air is cooled below dew point temperature which causes wat vapour to condense out and air is dehumidified. “ Thus, low humidity air is required for producing pure oxygen, ¢ Low humid air is also required in pharmaceutical industries an also required for air liquefaction plants. “This low humid air is used in manufacture of cosmetics, detergens, etc. and also prevents static electricity and short circuits in places where high voltages are used. (iv) Solidification of solute “ To separate a substance or impurity from liquid mixture solidification is done at low temperature. Oil is dewaxed in petroleum industry at about - 25°C (ie) >" Pressure storage in liquid form. “ Storage of gases in liquid form ensures long time storage than gaseous form (i.e) Natural gas is cooled to — 160°C at 0.7 bat fe long time storage. (v) Storage as liquid at low pressure * Gases are stored in liquid-form since it occupies less space helpful in considering long term storage. - js ved % For some gases, saturation pressure at room temperature is ie high hence they are stored at relatively low pressure 4” temperature eg: Natural gas is stored at 0.7 bar and - 130°C I ‘Scanned wih CemScanner° (i o o ° + Some times gas boils by gaining heat from cylinder walls: which is prevented by compressing, cooling and expanding th back to 0.7 bar. os ) Removal of heat of reaction In most of the chemical reactions, efficiency tends to be better if reaction occurs at temperature below room temperature which requires refrigeration. However, if reaction is exothermic in nature, then more refrigeration capacities are indeed needed. Production of viscose rayon, synthetic rubbers, etc. are some examples. Fermentation is another example for this. (vii) Cooling for preservation % * Many compounds have the tendency to evaporate at a faster rate and therefore decompose at even room temperature. Those compounds are stored at low temperature for a longer period of time. eg: certain drugs, explosives and natural rubber. (viii) Recovery of solvents * ° ° Solvents used in chemical reactions usually evaporate after reaction. However, the solvents can be recovered by refrigeration at low temperatures. Eg: (i) Acetone in film manufacture. : (ii) Carbon tetrachloride in textile production. 413 Special applications ® Cola * * treatment of metals The cutting tool's life can be increas tool for 15 minutes at - 100°C: Strength and stability of magnets an Oe temperature treatments at ~ 80°C for 8 hours. ed many folds by keeping the can be improvised by cS ‘Scanned wih CamScanner% The dimensions of precision parts are stabilized by soaking proda, at temperature of about — 90°C. @ Hardness and wear resistance for carburized steel can be increagy by refrigeration process @ In deep drawing process, metal’s ductility increases at low temperature. (ii) Medical application @ In order to provide shockless painless surgery, localized refrigeration by liquid Nitrogen is used as surgical anesthesia % Using freeze drying method, blood plasma and_ antibiotics a manufactured without affecting blood tissues. @ Preserving dead bodies for few days can be done by b¥ temperature of about — 70°C. @ Deliveries takes place at air-conditioned rooms. (iii) Ice skating rinks Artificial refrigeration enables sports like ice hockey and skating possible independent of any weather conditions. Freezing of floor is done by refrigerant and brine carrying Pi embedded below floor by cooling and freezing water to ice. (iv) Construction work © Setting of concrete is exothermic process, where heat of setting causes crack formation in concrete, Hence this heat sho : removed. © So the concrete may be cooled by cooling sand, and W before mixing them or by a — Passing chil h pie embedded in concrete. 8 chilled water throug! % Another application is that refri ‘ itive igeration i1 to fac! aa cools soil ‘Scanned with CamScanner——e pesalination of water @ Solar energy is used for desalination by refrigeration. 4 Fresh water is scarce hence sea water is desalinated to obtain fresh water. Other way to desalinate sea water is by freezing it. Frozen sea water, which is ice will have relatively free of salts, therefore ice is separated to obtain water. (i) Toe manufacture Ice plant manufactures ice by dipping water containers in chilled brines and freezing of the water into ice completely takes almost 36 hours. % Then ice formed is stored in ice waterhouses. However ice warehouse use is reduced due to availability of household refrigerators, small freezers, ice makers, etc. _% 42 DOMESTIC REFRIGERATORS A household or domestic refrigerator important household appliances all over the world. It is essentially a small cold storage, where several food products such as ice cream, vegetables, fruits, milk etc. are kept. The most common domestic refrigerator uses a vapour Compression refrigeration system, but some refrigerators use the principle of ‘ple fluid vapour absorption system. has become one of the most The layout of a household refrigerator is shown in Fig. 41 : ete Household refrigerator works under vapour compression refrigeration al properties Pe This cycle operates by continuously changine the physic 4 tefrigerant (normally Freon-12). . e bottom of the refrigerator. ckside of the refrigerator. portion of the refrigerator. Compressor is placed at th Condenser is located at the ba ser * * Evaporator coil is placed at the top : at the junction of conden: Capillary tube (throttle valve) is fitted coil and evaporator coil. ‘Scanned wih CamScannerCompartment Radiator Cooling fin Kitchen Ait Throttle Valve Heat Rejected Backside of Refrigerator % The refrigerant, then ~“Superheated condition, mers the condenser at state (2) it “= The saturated liquid now expands stale (4) through capillary tube (Throttle mie pressure at ‘Scanned wih CamScanner4 Because of this adiabatic expansion, the refrigerant temperatu drops below the ambient temperature, fairer which is a prerequisite of heat flow from the surroundings (space to be cooled) to the refrigerant in the evaporator coil. The refrigerant enters the evaporator coil at state (4) as liquid and leaves the evaporator at state (1) as vapour and re-enters the compressor, thus completing the cycle. “ During the process (4) - (1), the liquid refrigerant absorbs heat from the space inside the refrigerator. The space nearer to evaporator coil gets cooled more than the spaces faraway. Hence, in topside known as Freezer area, (nearer to evaporator nie coil) the temperature In Middle area, the temperature is 3°C. And at bottom area, the temperature is 10°C. 42.1 Parts of the household refrigerator: Household refrigerator can be categorized into two categories: (i) Internal parts of the refrigerator (ii) External parts of the refrigerator Refer Fig. 4.2. 