Design calculations and creep rupture curves for containers and apparatus made from thermoplastics

I
Design calculations for containers and Directive

DVS - DEUTSCHER VERBAND
apparatus made from thermoplastics; DVS 2205-1
FOR SCHWEISSEN UND
creep rupture curves Supplement 1
VERWANDTE VERFAHREN E.V.
for pipes made from PP Type 1 (August 1996)
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This publication has been drawn up by a group of experienced specialists working in an honorary capacity and its consideration as an important source of information
is recommended. The user should always check to what extent the contents are applicable to his particular case and whether the version on hand is still valid. No
liability can be accepted by the Deutscher Verband fOr SchweiBtechnik e.V. and thOSE! participating in the drawing up of the document.
DVS, Technical Committee, Workingl Group "Plastics, Welding and Bonding"
Orders to: DVS-Verlag GmbH, P. O. Box 101965,40010 Dusseldorf, Germany, Phone: +49(0)211/1591-0, Telefax: +49(0)211/1591-150
Directive
I
Design calculations for containers and
FOR SCHWEISSEN UND
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Directive
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Design calculations for containers and
FOR SCHWEISSEN UND
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Design calculations for containers and Directive
I
FOR SCHWEISSEN UND apparatus made from thermoplastics; DVS 2205-1
VERWANDTE VERFAHREN E.V. creep rupture curves Supplement 4
for pipes made from PVDF (August 1996)
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DVS - DEUTSCHER VERBAND Design calculations for containers and Directive
for pipes made from PE 63 (July 1997)
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Directive
I
DVS - DEUTSCHER VERBAND Design calculations for containers and
for pipes made from PE 100 (July 1997)
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I
Calculation of thermoplastic tanks Directive
FOR SCHWEISSEN UND
and apparatus - DVS 2205-2
Vertical cylindrical non-pressurised
tanks (August 1997)
=
Contents: active pressures as well as the hydrostatic loading. The following

values represent the limiting values:
1 Scope
Overpressure: 0.0005 N/mm 2 (0.005 bar)
2 Calculation values
Low pressure: 0.0003 N/mm 2 (0.003 bar)
3 Loadings
3.1 Permanent loading The long-term active pressures are only applicable if they can be
3.1.1 Total inherent loading effective.
3.1.2 Loading of the filling agent
3.1.3 Internal and external pressure Limitation of the main dimensions:
3.2 Medium-term active loadings Tank diameter: d :s; 4 m
3.2.1 Snow loading Ratio: hId ~ 6
3.2.2 Summer temperature Minimum wall thicknesses:s = 4 mm
3.3 Short-term active loadings
3.3.1 Internal and external pressure The responsibilities of certain fields of laws (e.g. building laws,
CD law relating to water, law relating to protection of labour) are to
..c 3.3.2 Loading on the roof due to personnel
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Q)
£ 3.3.5 Depression due to wind suction
'0 3.3.6 Installation loadings 2 Calculation values
CQ) 3.4 Temperature
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£ 4.1.1 Effects viscosity (see DIN EN 1778)
£
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>. 4.1.3 Shell dity
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uf A 21 reduction factor for the medium at proof of stabi-
Q. 4.1.5 Welding joints between base and shell lity
CD 4.1.6 Conical roof
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As mm 2 su rface of th e base
fi5 4.1.7 Nozzles
'0 AD mm 2 su rface of th e roof
4.1.8 Anchorages
E Aj m2 working surface of the wind (partial surface)
.2 4.1.9 Lifting lugs
Q) 4.2 Proof of stability Az mm 2 shell surface of the cylinder
£ b pr mm width of the claw
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c 4.2.2 Shell bo mm width of the lifting lug
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Q) 4.2.3 Conical roof c - correction coefficient of the wind according to
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5.2 Standards and di rectives C1 - load increase factor
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C 5.4 Temperature and time-dependent elasticity moduli for C* correction coefficient for the external pressure
E stability calculation charged circular cylinder
"§.
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a: d mm nominal inside diameter
dA mm nozzle outside diameter
1 Scope dL mm diameter of hole in lifting lug
d max mm maximum diameter of the cylinder
The following rules for the design and calculation apply to d min mm minimum diameter of the cylinder
vertical, cylindrical, work shop fabricated flat-bottom tanks of d Sch mm diameter of the shackle
thermoplastic materials, in particular Toe N/mm 2 elastic modulus at short-term loading for TOC
EK
- Polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) 20 0 e N/mm 2 elastic modulus at short-term loading for 20°C
EK
- Polypropylene (PP)
- Polyethylene (PE) E 20 e 0
N/mm 2 elastic modulus at long-term loading for 20°C
L
- Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fs - long-term welding factor
The cylindrical shell with constant or varying wall thickness may f sD - long-term welding factor for the roof
be made of welded plates or a wound cylinder or an extruded fz - short-term welding factor
pipe. f ZD - short-term welding factor for the roof
The calculation takes into account short-term and long-term g m/s2 acceleration due to gravity (9,81 m/s2 )
This publication has been drawn up by a group of experienced specialists working in an honorary capacity and its consideration is recommended. The user should
always check to what extent the contents are applicable to his particular case and whE~ther the version on hand is still valid. The Deutscher Verband fOr SchweiBtechnik
e.v. and those involved in preparing this publication are exempt from any liability.
Orders to: DVS-Verlag GmbH, P. O. Box 101965, 40010 Dusseldorf, Germany, Phone: +49(0)211/1591-0, Telefax: +49(0)211/1591-150
Pagl3 2 to DVS 2205-2
gA N/mm 2 equivalent surface loading for nozzles etc. on the mm wall thickness of the upper band of the equiva-
roof lent cylinder
go N/mm 2 surface related weight of the roof safety coefficient
GA N inherent loading of the extensions safety coefficient at installation
GB N inherent loading of the base °C temperature of the outside air
Go N inherent loading of the roof °C temperature of the roof
GE N total inherent loading °C contents' temperature
GF N loading of the filling agent °C temperature of the collecting tank wall
Gs N snow loading °C temperature of the tank wall
Gz N inherent cylindrical loading 0/0 allowable ovality
h mm height of the tank m3 filling volume
hF mm height of the filling level weakening coefficient
hF,i mm height of the filling level of band i mm allowable hoisting course (= 10 mm)
hZ,i mm height of the band i kN wind loading
h RF mm residual height of the filling level number of anchors
hz mm cylindrical height auxiliary value
h ZF mm height of the lower band degree angle of inclination of the roof
Kv~rh N/mm 2 short-term active stresses coefficient
coefficient
Kv~rh N/mm 2 long-term active stresses
coefficient
K~rh N/mm 2 medium-term active stresses coefficient
N/mm 2 creep strength for 10-1 hours 0/0 permissible edge expansion
coefficient for calculation of the base
N/mm 2 creep strength for the calculated usable life at
utilization of the axial stability in band i
the mean active temperature
utilization of the pressure stability of the shell
N/mm 2 creep strength for the mean-term influence (e.g.
degree angle of the roof to the perpendicular
for 3 months of snow at O°C)
P g/cm 3 density material (y = p . g)
mm length of the upper band of the equivalent cylin-
der g/cm 3 density of the contents
PF
vorh
Mw N/m bending moment at wind loading (J K,L,M N/mm2 existing stress
nz N/mm diaphragm tensile load (Jk N/mm2 critical buckling stress
PB N/mm 2 pressure at the tank base (Jk,i N/mm2 critical buckling stress at band i
p N/mm 2 auxiliary value (Jw N/mm2 stress due to the wind loading
Po N/mm 2 influences on the roof
L,M, K
Peu N/mm 2 pulsation equivalent stress due to wind loading
PkM N/mm 2 critical buckling pressure of the shell
Pmax N/mm 2 auxiliary value I
Ps N/mm 2 snow loading on the roof /j
Pstat N/mm 2 overpressure at the tank base due to the con-
tents
Pstat,i N/mm 2 overpressure at lower edge of the band due to /
the contents
/
Pu N/mm 2 continuously active external pressure (or inter-
/ /
nal depression)
PuK N/mm 2 short-term active external pressure (or internal /
depression) /
N/mm 2 continuously active internal pressure /
Po
/
POK N/mm 2 short-term active internal pressure
/
Pus N/mm 2 depression due to wind suction /
Pw N/mm 2 auxiliary value N
...c:
I / ...c:
P1 N/mm 2 auxiliary value LL
/ d ...c:
PO" N/mm 2 auxiliary value
qj kN/m 2 impact pressure at partial surface Ai /
qmax kN/m 2 maximum effective impact pressure at the tank
r mm cylindrical radius / /
s mm minimum wall thickness Sz

/
sa mm final wall thickness of the basic component
sB mm wall thickness of the base /
mm wall thickness of the roof / /
So
So mm wall thickness of the lifting lug
/ /
Sz mm cylindrical wall thickness
sZF mm wall thickness of the lowest band / /
mm statically required wall thickness /
"\. "\."\."\."\. "\."\."\."\. "\."\."\."\."\."\."\."\. " \ . - ----L-
SZm mm mean cylindrical wall thickness r::o

(J)
SZ,1 mm wall thickness of the uppermost band
sZ,i mm wall thickness of band i Figure 1. Open flat-base tank with constant wall thickness.
Page 3 to DVS 2205-2
_ '5Z --+- __
I £
I SZ1
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...c:
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d £
SZ2
...c:
£ 2 £
SZF
SZF
Figure 2. Open flat-base tank with varying wall thickness (three bands).
Figure 4. Flat-base tank with conical roof and varying wall thickness
(three bands).
3 Loadings
3.1 Permanent loading
Tanks are designed for a calculated usable life of 25 years

(2 x 105 hours) according to the application.The calculated
height of the filling level h F is determined by the present working
state.
3.1.1 Total inherent loading GE
G E = Go + Gz + GB + GA N (1 )
Inherent loading of the roof Go
...c: Go = A o . So . P . g . 10-6 N (2)
d £
Inherent loading of the cylinder Gz
Gz = Az . Sz . P . g . 10-6 N (3)
Inherent loading of the base GB

Sz
GB = AB . sB . P . g . 10- 6 N (4)
Inherent loading of the extensions GA

Ladders, stages, platforms and similar are to be placed and fixed
independently of the tank since, otherwise, the free expansion of
the tank, e.g. when filling, emptying and with temperature
changes, is hampered. These hindrances cause considerable
stress points which are difficult to calculate and result in
uneconomic constructions. In the event of differences to this,
corresponding evidence shall be produced.
Figure 3. Flat-base tank with conical roof and constant wall thickness.
3.1.2 Loading of the filling agent GF
G F = V . PF . g . 103 N (5)
3.1.3 Internal and external pressure Po, Pu
Higher pressures as indicated in the scope are to be considered

in the height fixed by the user.
In the case of the installation of safety fittings such as overcharge
safety devices or aerators and deaerators causing higher
pressures, only these pressures shall be considered.
3.2 Medium-term active loadings

