THE TEXTBOOK OF MATHEMATICS Sindh Textbook Board Printed By: Kashif Book Agency, Karachi — iS PS(FoR FREE DisTRE All rights are reserved with the SINDH TEXTBOOK, BOARD, JAMSHORO, Prepared by Association For Academic Quality (AAO) for Sindh Text Book Board ‘Reviewed by Directorate of Curriculum Assessment and Research Sindh, Jamshoro Prescribed by the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Hyderabad, Suku, Larkana, Mirpurkhas, Shahid Benazirabad and Karachi for Secondary School Fxaminafien Approved by the Education and Literacy Department, Government of Sindbe ‘No.SO(C}SELD/STBB-18/2021 for the province of Sindh Petron in Chief Pervalz Ahmed Baloch ‘Chairman, Sindh Textbook Board. ‘Managing Director Project Director Shahid Warsi Hfbwaja Asif Mushtaq Association for Academic Qualify (AFAQ) Asvociatitnn For Academic Quality (AFAQ) Project Manager ‘Cheif Supervisar ‘Rafi Mustafa “Yousuf Ahmed Shaikh Association for Academic Quality (AFAQ) Sindh Textbook Board, Jamshoro Supervisor AQarytay Kali SindhiTextbopk Board, Jamshoro AUTHORS REVIEWERS Mr Aflab Ali ot Prof, Abdal Saleem Memon Ye Mi Syed Afag Khas © Mr. Mahamunad Sagi Shaiich 4 Prof. Muhammad Farod4 Khan. Mr, Muhammad Wascem Me, Ovals Siraj + Me Afral Ahmed Ms. Iqra Mughal st Prof, Mahaounad Faroug Khan, Se Mr. Unter Kha? se Prof. Aljaz All Subchpoto ees se Me. Nasir Ahmed Memon Mr, Muhammad Yasir Ansari oe QMp, Mit Sarfraz Khalil Sand te Me. Aflab Ali Dprposing Designing & Mustration "echnical Assistance Mr. Mohammad Arslan Chanhan * Mr. M. Arslan Shafaat Gaddi_ Printed at: Kashif Book Agency, Karachi.Unit1 Unit 2 Unit3 Unita Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit7 Unit 8 Unit 9 Unit 10 Real and Complex Numbers ‘Logarithms Algebraic Expression and Formulas Factorization D Algebraic Manipulation \s Linear Equation and s Linear Graphs a ‘plications — AKG. and Triangles Unit ae Bisectors and Angles Biscctors ur ‘Sides and Angles of a Triangle > init 14 Unit 15 Unit 16 Practical Geometry - Triangles Theorems Related with Area Projection of a side of a Triangle Introduction to Coordinate Geometry/ Analytical Geometry 81 82-103 104-122 123-136 137-160 161-180 181-191 192-202 203-213 214-222 (223-234 235-242 243-250 251 = 267oe ‘After completing this unit, students will be ablé to: © Recall the set of real numbers as the union set of pati frrational numbers, “@ Represent real numbers on the number line. © Demonstrate a number with terminatin terminating recurring decimal on ‘the mamber line, © Distinguish the decimal repres tional and irrational numbers, “© Know the properties of real © dentify radicals and r © Differentiate be ‘exponential forms of an expression. @ Transform an in radical form to an expenent form and vice versa. "and value ws bf exponents to simplify expressions with neal exponents, define a complex mumber 2 represented by an expression of the form i}, where ais real and bis imaginary part and here i= V1 sas real part and b as imaginary part of 2=n+ib or z=(2,b) Jefine conjugate of a complex nuamier “© Know the condition of equality of complex xambers. © Cazry-out basic operations (1c. addition, subtraction, multiplication and divin) on complex numbers. }In pervious classes we have learned various kinds of numbers such as natural numbers {counting numbers), whole numbers, integers, rational numbers etc. All these numbers are contained in the set of real numbers. classification of real numbers is given below: 111 set of real numbers as the union set of rational rational numbers. ‘set of real numbers is the union of the set of rational and irrational NN jumbers. Le, R=Q.UQ’ ‘We have already learned about rational and irrational numbers. Real numbers have many properties as the properties of rational mambers,(FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION 1.1.2 Represent Real Numbers on the Number Line In the previous classes we have already studied whole numbers and integers and their representation on a number line, Similarly we can represent real numbers on number line. Let ua see the following examples. (Bxample[J] Represent the numbers > and? on the number line / Solution: a ° = Thus, in the above figure the point P, sie + and the point P epresonts Represent -15and 1 Lon ine. cl Solutio: Seri he ee Re sents number ~1.5 and P, represent a aa 3 11.3 Demo Number with Terminating and Non: g Recurring Decimal on the Number Line locate a number with terminating and non-terminating ping decimal on the number line, the points associated with the rational numbers yan where a, b are positive integers, we sub-divide > each unit length into b equal parts. ‘Then the a point of division to the right of the origin represents and that tothe left ofthe origin af the same distance represents R As Sa(FOR FREE DIETREUTION(FOR FREE DSTRIBUTION 1.14 Distinguish the Decimal Representation of Rational and Irrational Numbers. When we represent rational numbers in the decimal form then two types of decimal fractions are possible ie. terminating non-terminating recurring decimal fractions, while rational m are represented as non- terminating non-recurring decimal fra represent them in below table. Eee. lowing numbers as rational and irrational numbers and vach one in separate column. en YZ ay aan 15, 2 1 a GE ME MR wyB 22 al iy 12 (vil) e iil) 45) 3 we wa) Convert the following into decimal fractions. Also indicate them as ‘terminating and non-terminating decimal fractions. 5 4 3) 3° fi 1 ivy 22 207-0 Ow OF oi HE we MoERepresent the following rational numbers on number line. 8 nf 1 1 2 @ 2 os 3S qty at at e 2 950 M75 ab OTM wi -3 4, Can you make a list of all rational numbers between 1 and 2? 5. Give reason, why pi (rt) is an irrational number? 6 Tek (¥) the correct statements, & o 2 is an example of irrational number. a (@) ris an invational number. (i) 031591... is an example of non-termi non-repeating decimal fraction. (iv) 0.123is an example of recurring@@eimal fraction. ) 335 meine noe N (wi $e anexample ‘number. Gonchar tres In real numt exist properties with respect to addition snd multiplic Al number 4, b the sum is ¢+b and product is written at 121 ¢ Properties of Real Nambers erties of Real Numbers with respect to Addition losure Property: SS Sum of any two real numbers és again areal number. ‘N ie.