42, refrigerator: 2.1.1 Internal parts of the tion of the refrigerator. These parts carry out ine ae 1. Refrigerant: Refrigerant is a fll if Teftigerator. While it flows throb!” eg Space to be cooled and drops all the 2 flows through the condenser- h all the tubes of the i ich flows throug! nea the evaporator it absorbs heat from tbe heat to the condenser when it ‘Scanned with CamScanner_ Sees _4——Top Portion Of Refrigerator Low Pressure Low Temperature Refrigerant Liquid L Expansion Evapofator Valve Coil Heat Removed form { High Pressure Retrigerator the Space Liquid to be Cooled Radiator Heat Cooling Fins EP (eta fon ] Surrounding 001 Condenser Kitchen Air Refrigerator i mp en ) Low Pressure vapour High Pressure refrigerant Vapour Gas, Fig. 4.2 Internal Parts of the R. igerator 2. Compressor: Compressor sucks the refrigerant vapour from the evaporator and delivers it at high pressure and high temperature. It is located at the botto" of the refrigerator, which is visible at the backside of the refrigerator. 3. Condenser: The condenser is a thin coil of copper tubing, in which refrige™ from the compressor enters. Since the refrigerant has high temperature, it ' cooled by atmospheric air. To increase the heat transfer rate of the condet” it is finned externally. ‘Scanned wih CamScanneroo 2sio® yalve: De refrigerant, which is coming from the condenser enters into thi a tubing called capillary tube (throttle valve (or) eipacaon? vale i fd refrigerant is passing through the capillary tube, its pressure ind ture drops down suddenly. chiller or freezer: praporator or leaving from the expansion valve enters into the The refrigerant ator, with very low pressure and temperature. When the refrigerant through the evaporator, it absorbs the heat from the space to be cooled. since it absorbs heat, it evaporates and goes to compressor. This cycle keeps on epeating. perature control device or thermostat: d to control the temperature in the he set value of thermostat, it cuts the ture falls below the certain 6 Temy Thermostat is a sensor, use figerant. When temperature reaches tl over supply to compressor. When the temperal lel, it restarts the compressor. 1. Defrost system: Itis used for removing excess ice deposition formed on the evaporator ean be manually operated by 2 switch on the thermostat oF automatically tne by electric heater and timer- {212 External parts of the refrigerator: These parts are visible externally nd used to serve the various \ Free; * Freezer a compartment: jegree celsius, SO - The temperature of this compart keep water in this compartment, " ment is below zero 4 4 t will become ich, e scale, that helps * Thermos t 7 control: ith tem peratur this device, We | tt This device consists of round knob Wi erator. With | og He required temperature inside ee | 8 electricity. ‘Scanned wih ComScannerEEE EEE EES 3. Refrigerator compartment: It occupies the major space of the refrigerator. It has the lomperatu above zero degree celsius and also it has number of shelves to keep Vato food materials in it. 4. Crisper: The highest temperature in the refrigerator compartment is maintaineg in the crisper. 5. Refrigerator door compartment: It has number of subsections like egg compartment, butter, diary, etc, in the main door. 6. Switch: Switch is used to operate light inside the refrigerator. When the door opens, this switch supplies electricity to the bulb and when the door is closed, then it cuts the power supply to this bulb. 4.3 WATER COOLERS * The main objective. of using water cooler is to make water available at constant temperature tegardless of ambient temperature. % It is used to produce cold water at about 7°C to 18°C. which mainly serves the quench thirst of working people in hot areas of surroundings. Normal or warm water helps proper functioning of body but does not quench thirst, thus cold water comes in play, * The cold water temperature is controlled by thermostatic switch (0 maintain it within 7° C to 18°C range. © There are two types of water cooler, one is storage type, another is instantaneous type. In storage type water coolers, evaporator coil is wrapped around Storage. water tank by soldering coil to tank walls, In this tyP* machine has run for longer time to provide cooling, of water in storage tank. Water level in tank is maintained by float valY® 1 ‘Scanned wih CamScannerWhen temperature drops to a set point of the the: js stopped. Now cold water is used, after which are yet to be cooled are entered into storage Tmostat, the cycle fresh water which tank, @ While in instantaneous type water cooler, evaporator has two separate coils made of copper where two coils are wound and bonded together by soldering. One coil has tefrigerant and another coil has water to be cooled. By means of conduction, refrigerant in one coil cools the water in the (a) Bottle type (b) Pressure type (© Self contained remote type | Water in Water Flow Regulator Water Filter Water Coil Thermostat Evaporator Coil Capillary (Refrigerant) To Compressor Suction Cooling Coll of an Instantaneous Type Cooler Fig. 4.3 ‘Scanned wih CemScannerRemote Cooler Receptor Drainage , $ Drainage Water {a) Bottle Type T upply —_(c) Self-contained (b) Pressure Type a Fig. 4.4 Instantaneous Type of Water Coolers 4.3.1 Bottle type Bottle type cooler has a bottle or reservoir where water to be cooled is stored. It is placed on the top of the unit. It has a provision of faucet for filling glasses or container with ° water. Drip receptor collects dripping water from faucet. Drains are available. Its usual size is approximately 25 litres ie it can store 2. of cooled water. 5 litres 4.3.2 Pressure type @ As the name depicts, here water is supplied under pressure Inlet connection is present in rear of the cooler through which water to be cooled enters the cooler. | © After entering coolers, it passes through pre cooler which is cool | by a waste water. of the cooler as it’s temperature is low | ‘Scanned wih CamScannerWaste water while passing through Pipe coil wrapped around drainage line cools the supply water, which acts as counter flow heat exchanger. @ The amount of cooling depends on quantity of waste water and length of pipe coil through which waste Water passes arrangement helps in reducing cooler's cooling load. and also this 4 The precooled water enters Storage tank & loses its heat to refrigerant. % Outlet pipe is connected at bottom of the tank which is fitted with self-closing valve or rubber. Temperature of water in Pipe is controlled by a thermostat to a set point. 