The time of influence amounts to 3 months. ~ I
3.2.1 Snow loading Gs \ /
The snow loading according to DIN 1055-5 shall be determined \ /
cumulatively over the calculated usable life corresponding to the
regional conditions at an active wall temperature of the roof of 1'\
O°C. / \
3.2.2 Summer temperature / \
The roofs and collecting tanks may heat up considerably in tr
summer. A wall temperature of 50°C is to be considered for
components of PE-HD which are exposed to the sun.
.+ /'(
The time of influence for short-term active loadings is determined
x _._._.- ............,.......l. ..... ..~j.x V ~
with 10. 1 hours.
Water hammers which may occur when filling shall be avoided
by appropriate measures.
3.3.1 Internal and external pressure POK, PuK Figure 6. Bending moment, cross-section X..... X, caused by wind loading
As far as higher pressures cannot occur as a result of the
operating method, the minimum pressures indicated under Nm (8)
section 1 are to be considered. POK 2:: Po (see figure 5) results
from the definition of PuK . P uK applies by analogy. 3.3.4 Pulsation equivalent stress due to wind loading
The pressure load caused by the blowing of the wind against the
cylindrical shell is covered with the equivalent stress Peu.
Peu = 8 . qmax . 10-3 N/mm 2 (9)
It signifies:
8 = 0.46· (1 + 0.1 . Jc * . L.
h z ~szm
r=L.J ~ 0.6 (10)
C * = 1.0 for the closed tank

time C * = 0.6 for the open tank
Figure 5. Definition of POK'
3.3.2 Loading on the roof due to personnel S =

y (h .. Sz .)
~ I I mm (11 )
Zm h
The roofs must not be walked on if load distributing measures z
have not been carried out. Corresponding precautions are to be
taken at installations and inspection works. 3.3.5 Depression due to wind suction
3.3.3 Wind loading Ventilated tanks are subject to an internal depression as a result
of a suction effect.
The wind loadings W j shall be calculated as follows:
Wj = c . qj . Aj kN (6)
Pus = 0,6 . qmax . 10-3 N/mm 2 (12)
(j = 1,2,3, ...)
By ventilation through a pipeline leading into the open Pus =
0.48 . 10-3 N/mm 2 applies.
It signifies:
Wj = wind loading of the partial surface Aj 3.3.6 Installation loadings
c = correction coefficient of the wind for circular cylinder and The tank shall be designed for the loading conditions arising at
roof transport and installation. Thereby it shall be calculated with the
1.5fold installation loading. The safety factor is 1.75. The short-
As it is not out of question that a single installation becomes a time welding factor according to DVS 2205-1 is to be considered.
serial installation as a result of additional building measures, the
calculation with c = 1.2 according to DIN 1055-4 should be used 3.4 Temperature
on principle.
The effective wall temperature is an important factor in
Directly attached construction c = 1.6 determining the dimensions of a tank. Wetted parts shall always
qj = appropriate impact pressures in kN/m 2 (DIN 1055-4) be designed using the contents' temperature T M. The average of
Aj = appropriate working surface in m2 the two neighbouring air temperatures can simply be taken as
(in the roof area simplified: height of the roof x diameter) wall temperature for not wetted parts. The air temperature in the
tank is assumed to be the contents' temperature. The long-term
The stress from the wind moment, Mw can simplified be mean surrounding air temperature for indoor installation is
calculated as follows: assumed to be T A = 20°C and for outdoor installation T A = 10°C.
Figure 7 indicates the wall thicknesses. The temperature of the
3 roof as a result of heating by the sun's rays should be taken into
4· M .10
() = w N/mm 2 (7) account for outdoor installation.
w 2
1t . d . sZF
For outdoor installation the proof of solidity on cylinders is T A =
Mw can be calculated on a clamped equivalent rod, see figure 6. 30°C.
T T For this reason a double proof shall always be furnished.

A A
1. It has to be proved that the load due to long-term active

loadings in overlapping with the effects of a mean-term time of
influence but without short-term loadings does not exceed the
creep strength.
Tz vorh KvOrh
--- K
_L_+_M_~1 (13)
TM
TA
K~ K~
~
with
Tz = TM TM Tz ::;; TM vorh
vorh = () L,M . A 1 . A 2 . S
N/mm 2
---- ........
K L,M (14)
fs
K ~ = Creep strength for the calculated usable life at the mean

without with active temperature
collecting tub collecting tub
K~ = Creep strength for the mean-term influence (e.g. at snow
Outdoor air temperature:TA = 10°C for outdoor installation for 3 months at O°C for the roof)
(mean annual temperature)
2. It has to be proved that the load due to short-term loading in
20°C for indoor installation
overlapping with the remaining effects does not exceed the
30°C for outdoor installation residual solidity of the material at the end of the calculated
for stability calculation of the usable life. In this case the creep strength is determined with
cylinder 10-1 hours as residual solidity.
without collecting tub with collecting tub
LKvorh
~ 1 (15)
K~
with K~ = creep strength for 10-1 hours at the temperature be-
longing to this loading combination.
Figure 7. Definition of the effective temperatures.
Note:
For the proof of solidity of the roof it shall be verified whether the
4 Design calculation consideration of the snow loading leads to unfavourable results
since the sum of loadings will be increased, but the creep
strength will also increase due to the active wall temperature of
The safety factor is defined in Directive DVS 2205-1 for proofs of
O°C.
strength and stability.
The more unfavourable of the two proofs is decisive for the
4.1 Proof of strength measuring of the components.
4.1.1 Effects 4.1.3 Shell
Loadings due to connected nozzles and pipelines are not The height of the lower band hZF shall be at least 1.4· Jd . Sz F .
covered by this calculation and are to be considered separately
For tanks with varying wall thickness a wall thickness relation of
by means of constructive measures (e.g. compensators).
the neighbouring bands of max. 2 is admissible without further
The most unfavourable combination of all effects is to be proof.
considered for each component. Two cases shall be examined
for the influences of wind and snow: 4.1.3.1 Proof in circumferential direction
1. full snow loading The proof shall be furnished for each band that the lower edge
can withstand the ring tensile stress resulting from the contents
2. 0.7fold snow loading + full wind loading and overpressure. The double proof shall be furnished according
to section 4.1.2 with
Short-term active loadings must not be combined.
vorh = (pstati + po) . d . A1 . A2 . S
4.1.2 Overlapping of effects KL N/mm 2 (16)
2 . f s . sZ,i
Three loading categories shall be distinguished according to the
time of influence: and
- short-term active loadings (K) N/mm 2 (17)
e.g. Puk, POk, Peu, wind
- medium-term active loadings (M) with
e.g. snow Ps or summer temperatures
-6
- long-term active loadings (L) Pstat,i = PF . g . hF,i . 10 N/mm 2 (18)
e.g. own weight, filling Pu' Po
at which hF,i signifies the height of the filling capacity over the lo-
If the filling, with regard to filling height and temperature, is not wer edge of band i.
constant during the calculated usable life of the tank, a
Loadings resulting from medium-term active influences do not
representative equivalent load can be determined for such
. vorh
intermittent loadings by means of the "Miner's Rule". However, occur at this proof ( K M = 0) .
the "Miner's Rule" can hardly be applied for the overlapping of
effects of the three loading catagories. In the case of cylinders made from sheets the welding factor of
the shell weld fs is considered. According to the present state of A proof of the stress in the weld seam can be omitted if a base
technology, the heating element butt welding shall be prefered. fillet weld is carried out with a weld seam thickness of a 2 0.7 . sB
and a long-term welding factor fs 2 0.6.
The residual stresses from the bending of the plates at ambient
temperature may be neglected if the values given in table 1 for In the case of tanks of one sheet up to a contents of 1000 I with
the permissible edge expansion £ = sId· 100 [%] are not wall thicknesses up to 10 mm, this applies also for long-term
exceeded. In the case of PVC, the plates are hot-formed. welding factors fs 2 0.4.
The load increase factor C 1 = 1.2 supposes that the base will not
Table 1. Permissible edge expansions. be produced thicker than the wall thickness of the lower band
Material Permissible edge expansion £ (sB ~ SZF)·
PE-HD 1,00 4.1.4 Base
PP-H 0,50
4.1.4.1 Proof for the type of burden filling
PP-B 0,75
PP-R 1,00 If base and cylinder with base fillet weld are connected (figure 12,
section 5.5) the necessary wall thickness may be determined as
PVDF 0,50 follows:
4.1.3.2 Proof in longitudinal direction

The highest tensile stresses shall be controlled. The relieving,
continuously active compressive stress may hereby be with sZF carried-out wall thickness
considered to 90 %. 8B according to figure 8 and
Only the lower band at the transition to the base has to be
examined for the proof of the loading in longitudinal direction. . d + p ... d _ 0.9· (Go + Gz)]
Loadings resulting from the bending fault moment arise here
s*ZF = [ C ·(pstat + po) 2 u 4 n. d
which shall be superimposed with the loadings in longitudinal
direction due to own weight, pressing and wind. . A 1 ·A 2 · S
mm (22)
The double proof shall be furnished according to section 4.1.2 K*L
with
For other construction forms, a proof of the base as a result of the
fixing moment of the cylinder shall be furnished.
vorh [ .d+p ... d _ 0.9.(G o +G z )]
KL = C-(Pstat+PO) 2 u 4 n.d
4.1.4.2 Proof of non-anchored tanks with overpressure
In the case of tanks which are not anchored on the base (e.g.
N/mm 2 (19)
tanks in collecting tanks), the tank base arches under
overpressure leading to a lifting of the whole tank and to bending
with stresses in the base. When calculating this lifting a residual filling
which has to be guaranteed with the filling height h RF will be
-6
Pstat = PF . g . hF . 10 N/mm 2 (20) considered. Short- and long-term active pressures are treated in
the same way since it can be postulated that the condition of
long-term pressure and residual filling will only prevail for a
limited time. For this reason the active pressure is:
and
P1 = max (po' POK)
S B
*
I S;F
1
0.9· (Go + G z )]
0,9
n·d 0,8
0,7
. A 1 ·A 2 · S
N/mm 2 (21) 0.6
sZF
0,5
Factor C for the welded transition of the base-shell connection is 0,4
the product of the load increase factor C 1 = 1.2 and a material o ,3 ~--+--t-----+----+---;-+--+---+-+--+---+-+----+---+-~
specific design factor C2 as specified in table 2.
a ,2 ---t-------t--t-----+----+---;--+--+----t-+--+---+-+---+---+--+-------i
0.1
Table 2. Material specific design factor C2 and factor C for thermo-
plastic materials.
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Werkstoff C2 C = C 1 . C2 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150
dIs ;F
PE-HD 1.00 1.20
Figure 8. Diagram for the settling of the base thickness derived for PE-
PP-H (type 1) 1.17 1.40
HD (for C > 1.2 this diagram is on the safe side).
PP-B (type 2) 1.08 1.30
PP-R (type 3) 1.00 1.20 The diaphragm tensile load in the cylinder lifting the tank is
calculated according to:
PVC-NI (normal impact strength) 1.25 1.50
PVC-RI (raised impact strength) 1.08 1.30 2
P1 . n· d
4
- 0.9 . (Go + G z )
PVC-HI (high impact strength) 1.00 1.20 N/mm 2 (23)
nz = --------=--n-.- d - - - -
PVC-C 1.33 1.60
PVDF 1.17 1.40 A proof is not required if nz is negative.
The residual height of the filling level h RF which has to be 4.1.6 Conical roof
guaranteed is determined from the two conditions that
The inclination angle of the roof shall not be less than
- the hoisting of the cylinder is not higher than the limiting value aD = 15° (K = 75°) .
wgr,
4.1.6.1 Inward loadings
- the bending load of the base can be absorbed safely:
The decisive combination of own weight go, depressions Pu, PuK'
mm (24) snow loading and depression due to wind Pus shall be examined
where Pu, PuK and Pus must not be combined with each other and
under the influence of wind, the snow loading can be reduced to
70 0/0.
with Pmax = max (pw' PO")
The loading is proved by the ring tensile test at the edge of the
and roof.
The double proof shall be furnished according to section 4.1.2
with
N/mm 2 (25)
Kv~rh = 0.306. (~)1.543 . PD . sin K . A 1 . A 2 . S N/mm2 (27)

sD L JCOSK f sD
N/mm 2 (26)
Kv~rh = 0.306. (~)1.543 . PD . sin K . A 1 . A 2 . S N/mm 2 (28)
sD M JCOSK f sD
with and
Dw = 1.9, DO" =2.25 for indoor installation
Dw = 3.8, DO" = 3.20 for outdoor installation LKv~rh
w gr = 10 mm is fixed as the dimension for the allowable hoisting -_ 0.306· (d ~