¥a,beR—>a+ beR is called closure property wat addition. eg () 5,7eR35+7=12cR 43» 4,3 16:15 31, Gi) sq sty pyCommutative Property: For any two real numbers @ and b atb=b+a is called commutative property w.r.t addition eg. (i) 3+7=743 i) een (iii) Associative Property: For ang three real numbers a and band esuch that a (art)renar(b4e) O is called associative property w.r.t addition’ eg. (445)+6=4+(5+6) { fiv) Additive Identity: There exists a number Oe R . % 30,-2 “AS ‘additive inverses of each other. eg. \G+(6)=0= (0) +6=0 % ahd —6 are additive inverses of each other. fis ies of Real Numbers with respect to itiplication. losure Property: The product of any two real numbers a and bis again a real number. a> ie, abeR=>abeR, is called closure properly wart multiplication eg (@) 5,7€R=>()(7)-35eR 36 36) 18 ‘R. =lskFaek, no(?) pena(FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION Commutative Property: For any two real numbers a and b ab = ba is called commutative property w.r.t multiplication. eg @ Vi, eR a(V8)(V5)= (VS) @) 3, de R3x4=43 ete. & Giii) Associative Property: a For any three real numbers a,b and ¢ (ab)c= a(bc) is called associative property w.rt tion, eg. @ — 45,62R, then (4x5)x6 = 4x(546), 2, 4y/deR, then (2 Blox), ete. (iv) Multiplicative Identity: For any real number & On. le R w1=1xa=a, ‘lise eglx3=3%1-3, (%) — Multiplicati an For each Ag ‘here exists an element! ord eR a axh =1,thus Land aare the multiplicative inverses of each @ tithes = 3 Here3 and ; are multiplicative inverses of each other. (Q Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition For any three real numbers ay such that @ — ab+c)=ab+a0, it is called Distributive Property of(FOR FREE DISTRIGUTION multiplication over addition, (Left Distributive Property) ) — (atbye=ac+be, it is called distributive property of mukiplication over addition, (Right Distributive Property) eg, 3{547)=3x5 +347, (Left Distributive Property) (G#7)2= 3x24 72, (Right Distributive Property) Properties of Equality of Real Numb Following are the properties of equality of bers. () Reflexive Property IacR thena= a, (i) Symmetric Property Mabe R thena=b “©) (iii) Transitive Pro] TeashacR becepa-e Gv) Additive Wop Habae =be asc=bee, © M alive Property ‘a that, a=b then ac= be. ellation Property for Addition IfabeeR ifa+c-b+e thena=b ‘Cancellation property for multiplication IfaboeRand c#0 if ac= bc then, a=b Properties of Inequalities of Real Numbers. Following are the properties of inequalities of real numbers, ()— Trichotomy Property Ia,bceR then a> borac bora=b. Gi) Transitive Property IadoeR then () axbandbbandb>coa>c.Additive Property Tf.a,b,coR then (@) acb=aie< bts, ) a>boaterbre Gv) Multiplicative Property Tfa,b,ceR and ¢> 0, then. (@) a> b=sac> be, ) acbaacb-ac be (vy) Reciprocative Property Tfa,be R and a, b are of same . @) acaba! +ema>b ) cebtcoach similarly, ac> be=>a> b, where c > 0 O ) ace bo =>a 0Eee 1. Recognize the properties of reat numbers used in the ae @ pe} @ H(G ed (+4 Gay 94(2 12) a(ou20), (5022) a ( : oh -(% OGIEEDER his (wilt) “Qo “1 (vii) 11 (15521) = (11515) «21 es man Fs a 8 10 Sa (3. A (be V $558. iL 2, ‘Hill the correct real numt gO ‘to make the real numbers property comect 3 0 (2 ) a Oak a7. : 8}2-(-8) 99. % 22 om (2}(2)-0 w) = 0 (vi) seg ae 5) 3B following blanks to make the property correct, true. NS S < > Wi) W0>Band8>5> (ii) 3<6349¢__ fix) 4<65448¢__ v) 8>636+8>_Fill the following blanks which make the property comrect/true: @ 575K I2< x (i) 7>S=7~12>__ x Gi) 6>4 36% (-7)__4x(-7) (iv) 2<8=2%(-4)__8x(-4) & 3. Kind the additive and multiplicative inverse of the slime real ss 6 03-7 anos ay OF wo 1.3 Radicals and Radicands, O 13.1 Identify radicals and radicands Letne 2" Get of Positive inte >L also letaeR, then for any, number x, such that -x*=@ 2 =>x= Ya (square root of a) similarly, =a? => x=Va (cube root of a) we = x= Va (47 z00t of a) 1 x a2 x= a =3x—Va (a root of a) Ink led radicand and ‘n’ is called the index. ‘The symbol J is called radical sign. Differentiate between Radical and Exponential forms of an Expression As we have studied that: 12312 Similarly, a?, a3, 22, a", a” are some examples of exponential form. Vais ina radical form,Here, is in radical form and a” in exponential form. Here are some properties of square root Foralla,beR” AmneZ ‘Then, @ Vaxsb= Jab ay) eave an Expression given in Radical Form to an Exponent Form e versa properties of radicals and exponential forms are very useful when we simplify the expressions involving radicals and exponents,Example[J] Transform the following radical expressions into exponential forms, of & ye eye wae © Yar Solutions: © : 5 og-Q} fy Tas? Gy was ong?) (ef (0) Hey 00) d ‘Example[J] Transform the rs forms into tadical expressions. j og) «aa ee ant y' ol (2f Solutions: ve fous voy Gi) C nie yen? ge x F zy ww) = (J of a) te & the base and exponent of the following: 3 Gi) —_ ii) C30)" 2 Identify radicand and index in the following: o8® ww & a) Fe3. ‘Transform the following into exponential farms. 7 @ a fe «i & vy VOR? wi? wy VP 0 wo) oan Pom NE ss 4. — Transform the following into radical forms. O 1 a(ey (a ns ii) 5x) by? les wa ol PU rd ee ten O ‘Laws of exponents or Q ant in many fields of mathematics. 14.1 Recall Base, Expon¢ falue of Power Consider an expor @ here, ‘a’ is called the base and ‘n’ is called exponent of“inded ie, read as a to the nth power. The result of at where ae R i jts value. 1.4.2 Apply ‘Exponents to Simplify Expressions with Real Exponent The f laws of exponents are useful to simplify the expressions, of Product of Powers Iabe Rand xyeZ* ‘Then, ax a! =a" NX me examples based on this law are given below: > (@) Pxd = 92 = 97 (0) 3x3° =3493° =729 (ii) Law of Power of Power Ifae Rand x yeZ*, then( a)’ =a ‘Some examples based on this law are given below: @) ()t=5%*= 5%6 4) 6 a 6 12 o (ol GS -@) ’ 3 _(.3y_ (3 TA oo (ii) Law of Power of a Product For alla,b,eRand neZ*, Then, (ax by" =a" ‘inadequacy of zeal number, mathematicians introduced anew number 57, imaginary unit and denoted it by the letter # (iota) having the property that i-—1. Obviously i is not real number. It is a new mathematical entity that enables us to find the solution of every algebraic equation of the type x”+a=0 wherea>0. Numbers like V1 =iV =5i,S9 = 7: are called pure imaginary number.Definition of Complex Number Anumber of the form a+ibwhere a and b are real numbers and i is an imaginary unit i.e, i= Lis called a complex number and it is denoted by 2. eg. 7=3+4i isan complex number. ‘The complexnumber a+ ib can be written in order pair form( a,b) such as 5+8/=(5,8). 