433. Self contained water cooler * This type of water cooler employs a mechanical refrigeration system, Remote cooler is used to cool the water and then the cooled water 18 supplied to the desired drinking place, away from the system. This arrangement type is useful since this type does not need an Additional space, near the place of work. 434 Capacity of water cooler 7 ji The Cooling load for water cooler (Q) is given by following relation. | Q=my, C, (Tj T) a > Rate of water consumption C.. : ; Specific heat of water = 4.18 ki/kg K un Nlet temperature of water B Outlet temperature of water - ion, cold water While estimating amount of water ona We . ‘stage amount has to be included. ‘Scanned wih CamScannera “ Heavy insulation around 40 to 60 mm by thick glass Wool thermocole is ensured to prevent unnecessary heat transfer throuy insulation. a 4.4 ICE PLANTS Expansion Valve Ice Cans Condenser Receiver Cooling Coil Fig. 4.5 Ice Plant Layout ) Compressor * Ice cans are placed in rectangular tanks which produces commercial ice by freezing potable water present in the ice cans. “ The tank is filled with chilled brines where brine solution is ke?! in constant motion with the help of agitators in order to increas? heat transfer between water in the can and chilled brines. pee De BEET Dey en Walia te cannes The agitators are operated by means of electric motor. pres are operace2y Means of" erectnie mo ° The brine temperature is kept at — 10°C to — 11°C. i “ The ammonia gas is used as refrigerant as it has excellent thermal and low properties, produces very high refrigerating effect per kg specific volume of the refrigerant in vapour state. Compressor increases temperature and pressure of (re ammonia vapour by compressing it. rigor" ‘Scanned with CamScanner= = i vist temperature, high_pressure_vapour_of ammonia: th spousal condenser_and condenses into liquid avi eed passes (or) collected in_a receiver, ene which i received Quechee ne receiver peceiver/drier contains material called desiccant Which is used IS ust to a poste te moisture in the liquid . (rap) remove moisture in the Tquid ammonia after being pass through condenser. er being passed then the liquid ammonia is expanded through expansion val which results in reduced pressure in ammonia. Then it passes through evaporator coil surrounding brine tank which has brine solution. Now low pressure liquid ammonia absorbs heat from brine solution and gets converted to ammonia vapor and fed to compressor completing the cycle, The brine tanks depth is such that brine level is 25 mm higher than water level in the cans. The tank is fully insulated on four side and from bottom. They are fabricated with 6 mm thick mild steel plates with the Toots welded end to end. Top segment is covered by insulated wooden lids to facilitate re 7 - Smoval or replacing of ice cans. lecans are made of galvanized sts sees and ae wee! WN chromii romium to prevent corrosion. gitated by T i i ° get clear transparent of ice, water in the can 1S ai m ; ans of low pressure air from the top via tubes. | , dissolved in 10 gel ; which is f cores Apitats, Bitation causes the impurities such as salt unfrozen wate! tte 4 2 and gets collected i ved and replaced by fresh water. ater in i i “tin ice can placed in brine cools 10 temperature of about °C 0 4°C at a faster rate. ‘Scanned with CamScannerie * As thickness of ice layer increases, freezing rate Me decreases, reason is that ice layer offers more thermal resistance” ‘to to heat floy from water to brine. om water to brine. _ 4.5~ COLD STORAGE ~@ Cold storage is a building facilitated to” store perishable Bo0ds which are maintained within a well defined temperature Tange ang ~~~ relative-humidity-(RH): as The temperature and humidity conditions (that are well maintained) inside the cold storage depends on the type of Brgeiucts Stored inside it. * Eg: Vegetables are maintained at temperature of about 0°C - 5°C (273 K to 278 K) with RH of 80 - 90%. «For milk processing required temperature is 4°C to 5°C (277 K to 278 K). i ut e For chlorine liquifier temperature required is -20°C to = 45°C (253 K to 228 K). e For quick freezing of fish, required temperature is — 25°C to — 30°C (248 K to 243 K). The conditions required for storage is classified into 2 categories. (a) Cold siorage of products that are preserved at temperature of 0°C and above. (b) Cold storage of product that are preserved at temperatures below 0°C. “ Note that refrigeration just slows down the deterioration of products and not improves the product quality. “ The continuously subjecting the refrigeration over the entire course of passage from producer to consumer is called cold chain. During the storage period, the fresh fruits and vegetable produces heat of respiration, which’ must be taken care of properly designing the refrigeration plant in addition to taking care of usual heat loads and load due to heat released on defrosting etc. ‘Scanned wih CamScanneromic considerations 0) “cald “storage (building) or Warehouses ivi 2 should h: thermal conductivity to Sive low heat tra lave very low nsfer to the ‘system. jt should be cheap in order to have low j A oe initial investm should be available in abundance. ent and It should be water moisture resistant or else mi \ isture through structure causes problems like reduced insulation efficiency etc. It should have high strength in order to stand with the wall. It should be chemically stable and should have good surface finish e for better appearance. Ee 5 |(s FOOD PRESERVATION METHODS -- _ Micro organisms like bacteria, virus, etc. are responsible for spoilage ‘food. So it is necessary to preserve food over short term period which is sible even for a long term period. There are certain methods for preserving i M6, | Heat processing * This method involves subjecting the product_with s oilage agent (like enzymes, bacteria and moulds) to_a high tem oa over a i roys Petiod of time until that temperature becomes fatal_and destroy ae 1. those agents completely by maintaining that tem erature _level Alter that product is sealed in sterilized, air tight container. reserved state for emain in preserve’ Thus the product processed so will “longer time, Deh Ydration . microorganisms requires Most of the. spoilage agents-like-en2y Moisture for-growth-— eal ‘oo can’ be renderéd inacti Fi + th-can z = Pe mor, a on ‘Scanned wih CamScanner“ Thus the dehydration is one of the oldest method of Presen: 2 rood! ere | << . “ Removal of moisture from_produets_is-dehydration je drying Eg: dried milk, dehydrated soups, instant coffee, Pre-cookeq and cereals. j . ¢ A very common method used for dehydration is sun-drying Whig SRR eer ereerT Eee cannot preserve the taste of