- )1.543 ·LtPD ._ _ . A 1 · A 2 · S N/mm 2
sinK (29)
course. sD K JCOSK f ZD
Note: The combinations of table 3 shall be examined. For the summer
Pw is calculated with 0.75 . E T;C
instead of E T;C
(see section type of burden, an active mean wall temperature determined
according to Miner
5.4) since a higher stress level and thus a lower modulus as in
the case of stability problems shall be considered in this
deformation calculation. T~ = T D + 50 (30)
2
PO" is calculated with ( K~ + K~ )/2 considering a load period of
considering a roof temperature of 50°C over 3 months (T 0
approx. 12 hours. according to figure 7) is used.
4.1.4.3 Proof for internal depression p.g .s . 10-6

gD = .0 + gA N/mm 2 (31)
A proof of the base for internal depression can be omitted if the SinK
residual filling remains in the tank where the residual height of the
filling level is higher than the depression. G A equivalent surface loading for nozzles etc.
The weld factor depends on the quality of the longitudinal weld of
4.1.5 Welding joint between base and shell
the conical roof.
An explicit proof of the weld load can be omitted if the following
conditions are complied with: 4.1.6.2 Outward loadings
- weld thickness a 2 0,7 . s8 Tensile stresses in ring direction increasing linear from the
- long-term welding factor fs 2 0,6 (according to DVS 2203-4) middle of the roof and changing close to the edge abruptly in a
point of compressive strain arise as a result of overpressures p.
If one of these conditions is not complied with, a detailed proof of In order to be on the safe side, the double stress at d/4 is taken
the stresses in the weld has to be furnished (e.g. FE-calculation). for the crest value of the tensile stress.
Table 3. Combination of the type of burden for the calculation of the roof for inward loads.
Place of installation combination proof according to (13) proof according to (15)

Temp. PD M temp. LPD K temp.
PD L
indoor go + P To 0 - max (go + PuK' go + Pus) OOC

outdoor winter go + P To Ps OOC max (go + Ps + PuK' go + 0.7 . Ps + Pus) OOC
outdoor summer go + P Tjj 0 - max (go + PuK' go + Pus) 50 0 C
Table 4. Combination of the type of burden for the solidity calculation of the roof for outward loads.
Place of installation combination proof according to (13) proof according to (15)

PD L Temp. PD M temp. temp.
LPD K
indoor Po - 0.9 . go To 0 - POK - 0.9 . go To

outdoor summer Po - 0.9 . go TD 0 - POK - 0.9 . go 50 0 C
The double proof according to section 4.1.2 shall be furnished Case 3: wind loading at 20°C (only for outdoor installation)
with
2
4.M 3 p ... 1t . d ] 1
-_w·10 + u -0.9.(G D +G Z) . -
N/mm 2 (32) [ d 4 z
=------------*----=--- ~ 1 (38)
KK
(b pr + s8) . s8 . - - -
und A1 ·S·2
L Kv~rh = 0.5· -.eL . LPD . A1 . A2 · S N/mm 2 (33)

The numerator indicates the claw strength which has to be
absorbed and the denominator the claw strength which can be
sD K f zD · COSK
absorbed resulting from the shearing stress in the weld. Half the
The combinations of table 4 shall be examined. creep strength is determined as shearing stress.
The required anchor strength (e.g. for the plugs) shall be
4.1.7 Nozzles calculated from the maximum claw strength (maximum of the
The nozzles should generally be attached to the roof. When three numerators) with consideration of the lifting arms.
nozzles are installed in the cylinder, the maximum diameter shall Figure 10 in section 5.5 shows the construction of an anchorage.
be limited to d A = 160 mm. The distance of nozzle centres to the
edges, band limits or welds in the basic component shall be at 4.1.9 Lifting lugs
least d A/2 + 100 mm.
One of the possible lifting lug forms is shown in figure 11 (section
It shall be proved that the loadings of the basic component which 5.5). A precondition for the use of these lifting lugs is that only
are increased as a result of the stress concentration close to the two lifting lugs per tank and a parallel lifter is used.
opening can be absorbed. In order to be able to dispense with a proof of the introduction of
The loading in the undisturbed basic component is increased by loading in the upper band it has to be ensured that the lifting lug
division with the weakening coefficient VA. is not thicker than three times the wall thickness of the upper
band. The diameter of hole (d L) shall be matched for the diameter
For nozzles in cylinder and conical roof applies of the shackle (d sch ).
It applies
VA = 0.75 (34)
1+ dA
sZ,1 ~ erf So ~ 3 . sZ,1 (39)
2 . J""-(d-+-s--)-.s-a
a d Sch ~ d L ~ 1.1 . d Sch (40)
with d A outside diameter of the openin It shall be proved that 1.5 times of the loading with a safety factor
d diameter of the cylinder SM = 1.75 can be borne momentarily at 20°C.
sa final wall thickness of the basic component
The required wall thickness (so) of the lifting lug results from the
A proof shall only be furnished for the biggest nozzles which ~re proof of the face of a hole.
situated near the edge of the roof. The existing loadings Kt~M,K
may be calculated according to the following equation. GE-G
A
1,5·---·A 1 ·S M
So = .=2 _ mm (41)
vorh _ PDL, M, K d A1 · A2 . S d Sch · (2· K*K)
K L M K - - - - . - . ----L._-'---_ (35)
" 2 . cos K S D VA
The maximum of the two following proofs is decisive for the width
PD influences according to section 4.1 .5.1 of the lifting lug (b o ).
L, M, K
For nozzles in the cylinder, the proof for the ring tensile stress b o = max (b O,1' b O,2).
shall be furnished considering the height of nozzle according to Proof of the shearing stress of the cross weld when lifting the
section 4.1 .3.1. The constructive design shall be carried out
lying tank
according to figure 9, section 5.5 (passed through nozzle). The
wall thickness shall be at least equivalent to SDR 11 (formerly PN
10).
b O,1 mm (42)
4.1.8 Anchorages
*
KK
07·s
, , · -2· f z
Z1
If anchorages are required, at least 4 anchors shall be arranged
(z 2 4). Eye bar
3 cases shall be distinguished for the proof of the anchorages: G - G )
1,5· ( -E- -A
·A 1 ·S M 7
Case 1: short-term overpressure at contents' temperature b O,2 = 2 * + - . d L mm (43)
2 sO· K K 3
P" K . 1t . d ] 1
u 4 -0.9.(GD+GZ)·~
[
= - - - - - - - - - - * - - - = - - - :::; 1 (36) 4.2 Proof of stability
KK
(b pr + s8) . s8 . - - - 4.2.1 Superposition of influences
A1 · S·2
The decisive E-moduli are required for the calculation of the
Case 2: long-term overpressure at contents' temperature stability. The buckling of shells is a sudden occurence depending
essentially on the imperfection i. e., on the size of the pre-
buckles. The size of the pre-buckles increases with the
increasing load period due to the flow properties of the material.
However, the elastic resistance during the beating out is mainly
(37)
determined by the short-term E-modulus at the present
temperature. Due to this fact, the critical buckling stress O"k is
calculated with the temperature-dependent moduli ETKoC which
are indicated in table 6 (section 5.4) for the essential with C * = 1 for tanks with fixed roof
thermoplastics.
with C * = 0.6 for open tanks.
The most unfavourable combination of the loadings under
The critical pressure of the shell of the graduated tank may be
consideration of the temperature behaviour of the thermoplastics
calculated on an equivalent cylinder with three bands according
shall be examined.
to DIN 18800-4:
4.2.2 Shell
For the shell of the tank, a proof of the sufficient safety against
PkM = 0.64· ~ . C . E K
* Toe . f· (Sf )2.5 N/mm 2 (52)
stability due to axial thrust, shell pressure and against the
interaction of both shall be furnished. As a result of the with C* = 1 °
delimitation of the nozzle diameter a proof of stability beside the The ~-values can be found in the tables 20 a to c of the 01 N
nozzles can be dispensed with 18800-4.
providing that the ovality of the cylinder remains limited in the
following form: 4.2.2.3 Interaction
The proof for the interaction between axial and pressure stability
2 . (d - d . ) of the shell has to be furnished for each band
u = max min. 100 :::; 0.5 (44)
d max + d min
1 25
11 Ai + 11 \i 5 :::; 1 (53)
4.2.2.1 Axial stability At the calculation of 11A i for the interaction, the longitudinal
For each band i, the axial compressive strain out of own weight, stresses due to depression do not have to be considered since
depressions Pu' PuK' Pus, snow and wind loading existing at the their effect is already included in 11 M .
lower edge is determined in the most unfavourable combination
and secured with the buckling stress ak,i. 4.2.3 Conical roof
At outdoor installation The most unfavourable combination of the compressive strains in

circumferential direction in the middle of the surface line of the
~ vorh
conical roof (d/4)
L..t a i
~ n vorh
a vorh = ~. Jl N/mm 2 (54)
= max[ a G + max (a pu ' a pus ) + 0.7 . as + a w ,a G + a puK + as] 4· COSK So
1.2
is secu red with the critical stresses
N/mm 2 (45)
At indoor installation O"k = 2.56· E T:C . sin K:. JCOSK:. (S~ f5 N/mm 2 (55)
N/mm 2 (46) with

The stress due to the wind moment aw may be divided by 1.2 ~ vorh
since the buckling stress could have been increased by 20 % at 11 = A 21 · S . Lt a :::; 1 (56)
global bending. ak
The buckling stress may, simplified, be calculated according to The combinations of table 5 shall be examined.
the folliowing equation:
Table 5. Combination for the type of burden for the stability calcula-
Toe Sz i *
N/mm 2
ak,i = a·0.62· EK .~:::;KK (47) tion of the roof.
Place of combination Lpvorh Temp.