152 Recognize «as real part and b as imaginary part of 2=«4+%5 Inthe complex number 2= a+b, “a” is the teal pat of compl and “is the imaginary part of complex number. The real part smumber is denoted by Re(2) and its imaginary part is denoted ISS eer anima parish RDO cn. 23-21 Here, Re(z)=a=3 and Ien(z)=b=-2 Ne 15.3. Define conjugate of a complex number Conjugate of z is denoted by z ie, lizeatib,then Za ib or and, if2= «4h, then = avih In conjugate we just154 Know the condition of equality of complex numbers ‘Two complex numbers are said to be equal if and only if, they have same real parts and same imaginary parts. ie. VabodeR, such that a+ ib= c+ id, iffa-candb=d. ‘Example [J] If 4x + 3yi=16 +93, find x and y. Solution: Given that 44 Byi=16+9i — Ar= 16 and 3y=9, 3 1 and Wo 8 ox and yo3. (BEAGLE U2? +? =25+136, tind vandy. d Solution: Given that 2? + i= 254361 = x? = 25 and x=ivB and y=1V36 > x lex numbers in the form of a+ib for the given ordered, @ 2) @) 22) (ai) BA) Gv) C1, (¥) (22) (vi) (3A) 2, Identifyugal nd imaginary parts for the following complex numbers. (ii) 9144, ii} (5,6) me ind the conjugate of the following complex numbers. (i) 8424 Gil} (4,9) (ail) (1,1) ie yy ® NS4, Verify that(@) = z, for the following complex numbers, oGhG) ERG) as (iv) 2438 22} (vi) dee iy Oo 3. Find the values of x andy, when W) xtyi=-S+ BF (i) P +a (ii) vin (iv) Px, 1.6.1 Carry out Basic Operations (Ad Sabtraction, Multiplication and Division) ex Numbers (i) Addition of complex numb: Let z= 04ib and 2,¢€}id“e any two complex mmbers Va,b,¢, deR, then, tg (aid) + (gE EY Remember that: +o) select acta (@,b)+(c,d)=(a+c,b+d) Example: liz= 6+ 9igde,-$1 +2, find 2+ 2, Solution: Given jifat = (69) and 2,=-14-2i=(-1,2) wwe kan 2+ m= (a+) Hori) =(a+0,b+ d BREE N+CLY = 216-1,942) 61) jubtraction of complex numbers. Let am a+ thand 2 0+ id, Va, b, ¢ dR, then 21-2 (a+ ib)— (c+ id) = (4-<) +4.0-4) = (@-~ bd} Ux -7+ 2 and 2 4-Si, find 2-22. Given that z=—7 + 24 = (-7,2) and 2=4 -9i= (4-9) we == (a-6b- me eel (a2)-(ed)=(0-0b-d)Multiplication of complex numbers, Let m= a+ ib and z= ¢ + id, be any two complex numbers, vabcde 2:%q=(arib)(erib) =c(as-ih) + di(a+ib) = ac boi + adi + bei? = (uc -bd)+i{ ad-+ be) =(ae—bd, ad + be) ‘Example ij fz, =3~-47=(3,4)and z, =-3-4i=(-3,-4), Solution: Given that 2,=3+4i=(3,4)andz, “se We know that 212, =(ac—bd,ad+ 4m =(3,4){-3,-4) 4, =(-9416,-12-12)=! 7G) iv) Division of complex. Let n=atib= (2,5) Division of jber 21 by another complex number z2 written as under 4 PA Coa cars os (a,b (ees) _(ae+bd)+i{bo—ad) (ed) Cad ead ~ Ore (eas =) edt ad? aerbd be ~ad (F553) +i(Example[] simplify: 2+ 243i ahi Solution: = (Feb HE -2) Hence sil 10°10 10° Perform division of ca 43):(2,-4). ers using division formula. COA+O-H) B)-CO- Pepay Fay’ 212 6-4 4416 “at 16, a4 2 nyPerform the indicated operations of the following complex numbers. €9(3,2)+(9,3) (32)(2.3) (i (249, ov)-(S) or) Gv) (15,12)-(10,-9) QR w(sa}a) soar OS (i (4-3)8-8 om (O06 ro) (9 (3.-7)+(3.2) 045 3. Simplify and write your answer in. ib 4 ys sega verify that Oa+z (8) 4-4 =4-4 5. Tez, =2-Siandz) 2+34, verify that Se (ii) The additive identity in R is Gy) HET REE ©) He nina umber.(vill) The conjugate of -3 + 5iis - (&) In 2i(8-, the real part is (%) The product of two complex number (0,2) and (ed) ie. (a) {ed =__. 2 Read the following sentences carefully and encircle ‘T’ in case of F in case of false statement, () Ris closed under multiplication. fi) ifx 0, y> Oand a #1), Define a common fogarithes, ‘and mantissa of log of a atmber. ‘Use tables to fing the log . Give concept of zt Ardent the antllog of a muunber. ae of caiculator and antilog of a number. Differentiate ‘and natural logarithma, Write, logy simply logy and log.(y) asin y, Na ya, = OE ye the following, laws of logarithene Jog = og log ~ 1og,(@)> tog. - log, (i) loge = log.m, (i) Toga log, togye Apply these laws of logarithms to convert lengthy processes of muttiplication, division and exponentiation into easier proceases of addition and subtraction etc. ea eat d\Logarithms were introduced by the great muslim mathematician Abu Muhammad Musa Al-Khawarizmi, Letter on in the seventeen century and Jol Napier developed the concept of logarithm further and prepared ta far it. In these table the base “e” was used. e is an irrational number approximate value is 2.71828... . In 1631, Professor Henry Briggs d&el6 thetables with base “10”. By the use of logarithms the enormous labour of reduced and it is performed with great ease, Pee Q very latge or very small Scientific notation is special form to numbers conveniently. 21.1 Express a number in standar scientific notation and vice versa In the world of science a fogy; we deal with very large and small numbers and quantities, thé distance from the earth to the sun is 150,000,000 km appr: ly and weight of hydrogen atom is ,000,001,7g.The writing of such type of tion (Standard notation) is too difficult for everyone consuming, Scientists have developed a convenient methgd to write very small and very large numbers that is called scfagtific notation. e mentioned number in section 2.11 can be simply and in scientific notation as: 15 x 10° km and 7 * 10% ively.The following examples will help to understand the scientific notation, Express the following numbers in scientific notation, @ 400900 i) 0.000075 Oo Solution: QR @ 400900 In given number, decimal is after the unit digit, so point up to five digits from right to left, and write as 400900 = 5, which is the requized scientific notation. (0.000075 ‘There are 7 digits after decimal poi There is ‘7’ first non-zero digit in it, so, we from left to right and write as 0.00000% = 495°* 10, which is the required scientific notation of the given num! Write the follow notation @) 276%1 5.24 104 en decimal number. Solution: @ 27% The power of Isis 6, so we move decimal point from left to right up to six decimal plages but there are 2 digits, so, we put 4 zeros from right side then the ndinary form is 2.76 x 10° = 2760000, is the required : < 5.24% 104 There is negative 4! power of 10, so-we move decimal point from right up to 4 decimal places but there is already one digit before decimal point, so, we put three zeros before the digit 5, and then we get the required notation. Thus, 5.24 * 10-4= 0.000524 is the required notation.Express each of the following numbers in scientific notation. @ 9700 (i) 4,980,000 (iii) --96,000,000 (iv) 4169 (W) 84,000 (wi) 0.00643 (wil) 0.00643 (iti) 0.0074 (x) 0.0074 @) 2 Express the following numbers in ordinary notation (Standard @ «7x1 8.07210 Gi) 6.018 x 10" (iv) 7865x108 (we) 205x104 (wi) 7225, (vii) 4.502% 10° (vii) 2865 «10 Gx) 3. 22 Logarithms Logarithms is a method of reducing aT multiplication/ division into simple form. 2.2.1 Define logarithm of a real num| ase @ as a power to problems of Thus, a= y © loge mtrm & ‘an exponential form and log,y = x is a Jogarithmic form. The swt, Se iples will help to understand the concept of exponential and logarithmic forms. 