foods. : —— 4.6.3 Chemical preservation “ This method makes use of high concentration of salts, sugar ang : Sd acids. “ Salt is used as a preservative to prevent bacterial growth in vegetables, fruits, etc., as high concentration of salts prevents water from being available for bacterial growth. (es eeu oe een See “ Sugar is also a preservative whose principle is similar to salt. “ Only difference is that preservation with salt is cold process while in case of sugar, the Ynixture gets heated. pee eer ee ee ee “ When sugar solution concentration is high, it prevents water from being available for bacterial growth. “However mould grows on surface of-jam;-jelly; ete;-if-not propetl sterilized. ee tells «-- When--food_is -preserved—in—strong..acidic ‘medium, survival» microbes becomes impossible. ae pe gb Eg: The use of vinegar (acetic acid) and lemon juice_(citic acid) common in home methods of (pickling) preservation in acidic medium tables “Pesticides are sometimes sprayed over foodgrains, fruits, ee ae ete. to ‘rsuet-spilag—howaver ir becomes toxe-H~ beyond safe level. ng nent ee ‘Scanned wih ComScanner464 Oil and spices ¢ When wu and Spices along with salt and Sugar are used, they not only resist the activity of microbes in food but also improves the flavour of the food which is being preserved. Spices like fenugreek, chillis, mustard and Pepper are used in pickling. Oil used in pickling forms a layer at top of food to prevent microbes in air to come in contact with food. 46.5 Canning 46.6 % It is a method of preserving food in a sealed container after application of heat, through steam under Pressure - where some microbes are destroyed and rest are rendered inactive. * Containers are sealed to prevent recontamination. % The product is sterilized at 135°C to 172°C for a few seconds and then cooked and filled in sealed container. ‘% This method is made useful for fluid products like fruit juices, Syrups, sauces, etc. Pasteurization 7 % This method is used to protect milk from bacterial infection. ee Oe * The pasteurization is done b ing_preeess-ter}-high temperature short time method. me me * In former, milk is heated to a minimum of 62°C for 30 minutes. Hk is Neated (0a a elon aS minutes In latter method, milk is heated to_70°C for 15 seconds. , milk is heated to. 70°C for 15 seconds. % Therefore milk is sterilized by boiling’ for a period of time or by application of heat in preparation of evaporated milk. % The sterilization depends on colour of milk and gives a caramel flavour whereas pasteuri have no change in colour or flavour of milk. ‘Scanned wih CamScanneri 4.7 CONTACT OR PLATE FREEZING 471 4.7.2 Plate freezers are used efficiently for regular types of blocks i: frozen. Here the product is made to have direct contact With the refrigerated surface. % However plate freezers are not versatile as air-blast freezers, +e They serve the purpose of freezing and storing the Product, “ They are classified into 3 types (i) Batch type (ii) Semiautomatic type Gii) Automatic type Batch type = They are used commercially, They are available in varying sizes, varying from 6 - 20 freezing Station and loading capacity of 100 - 1000 kg. * Two stage refrigeration system is used to achieve low temperature of about ~ 45°C, * Package size varies from 25 - 80 mm and freezing time for different packed materials also varies, > Heat transfer by conduction is less efficient as they require more time for packages of same size but not solidly packed. ° Advantage of using this: type-is that low maintenance cost, low freezing cost and rapid freezing of products, + Disadvantage is labour cost w) hich is more due to loading and unloading. Semi-Automatic type * It provides Operator controll led loading and unloading of package and is similar to batch type. © This system has refrigerated plates placed in elevator cage loca! in an insulator room, ‘Scanned with CamScannerElectric motor is used to Move the plates, wh izontal bar ‘S, when motor starts, ae Pushes package from belt conveyor to a waiting This type uses package of one size, Food eel Packed and should not discharge any moisture or drip, which results in sticking of Packages to plates. This difficulty can be overcome by defrosting periodically by hot gases. 473 Automatic plate freezer * Loading and unloading of packages are automatic and is controlled by series of micro switches’ and relay. Usually employed for large amount of products of order of 1000 - 7000 kg. 48 QUICK FREEZING + * In this method, by forced circulation of cold air, food products in storage are freezed. Quick freezing is done in one of following ways. 48.1 Immersion freezing + ° Here food products are dipped in low temperature liquids. As liquids are good conductors of heat and have good thermal ables rapid heat transfer, so that contact with products which en: ; product are frozen completely in short time. These liquid medium should be non-toxic and should not produce load effect on foods. The liquids used are sodium chlorine, brine, sugar brine and ie liquids Propylene glycol. ‘Scanned wih CamScanner4.8.2 4.8.3 Indirect contact freezing + ° Air blast freezing ° % % Animal products like fish, shrimp are frozen by immersion This method produces thin ice coating on Product , preventing food products from dehydrating during Storage, Only disadvantage is juice extracted from products by Os results in contamination and weakening of freezing solution, This defect is rectified by freezing products in canned or Pack form. Here, product is freezed when metal surface cooled by refrigera, like ammonia, or cold brine comes in direct contact with Product, Plate freezers are available in varied sizes and varying loading capacity of 100 - 1200 kg. Food products do not come in direct contact with refrigerant (0) cooling medium which maintains taste and colour of food. Disadvantage is the formation of ice crystal of bigger size tha immersion method on food product surface. Here, food product freezes when comes in contact with cold at This method provides excellent quality of food among other types Very low temperature air of about - 20°C to — 40°C is suppl at high air velocity of 30 m/min - 120 m/min to freeze the prot in this method. This method is mainly used for freezing fishery products shrimp, fish fillets, steaks, scallops or pre-cooled products in small packages. ‘Scanned wih CamScanner| geFRIGERATION SYSTEM ¥ a oie nd pe defined as Process by which heat is removed from lower temperature reservoir and transferred to higher temperature reservoir, ig! 1g It is a method to achieve and maii : ; intain low temperatu: supplying work input continuously, terug Wy Refrigeration system components: The main components of tefrigeration components ~ Compressor ¢ Condenser “ Expansion device (eg. thermostatic expansion valve (TXV)) ¢ Evaporator 410 COMPRESSOR 1, Compressor is a mechanical device that is used to increase the pressure. of the (gas) vapour refrigerant by reducing its volume and work must - be done by external agency. Low temperature low pressure vapour refrigerant from the evaporator is drawn through suction line to compressor. Then compressor compresses the refrigerant vapour at low pressure (or €vaporator pressure) and delivers high pressure vapour refrigerant to the condenser. Compressor must be driven by some form of. prime mover as work Should be done upon it to compress the gas. toy Centrifugal compressor ' The Fig. 4.6 shows the centrifugal compressor with double sided "Peller, * It consists of curved radial vanes which are attached to shaft and Totate, The impeller is a disc fitted with radial vanes. l * The casing is surrounding the rotating impeller. ‘Scanned wih ComScanner3 a 2 a E 6 ° a S 2 = S oO se s~ 8D iz Ingle - Eyed) and Radial vanes of re Centrifugal Compresso Fig. 4.7 Impeller (Si@ The diffuser is housed in a radial Portion of the housing « Air enters the eye of impeller D i i ~ Vue to the centrifugal action of impeller, the air moves radially outwards with th . id 7 impeller vanes. e guidance of 4 The impeller transfers energy to air by increasing its pressure. Wie) the air enters diverging portion called diffuser. Here, the kinetic energy is converted into Pressure rise further. «Nearly half the pressure rise is achieved by impeller and remaining by diffuser. “ A pressure ratio of 5:1 is obtained by single stage centrifugal compressor and for higher pressure ratio’s, multi stage compressors are used. Centrifugal compressor is a head or pressure producing machine. It has larger frontal area than the axial flow compressor. 410.2 Principle of Operation Fig. 4.18 shows the components of a centrifugal compressor. Air enters into the impeller through an accelerating nozzle and a row of inlet guide vanes (IGV). The accelerated flow in the nozzle enters the IGV and it directs the flow in the desired direction at the entry of the impeller. The impeller is made by one piece consisting of both the inducer section and a largely radial portion. The inducer receives the flow between the hub and tip diameters of the impeller eye and passes it on to the radial Portion of the impeller blades. The tips of the blades can be shrouded to Prevent leakage. The impeller discharges the flow to the diffuser through a Vaneless space. Here the static pressure of the fluid rises further on account ‘Scanned with CemScannerImpeller Eye Inducer TS | Driving Shatt 4.11 CONDENSERS * The condenser’s function in refrigeration system is to de-supetiel and condense the high pressure vapor refrigerant dischat the compressor. A et . 4 het * It is a heat rejection component in the refrigeration cycle st press high_pressure_ vapour refrigerant is condensed to high liquid refrigerant. There are different types of condenser. ‘Scanned wih CamScannerparallel-flow condenser je 4 In parallel flow condenser, as shown in Fig. 4.9 the vapour refrigerant : entering the condenser from the top and cold water is being sprayed in allel t0 vapour. The baffle plate ensures the Proper mixing of the steam ed cooling water. An extraction pump at the bottom discharges the condensate [0 the hot eee It may be fed to the boiler if the cooling water being used is free from impurities. A separate dry pump is used to maintain proper vacuum. Vapour)Refrigerant in HEPAT TE HYVER ATT HAVA EATH HTT LTA TEE LL Liquid|Refrigerant out Cold water in Fi 94.9 Parallel flow condenser4.11.2 Counter flow-Shell and tube condensor Warm Water out 7 { -—— Vapour refrigerant the gt -—> Liquid refrigerant Out to receiver ‘Cold Water In Fig. 4.10(a) Shell and -tube condenser (COUNTER FLOW) Refer Fig. 4.10(a) Counter flow condenser is preferred due to the high rate of heat transfer. In shell and tube condenser, cold water passes through tube from bottom. The hot vapour refrigerent enters in top and flows down in the opposit direction of cold water flow in the shell. So it is known as counter flow system. 10 liquid Since coolest water in bottom absorbs heat from coolest refige™ at exit, and the hot water at top absorbs heat from ae A (e refrigerant (at its entry), the temperature difference between wal and refrigerant remains almost constant through out the conden During the flow, the vapour refrigerant gets condensed in ‘Scanned with CamScanner7? Cross flow - Shell and tube condenser 4s peter Fig: 4.1000) Hot vapour refrigerant enters _—— Vapour a the 10P flows down in the shell, i xing 085 flow with the cold yatt and leaves in the bottom of condenser. «@ Cold water enters in bottom and moves in a —— Liquid refrigerant Out to receiver Fig. 4.10(b) Shell and coil condenser zig-2ag pattern (Cross flow) horizontally and flows to top and leaves in the top of condensor. During this pass, cold water absorbs heat from Tefrigerant and hence, vapour refrigerant gets condensed into liquid. 411.4 Evaporative surface condenser This type of condenser can be operated by supplying small amount of cooling water at reduced partial pressure to condensate the vapour refrigerant. Vapour refrigerant 4 Giilled tubes Liquid refrigerant outlet face Condenser Fig. 4.11 Evaporative Surf Scanned wth CamSeanner<—S The vapour enters through corrugated pipes. The cooling Water sprayed on the pipes to condense. the vapour refrigerant. The remaining y, falls into the open tank under the condenser which can be used over Rein, 4.12 EXPANSION DEVICES “This device is also called as metering device or throttling devicg, “It is connected between receiver, which has high pressure Tiguig refrigerant and evaporator which has low pressure |iguig refrigerant, thus dividing high pressure side and low pressure side “It’s functions are: 1— Reducing pressure before liquid refrigerant is fed to evaporator, 2 Controlling refrigerant flow on the basis of evaporator load, 3— Maintaining recommended pressure difference between low and high pressure sides of the system, so liquid refrigerant vaporises at required evaporator pressure. 