with a = ----;:::::======0=,7======== (48) installation
20 0 e indoor max ( go + PuK' go + Pus) To
_EK_ (1 + r )
E2Lo
oe · 100 . sZ,i outdoor winter max (gD + Ps + PuK' go + 0.7 OOC
. Ps + Pus)
The following condition for each band i must be complied with: outdoor summer max (gD + PuK' go + Pus) 50 0 C
L
_ S· A 21 . ~ a vorh
i 5 Annex
tlA,i - a :::; 1 (49)
k,i
5.1 Explanations
4.2.2.2 Pressure stability of the shell This standard has been drawn up by the DVS-UG W 4.3b
The decisive depression arising out of the most unfavourable (Constructive design/apparatus engineering) together with the
combination of the depressions Pu, PuK' Pus + Peu is secured with Board of Experts "Thermoplastic tanks and pipes" (project group
the critical pressure of the shell PkM. "calculation"). Although the preceding edition (March 1974) had
found a large application sector, a new edition has become
The following condition must be complied with: necessary due to the progress in skills, experiences and material
examinations as well as the consideration of overlapping
~ vorh
11M = S· A21 . LtP :::; 1 regulations.
(50)
PkM When revising the preceding edition, it was determined whether
the tanks should only be dimensioned regarding their loadings
The critical pressure of the shell of the non-graduated cylinder
out of internal pressure due to filling agent and height of the filling
shall be calculated according to the equation:
level (this corresponds to the subject of the edition 1974) or
* Toe . ..i.... (~)2,5 whether additional loadings (for ex. wind, snow loading) should
p kM = 0.64· C . E K N/mm 2 (51) be considered for the dimensioning. The last-mentioned starting
hz r point has been chosen for the new edition of this standard.
The case of application "Installation and service of tanks inside of 5.3 Literatu re
buildings" will be treated in supplementary sheet 1. [1] Timoshenko, S: Theory of Plates and Shells.
Supplementary sheet 2 includes the requirements for collecting McGraw Hill Book Comp, New York/London 1959
devices (collecting tanks). [2] Kempe, B.: Measurements of the deformation of a
tank of high-density polyethylene by a change in
5.2 Standards and guidelines temperature. Schw. Schn. 42 (1990), H. 4, p. 173.
01 N EN 1778 Characteristic values for welded thermoplastic [3] Tuercke, H.: On the stability of tanks made from
Draft construction: definition of the allowable stresses thermoplastic materials, DIBt-information, copy-
and moduli for the calculation of thermoplastic book 5/1995.
components
01 N 1055-3 Design loads for buildings, live loads 5.4 Temperature and time-dependent elasticity moduli for stability
01 N 1055-4 Design loads for buildings, live loads, wind calcu lations
loadings of buildings which are not susceptible to
. ET oC .
vibration Table 6. Temperature-dependent short-term E-modull K In
N/mm 2 •
01 N 1055-5 Design loads for buildings, live loads, snow
loading und ice loading material :s; 10°C 20°C 30°C 40°C 50°C 60°C 70°C 80°C
DIN 4740-1 Ventilation and air conditioning installations; pipes PE-HD 1100 800 550 390 270 190 - -
made of unplasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC-U);
PP-H 1400 1200 960 770 620 500 400 320
calculation of the minimum wall thicknesses
PP-B 1200 1000 790 630 500 400 320 250
DIN 8061/62 Pipes made of unplasticized polyvinylchloride
PP-R 1000 800 620 490 380 300 230 180
DIN 8074/75 Pipes made of high-density polyethylene (PE-HD)
PVC-NI 3200 3000 2710 2450 2210 2000 - -
DIN 8077/78 Pipes made of polypropylene (PP)
:s; 10°C 20°C 40°C 60°C 80°C 100°C - -
DIN 16925 Extruded sheets made of polyethylene (PE);
technical delivery conditions PVDF 1900 1700 1330 1050 820 650 - -
DIN 16927 Sheets made of polyvinylchloride (rigid PVC);
20 C . NI
technical delivery conditions .
Table 7. Time-dependent short-term E-mo d u I·I E L o In 2
mm.
DIN 16961-1 Thermoplastic pipes and fittings with shaped wall material 1 year 5 years 10 years 15 years 20 years 25 years
and -2 and smooth interior surface of the pipe
PE-HD 308 269 254 245 239 235
DIN 16971 Extruded sheets made of polypropylene (PP);
PP-H 464 393 365 350 340 330
technical delivery conditions
PP-B 405 334 307 293 283 275
DIN 18800-4 Stability cases; shell bulges
PP-R 322 298 288 283 279 276
DVS 2201-2 Testing of semifinished products of thermo-
plastics; weldability; test methods; requirements PVC-NI 1800 1695 1652 1627 1609 1600
DVS 2205 Calculation of containers and apparatus made PVDF 810 763 744 733 725 720
from thermoplastics;
Note: The long-term E-moduli for PE-HD apply for stresses up to
-1 -; Characteristic values
0.5 N/mm2 , for PP up to 1 N/mm 2 . The stress dependence of the
-3 -; Welded joints
E-moduli for PVC-NI and PVDF is negligible.
-4 -; Flanged joints
DVS 2206 Testing of components and constructions made 5.5 Construction details
of thermoplastic materials This section describes the examples of construction for
DVS 2211 Filler materials of thermoplastics
- Nozzles in cylindrical shell
ISO/DIS Plastics - Unplasticized polyvinylchloride sheets - Base anchorage
11833-1 - Types, dimensions and characteristics - Part 1 - Lifting lugs
Sheets of thickness not less than 1 mm - Connection shell/base
prEn/ISO Extruded sheets of high-density polyethylene - Connection shell/roof
14632 (PE-HD) - Edge of open tanks
Requirements and test methods
prEn/ISO Extruded sheets of polypropylene (PP)
15013 Requirements and test methods
prEN/ISO Extruded sheets of polyvenylidene fluorid (PVDF)
(CEN/TC 249/ Requirements and test methods
SC6-WI009)
.---.---.---.---. <
~J
a~O. 7x SR
dA ~160mm
Figure 9. Nozzles with cylindrical shell.
slit ~2mm
anchor bolt ~M12

claw steel
d
PE foil 2mm distance sheets steel
~j
minimum number
4 pieces
_l__
i
Figure 10. Base anchorage.

Tie-bar to be used
for lifting the tank
Figure 11. Lifting lug.

a=O.7 x s Z,l
d S ,1
u ~ 10 without anchorage
U ~ 25 with anchorage
SZ,1
d S ,1
Figure 13. Connection shell/roof.
Figure 10. Edge of open tanks.

I
Directive
Welded static thermoplastic tanks - DVS 2205-2
FOR SCHWEISSEN UND
Installation inside of buildings Supplement 1
(October 2000)
=
Contents: The responsibilities of certain fields of laws (e. g. building laws,

law relating to water, law relating to protection of labour) are to be
1 Scope taken into account.
3 Loadings
3.1 Permanent loading 2 Calculation values
3.1.1 Total inherent loading
3.1.2 Loading of the filling agent depth of the weld seam
3.1.3 Internal and external pressure Po, Pu surface of the base
surface of the roof
3.2.1 Internal and external pressure POK, PuK
3.2.2 Depression due to wind suction shell surface of the cylinder
3.2.3 Loadings on the roof due to personnel reduction factor for the influence of the specific
3.2.4 Installation loadings viscosity (see DIN EN 1778)
3.3 Temperature reduction factor for the medium at proof of
CD
4 Design Calculation solidity
..c
"~
4.1 Proof of strength
:0 4.1.1 Shell reduction factor for the medium at proof of
:::J
Q.
4.1.2 Base stability
Q)
£ 4.1.3 Nozzles b(j mm width of the lifting lug
'0
C 4.1.4 Lifting lugs C1 load increase factor
Q)
CJ) 4.2 Proof of stability
c
oC,,) 4.2.1 Shell
C2 material specific design factor
Q)
4.2.2 Conical roof C C 1 · C2
£
£ 5 Annex d mm nominal inside diameter
"~
5.1 Explanations
>. dA mm nozzle outside diameter
C
o 5.2 Standards and directives
uf 5.3 Literature dL mm diameter of hole in lifting lug
Q.
CD
5.4 Temperature and time-dependent elasticity moduli for d max mm maximum diameter of the cylinder
C,,)
stability calculation
fi5 d min mm minimum diameter of the cylinder
'0 5.5 Construction details
E d Sch mm diameter of the shackle
.2 TOe N/mm 2 elastic modulus at short-term loading and TOC
Q)
£ 1 Scope EK
"~
c fs long-term welding factor
~ The following rules for the design and calculation apply to
Q) fsD welding factor for the roof
0) vertical, cylindrical, work-shop fabricated, flat-bottom tanks of
c
thermoplastic materials, in particular fz short-term welding factor
"~
oC,,)
- Polyethylene (PE) g m/s2 acceleration due to gravity (9,81 m/s2 )
"0
C
ctl
- Polypropylene (PP) GA N inherent loading of the extensions
0>
C
- Polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) GB N inherent loading of the base
E - Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
"§. GD N inherent loading of the roof
Q)
a: This part is only applicable for installations of tanks inside of
buildings.
GE N total inherent loading
GF N loading of the filling agent
The cylindrical shell with constant or varying wall thickness may
be made of welded plates or a wound cylinder or an extruded Gz N inherent cylindrical loading
pipe. h mm height
The calculation takes into account short-term and long-term hF mm height of the filling level
active pressures as well as the hydrostatic loading. The following hF,i mm height of the filling level of band i
values represent the limiting values:
hz mm cylindrical height
Overpressure: 0.0005 N/mm 2 (0.005 bar)
hZF mm height of the lower band
Low pressure: 0.0003 N/mm 2 (0.003 bar)
hz,i mm height of band i
The long-term active pressures are only applicable if they can be
effective. Kk N/mm 2 creep strength for 10- 1 hours
Limitation of the main dimensions: Pstat N/mm 2 overpressure at the tank base due to the
contents
Tank diameter: d :s; 4 m
Ratio: hId :s; 6 Pstat, i N/mm 2 overpressure at lower edge of the band due to
Minimum wall thickness: s = 4 mm the contents
liability can be accepted by the Deutscher Verband fOr SchweiBtechnik e.V., and thosl3 participating in the drawing up of the document.
DVS, Technical Committee, Wforking Group "Joining of Plastics"
Orders to: DVS-Verlag GmbH, P. O. Box 101965,40010 DOsseldorf, Germany, Phone: +49(0)211/1591-0, Telefax: +49(0)211/1591-150
Pagl3 2 to DVS 2205-2 Supplement "I
Pu N/mm2 continuously active external pressure (or Inherent loading of the cylinder G z
internal depression)
Gz = Az . Sz . P . g . 10- 6 N (3)
PuK N/mm2 short-term active external pressure (or internal
depression) Inherent loading of the base G B
PuS N/mm2 depression due to wind suction Gs = As . Ss . P . g .10-6 N (4)
Po N/mm2 continuously active internal pressure Inherent loading of the extensions G A

POK N/mm2 short-term active internal pressure
I
r mm cylindrical radius t f----_";l_I_
I ~-
__
s mm minimum wall thickness
mm final wall thickness
~ I
I
mm wall thickness of the base
mm wall thickness of the roof I
I
mm wall thickness of a cylinder with one band due
to depression stability N I .c.
d .it
So mm wall thickness of the lifting lug
Sz mm cylindrical wall thickness I
sZF mm wall thickness of the lowest band -Sz
I-- I
sZFC mm statically required wall thickness due to

I
longitudinal stress I
SZFR mm statically required wall thickness due to ring ~ I

tensile stress off I
SZ, i mm wall thickness of band i Figure 1. Open flat-base tank with constant wall thickness.
sz, I mm wall thickness of the uppermost band
S safety coefficient
SM safety coefficient for the calculation of the lifting ~ f---- - ";l --1- -- j
- - - 1 l ------r------r------r
lugs ~ ~fo- -=c=- I
temperature of the outside air I
temperature of the roof