2 z in logarithmic form, 11 “16 Write log, 81=4 in exponential form, Jog, 81=4=53* =81 Find the value of log,2. Solution: Letx=log,2 Exponential form is 1 ‘Solut log, -=-4 ObrasEquating exponents on both the sides, we have 2x=1 = xt 2 Find the value of x If log, 8= > Oo Solution: 1og,8=3 QR Exponential form is a 5 > &P=8 e) 2 d > @-2 Taking power Zon both sides aa 2 => (2 -@°)8 O 3 22 = x=d Solution: Exponentialzm ee 1. Write the following in logarithmic form. @ 7°=343 @) 3t= a (i) 10 =0.001 Gv) Yn7=1 2. Write the follawing in exponential form. Ve @ tog, ti= 5 io) (ii) log,91=0 ro) 3. Hind the unknown in the following. : 1 7 O bgax=} (i) log loge 25=y uy ogex=3 ©) y (oi) log,b4=3 (vi) Toga-0 BI-y Gi) logud-* 2.2.2 Define a common i characteristic and mantissa of log of a number Commnion lo; 8 Ilogy=xey=10° ristic and Mantissa of log of a number Logarithms of a nuniber consist of two parts. One partis integer e second part is decimal fraction. Integral part is called > ‘Characteristic and decimal partis called Mantissa. It is noted that characteristic of logarithm may be positive or negative, but mantissa is always positive, for this we use logarithmic tables. In scientific notation, the power of 10 is called characteristic and. ‘mantissa is found by using log table which would be discussed later. ©o have base 10, itis also named as arlificial logarithms 6 Briggs logarithm. Commofhjog writin as log, yo: simply logy. 4th‘Example[] Find the characteristic of the following numbers. 0.765, 0.04, 0.004967, 2.134, 23.56 and 3456. Nos. | Number | ScientificNotation | Characteristic 1 [0765 7.65x 10"! “Lort Oo 2 [0.04 40x 10% ord 3 | 0,0045467 | 4.5467 10° Bord a [zis 21Bax 10° 5 é 23.56 2.356X 10 3456 3.456x 10° ‘We observe that © Characteristic of logarithm of a numi greater than 1 is always nonnegat integer. © Characteristic of logarithm of a1 than 1 is always negative. ‘Mantissa: The manti 3,2 orl instead of -3,-2 or —L respectively. ‘When mantissa becomes negative, then, we must change it into +ve number, because mantissa is always positive. practical a four figure lo ic table is useful for accuracy to fine ithm of a number. le to find the log of a number. lowing will help us to find the logarithm by using table. gantiple{]] Find the Mantissa of the following logarithmic numbers (log 43.254) Gi) tog (0.002347, Solution (): log (43.254) Step: Ignore decimal and round off the number up to 4 digits. Then we have number is 4325,Locate the row corresponding to 43 in log table. Proceed horizontally to third digit Le. 2. The number at the intersection of 43" row and 24 column is 6355. Again, proceed horizontally till mean difference col till AP digit 1e.5, we get number 5 at the intersection.o column and 43" row. Add 5 in 6355; we will get 0.6360 as the log (43.25).8 @ 70 cl 2 2 a 2 7 Fa Fa 0 3H a = s[s[s|2]s]e]2] rE E/E) B/E] S/E|S || SIE 2 asSolution (ii): For log(0.002547) we ignore decimal and zeros before the digit 2 and seein the log table at the intersection of row 23 and column 4 is 3692, Add mean difference column corresponding to the digit 7 is 13 in 3692. we get 3705. The required Manti 03705. So, Mantissa of log (0.002847) is 0.3705, QR [Example[}] Find the log of the following numbers: a @ «278.27 Gi): 0.07058 Solution: Let x = 278.27 ‘Taking log both sides, Loge =log (278.27), Step 1; Round off the number up to 4 Digits Camp. Step 2: 278.3 = 2.783 x 10 So, characteristics is =2. Step 3: For finding mantissa By using log tab! Step 4: Add characteri We get, Solution@i:Let The logarithms numbers of the same sequence of significant digits have the same mantissa. thto round off here. Four digits are . For example, the 's0, characteristic = -2or 2. numbers 0.004576, Ignore decimal point and find mantissa of — 0.04576, 0.4576, 45.76 7058. etc, have the same By using log table, mantissa of 7058 is 0.8487. mantissa. Step 4: Add characteristic and mantissa, ‘We get, Log x =log, (0.07058) =2.8487.1. Find the characteristics and mantissa of the following Logarithm. @ 8 (i) 5054 (ai) (wi) 7653 0.00829 (vi) 2. Find the logarithms of the following numbers. rr) Gi) 35.58 (i) (vi) 4053 000869 (vi) 3. I log 31.09+1.4926, find the value of the followin, table, (i) fog 3.109 (i) fog 310.9 0.003109 (iv) og 3109.0 (©) [og 310: Tog 310926 2.24 Give concept of antilog and ee ties to find the is antilog of a number. flog x= y, then x is called anti written as x =antilog y. If the common logarithm af a Crean ,, then we find the number x by using the, following two rules. antilogarithms and with the help ofapap TET Pe EE) EEE) BEES EYE WS EW ED a [esefaesfiess Lif eda Posofrosfo it PPTs tays] Peazefaafo i PPTs is Tals] ferent anise te f2fate tats) a SSE ZB BBO e Stee ese ee eee I) =P EL PP ETTMean Differences pa oc faa fd tet | 46 [2884 [2001 {2897 ]2908] 2211] s3i}203ef2saa} a Jif 2T3)3 Tats tered ae Sees ES) ee) EE [aa [soon Drspesprsn paps Dale Pet fe] [so fs 70 sur fave se[no9fszoefsaa sai seals 2 | PS fe | [feel sf foaled PLT ES Be BE Ae Pape EER Oooo [57 [s7a5|s724] 3733 374 refers} ayss|a{2]s[s[atsfe|7]s] [58 [aoe far [ss19] [esc sass [pace aaadeven [a [> Teta ts fol [a] | 50 [s8s0]s899] 3908 3017] 3926 [3936] 3545 Jessa] $963]3972]3 | 2] 3] «Ts isto] Ts] [80 [set [3990] 3299 [2009] 4018 [027 [sevg| cdeefaoss [acca] [> [3 [ets tele [7s] [81 [207s fvoss | «093 sio2[ e111 [erat [Mago] Zao} sof aisofa [2] 3] «Ts Te[7ps[o] [82 [eres faire exes aioe] 207 Jaotn] 1227] «236] «246) sos6]a | 2] 3] «Ts te t7}e[o] [zee [776 [e205 [2295] «305] +315 [4254335] esas |eass]a 2 [sft sfel oats] [436s [374] 4305 [<395f «ae [rete] s4z6| ane [sass |eas7] if 2 [ate [sfo]7 [all [ase] san ons gts [sere] veoa] eas [55] 1607] [acoso] Papa far fore faran aoa 75] [3 [rap sao ca forza] ca | carson 7 [303 ce] [70 [ept[Segsfonss [oar sosfacro soe so] 105] see aeaeeatMean Differences [a2 [osor [aes [oor [oes sf occa sensJosna] aria[ msoferas[ > Ta] s Tefal oTupiaqial [oS Perea eae ence fee eo desss fee ees ta Ths Tote Ts Ealiebe | 4 [osi8[6e3s [6250] s966 6282 | 5996] 701 [roca] 2 [SS Te Pe frolsa[i3hus] bs fee ee aa sbeebs bead Se fegegeeegaa ihenbsabed za fel fall elle ]=[e] sfeTelELEe [sss0f 986s [ees fegoa]¥2s1] 9954) [327 Se PEE eee =EREEH-E-RER ao GE aa re [6ie [938 [56eup55ba] 2705] 9727] 2750] 2 [417 Ts [afta] s6fief20}Find the number whose logarithm is, (i) 1.3247 (i) 2.1324 Solution (): Let x = antilog (1.3247), Here log x = 1.3247 Step1: Now characleristic= 1 and mantissa = 0.3247 Step2: Naw locate the row corresponding to .32 in the antilog tabi Step 3: Proceed horizontally to third digit that is 4, The num intersection of row 32% and column 4 is 2109. Step4: Again, proceed horizontally go to mean dif where the value is 3. Step5: Add 3 in 2109, we get 2112 as the required di Step 6: Since characteristic is 1, so putt decimal ces fram left to right, thus require antilog is 21.12. Solution (ii):Let x= antilog (2.1324), Here Log sda Here, Characteristic=2 and 1324 Now see 13 in antilog ding to column 2, we eos in found 1355 and mean 4% column is 1, so it is 1355+1=1356. Characteristics is Qo thus required npffiber is (01356. 