4.12.1 Automatic Expansion valve (constant pressure valve) * It is also known as constant pressure valve because by opening and closing this valve, evaporator pressure is maintained to 4 constant pressure whatever may be the evaporator load. Fig. 4.12 shows Automatic expansion valve % This valve consists of a needle valve and seat forming an orifice a metallic diaphragm or bellows, spring and adjusting screw: % The two opposing forces acting on diaphragm-one is spring pressure and atmospheric pressure acting on top of diaphra™ other is evaporator pressure acting below diaphragm” responsible for opening and closing of needle valve with espe to valve seat. i : in By adjusting tension of spring with adjusting screw, os Pressure can be varied and it is done to maintain oO” evaporator pressure by controlling refrigerant flow. ‘Scanned with CamScanner* Metalic Diaphragm Fig. 4.12 Automatic (or Constant Pressure) Expansion Valve Liquid refrigerant out to evaporator When evaporator pressure is less, then diaphragm moves down opening the valve allowing flow of refrigerant which increases evaporator pressure until it reaches desired value. On other hand, if evaporator pressure rises, diaphragm moves up closing the valve, restricting further flow of refrigerant, which decreases evaporator pressure until it reaches desired value. When compressor is running, evaporator pressure is maintained in equilibrium with spring pressure and atmospheric pressure by valve. When compressor is stopped running, the liquid refrigerant flow to the evaporator continues, increasing evaporator pressure which in turn closes the valve. The valve is closed until compressor is started again and reduces the evaporator pressure. ‘Scanned wih CamScanner4.13 EVAPORATOR = The evaporator is a device whose function is to absorb heat the surrounding medium and changes from liquid reffigeran , vapour refrigerant. Though the temperature of refrigerant in evaporator is less thy surrounding medium, the evaporator remains cold even af absorbing heat and changing to vapour due to two reasons, 1. Evaporator coil temperature is low due to low refrigerant temperatuy inside the coil. 2. Refrigerant temperature is low and remains unchanged because the hey that it absorbs is converted to latént heat as boiling proceeds. 4.13.1 Bare tube coil evaporator ¢ It is simplest type of evaporator also known as prime-surface evaporator. It is simpler in construction which makes this coil to be cleaned and defrosted easily. “It has less contact surface area than any other type of evaporators however it can be increased by extending tube coil length, but there are disadvantages of using long tube. “ Expansion valve capacity limits the effective tube coil length. If tube coil is long, then liquid refrigerant tends to evaporate in early while it passes through the tube which leads to more supet heating at evaporator outlet. Suction line to «aL compressor Expansion valve Liquid refrigerant Evaporator Fig. 4.13 Bare Tube Coll Evaporator ‘Scanned wih CamScanner& = ° Also, long tube tends to cause pressure drop between evaporator jnlet and outlet reducing suction line pressure. mo ‘The tube coil diameter with respect to tube length is also important parameter. If tube coil Se is too large, then velocity of refrigerant will be low and refrigerant volume will be high with respect to tube contact surface area for allowing complete vaporization of refrigerant which causes damage to compressor as refrigerant enters suction line. If diameter of tube is too small, pressure drop due to friction will be high reducing system efficiency. This evaporation is mostly used in household-refrigeration as it is easier to keep clean. 413.2 Finned evaporator ¢ This type of evaporator has bare tubes or coils over which metal fins made of thin metals sheet with good thermal conductivity are bound. These metal fins help to provide good rate of heat transfer depending upon size, shape, spacing of fins. They are also called as extended surface evaporator because they face area required for heat transfer. increase contact sul onditioners where refrigerant temperature is They are used in air-c more than 0°C. n temperature that is The air-conditioning coil operating at suctio frost, has fin spacing high enough for avoiding the occurrence of as small as 3 mm. Vapour refrigerant refrigerant Fig. 4.14 Finned Evaporator ‘Scanned wih CamScanner+ 4.13.3 Shell and tube evaporator Vapour The finned coils that have wider spacns frost during on-cycle ta defrost during off-cycle. Chilled Liquid in Chilled liquid out refrigerant _ to compressor Liquid —— refrigerant Thermostatic expansion valve Fig. 4.15 Shell and Tube Evaporator Fig.4.15 shows shell and tube evaporation. It has cylinder shell inside which are enclosed a quite number of horizontal tubes. Each ends of tube are attached with perforated metal tube sheets both at inlet and outlet headers. These evaporators in general are used to chill water of brine solutions. These evaporators are operated as dry expansion evaporator where refrigerant flows through tube and liquid to be cooled is filled within shell around the tubes and they are used in 2 to 250 i capacity of refrigerating unit. These evaporators are also operated as flooded evaporators where wale or brine flows through the tubes and refrigerant flows around them in shell and are used 10 to 5000 TR capacity of refrigerating units. Scanned wth CamScanner— 4i4 COOLING TOWERS «A tower like structure through which air flows to cool the hot water in large quantities circulating through them is called cooling tower. It is used for refrigeration. system and air conditioning systems. The principle of cooling tower is that warm water is cooled by means of evaporation. ‘The evaporating water absorbs a small amount of latent heat from remaining water thus cooling the warm water. Air is also circulated to absorb sensible heat in small amount from remaining water. Cooled water is collected in sump at cooling tower which is recirculated through condenser. 414.1 Capacity of cooling tower eye Classification of cooling towers based on method of decreases as the air can abso! “ Capacity of cooling tower depends on amount of evaporation of water which in turn depends on following factors. The amount of water surface exposed to air. Exposure time period. Air velocity passing over water droplets. Wet bulb temperature of atmospheric air - this wet bulb temperature rb more water vapour thus increasing cooling tower capacities. air circulation 4.14.2 Natural draft cooling towers % Air is circulated by natural convection in this type of cooling tower. * They are also known as as atmospheric air is circ atmospheric natural draft cooling tower ulated through cooling tower. % The atmospheric natural draft cooling tower are of two types: Splash deck type and Spray type: ‘Scanned wih CamScanner4.14.21 Nozzles from Con Spray type Spray Header Spray ——— Warm Water in denser HWA YN a Me Louvers -——= Cooled Water out to Condenser Fig. 4.16 Atmospheric Natural Draft (Spray Type) Cooling Tower This type has framework and louvers made of steel which