~ I
contents' temperature
temperature of the collecting tank wall SZ2
- I--
temperature of the tank wall
ovality
filling volume
weakening coefficient
degree angle of inclination
coefficient for the calculation of the roof
coefficient for the calculation of the roof
coefficient for the calculation of the base
Figure 2. Open flat-base tank with varying wall thickness.
mm coefficient for the calculation of the roof
mm coefficient for the calculation of the roof
0/0 permissible edge expansion
K degree angle of the roof to the perpendicular
A coefficient for the pressure stability of the shell
P g/cm 3 density material (y = P . g)
PF g/cm 3 density of the contents
azul N/mm2 allowable stress (see DVS 2205-1)
3 Loadings
3.1 Permanent loadings
Tanks are designed for a calculated usable life of 25 years

(2 x 105 hours) according to the application. The calculated Sz
height of the filling level h F is determined by the present working
state.
3.1.1 Total inherent loading G E
GE = Go + G z + G s + G A N (1 )
Inherent loading of the roof Go

Go = A o . So . P . g . 10-6 N (2) Figure 3. Flat-base tank with conical roof and constant wall thickness.
Page 3 to DVS 2205-2 Supplement 1
3.2.3 Loadings on the roof due to personnel

The roofs must not be walked on if load distributing measures
have not been carried out. Corresponding precautions are to be
SZ1 taken at installation and inspection works.
~
~
..c
3.2.4 Installation loadings
The tank shall be designed for all loading conditions arising at
.J!
transport and installation. Thereby it shall be calculated with the
SZ2
1.5fold installation loading. The safety factor is 1.75. The short-
.c ~ ~ term welding factor according to DVS 2205-1 is to be considered.
3.3 Temperature
SZF determining the dimensions of a tank. Wetted parts shall always
be designed using the mean contents' temperature T M. The
average of the two neighbouring air temperatures can simply be
taken as wall temperature for not wetted parts. The air
temperature in the tank is assumed to be the contents'
temperature. The long-term mean surrounding air temperature
Figure 4. Flat-base tank with conical roof and varying wall thickness. for indoor installation is assumed to be TA = 20 Figure 6 ac.
indicates the wall temperatures.
Ladders, stages, platforms and similar are to be placed and fixed
independently of the tank since, otherwise, the free expansion of
the tank, e. g. when filling, emptying and with temperature T
A
T
A
changes, is hampered. These hindrances cause considerable
To
stress points which are difficult to calculate and result in
uneconomic constructions. In the event of differences to this,
corresponding evidence shall be produced.
3.1.2 Loading of the filling agent GF

TM
GF = V . PF . g . 103 N (5)
3.1.3 Internal and external pressure Po, Pu

Higher pressures as indicated in the scope are to be considered Tz :;; TM
in the height fixed by the user.
In the case of the installation of safety fittings such as overcharge
safety devices or aerators and deaerators causing higher
pressures, only these pressures shall be considered.
without with
collecting tub collecting tub
The time of influence for short-term active loadings is determined Outdoor air temperature: T A = 20 DC at indoor installation
with 10- 1 hours (e. g. for installation loadings). without collecting tub with collecting tub
Water hammers which may occur when filling shall be avoided by T D = (T M+TA)/2 T D = (T M+ TA)/2
appropriate measures. T z = (T M+TA)/2 Tz = (3 . T M+ TA)/4
Tw = (T M+3· TA)/4
3.2.1 Internal and external pressure POK, PuK
Figure 6. Definition of the effective temperatures.
As far as higher pressures cannot occur as a result of the
operating method, the minimum pressures indicated under
section 1 are to be considered. POK 2 Po (see figure 5) results 4 Design Calculation
from the definition of POK· PuK applies by analogy.
The height of the lower band (h ZF ) shall be at least 1.4 . Jd . sZF .
Q)
lI..
::J
the neighbouring bands of max. 2 is admissible.
en
en
Q)
lI.. 4.1 Proof of solidity
Q.1---_-,--.L.....1....----L.....L---.L-L--
4.1.1 Shell
Lower band
The maximum of the two following proofs is decisive for the wall
time
thickness sZF of the lower band.
Figure 5. Definition of POK.
sZF = max (sZFR, sZFC)
3.2.2 Depression due to wind suction (pstat + po) . d
sZFR = ------'~----'--- mm (6)
Ventilated tanks are subject to an internal depression as a result 2 . azul
of a suction effect (see directive DVS 2205-2, section 3.3.5).
For tanks made from sheets, the welding factor of the longitudinal
By ventilation through a pipeline leading into the open, weld has to be considered in equation 6 when determining azul
PuS = 0.48 . 10-3 N/mm 2 applies. (see DVS 2205-1).
C . (pstat + po) . d For other construction forms, a proof of the base as a result of the
sZFC = --:::....:..::.:.-~- mm (7) fixing moment of the cylinder shall be furnished. For proof of the
2 . (Jzul base of non-anchored tanks with overpressure and proof of
possibly required anchorage see section 4.1 .4.2 and 4.1.8 in
The welding factor is not considered in equation 7 when
Direction DVS 2205-2.
determining (Jzul (see DVS 2205-1).
Pstat = PF . g . hF . 10-6 N/mm 2 (8)
08 = 58/ 5ZFC
where hF signifies the filling level.
Intermediate bands 0,9
0,8
The wall thickness sZi for each band follows from the ring tensile
stress resulting from contents and overpressure at its lower end. 0,7
0.6
s (pstat i + po) . d
- ---==,=---------=--- mm (9) 0,5
Z,i - 2 . (Jzul
0,4
Pstat,i = PF . g . hF,i . 10-6 N/mm 2 (10) o ,3 ~--+-+---+---+----II---+--+---J-+--+---+-+--+---+-+-
a ,2 -+----+--t---+---+----II---I--+----t-+--+---+-+--+---+-+__
In the case of cylinders made from sheets the welding factor of
0.1
the shell weld fs (see DVS 2205-1) is to be considered. According
a --i-••••• ~ O>~ ""' ~ " H'O>~' '"H~''' >~< " .. ~ .. ~_ ~ _ ~ _ ._ •• _ .._••_ ••• _ ..
to the present state of technology, the heated tool butt welding 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
shall be preferred. 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150
d / sZFC
The residual stresses from the bending of the plates at ambient
temperature may be neglected if the values given in table 1 for Figure 7. Diagram for the settling of the base thickness derived for PE-
the permissible edge expansion £ = sId· 100 [%] are not HD (for C > 1.2 this diagram is on the safe side).
exceeded. In the case of PVC-U and PVC-C, the plates are hot-
formed. 4.1.3 Nozzles
The nozzles should generally be attached to the roof.

Table 1. Permissible edge expansion.
Material Edge expansion £ 4.1.3.1 Nozzles in the roof

PE-HD 1.00 A proof of the loading of the roof resulting from the weakening
PP-H 0.50 due to the cutout of the nozzle can be dispensed with if the
PP-B 0.75 distance of the edge of the nozzle to the edge of the roof shall be
at least 100 mm and the edge of the nozzle is not situated in the
PP-R 1.00
area of the longitudinal weld of the roof.
PVDF 0.50
4.1.3.2 4.1.3.2 Nozzles in the shell
Factor C for the welded transition of the base-shell connection is
the product of the load increase factor C 1 = 1.2 and a material The maximum outside diameter of the nozzles is limited to
specific design factor C2 as specified in table 2. dA = 160 mm. The distance of nozzle centres to the edges, band
limits or welds in the basic component shall be at least
Table 2. Material specific design factor C2 and factor C for thermo- d A/2 + 100 mm.
plastic materials.
It shall be proved that the loadings of the basic component which
Material C2 C = C 1 · C2 are increased as a result of the stress concentration close to the
PE-HD 1.00 1.20 opening can be absorbed.
PP-H (type 1) 1.17 1.40 The loading in the undisturbed basic component is increased by
PP-B (type 2) 1.08 1.30 division with the weakening coefficient vA
PP-R (type 3) 1.00 1.20
VA = 0,75
PVC-NI (normal impact strength) 1.25 1.50 (11 )
1+ dA
PVC-RI (of raised impact strength) 1.08 1.30 2. J( d + sa) . sa
PVC-HI (high impact strength) 1.00 1.20
PVC-C 1.33 1.60 with d outside diameter of the opening
d diameter of the cylinder
PVDF 1.17 1.40
sa final wall thickness of the basic component.
A proof of the stress in the weld seam can be omitted if a base
fillet weld is carried out with a weld seam thickness of a 2 0.7 . sB s = sZFR bzw. (12)
and a long-term welding factor fs 20.6 (see DVS 2205-1). a VA
In the case of tanks of one sheet up to a contents of 1000 I with If the above-mentioned distance of the nozzle centre to the
wall thicknesses up to 10mm, this applies also for long-term longitudinal weld of tanks made of plates is observed, the wall
welding factors fs 2 0.4. thickness sZFR in equation 12 may be reduced by the welding
The load increase factor C 1 = 1.2 supposes that the base will not factor f s.
be produced thicker than the wall thickness of the lower band The constructive design shall be carried out according to figure 9,
(SB ~ SZF)' section 5.5 (passed through nozzle). The wall thickness shall be
4.1.2 Base at least equivalent to SDR 11 (formerly PN 10).
If base and cylinder with base fillet weld are connected (figure 4.1.4 Lifting lugs
11), the necessary wall thickness may be determined as follows:
One of the possible lifting lug forms is shown in section 5.5
8B . sZFC ~ sB ~ sZF (figure 10). A precondition for the use of these lifting lugs is that
with sZF carried-out wall thickness and 8B according to figure 7. only two lifting lugs per tank and a parallel lifter is used.
The lifting lug must not be thicker than three times the wall
thickness of the upper band. The diameter of hole (d L) shall be
A=~ (16)
2· sZFR
maximally 10 0/0 higher than the diameter of the shackle (d sch ).
with
It shall be proved that 1.5 times of the loading with a safety factor
SM = 1.75 can be borne momentarily at 20°C.
The required wall thickness (so) of the lifting lug results from the 8
M
= 0.79. Is. A 21 . hz · f:.p VOrh)O.4 . d mm (17)
proof of the face of a hole. \ E~C .d
GE-G The temperature-dependent and time-dependent E ~oC -moduli

1.5·--- ·AA 1 ·S M can be taken from table 5 (section 5.4).
2 mm (13)
* The graduations shall have approx. the same length (2 500 mm)
d Sch . (2 . K K )
with thickness variations of 2 1 mm.
The maximum of the two proofs is decisive for the width of the
The graduation should be improved in such a way that the
lifting lug (bo).
condition LS z i . h Zi 2 So . 10 or with sm . 1m or Su . lu is observed
bo = max (b 01 ' b(2 ). and an equal 'graduation is achieved.
Precondition is that the ovality of the cylinder remains limited in
the following form:
b O,1 mm (14)
* 2 . (d - d . )
KK u = max min .100~0.5 (18)
0.7 . sZ,i . 2 . fz d max + d min
4.2.2 Roof
b O,2 = mm (15) The inclination angle of the roof shall not be less than ao = 15°
(K = 75°)
At depressions up to 0.003 bar, the proof of stability resulting
4.2 Proof of stability from own weight and depression is decisive for the calculation of
the roof. In the case of not freely ventilated tanks with long-term
4.2.1 Shell active depressions Pu> 0.003 the proof of solidity may become
decisive for the calculation. By approximation, 1000 mm ~ d
The required wall thicknesses out of the shell stability resulting
~ 4000 mm, ao = 15°, Pu = 0.003 bar, A 21 = 1.4 or A 2 = 1.4 and
from depression Pu are determined by means of an equivalent
fso = 0.8 apply
cylinder with 3 bands (figure 8).
So = (~- bS )· (A 21 . Pu (bar) )0.4 mm (19a)

... ~~ ~S 1.4 0.003
So with ~s and bs according to table 4.