2.2.5 Use of calculat ¢ log and antilog of a number Example 1. By using, t, determine the value of log (41230). Solution: Let x “10g, (41930), Our first step is to 0) press the ‘Log! key. eri Now enter’ ) (We want to determine its value) Final parenthesis and press the "=" key. see the value of the log (41230) on the which is, 4.615213335 ‘Thus, log (41230) = 4.615213335(Example []: By using calculator, determine the value ofanti-log (4.615213335). Solution: — Wehave to use the antilog function key. @ 0g! key Enter 4.615213335 followed by the right parenthesis symbol (iv) Press ‘ENTER’ key The answer of antilog 4.615219385 is 41 is number is rounded off to 41230. 1. By using table, fi i) @ 3.56721 17427 ii) -035749 2, Find the Logit ‘the following numbers by using calculator. 0 (i) 4354 Git) 36582 (wi) g2 (0.00851 (wi) a.000097 3 Ki alue of x from the following, using calculator. 7508 (2) log x=0.6609 (ii) log x=2.2192 009 (W) log x-0.0009 (vi) log 13.8505 N (vil) log x=1.6132 (viii) log x=2.777 (bx) log x=3.3465 (x) log x=4.8455 (i) log =6.7835 (xii) log 2=9.6875 a 4800 (xiv) log x-7.0038. (xv) log x=5.687 PEN urd aee 24.1 Prove the following laws of logarithms. © log (rm) = log, m+ loge @) log, G)~ log-log@ For real numbers m, 2, aanda>0, a¥ 1, log (we) = log m + log Proof: Let log sna x and log n=y,, Then m-arand n-a! Now mu=a'- af (0 Forreal numbers m, x, 4 “i —log, Proof: tater say my. Then Tie Now 8.2K“ na Se rae Gay :ntial form into logarithmic form >. Boyy ‘i \ # > lence, log, = logm—log,n (Ul) For real numbers m, », aanda>0, #1, log. = nog.Proof: Let log mm =x Then me a* Now mo — (a7)™ mead By changing exponential form into logarithmic form mcs S Hence log," log.ra iv) Change of base property For real numbers g bn ad 2>0, N d Jog, 18st log, @ Proof Let log,n= So, n-a Taking logarithms of both si ase b, we have logyt= logy a log, =alog os logy =nlog.mn _ logy Io Hence logyi=7 5. 208s log (2be) as a sum of logarithms. sing the Law of logerithm, log, (2bc) =log 2+og,b+log,c, Hence expressed as sum of the logarithms. Aimiple[5] Express log(52.5 x 63 4.567) as a sum of the logarithms, Solution: Using the Law of logarithm, 10g(52.5x63«4.567)= log 52.5 + log 63 + log 4.567 Hence expressed as some of the logarithms.Note that () log,(mn) #logam x log.n (3) logam + logantloge (m +n) Solution; Apply difference law of log, v2 } oF 213.1 log (2 fice 213.1—-log 34.22. d Hence expressed as a difference caesine Express log,2*asa product, We know that log. @ log. 2" = xlog.2. a $5 wing logarithm in terms of log x, log y and log z. meee aplog, (PW PF | OX (es) 4 (33) (005, EF (yetReduce each of the following into a single term, i) log, 20-log, 15+ 10g, 3 Gi) Flog, 2-1)" + Piog, (e+1)—Hog, (+1) Gil) logy-2 loge+3 log(r#1) -log(*—1). Oo 3. If log2 = 0.3010 , log = 0.4771 and logs = 0.6990, then tues of the following without using table. (@log15 i) loge) sanity Os () log Vi8 (wi) 10g30 wil) Jog QRaid ue log: 4. Prove the following: ok. () log, mx log, a =log, a a slog, b Cr i 1 (i) logy aog. bio Gat 5. Verify the following: () log, 7xlog ,25 =: (ii) 1og,343x log ra fi) log, 2x log, 81 =4 (iv) log, 16« log ,216 -12 TL arrogance g of logarithm to convert lengthy processes of pista, division':and vexponknltal ints’ caster | eaicese al <) and subtraction etc. wie) Stlowing examples will help to understand the application of # of logarithm. [E] Find the value of (8.573)(28.74) by using logarithm, Let a= (8.573)(28.74) Taking log on both the sides, we have,4 loge =log(8.573 +2874) => log.x=log(8.573) +log(28.74) Jog x = 0.9332+1.4585 => logx=2.3917 Q) asantilog(23917) QR Thus, x= 2464 a \Example[ Find the value oy by using logarithm. i _ 213.4 Dd Solution: Let x =2283 ‘Taking log on both the sides, we, logx=log{ 23 34.22 213. u > log= tog = Ae Flog 34.22, ( voe(# Flos dog b ) By refefring lg table, we have, 1x =2.3286 — 1.5343 0,7943 20.7943, antilog, we have, x= antilog (0.7943), by referring antilog table we have, *=6227, — (‘characteristic = 0 and mantissa = 0.7943). Thus, required value of 2s found 6227[Example[]) Calculate see by using logarithmic rules. peaeara 234 ‘Take log on both sides, & exe tog 2815392 a ao) _ tye (38x 97.92 -pee(“S) d ous near 9-ogah = F(05925+15768- 1 =—(1.7424 Sina KO =08712 x= antilog = ‘Example{] Am of digits ina* Solution: P 10g on both the sides, we have, 1g = logs, (*loga"= nloga) logn-5 log 4, log = 5x0.6021, (since tog4 = 0.6021) > log =3.0108, Since number of digits = characteristic +1, so, number of digits in 4°= 3+1=4, Solution: Letee Tae LAA 1. Find the values of the following by using logarithms. (57.86 4.385 (i) 25.783x0.5341 63 ) jai) 25.753 maa ) Sam O53at (ii) 92709423! 6 (5.62) (67:19) (67197 69.53 yx (Saas eosry (0.3387; RP ) (3.048) 2 Find the ms gits in the following. wa? Gy 3 iy? wsRead the following sentences carefully and encircle “T” in case of True, and “F” in case of False statement. () 0.025 can be written in scientific notation as 25x10° Gr (3) Logarithm was invented by Al- Beruni, F (ii) Integral part in the logarithm of a number its characteristic. /F Gv) Mantissa in the logarithm of a is always negative. Ty © T/ (©) loge-yerat=x. F 2. Fillinthe blanks. O i) )3. Tick (W) the correct answers. @ log, x=4, then x= . (a) 500 (b) 100 (91000 (a) 10000 (i) The characteristic of log 54.58 is. as 10 We @o @)1 2 (a4 QR (il) The base of common logarithm is, ~ (iv) logxyz= (2) logelogylogz (© legeyy* (¥) Scientific notation of 0.00 (a) -7.89x10° (0789x107 (d) 78,9x107 (vi) logr=2 Q (@) 200 00 100 oi) If ihe a @ OF @3 z Nes in the Natural logarithm is . a) be (x (a5 x 3°= 243, can be written in logarithmic formas__ a (a) log, 5 = 243 (6) log, 283 =5 (© log243- 12 (@) log, 3-243© — Ifat=y, then xis called the logarithm of y to the base ‘a’ and is written as logay =x, where a> Oy > Oand a#1 © — Common logarithms have base 10, it is also named as, logarithm and usually written as log instead of J logarithms have base @, (an irrational number) he is 2.7182818.... and written as Inx instead of log, x. © logr-yeo0’-x ee y © The integral part of logarithm of any ce led characteristic and fractional part is called mantissa, © Characteristic of logarithm of a is always positive, © Characteristic of logarithm © Negative characteristic 3, -2or-1. © The logarithms having the same sequence of digits have 2 < is always negative, ithm can be written as3,2 or] instead of © Them conding to a given log is called anti-logaritim. : (mn) = log, mn-+log, mt oe = N tog, logy log,” Gii) log," =nlog 7 logy log,a this law can also be written as log.a.log x= log. (iv) log,n=A TZTALGE EBRA XPRES