is: box shaped structure. Louvers are slant down to allow flow of air in and out of cooly tower and to also retain water in it. They are placed on roof top or open space where atmospheric # flow is available. Warm water in from condenser is sprayed through spray pelt at the top through a fine nozzle, which is essential for & performance of cooling tower, ul Warm water sprayed through fine nozzle enables more &*?" of water to air steam. Thus heat transfer occurs from water to air. ft . asl If spray is too fine, water is blown away by air called ®” es ing Drift increases water loss however doesnot affect cooling ‘Scanned wih CamScannersplash deck type J i ; ian this type has decking which is also called fi redwood hollow tiles, le, made from Ceramics, metal sheets or plastics. ’ Unlike spray type, they do not employ nozzles. Water box at top of the cooling tower has hole in it from which water splashes on the decking. Nozzle Hot Water in Make-up Water from Source ft ¢ Natural Draft ‘ooling Tower Fig, 4.17 Atmospherl (Splash Deck Type) C Scanned wth CamSeannerae The objective of decking is to increase the rate of heat trance, by exposing large amount of wetted surface to the air. 4 Decking also serves to break up water into small droplets thy, slowing the fall of water to bottom of tower. “ This type is 20 to 30 percent more efficient than spray type for same size and same quantity of water flow. 4.14.3 Mechanical draft cooling towers “ This type of cooling tower uses propeller or centrifugal fans o; blowers to force the air circulation through the cooling tower. The mechanical draft cooling towers are classified into two types (i) Forced draft cooling towers (ii) Induced draft cooling towers 4.14.3.1 Forced draft cooling tower “ Here, fan. forces air to enter the tower. Warm water is sprayed from spray header through spray nozzle. “Air is forced upward by propeller fan provided at the bottom side of cooling tower. TPL Eliminator Spray Header Warm Water in from Condenser [{ — Spray Nozzles Blower (Fan Motor) Cooled Water out to Condenser Make-up Water Fig. 4.18 Forced Draft Cooling Tower ‘Scanned wih CamScannerCooling is provided by means of evaporation as discussed earlier. ¢ Cooling is effectively improved when tower height is more, area of water surface exposed to air (or) velocity of air is more. Recommended air velocity is usually from 75 - 120 m/min with a flow rate of 90-120 m/min per tonne of refrigeration capacity. 1432 Induced draft cooling tower 4143. ¢ In this type, fan is located at the top of the tower where it sucks air upwards through the louvers which is in slant down position. ¢ Warm water is sprayed from spray header through spray nozzles where suction of air by fan is used to cool the warm water by means of evaporation. Air out Fan Motor Eliminator Warm Water in from Condenser Spray Header —- Spray Nozzles Cooled water out ‘condenser —— _ Make-up Water Fig. 4.19 Induced Draft Cooling Tower ‘Scanned wih CamScanner4.14.4 Advantages of mechanical draft cooling towers over natural draft cooling tower “ They are smaller in size than natural draft cooling tower for same capacity because forced air circulated through cooling tower jn large volumes increases the cooling capacity. & The amount of forced air controls the cooling capacity of mechanical draft cooling towers. “ The mechanical draft cooling towers can be located inside the building as they donot depend up on atmospheric air. 4.14.5 Disadvantages 4 The mechanical draft cooling tower needs additional power to drive the fan. % Operating cost is more due to the need of maintenance of fans, motors and controls. 4.15 REFRIGERANT LEAKAGE AND DETECTION Ad Ammonia (NH;) refrigerant leakage and detection: “Leak in ammonia can be detected in three ways. (@) Test paper 4 Ammonia is alkaline hence soft paper is dipped in solution of half a gram of phenolphthalein in a point of alcohol and is allowed t0 dry. yet & The dry _paper_is now cut in small strips. Cs red 4 To check for any leaks, the test paper is first wetted with wae! an, i tful areas of leaks. ‘If the ammonia leaks, paper will turn pink. “ This is the best method for checking leaks. — ‘Scanned wih ComScanner©) sulphur test eA sulphur fumes candle is used to | 5; locat ote candle and holding it near suspected ares atti by lighting the aK. ¢ Sulphur fumes when comes in contact with ammonia, ET ith ammonia, can_be seen. white vapour eS re @ Litmus paper Litmus paper is brought to the suspected areas of leaks. If there is any ammonia leaks, then the litmus ion the litmus paper turns blue. 415.2 Freon-12 leakage and detection () Halide torch detector “ Halide torch is used to detect Freon-12 refrigerant, leak. % Halide torch detector which is known as acetylene produces nearly colourless flame. Air is drawn through tube at base of burner_for combustion producing flame which burns through metallic coy i “ When air tube is brought near suspected leaks then the flame turns brilliant green. This type of torch detects 0.01 percent ncentratis Freon-12 refrigerants @W) Alcohol test Here leak detector turns alcohol, but works on same principle as halide detectors. % The detector is up type similar to blow torch. © If there is any Freon vapour in the air round the torch, then flame will burn green continuous) | Notes Leak detection test described for F' reon-12 is applicable for all Freon PP refrigerants like Freon-11, Freoml2, F reon- 13: ‘Scanned with CamScannernies 4.16 CHARGING OF REFRIGERANT 7. ¢ The amount of refrigerant to-the charged.depends upon size ‘7 type of installations and length of connecting pipes. The following hints may be used for charging. Clean (oil and moisture - free) drums should be used. New system should be evacuated. Air should not be drawn into the system along with refrigerant, in Order to ensure it, that the charging lines are purged and all connections ate tightened. The cylinder valve controls suction pressure so that it is not allowed to rise above 2 bar when charging. Liquid refrigerants are not allowed in compressor in any situation, The charging lines are not allowed to be flexible. To avoid overcharging, the head pressure should be watched. 