10
"~~ Table 4. Coefficient for the calculation of the roof for a = 15°, pu =
0.003 bar, A 21 = 1.4 or A 2 = 1.4 and f sD = 0.8.
1m Sm = Material T M (OC) Tw(OC) ~S bS ~F bF

hz maximum active wall
temperature temperature
" of the
J~ medium (mm) (mm)
PE-HD 30 25 200 0.9 261 0.9
40 30 180 1.0 229 1.1
lu 50 35 167 1.2 196 1.4
PP-H 30 25 251 0.6 283 0.8
,r ,r 40 30 237 0.7 278 0.8
50 35 225 0.7 272 0.8
Figure 8. Equivalent cylinder according to DVS 18800, part 4. PP-B 30 25 229 0.7 295 0.7
40 30 216 0.8 271 0.8
The dimensions of the equivalent cylinder are indicated in table 50 35 205 0.9 251 0.9
3. The coefficient follows from PP-R 30 25 205 0.9 324 0.6
40 30 191 1.0 301 0.7
Table 3. Dimensions of the equivalent cylinder depending on A. 50 35 181 1.0 281 0.8
PVC-NI 30 25 373 0.4 433 0.5
Dimensions of Equations for the calculation 40 30 364 0.4 399 0.5
the equivalent A~ 1/3 1/3 < A < 1/2 A 21/2 50 35 356 0.4 370 0.6
cylinder
PVDF 30 25 266 0.8 463 0.5
10 A· hz A· hz - 40 30 258 0.8 451 0.5
So sM . (1 + 5 . A)/4 2· A· sM sM 50 35 250 0.9 430 0.6
60 40 241 0.9 406 0.6
1m 10 (h z -1 0)/2 -
70 45 235 1.0 401 0.6
sm sM sM sM
- For Pu > 0.003 bar it has to be verified whether the thickness of
lu hz - 2 . 10 1m
the roof is decisive for the dimensioning as a result of the proof of
Su 2 . sm - So 2· sm - So sM stability according to equation 19b
5.3 Literatu re
So = (~- b F) . (A 2 . Pu (bar») 0.648 mm (19b)
[1] Timoshenko, S. Theory of Plates and Shells. McGraw Hill
~F 1.4 0.003
Book Compo New York/London 1959.
with ~F and bF according to table 4. A long-term welding factor [2] Kempe, B.: Measurements of the deformation of a tank of
fso 0.6 is taken for granted (see DVS 2205-1). high-density polyethylene by a change in temperature.
Schw. Schn. (1990), H. 4, p. 173/74
For d < 1000 mm it has to be calculated with d = 1000 mm!
[3] Tuercke, H.: Simplified proof of the pressure stability of the
shell at flat-base tanks made of thermoplastics. DIBT-
information, copy-book 6/1995
5 Annex
[4] Tuercke, H.: On the stability of tanks made from
5.1 Explanations thermoplastic materials, DIBT-information, copy-book 5/
1995
In the case of installations of the tanks inside of buildings,
additional loadings, such as e. g. wind and snow loading, do not
5.4 Temperature and time-dependent elasticity moduli for stability
have to be considered. For this reason, a tank calculation which
calculation
is less labour-consuming than the directive DVS 2205-2 is
possible.
Table 5. Temperature-dependent short-term E "k° c -moduli E in
N/mm 2 •
5.2 Standards and directives
01 N 1055-3 Design loads for buildings, live loads Material ~ 10°C 20°C 30°C 40°C 50°C 60°C 70°C 80°C
01 N 1055-4 Design loads for buildings, live loads, wind PE-HD 1100 800 550 390 270 190 - -
loadings which are not susceptible to vibration PP-H 1400 1200 960 770 620 500 400 320
DIN 1055-5 Design loads for buildings, live loads, snow PP-B 1200 1000 790 630 500 400 320 250
loading and ice loading
PP-R 1000 800 620 490 380 300 230 180
Draft Characteristic values for welded thermoplastic
PVC-NI 3200 3000 2710 2450 2210 2000 - -
01 N EN 1778 constructions: definition of the allowable stresses
and moduli for the calculation of thermoplastic ~ 10°C 20°C 40°C 60°C 80°C 100°C - -
components PVDF 1900 1700 1330 1050 820 650 - -
DIN 4740-1 Ventilation and air conditioning installations; pipes
made of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U); 5.5 Construction details
calculation of the minimum wall thickness
This section describes the examples of construction for
DIN 8061/62 Pipes made of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride
DIN 8074/75 Pipes made of high density polyethylene (PE-H D) - Nozzles in cylindrical shell, figure 9
DIN 8077/78 Pipes made of polypropylene (PP) - Lifting lugs, figure 10
DIN 8079/80 Pipes made of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (PVC- - Connection shell/base, figure 11
C)
- Connection shell/roof, figure 12
DIN 16925 Extruded sheets made of polyethylene (PE);
technical delivery conditions - Edge of open tanks, figure 13
DIN 16927 Sheets made of rigid polyvinyl chloride (rigid PVC);
01 N 16961-1 Thermoplastic pipes and fittings with shaped wall
DIN 18800-4 Stability cases; shell bulges
ISO/DIS Plastics - Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride sheets -
11833-1 Types, dimensions and characteristics - Part 1:
Sheets of thickness not less than 1 mm
prEN/ISO Extruded sheets of high-density polyethylene (PE-
14632 HD): Requirements and test methods
prEN/ISO Extruded sheets of polypropylene (PP)
15013 Requirements and test methods
prEN/ISO Extruded sheets of polyvinylidene fluorid (PVDF):
(CEN/TC 249/ Requirements and test methods
SC6-WI009)
DVS 2201-2 Testing of semi-finished products of thermo-
plastics; weldability, test methods, requirements
DVS 2205 Calculation of containers and apparatus made
from thermoplastics;
-1 -; Characteristic values
-3 -; Welded joints
-4 -; Flanged joints
DVS 2206 Testing of components and constructions made of a~O,7xSR
thermoplastic material dA ~160mm
Figure 9. Nozzles with cylindrical shell.
Tie-bar to be used
tF
Ira
d S ,1
Figure 10. Lifting lug (a cornered connection is also possible
when observing bo).
o ~ 10 without anchorage
o ~ 25 with anchorage
SZ,1
_d .I~
Figure 11. Connection shell/base.
Figure 12. Connection shell/roof.
r-
N
CI)
X
o
_ _ 0--
,0/
+U'
~?
Figure 13. Edge of open tanks.

I
Calculation of thermoplastic tanks Directive
DVS - DEUTSCHER VERBAND and apparatus DVS 2205-2
FOR SCHWEISSEN UND
VERWANDTE VERFAHREN E.V. - Vertical cylindrical non-pressurised tanks - Supplement 2
Collecting devices (August 1998)
=
Contents: 2 Calculation values
1 Scope mm depth of the weld

2 Calculation values reduction factor for the influence of the specific
3 Loadings viscosity (see DIN EN 1778)
3.1 Loads reduction factor for the medium at proofs of
3.1.1 Total inherent loading solidity
3.1.2 Loading of the filling agent reduction factor for the medium at proofs of
3.2 Wind stability
3.2.1 Wind loading surface of the base
3.2.2 Pulsation equivalent stress due to wind loading working surface of the wind (partial surface)
3.3 Installation loadings shell surface of the cylinder
3.4 Temperature
width of the claw
4 Design calculation
CD width of the lifting lug
..c 4.1 Proof of strength
"~
4.1.1 Effects correction coefficient of the wind according to
:0
:::J DIN 1055-4
Q. 4.1.2 Overlapping of effects
Q)
£ 4.1.3 Shell C 1 · C2
'0 4.1.4 Base load increase factor
C material specific design factor
Q)
CJ)
4.1.5 Welded joints between base and shell
c 4.1.6 Anchorage
oC,,) correction value for the external pressure
Q) 4.1.7 Lifting lugs charged circular cylinder
£
£ 4.2 Proof of stability d mm nominal inside diameter
"~ 4.2.1 Overlapping of effects
>.
dL mm diameter of hole in lifting lug
C 4.2.2 Axial stability d max mm maximum diameter of the cylinder
o
uf 4.2.3 Pressure stability of the shell
Q. d min mm minimum diameter of the cylinder
CD
4.3 Proof of the lifting security
C,,) d Sch mm diameter of the shackle
fi5
5 Annex
'0 5.1 Explanations ERoo e N/mm 2 elastic modulus at short-term loading for 20°C
E 5.2 Standards and directives
E~ooe N/mm 2 elastic modulus at short-term loading for 30°C
.2
Q)
5.3 Literature
£ 5.4 Temperature and time-dependent elasticity moduli for Ecoo e N/mm 2 elastic modulus at long-term loading for 20°C
"~
c stability calculations
~
fs long-term welding factor
Q)
5.5 Construction details
0)
fz short-term welding factor
c
"~ g m/s2 acceleration due to gravity (9,81 m/s2 )
oC,,) 1 Scope GB N inherent loading of the base
"0
C
ctl
GE N total inherent loading
0>
C
The following rules for the design and calculation apply to GF N loading of the filling agent
E collecting devices in the form of vertical, cylindrical, work shop Gz N inherent cylindrical loading
"§. fabricated flat-bottom tanks of thermoplastic materials, in
Q)
a: h mm height of the tank
particular
hF mm height of the filling level
- Polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U), mm height of the filling level of band i
h F, i
- Polypropylene (PP),
hz mm cylindrical height
- Polyethylene (PE),
hZF mm height of the lower band
- Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
K~rh N/mm 2 medium-term active stresses
The cylindrical shell with constant or varying wall thickness may
N/mm 2 creep strength for 10- 1 hours
be made of welded plates or a wound cylinder or an extruded
pipe. Cylinder and base of the collecting devises must not have
KK
N/mm 2 creep strength for the mean-term influence (e. g.
any openings. K~
filling in the case of leakage)
The main dimensions depend on those of the tanks which they mm length of the upper band of the equivalent
shall surround, see section 5. cylinder
The minimum wall thickness is 4 mm. Mw N/m bending moment at wind loading
Peu N/mm 2 pulsation equivalent stress due to wind loading
The responsibilities of certain fields of laws (e. g. building laws,
PkM N/mm 2 critical buckling pressure of the shell
law relating to water, law relating to protection of labour) are to be
taken into account.
Pagl3 2 to DVS 2205-2 Supplement ~~
Pstat N/mm 2 overpressure at the tank base due to the The following loadings are to be considered in the proof of
contents steadiness:
Pstat, i N/mm 2 overpressure at lower edge of the band due to
the contents 3.1 Loads
kN/m 2 impact pressure at partial surface Aj
3.1.1 Total inherent loading G E
kN/m 2 maximum effective impact pressure at the
collecting device GE = Gz + G s N (1 )
mm cylindrical radius
Inherent loading of the cylinder Gz
SB mm wall thickness of the base
So mm wall thickness of the lifting lug Gz = Az . Sz . P . g . 10- 6 N (2)
Sz mm cylindrical wall thickness Inherent loading of the base G B
sZF mm wall thickness of the lowest band
sZF mm statically required wall thickness Gs = As . Ss . P . g .10-6 N (3)
sZm mm mean cylindrical wall thickness Extensions