AND’ iFORMULAS| Student Learning Outcomes (SLOs) ‘After completing this unit, student 4 Know that a rational expressions behaves © Define a rational expression as ag where qf), fs not the zero pol © Examine whether a given algebraic isa © Polynomial or not, (0) IGEXP © Rational expression Define 28 as a ra in its lowest term, if p(s) and g(x) are) als with i 3s and having wo common factor. Examine whether Algebraic expression in ins lowest form or nat. Reduce a given sat exsiont9 its lowest form, Find the a ‘and the produict of rational expressions its rm, 5 of the algebraic expressions at some particular real numbers, formulas te—UP= 2a +B) and (a+ DE (eb? =Aab, the values of ‘e+ B? and of ‘eb’ when the values of ‘a+b/ and ‘a—P' areknown. Know the formula (a+ b+ oPaat 440+ 2ab+ Moe + 200. ind the values of a+ #4 ef, when the valuea of @-+ ht cand at + been ase given. © Bind the value of a+ 8-+¢ when the values of a+ Fe + eand ab + be ex are © — Bind the value of ab+be+en when the values of a+ i+ 0¢ and ep Es uTrywt° e e Know the formulas (est =o 23001040) +B, (Be -Sabta-0)-P. Find the values of a + when the values of ‘u £ Wand ate given, > Rind the values of 5, when the value of: is given, Know the formula ss B= lab) +B, Find the product of #2 and 22+4, Find the productof x= and 43 +1. Find the continued product of (+ yO — yh? + ay YF) Ni? ay +) Recognize the surds and their applications. Explain the surda of the aecand order. ‘Use baste operations on surds of second ordero ra¥onlize the denominators and tocvaluatefaem. Explain rationalization (with precise medning) Bf real numbers ofthe types 1 ey integers. athe and their combinations, wher€x and y are natural numbers and @ and # are@ We have already studied about Algebraic expression in previous classes. Let's discuss its types. Following are the three types of algebraic expressions. (@) Polynomial Expression or polynomial, () Rational Expression, Q) (9 Inrational Expression. QR Polynomial Expressian or polynomial. ‘A polynomial expression (simply say polynomial) in ble x can ‘be written as. Agha a2 aged Where ‘n’is a non-negative integer and the gare real numbers. Usually, a pol above polynomial can be expressed asy 5 yy are + Als, ted by pe), $0 the Pa)aaget + aya" + ax ot a W a,# 0, then the polynomi aid to be a polynomial of degree n, and a, is called le ient of the polynomial, Some examples of pol d their degrees are given below. (@ 8x-5, degree 1 —2x7 445x741, degree (iit) 6x" 43, iv) axa 23? a1 degree 14 deoroe (ei) VIOe" +2362 18241 degree 12 The raic eXpression x°—2°y’ +x"y’ 10 is a polynomial with two dy and its degree is 5. the algebraic expression x*y°x?—xy*z* +.x7yz34 in a cpinial with three variables x,y and 2 and having degree sum of powers) and so on. A polynomial consisting of only single term is called monomial. 3s, Zxy, 6xy2H ele. are some examples of monomials. A polynomial consisting of two tems is called binomial eg. xi4, Sty, 74-3 elc, are some examples of binomials. A polynomial consisting of three terms is called trinomial e.g, 7221+ 1we —5xy +3, e(c. are some examples of trinomials. * Other polynomial which consisting of four or more terms, called snultinomial, {b) Rational Expression. Oo ‘An algebraic expression which can be written in the for ere ‘9(2) #0, and p(x) and q(x) are polynomials, called a ion inz, xe] oad Vix? B44 QD For example yee gel ae examples of ational expressions. (©) Irrational Expression. An algebraic expression whi e written in the form of ee, vwihere q(z) # 0, when are polynomials is called irrational expression in x. ete. are some examples 311 a rational expressions behaves like a rational a be two integers, then” may be an integer or not, Therefore, 4 ‘the number system is extended ands defined as a rational number, where p,qc Z provided that q #0. Similarly, if p(2) and 4(x) are two polynomials, then a necessarily a polynomial, where g(x) #0. Therefore, itis similar to the Gc mae 4 /— — is not Y yiidea of rational numbers; the concept of rational expressions is developed. 3.12 Define a Rational expression as a quotient ue of two polynomial. Asaexcennimist ma peresen tecanansent ae) 3.13 Examine whether a given algebraj @ Polynomial ornot (ii) RéffOybhedpression or not The following examples will help ta identify polynomial and rational expressions. at are the polynomials or not? 0 we (i) 6a 42-5 Solution(i): ax» It's sce the second term does not have positive ment. iOM(AYS 6x5 - 4x? - 5x, isa polynomial, because each term has positive integral exponent. Examine whether the following are rational expressions or not? x2 ; 1 8 BFA Qhx-2 Solution (js 2-7 The numerator and denominator both are polynomials, so it is a rational expression, OS Solution {ii): oe QR It is not a rational expression, because the derominfory 1¢ second term is not a polynomial. Q loWest form, if p(x) 3.14 Define”) as a rational expression i ae) and q(z) are polynomials wit al coefficients and having no common factor The rational expression 22 ‘be in its lowest form, if p(s) and ‘g(e) axe polynomials te¥ral coefficients and have no common factor. For example lowest form of qty 31.5 Examil sra given rational algebraic expression is in Resp rational evoresion fined common factor(s) of p(x) " Se: If common factor is 1, then the rational expression is in the We Yor examples i in its lowest form because, the common factor of (x1) and (x -1) is 1,3.1.6 Reduce a rational expression to its lowest form etP ne the rational expression, Where q(x) #0 Step-I: Find the factors polynomials p(x) and 9(x), If possi Step-2; Find the common factors of p(x) and q(x) Step-3: Cancel the common factors of p(z} and q(x) ‘a Reduce the following rational expressior west form, 0 02 =x)? 5x4+6) (x? 4) a(x? —3x +2) +6) (3) eo rey, G2 = x)r?- 5x46) Solution (i): cara _x@-1) 2 ji te (Provided x40) fea " E-2)-Ie-D} = 3-2) Provided x1 and 2. 2x 2x} &» 2 je 3) which is the required lowest form s(x? -4) x46) 3) _en4 5 “xn3 3x66 avi? 5 “x3 342) age XS_ 24-2) S svat “y=3 3x42) © ation) _ GHD x-2)_ 5 ed “x3 3 e42) which is the required lowest form. Oo with the help of the following examples, smtify 3 a Simplify +34 Solution: ye z+] =] 3 4x = 4 xt] (-Ie+) _Sa-)+4x ~ G14). ‘Hence simplified in the lowest form.I 1 G-DO+D G@-DG +x+) Oo _ b+ et -(e+1) 2 3)r43) es TN dxOxk Ox _ ni @-e+3) pati O “35-30-52 Mectorieatton) 1 83) . NN “erage Provided x S ea © (xsd) Hence simplified in the lowest form.3.1.8 Divide a rational expression by another rational expression and express the result in its lowest form. In order to divide one rational expression with another, we first invert for changing division to multiplication and simplify the "ey product to lowest form, <. Sx-Sy xt Bay ‘Example Simplify ly” 4e+20y QR Solution: Simplification a 3r-9y xP -3ry O Zot 10y ” 4x420y = BH 9y 444 20y “2x+10y” x? Bxy ea “2¢e5y)" xe—3y) ! O x Y 3.1.9 Find the values of alg@hratexpression at some particular real numbers. Finding the valueé of algebraic expressions at same particular real muumbers is jn the following example. ‘Example [J] Find the i of HE whan 3 y-Dand = 1. “@F+@F-72)-0 9-2 “T7+4-14 7eee Fic ee or not. (tay B+ 56 @) 342 Gi) 6x? -10r4 2-5 tiv) Syz—x+5x2 o 3 wy Bevo Examine whether the following expressions are gezaess r y+ vee ( x4 Bx 4+Br+4 ey EY 7 Nor Og One Reduce the following into their @r1 gi 29), 2 tab) yp +10 é (a+b) (2a° 2b”) ay (E+ Y) ZF At -368+80 OP get © G-F\E—H dy? +240 +36 wey (Vz y?