4.16.1 Methods of charging refrigerant 4.16.1.1 Charging through suction valve * Refrigerant is charged through suction valve, before doing so the system is fully evacuated and charged as follows. Refer Fig. 4.20 Valve B is back-seated (closed) and valve A is discharged. (ie open) Connect charging line to suction-valve and attach pressure gauge '0 discharge valve and open half tum. - Connect other end of charging line to refrigerant cylinder. Open cylinder valve slightly and loosen the nut between cylinder and compressor inlet. Close suction valve line, so that gas is drawn by compressor fro” cylinder. : - Required refrigerant quantity -is~drawn--to compressor and suction Pressure is not allowed to be more-than.2_bar. gauge. Now close cylinder valve and allow compressor to run for sometim® so that pressure in charging line drops to 0 bar gauge. ‘Scanned wih CamScannerstop the compressor and suction valve is back-seated. Disconnect F Not setach the charging line and attach compound gauge. Turn the valve d de Meat turn. Expansion Vaive petigerant find. Singer Water Lines Lower Liquid Limit The system is now ready for testing and normal operation. * Refrigerant quantity to be charged is often (measured) weighed. * For this, the cylinder carrying refrigerant is kept on weighting platform or suspended from spring scale. S Cylinder can be kept in warm water to quicken charging. N61, ‘i Charging through discharge valve + | This is least used method. t Refrigerant flows by pressure difference between cylinder and high Side, Until the unit is charged, the compressor is not allowed to operate. Scanned wth CamSeannerExpansion Valve Refrigeration Cylingg, Fig. 4.21 When charging by this method, empty cylinder is weighed to know accurate amount of charge needed by system. After knowing ‘amount of charge needed, all cylinder contents are transferred. “ The system is evacuated and following procedures are undergone. Suction and discharge valve are back-seated. Until valves are wide open, gauge port of each valve is plugged closed. yf one Attach compound gauge to suction valve and turn the valve fo half turn. The discharge valve is installed with pipe-to-flare adapter this adopter connects the charging line too. 0 Connect other charging line end to cylinder, loosen the flare mt remove air from charging line. Then tighten the nut. Turn valve A abo - half way. sd As Refrigerant flow in liquid form into condenser, the cylinder is P “ bottom side. Scanned wth CamSeanner. After refrigerant flows into condenser. di . isch: i ren close cylinder valve and reitteh large valve is back seated. arging line. 7 Attach pressure gauge and turn valve about one-half turn and open the liquid valve. Now system is Teady for testing and operation. 4161.3 Charging through charging valve 4 This is safest, fastest method for charging. Charging valve is located between receiver valve and filter (or dehydrator). “ This valve reduces the charging time. « The charging refrigerant cylinder acts as réceiver when charging valve is connected to it. Liquid refrigerant enters system where before entering compressor it expands by liquid control valve. “ This avoids the liquid to enter compressor which is a potential dangers and also eliminates high vacuum occurrence which would cause oil to leave the crankcase. “ The procedure for charging is described below. 1. Evacuate the system and connect pressure gauge to discharge valve and compound gauge to suction valve. Gauge will read when valves are open for one-half turn. 2 Close receiver valve and connect refrigerant cylinder to charging valve by tubing. 3. Open cylinder valve and loosen flare nut to remove from charging line and tighten the nut. ; 4 To ensure liquid at valve end, tip the cylinder and open the charging and cylinder valves. ‘ the system to a needed amount. Frost Start the compressor and charge sige i is formed ar Goi of cylinder and charging line when cylinder becomes empty. ‘Scanned wih CamScanner() LJ < ge ss oe 2S =6 « Fig. 4.22 6. Close the cylinder valve once system is charged. Now run comprest to empty charging line. Close charging valve and remove it. Tk charging valve is capped to prevent leakage. 7. Open receiver valve R and now system is ready for testing al operation. % When charging ammonia refrigerant, the cylinder on the fos should be vertical and so valve stem points up. Charge connection for ammonia should be made of rigid ste! FY" and fittings. 4 7 J tio . For other refrigerants copper tubing is used and flexible con is dangerous. 4.17 SYSTEM CONTROL * To ensure economic workin, much essential, * i , reompertiqn_ of domestic refrigerator is shown in Fig- 43 | i are 2 of refrigerator, controls ‘Scanned wih CamScanner4? Pr 1 Starting relay It provides starting torque Tequired by motor for it to start To start compressor motor, thermostat should ‘be closed closed. When electric current Passes through running windi i . 'g Winding and starting relay, the armature is pulled, closing starting winding contacts 4 to electromagnetism. f ais due Current through starting, winding eae Provides starting torque to start As motor speed increases, current through motor winding decreases thus disconnecting starting winding by opening starting winding contacts. 417.2. Overload protector co It functions to protect compressor winding from excessive current, thus preventing damage due to overloading. It has bimetallic strip and this strip gets heated and bends when overloading occurs, there by it opens the motor contacts (contacts are closed during normal working of compressor) and de-energies it. Abnormal behaviour (like overloading) of compressor is due to low voltage, high voltage, high load, low suction pressure, high suction and discharge pressure. The overload protector is placed on compressor body which operates when heat produced due to current flow through metallic strip and heater element. 4173 Thermostat oe & & Thermostat controls the refrigerators temperature. Thermostat bulb is clamped to evaporator oF freezer. Bulb is charged with few droj intain differé Thermostat is set to maintain diffe ps of refrigerant. ent temperature at a time. ‘Scanned with CamScanner"= ¢ When desired temperature is reached, thermostat bulb Senses ; the liquid present in bulb compresses and bellows of the thermos operates opening compressor motor contact and compressor i stopped. “ The temperature at which compressor motor stops is called CUt oy temperature. ¢ When there is increase in temperature, bellows of thermosta, operates closing compressor motor contact thus liquid in the by), expands and compressor is started. S The cut in temperature is the temperature at which compressor motor starts. The thermostat reduces running time of compressor thereby Cutting the operation cost as well as improving the compressor life due to non-continuous working. Bulb of Thermostat Overload Protector Bellow of Heater Element Thermostat Bimetallic Strip 1 \ 1 | Starting Relay \ \ ' -1 Sunely Running Winding Armature Starting Winding Fig, 4.23 Electrical Connection Diagram of a Domestic Refrigerator “ Thus thermostat is very crucial in operation of the refrigerat™ ‘Scanned wih CamScanner