sZ,1 mm wall thickness of the uppermost band Ladders, stages, platforms and similar are to be placed and fixed
SZ, i mm wall thickness of band i independently of the collecting device since, otherwise, the free
So mm wall thickness of the upper band of the expansion of the collecting device, e. g. when filling due to
equivalent cylinder leakage and with temperature changes, is hampered. These
safety coefficient hindrances cause considerable stress points which are difficult to
safety coefficient at installation calculate and result in uneconomic constructions. In the event of
differences to this, corresponding evidence shall be produced.
°c contents' temperature
°c temperature of the collecting tank wall 3.1.2 Loading of the filling agent G F
0/0 allowable ovality
m3 filling volume GF = V . PF . g . 103 N (4)
kN wind loading
3.2 Wind
number of anchors
auxiliary value 3.2.1 Wind loading
coefficient
The wind loadings W j shall be calculated as follows:
coefficient
coefficient for calculation of the base Wj = c . qj . A j kN (5)
0/0 permissible edge expansion (j = 1,2,3,...)
utilization of the axial stability in band i It signifies:
utilization of the pressure stability of the shell
Wj = wind loading of the partial surface Aj
g/cm 3 density material (y = P . g)
g/cm 3 density of the contents c = correction coefficient of the wind for circular cylinder
As it is not out of question that a single installation
N/mm 2 critical buckling stress
becomes a serial installation as a result of additional
N/mm 2 critical buckling stress at band i building measures, the calculation with c = 1.2 according
N/mm 2 stress due to the wind loading to DIN 1055-4 should be used on principle.
Extensions c = 1.6
qj = appropriate impact pressures in kN/m2 (DIN 1055-4)
Aj = appropriate working surface in m2
The stress from the wind moment Mw can simplified be
calculated as follows:
3
= 4.M 2w .10 N/mm 2 (6)
1
(J'
w
1t . d . sZF
!
.s::: Mw can be calculated on a clamped equivalent rod, see figure 2 .
3.2.2 Pulsation equivalent stress due to wind loading

The pressure load caused by the blowing of the wind against the
d ----+- cylindrical shell is covered with the equivalent stress Peu.
Mw,x = W 1 . a1 + W 2 · a2 N/mm 2 (7)
Peu = 8 . qmax . 10-3 N/mm 2 (8)

open aerated
It signifies:
Figure 1. Collecting device for flat-base tank.
8 = 0.46· (1 + 0,1 . Jc * . L. CL.) ~

h z ~szm
0.6 (9)
3 Loadings
with C* = 0.6 for open tanks and
Collecting devices are designed for the same calculated usable
life as the appurtenant tank, the type of loading, filling due to s =
YCh
~
.. Sz .)I
Zm
I
h mm (10)
leakage, being assessed for three months. z
4.1.3.1 Proof in circumferential direction
\ / The proof shall be furnished for each band i that the lower edge
can withstand the ring tensile stress resulting from the contents:
\ / vorh
\ \L/ w2
K
F~1 (11 )
M
~
/\.
/ \ with
/ \ KM
vorh Pstat.i . d . A 1 . A 2 . S
N/mm 2 (12)
cr / \ 2 . f s . sZ,i
I~ / w1 and
"'-/':
/-...:::.
x _._. _.- .._-_._._-_.
_.__J_._ -~f.x V ~ Pstat,i = PF' g . hF,i . 10
-6
N/mm
2
(13)
at which h F i signifies the height of the filling capacity over the
lower edge of the band i.
In the case of cylinders made from sheets the welding factor of
the shell weld fs is considered. According to the present state of
Figure 2. Bending moment, cross-section x _._._ x, caused by wind technology, the heated tool butt welding shall be preferred.
loading. The residual stresses from the bending of the plates at ambient
temperature may be neglected if the values given in table 1 for
3.3 Installation loadings
the permissible edge expansion £ = sz/d . 100 [%] are not
The collecting device shall be designed for all loading conditions exceeded. In the case of PVC-U, the plates are hot-formed.
arising at transport and installation. Thereby it shall be calculated
with the 1.5fold installation loading. The safety factor is 1.75. The Table 1. Permissible edge expansions.
short-term welding factor according to DVS 2205-1 is to be
considered. Material Edge expansion £ %
PE-HD 1.00
3.4 Temperature
PP-H 0.50
determining the dimensions of the building components. Wetted PP-B 0.75
parts shall always be designed using the contents' temperature PP-R 1.00
T M . Tw = 30°C is to be taken as effective wall temperature for PVDF 0.50
the proofs of stability required for outdoor installations. This
standard temperature covers the short-term heating-ups in 4.1.3.2 Proof in longitudinal direction
summer.
Only the lower band at the transition to the base has to be
examined for the proof of the loading in longitudinal direction.
4 Design calculation Loadings arise here which result from the bending moment, from
own weight and wind.
The safety factor is defined in Directive DVS 2205-1 for proof of Longitudinal stresses due to own weight may be neglected. A
strength and stability. proof of the short-term tensile load due to wind must not be
furnished.
4.1 Proof of strength
The proof shall be furnished with
4.1.1 Effects
vorh _ [ . . dJ . A 1 . A 2 . S N/mm 2 (14)
The most unfavourable combination of all effects is to be K M - C Pstat
considered for each component. 2 sZF
Short-term active loadings must not be combined. Only 90 % of with

the relieving share of the own weight are considered. -6 2
Pstat = PF' g. h F · 10 N/mm (15)
4.1.2 Overlapping of effects Factor C for the welded transition of the base-shell connection is
Three loading categories shall be distinguished according to the the product of the load increase factor C 1= 1.2 and a material
time of influence: specific design factor C2 as specified in table 2.
- short-term active loadings (K)
e. g. wind q, Peu Table 2. Material specific design factor C2 and factor C for thermo-
plastic materials.
- medium-term active loadings (M)
e. g. filling in the case of leakage Material C2 C = C1 . C2
- long-term active loadings (L) PE-HD 1.00 1.20
e. g. own weight PP-H (type 1) 1.17 1.40
The time of influence of short-term active loadings is determined PP-B (type 2) 1.08 1.30
with 10- 1 hours and of long-term active loadings with 3 months. PP-R (type 3) 1.00 1.20
4.1.3 Shell PVC-NI (normal impact strength) 1.25 1.50
PVC-RI (raised impact strength) 1.08 1.30
The height of the lower band hZF shall be at least 1,4· Jd . Sz F'
PVC-HI (high impact strength) 1.00 1.20
PVC-C 1.33 1.60
the neighbouring bands of max. 2 is admissible without further
proof. PVDF 1.17 1.40
8 B = S B
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150
d / S tF
Figure 3. Diagram for the settling of the base thickness derived for PE-HD (for C > 1,2 this diagram is on the safe side).
A proof of stress in the weld can be omitted if the conditions 4.1.7 Lifting lugs
according section 4.1.5 have been complied with.
One of the possible lifting lug forms is shown in figure 6 (section
The load increase factor C 1 = 1.2 supposes that the base will not 5.5). A precondition for the use of these lifting lugs is that only
be produced thicker than the wall thickness of the lower band two lifting lugs per collecting device and a parallel lifter is used.
(s8 ~ sZF)·
In order to be able to dispense with a proof of the introduction of
4.1.4 Base loading in the upper band it has to be ensured that the lifting lug
is not thicker than three times the wall thickness of the upper
If base and cylinder with base fillet weld are connected (figure 7), band. The diameter of hole (d L) shall be matched for the
the necessary wall thickness may be determined as follows: diameter of the shackle (d Sch ).
mm (16) It applies
with sZF carried-out wall tickness, 88 according to figure 3 and SZ,1 ~ erf So ~ 3 . sZ,1 mm (19)
s* - C· Pstat· d· A 1 . A 2 · S mm (17) d Sch ~ d L S 1.1 . d Sch mm (20)

ZF - 2· K
M It shall be proved that 1.5 times of the loading with a safety factor
For other construction forms, a proof of the base as a result of the
fixing moment of the cylinder shall be furnished.
SM = 1.75 can be borne momentarily at 20 ac.
The required wall thickness (so) of the lifting lug results from the
4.1.5 Welded joint between base and shell proof of the face of a hole
An explicit proof ot the weld load can be omitted if the following G
conditions are complied with: 1.5 . - E . A 1 . SM
So = _ _=-2 _ mm (21)
- weld thickness a 2 0.7 . s8
- long-term welding factor fs 2 0.6 d Sch . (2· Kk)
If one of these conditions is not complied with, a detailed proof of The maximum of the two following proofs is decisive for the width
the stresses in the weld has to be furnished (e. g. FE- of the lifting lug (b o ).
calculation) .
bo = max (b o , 1, bo , 2)
In the case of tanks of one sheet up to a contents of 1000 I with
wall thicknesses up to 10 mm, this applies also for long-term Proof of the shearing stress of the cross weld when lifting the
welding factors fs 2 0.4. lying collecting device
GE
4.1.6 Anchorages 1.5 . 4 . A 1 . SM
If anchorages are required, at least 4 anchors shall be arranged b O,1 mm (22)
(z 2 4). K*
0.7 . Sz 1 . -----.K . f
, 2 z
The required anchor strength (e. g. for plugs) shall be calculated
from the claw strength with consideration of the lifting arms. Eye bar
The short-term wind loading is to be examined for the proof of the G
anchorages: 1.5 . - E . A1 . SM
b O,2 = 2 * + Z. d L mm (23)
A Mw ] so· K K 3
- 1-.·S4 ·
[ 1 0 3 ·--0.9·G
z
z d ~1 (18) 4.2 Proof of stability
(b pr + s8) . s8 . f
K*
Proofs of stability shall only be furnished in the case of outdoor
installation. For the shell of the collecting device, a proof of the
Temperature = 20 a C sufficient safety against stability due to axial thrust and shell
Figure 5 in section 5.5 shows the construction of an anchorage. pressure shall be furnished.
Precondition is that the ovality of the cylinder remains limited in 4.3 Proof of the lifting security
the following form:
For the case of damage it shall be proved that the 0.9fold weight
2 . (d - d . ) of the tank is higher than the lifting force of the immersed part of
u = max min .100:::;0.5 (24) the tank.
d max + d min
4.2.1 Overlapping of influences 5 Annex