-2yztz°) e-7 ae x 27 vive wy 1. 2 yrs oy + + @m x43 fey Sy"—Sy 2 gy lt, 2a @ 4 wy ee Pa4e-5 4g 4 ath ab ah 4. 1 1 wit) +4 1,1 ‘a dsty In-y 47-y ey 22? @ Sete, e46x49 2x7 18 a1 a-3 atl at3 Perform the indicated operations and simplify. a(t x an X43 dx?—Dy? Gas) © By By-2x p+3ya1 eed Sued), y+) Sy+1) (ate =) ™ ays) 5 Fa go Osea 6. Find the value of t+, when += =—¥ Oo + xty Q 7. Find the values of a a O 4) rif x=, 9 ax fy+ 6 (a) 20! tq3,b-2ande=1 Ber T (eyP—2t (iil) “oe vifx=2,y ey) 3Ey__be . Go) SEY tte ny 0) Lae ‘We have already Mudiéd and used some algebraic formulas in previous classes. In this we will leam some more formulas and their applica 3.21 wulas + B+ (a- b= 2(et+ B) tion: LHs =(4+b) +(2-2)" aa? 2abe vd 2abvb? (a+b) aa? +2abeb® = 29? +267 =e +P)-RHSGi) (a+ BP-(a-bP=4ab Verification: LHS =(2+8) (ab) =a 2a (2 —2ab +B) + (atk) =ah+2ab+b? 42ab+? a? 4 2ab—b? and (a-b)' =a? —2ab 32 Q) =40b=RHS ‘The method is explained in the following examples, Y [Find the values of (i) «2+ band (i) ab, wl Solution: Given that, a4+b=6,0-b=4, Ne @ @+pe7 We know that, (a+ b)?+ (a y By substituting the values. Gand ¢-b=4, we get, ise aseyeQ) 36+ 16 = 22+ 52= 242+ BR) a” =a ae We rw that (a+b)? (a By? = dab, ibstituting the values of a+ b= 6 and a -b=4, we get, (4) = Sab, ab, NY Bs Thus? + 6226 and ab=5, Yuu3.3.2. Know the formula (a+ b+ cP=a2+ B+ c+ abt thet 2ca Verification: (a+b+c) =(at+b+e)(a+b+e) =alatb+c}tb(a+b+c)+o(a+b+e) =@ 4ab+act ab+ b+ bc+ac+be+c & Pb ic + 2ab+ 2bc+20= RUS ‘This method is explained in the following example. Find the value ofa’ +6" +0, whena+b+e=' sw) a= 15 Solution: Given that, asb+c=7 and ab+be+ c= 15 a @+P acta? ‘We know that (a+b-+c) =a? +6? been) ‘Now, substituting the values of ‘Zand ab+be+ca=15, in the above formula we g 2+ R424 2005) (@+ #42) ia 19 (ahd), when @+ B+ 2-38 and absborac = 31 += 38 and ab-+ bet ac= 31, Jknow that (a+-b-+-of' =a? +6? +0? + 2(ab+ bea) low, substituting the values of «2+ 12+ e2= 38 and abtbe +1=31, S in the above formula, we get, (e+ b+ 6)% 38+ 21) {e+ b+ 0% 38+ 62 {e+b+ 0% 100Find the value of (-borae), when atbee = 8 and + P+ 2= 20. Solution: Given that, atbic= Band a? + 12+ c= 20, We know that (a+ b+e)’ =a +b" 407 +2(ab+be+ aa) By substituting the values of a-+b-+ c= ®and a? B+ t= inthe above formula we get, (B= 20+ 2(ab + be+ ac) 64= 20+ 2(ab+ be + ac) a 64-20 = 2(ab+be+ ac) O 44 = 2eb+be+ ac) 22= a+ bo-+ ae d ab+be+ ac= 22 ‘Hence, the walue of (ab + bc + ac) i 3.23 Know the cubic formulas @Q G@tbaas b+ 3ab(0+ Verification: Here, (2+b)? =(a+0) =(4 a+b) = +2 b+ ob? +0204 20h? 40° + 43064 9a? A +b? +3ab(a+b) GH) (ad Baba 0) (2-6 =(a-BY(a-b)" =(a-t)(a?-2ab+0") =a Dab ab? — b+ Dab? BP =a B30? Bab? =a -#—3ab(a—B) uuougThe following examples are helpful for understanding the application for Cubic formulas. ‘Example[J] Find the value of a+}. whena+b=4and ab =5. Solution: Given that, a+b=4and ab=5 Oo We have to find QR eae Ve Since, (a+ b)=a°+ B+ 3ab(a+b). tebe gee formula we get, O=+F 300 640 + B+ 60 Ne 64-60-08 +B 4eds8 eed O Hence the value of (@ + [5] Find the value a -#=5anda-b=5. uuug Solution: Given that, &-H25, wet ki Since, @ St BL Bab(a —b). ON iogteiha d= B= Sanda-b=5, in the formula, we get, 5) = 3 3abS) ‘125=5- 15ab 125-5 =—15ab 120=-15ab —8=ab ab=-8Find the value of2+ Swhen x= 1=3 x Solution: Given that xeteg x QO Taking cube on both sides, we have, QR (2) 2? ye x 1 a a > ee dealt bn ere 1 24443Q)-27 > #44439) > oi igna x e+ 5en-9 1 8-5 64) = 64 br -24= 64 85-683.24 Know the formula a £59 = (a 1)(2¥ ab + ( a 1b =(a4b)(a? abs B) Verification: Here, a° +b? =(a+b){ a? —ab+b*) =@ a b+ ab? + ab al +b? oo Gi) a0? =(a-b)( 0? + ab+b?) Verification: Here, a’? =(a—b)(z*+.0b+ 6°) O iene ew Qy sap [5] Find the product of (s+2 Solution: (+2 \e- el, 4) 2 (atby(e ‘Thus, at?) 3] as Fina 5 x Solution: ne &. bya? abst =a 8 LY aye eye Gos Gare die Ie[[E] Find the continued product. O(a) -ay tv Ne? yy?) Solutions (i): (x+y)(x*-xy+y?)(x-y)(x? +ay+y") POA) Lt) (BF ab B= 8 oH xBYePN Pp wee PE GESBRE 19. Find the value of a -b, when a+b=9 and ab = 20, Find the value of ab, when a+b=5 and ab-—6, Find the value of + and ab, when a+ b= 8 and a - Find the value of «* + #* and ab, when a+ b=5 and 2- Find the value of 4 + 2, whena+b4+¢=9 and a Find the value of a? ++ whenatb+e= Find the value of a+b+¢, when a+b +2 Find the value of a+ 5+, when a+ ¥ + Find the value of ab + be+ ac, when a Find the value of a* + #*, when a+ 5 Find the value of ab, when a? — 8) Find the value of ab, when Find the value of By Find the value of 1 5x+y=13 and xy=10. Find the value of, wen 6a - 7o= and b=8, ey prmmeneto7 4 aa 4, whenx—1 = =i ued product by cg the relevant formulas, + BY yet - 6x7 + 94 x - Wat yera rye v4) @ Mer Der Ageray + ¥yeP— ayo Aati dey). s (2x + By)(Ox— By) (Ax + 9Y)(6x"+ B1y/) Find produto 4 (of +9, fe a 9 iv 81” 49y3.3.41 Recognize the surds and their applications. Surd: An expression is called a surd which has at least > involving a radical term in its simplified form. For examples, ¥2,Va=4, E48) (84 vs, All surds are irrational numbers. If Vais an irrational number and ‘¢ is not a per ‘power then it is called a surd of nth order. The result of a is number. It is also called an irrational radical with ratio: if the second order use basic operations 332 Explain on sur and tégvaluate them. nnd order to rationalize the denominators ‘of the second order: “8 ‘A surd which contains a single term is called a monomial surds, ‘N For examples BN=3, ft ete, are monomials and of 2 orders. (i) A surd which contains sum or difference of two monomial surds ‘or sum of a monomial surd and a rational number is called a binomial surd. For examples, 17 + V11,¥2—-13,/3-35 ete. are binomial surds and of 2% order.Conjugate of Binomial Surds Expressions of the type (@)(Va+cvb)and (Ja~ evfé) are conjugate surds of each other. (b)a+V6 and ¢—Vb are conjugate surds of each other. (b) Basic operations on surds of second order to rationalyg denominators and to evaluate them. {i Addition and subtraction of Surds. The addition and subtraction of surds ene ase sing following law. Far example, ave + be =( conc b) ve ‘Example [J] simplify: /343 -37 -2v7 Solution: VHB -3V7 -2 =ffx7x = 707-31 utiplify: V92 + 5/2 + Vf128 +7V2 +5y2 +128 +7V2 © J16«2 + 5V2 + Slax 2 +73 S = (@Px2+5V24+ (@ 224702 = 4y2 45924802 +792 = (44548472 = 2av2‘Multiplication and Division of Surds. ‘The Multiplication and division of the surds can be simplified by using the following laws: (a) Vax fo = Jab 0) Brij tenon) Brample] Simply TB QR Solution: Simplification Es or = (Osx (53 = BY5x4x 3 d = (5x4)(J5xv3) \— = 20015 _ bai 2 4Simplify @ eee" “ fa25y 8 ¥(2x 327 Px PIx 10 sae Vi80x f0.25 x49 2, Find the conjugate of a4) @v) (2-8) 3. Simplify Oia (vii) VI7| iS BN 5 fv) 10289 oe ee ee Ne wa rs6a'e"? y Vale 28 (8) (66 +208) () (8+ 445 +78) Op Gi) (13+1505)+(7- wy) 28 +e va [2 ()828-wH Cin VR -3 32-50 (0) 5v2+V8 Gu 28 2 + (216) x (125) 3 @ oY (iv) 1350+ V90 +3Vi0 (vi) 10VT1 --/396 - VIL (vit 2 Ji + 53-150) 69 (5 +5 -i) (oi) (208 +342) (vi) (3V27 - 53 )a( v3 +27)EUS 3.4.1 Explain rationalization (with Bee caning of real numbers on surds of the types ——_ and thy S28 ee combinations, where x,y are natutal number and a int + Ifthe product of two surds isa rational number, then each ‘the rationalizing factor of the other, For example, (35+-V51) ana(35— 1) + The process of multiplying a given suxd by i a rational number as product is called “The product of the conjugate surds is a Find the product of (V3+ Solution:(V3+-y2\(/3- v2) =b5)*-(2)? =3-2=1 whic if of the form (a+ byx) or (a—byx) , we srator and denominator by the conjugate factor ation of real numbers of the Types. A 1 ® Efi aE “Ep vy where xyeN and the. The following examples will help to understand the concept of rationalization. also their rationalization,e 1 ‘Examplef 1 Rationalize: = 54243 Solution: =e (Multiply and divide the denominator + 1 sae by 5-2y3 the conjugate of +2 “5428 “5-28 QR 5-2N3, © =O) Oo 5-248 3 5 3 8-2 By 2 BE BV Qa OS _3(v8-¥2) 3-2 18) = > =3( V3 -v2)G=zR Find the conjugate of the following. (i) ¥é-2 (i) 10410 (iii) 3-22 Oo fivpW242v3 @)SVI0+N3— (wi) 45 -VT oe (it) JT1+7 (viii) 9-307 2 atlonaaa the tes 9 Bo Ea Maiag 16 as Oo) 728 6 uy a 3 «a tx=8-27, yt 2-28 AL, find x. iii) ms 35 oad +a “a 4 andxt +3 4 aman a3 ot Pa5-y ay 10 —vx-3 Wy +54y Oe aa 5 x ) 6 es iv 5 De 3B 3 aE R-Vé6BCC Bes ak) 1. Eneirele the correct answer. (@ Every Polynomial is: (a) an isrational expression _—_(b) axational expression (asentence (d) none of these (i) Asurd which contains sum of two monomial surds is: on (2) Trinomial surd, (b) Binomial surd (©) Conjugate surd (4) Monomial il) 32+ 2y-B isan algebraic (@) Expression (6) Sentence Bam) (iv) The degree of the 3x7y + 5y*—10 is @4 ()5 6 ) 10 (v) Vis anexample of O (@)Monomial surd omial surd (© Binomial surd jugate surd (vi) Quotient 7 ymials p(x) and q(x}, where q(x) #0 q iscalled (@ Rat fon (b) Irrational expression (OBolyea (4) Conjugate ny is equal to Qy -2x -2y ¥ Oa e ay Oa Oar N iti) coupe 2h is > (a) 2+V3 () -2-VB_ (2+ (a) VB-4 Gx) 3abla -b) - Bis equal to @a-y a+ OaP dat? (If a+b=5and a—b=3, then the value of ab is 5 (3 @s(xi) (5+-¥15)(5—V1B)is equal to fa) 10 6) 15 ©3 (a) 30 (sii) P+ ?+2ab +2be + 2c is equal to (@) (a+b-< () (e+ b+0)* Oo © (a-b+ of ( (a+b+e) QR 2 Fill in the blanks. @ Degree of any polynomial is F a (i) Conjugate of surd 2-/3is O (iii) Degree of polynomial 2x3 +x? —4x* +72 : vr isa Sees Boris @) f-aiernle +¥7)- _€) © Apolynomial expression yy polynomial) in one variable x can be written as:a,x" +4, BaP hy My by pe. which can be written in the form 1 se ale 7G), g(x) are both polynomials, called rational expression ° faic expression which cannot be written in to 2 ne S 0, and p(x), 4(z) are both polynomials, called irrational expression A polynomial expression consisting of only single term is called monomial. A polynomial expression consisting of two terms is called binomial. A polynomial expression consisting of three terms is called trinomial. Polynomial expression consisting two or more than two terms is called eeeene ee ere nee man eel az) g(x) are polynomials with integral coefficients and have no common factor. (a+ tf + (ab) =2@ +H) and (0+8)'-(a-8)°=4ab. Q) a+ btohaPe Ps 2+ 2ab + 2be+ ac, QR {a+ bP =a +B + 3ab{a +b) and (ab) =a? — 1 Babla —b} + P= (at YE ab+¥). Y~ ae bya ab +H). O ‘An expression is called a surd which has at ino y involving a radical sign. For example, rife e eas cee called a surd of n® order. Ge kicierores| eoeeeoe ee > i Ss 5 i @ ence of two surds or sum of is called binomial surd. )ana( Ja—cyfh) axe conjugate surds of vax Jb = © ff provide > Oand > 0 Ifthe of two surds is a rational number, then each surd is called e she ing factor of the other. ° of multiplying a given surd by its rationalizing factor to get al number as product is called rationalization of the given surd. ae Sa ey po Se aeStudent Learning Outcomes (SLOs) oe ‘After completing this unit, students will he able to: O © Recall factorization of expressions of the following. . Haste (Omen ase ate > ac+-ad-+ be-+bi{Common factors in palrs of ee > #Hiameastovengam) (>) © @xub+)-2 © (fay*—(b)* © Factorize the expressions of Typel atta abt Z Type: xt p+ g Type TE: ax” + bx +: Type LV-tax + bet tk epee tet dit+D+k ee x + eh + d+ kee? oP 4 Bib + Bal? + Wand of - 3a°b 13a — 0 e ‘remainder theorem and explain through examples, (without dividing) when a polynozial is divided by a linear oe ¢ zero of a polynomial, State and prove factor theorem. ‘Describe the method of synthetic division. © Use synthetic division to: > Find quotient and remainder when a given polynomial is divided by a linear al, > Find the value(s) of enknown(s) i the zeros af the polynomial are given, > Find the value(s) af unknown(s) if the factors of the polynomial ate given. © Use factor theorem to factorize a cubic polynomial.we will study about factorization which has an important role in mathematics. It helps us to reduce the complicated expression into simple expressions, Pe 7 Let, p(2) a(x) and r(x) are three polynomials such that, »(x)xq here, the resulting polynomial r(x) is the product of p(x) and polynomials p(x) and q(x) are called the Factors of r(x). ‘There are some examples of factors of the polyn« OQ PRADA) d (ii) ax aby + abez = ula + by + bez) (iii) 5x + 15xys= 5x(143y) Ge) xoye(va) Wo} =a soh 41.1 Recall Factorization of E: (i) katkb+ke (i) actad + be+ bd (ii) 20+ {iv} P- iifference of two squares) fv) ®t 2ab + Be, of wh (vay rn ra 4 esti Letus sdghe following examples en below. the Following Types ors in all the terms) “actors in pairs of terms) rize: 104+ 156 - 20c Solutis a+ 15b— 20¢ +3b~ do) (asa common from the expression) 4, 4.8 16 Find the factors of —S-1— Ey