The decisive E-moduli are required for the calculation of the
stability. The buckling of shells is a sudden occurence depending 5.1 Explanations
essentially on the imperfection, i. e., on the size of the pre-
This supplementary sheet no. 2 to the standard DVS 2205-2 has
buckles. The size of the pre-buckles increases with the
been drawn up by the DVS-AG W4.3b (Constructive design/
increasing load period due to the flow properties of the material.
apparatus engineering) together with the Board of Experts
However, the elastic resistance during the beating out is mainly
"Thermoplastic tanks and pipes" (project group "calculation").
determined by the short-term E-modulus at the present
temperature. Due to this fact, the critical buckling stress O"k is
calculated with the temperature-dependent moduli ETKOC. 5.2 Standards and directives
Draft Characteristic values for welded thermoplastic
The temperature- and time-dependent E-moduli for the essential DI N EN 1778 constructions: definition of the allowable stresses
thermoplastics are indicated in table 3 and 4 (section 5.4). and moduli for the calculation of thermoplastic
The most unfavourable combination of the loadings under components
consideration of the temperature behaviour of the thermoplastics DI N 1055-3 Design loads for buildings, live loads
shall be examined. DIN 1055-4 Design loads for buildings, live loads, wind
loadings of buildings which are not susceptible to
4.2.2 Axial stability vibration
For each band i, the axial compressive strain out of own weight DIN 1055-5 Design loads for buildings, live loads, snow
and wind loading existing at the lower edge is determined and loading and ice loading
secured with the buckling stress O"k,i. DIN 4740-1 Ventilation and air conditioning installations; pipes
The buckling stress may, simplified, be calculated according to made of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U);
the following equation: calculation of the minimum wall thicknesses
DIN 8061/62 Pipes made of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride
30°C Sz i *
O"k,i = a· 0.62· E K . ~ :::; K K N/mm 2 (25) DIN 8074/75 Pipes made of high-density polyethylene (PE-H D)
DIN 8077/78 Pipes made of polypropylene (PP)
with a = ----;:::======0=.7======== (26) DIN 16925 Extruded sheets made of polyethylene (PE);
DIN 16927 Sheets made of polyvinyl chloride (rigid PVC) ;
The following condition for each band i must be complied with: DI N 16961-1 Thermoplastic pipes and fittings with shaped wall
L
_ S· A 21 . ~ 0" vorh
i
(27)
11A,i - 0" :::; 1 technical delivery conditions
k,i
DI N 18800-4 Stability cases; shell bulges
4.2.3 Pressure stability of the shell DVS 2201-2 Testing of semi-finished products of thermo-
plastics; weldability; test methods; requirements
The depression arising out of Peu is secured with the critical DVS 2205 Calculation of containers and apparatus made of
pressure of the shell PkM. thermoplastics;
The following condition must be complied with: -1 Characteristic values
-3 Welded joints
11M = S· A 21 . PeLJ :::; 1 (28) -4 Flanged joints
PkM
DVS 2206 Testing of components and constructions made of
The critical pressure of the shell of the non-graduated cylin- thermoplastic materials
der shall be calculated according to the equation:
* 30°C r (SZ)2.5 N/mm 2 (29) ISO/DIS Plastics - Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride sheets -
PkM = 0.64· C . E K . _. -
hz r 11833-1 Types, dimensions and characteristics - Part 1
Sheets of thickness not less than 1 mm
with C * = 0.6 for open tanks. prEn/ISO Extruded sheets of high-density polyethylene (PE-
The critical pressure of the shell of the graduated tank may be 14632 HD) Requirements and test methods
calculated on an equivalent cylinder with three bands according prEn/ISO Extruded sheets of polypropylene (PP)
to DIN 18800-4: 15013 Requirements and test methods
prEN/ISO Extruded sheets of polyvinylidene fluorid (PVDF)
PkM = 0.64· ~ . C . E K
* 300C
. f· (S'7 )2.5 N/mm 2 (30) (CEN/TC 249/ Requirements and test methods
SC6-WI009)
o
The ~-values can be found in the tables 20a to c of the DIN
18800-4. 5.3 Literature
[1] Timoshenko, S: Theory of Plates and Shells. McGraw Hill
A proof for the interaction between axial and pressure stability of
the shell can be dispensed with. Book Comp, New York/London 1959
[2] Kempe, B.: Measurements of the deformation of a tank of 5.5 Construction details
high-density polyethylene by a change in temperature.
Schw. Schn. 42 (1990), H. 4, p. 173. This section describes the examples of construction for
[3] Tuercke, H.: On the stability of tanks made from - Distance collecting device/tank
thermoplastic materials, DIBt-information, copy-book 5/
1995. - Base anchorage
- Lifting lugs
5.4 Temperature and time-dependent elasticity moduli for stability
calculations - Connection shell/base
- Edge of collecting devices
Table 3. Temperature-dependent short-term E-moduli ET~C in
N/mm 2 •
Material ::;; 10°C 20°C 30°C 40°C 50°C 60°C 70°C 80°C
PE-HD 1100 800 550 390 270 190 - -
PP-H 1400 1200 960 770 620 500 400 320
PP-B 1200 1000 790 630 500 400 320 250
PP-R 1000 800 620 490 380 300 230 180
PVC-NI 3200 3000 2710 2450 2210 2000 - - min. 100
::;; 10°C 20°C 40°C 60°C 80°C 100°C - -
PVDF 1900 1700 1330 1050 820 650 - -
T abl e.
4 ·
T Ime- depen dent long-term E-modull. E L20°C.In N/mm2 •
Material 1 year 5 years 10 years 15 years 20 years 25 years

PE-HD 308 269 254 245 239 235
PP-H 464 393 365 350 340 330
PP-B 405 334 307 293 283 275
PP-R 322 298 288 283 279 276
PVC-NI 1800 1695 1652 1627 1609 1600
PVDF 810 763 744 733 725 720
Note: The long-term E-moduli for PE-HD apply for stresses up to Figure 4. Distance collecting device/tank.
0.5 N/mm 2 , for PP up to 1 N/mm2 . The stress dependence of the
E-moduli for PVC-N I and PVDF is negligible.
slit:::: 2 mm
anchor bolt ~I M12

claw steel
d
distance sheets steel

PE-foil2 mm
::::20
T
minimum number I
I
claws 4 pieces I
I
Figure 5. Base anchorage.
Tie-bar to be used
a=O,7 x s Z,1 SZ,' d
Figure 6. Lifting lug (a cornered connection is also possible when observing bo).
o~ 10 without anchorage
o~ 25 with anchorage
SZ,1
Figure 7. Connection shell/base.
r-
N
CI)
X
o
o~
_ _ 0/
+U'
~?
Figure 8. Edge of collecting devices.

I
DVS - DEUTSCHER VERBAND Design of thermoplastic tanks Directive
FOR SCHWEISSEN UND and apparatus DVS 2205-3
VERWANDTE VERFAHREN E.V. Welded joints (April 1975)
=
Contents: B. General welding principles
A. Scope B.1.
The welds must be dimensioned so that in the case of supporting
B. General welding principles welds the cross-sections present are fully connected or in the
case of fillet welds the diameters required for load transmission
C. Welding rules are present. Butt welds are to be preferred.
1. Frame - base 1.1 to 1.12 B.2.
All joints should be counter-welded at the base of the weld or
2. Shell seams 2.1 to 2.2
welded from both sides. Seams accessible from one side should
3. Nozzles and loose flanges 3.1 to 3.8 have a deep penetration at the base of the weld.
B.3.
4. Collars and flanges 4.1 to 4.2
With butt welds of different wall thicknesses a constant load
5. Supporting flanges and rings 5.1 to 5.4 transmission should be aimed for, e.g. by bevelling the thicker
CD
..c
"~
wall .
:0 6. Stiffeners 6.1 to 6.5
:::J
Q. B.4.
Q)
£ 7. Other joints 7.1 Accumulations of welds should be avoided. Cross-welds at load-
'0 bearing wall sections are not permissible. When fitting stiffeners
CQ)
or similar in the zone of load-bearing welds free sections of
CJ)
c A. Scope adequate size should be provided.
oC,,)
Q) B.5.
£ Joint forms are subject to the specifications of 01 N 16960, sheet
£ The following directive specifies the design and construction of
"~ welded joints in tanks, apparatus and pipelines. It supplements 1, insofar as no special rulings are made in the following
>.
C the existing standards relating to this equipment. examples. For all welds the dimensions for the joint forms should
o
uf
be precisely determined as a function of the welding process and
Q. The rules are based on an evaluation of many years of the dimensions of the filler material, taking into account base of
CD
C,,) experience. The examples cannot replace the necessary design the weld finish.
fi5 calculations for construction. This applies particularly to
'0 deviations from the welding principles specified in section B. B.6.
E Load-bearing welds should be accessible for testing. If such
.2
Q)
The dimensions of individual components (wall thicknesses, welds are covered by components, then the weld should be
£ diameters etc.) are to be taken from the specification sheets for tested before the component is welded on or the component
"~
c the various tank forms. should be designed to allow testing.
~
Q)
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c
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a:
c. Welding rules
1. Frame - base
a) b)
s, ....I-----d
I
I
I
I
J
( I). M
en
I
I
--JfL
Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2
Application: Application:
Vertical tanks with weld accessible on both sides Vertical tanks
Conditions: a) weld accessible on one side only
b) weld accessible on both sides
s3 > s1: a = 0.7 s1 s1 > s3: a = 0.7 s3
Conditions:
s1 :s; 30 mm, f = 0.5 s1
Figure 1.3 Figure 1.4

Application: Application:
Vertical tanks with weld accessible on both sides Vertical tanks
Condition: a) with weld accessible on one side only
f = 0.3 s1 , k = 0.1 s1 b) with weld accessible on both sides
Conditions:
a = 0.7 s2' f = 0.5 s1
al
L M
til
t
8 1) Ib 1)
C)
I
I
/
Figure 1.5
Application: Vertical tanks Figure 1.6
a) with weld accessible on one side only Application:
b) with weld accessible on both sides Vertical tanks with inclined bases and intermediate bases
a) weld accessible on one side only
b) weld accessible on both sides
c) weld accessible on both sides
Conditions:
a) f = 0.5 s3
b) s1 > s3: a = 0.7 s3
s3 > s1 : a = 0.7 s1
c) k = 0.1 s3
f = 0.3 s3
Figure 1.8
Application:
Vertical tanks
8 1)
/bl
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Figure 1.7
Application: Vertical tanks Conditions: I
a) weld accessible on one side only a = 0.7 s2 Figure 1.9
b) weld accessible on both sides a1 = 0.7 s1 Application: Vertical tanks with tapered base
a)
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
~<
,~
i
bl
I
I
I
I
Figure 1.12
I Application:
I
Vertical and horizontal tanks with weld accessible on both sides
Conditions:
I a) a3 = 0.7 s1 , a2 = 0.7 s3' b 2 s1 , c23s
Figure 1.10 b) f = 0.5 s1
Application: Vertical tanks with tapered base
Conditions: 2. Shell seams
a) a 2 60°: f = 0.5 s3' a1 = 0.7 s3 a) b)
b) a < 60°: as drawn
/bl
t
II
IJ
I
I
i
I
I
I
Ie)
e)
Figure 1.11
Application: I
Vertical and horizontal tanks
with cu rved bases
a) weld accessible on both I
I
Figure 2.1
sides Application:
b) weld accessible on both Vertical tanks with constant wall
sides I thicknesses
a) s:s; 6 mm
Design calculation necessary!
b) s> 6 mm
I k = 0.2 s1
e,l
o
o
co
I
o
LO
llit
dl
Figure 2.2
Application:
Vertical tanks with varying wall thicknesses
a) design calculation necessary
b) design calculation necessary
a1 = 0.7 s1
3. Nozzles and loose flanges
Figure 3.1
Application:
Tanks with weld accessible on one side only
a) cannot be used when penetration by liquid
results in stress on gap
Conditions:
a) s2 > S 1: a1 = 0.5 s1, f 1 = 0.5 s1
s1 > s2: a1 = 0.5 s2, f 1 = 0.5 s2
b) s1 :s; 15 mm, f2 = 0.2 s1
Figure 3.2 a) b)
Application:
Tanks with weld accessible
on both sides
Conditions:
a) s2 > s1: a = 0.7 s1
s1 > s2: a = 0.7 s2
b) s1 > s2: a1= 0.5 s2
f = 0.5 s2
a = 0.7 s2
a1 = 0.5 s1
f = 0.5 s1
a = 0.7 s1
c) f = 0.3 s1
k = 0.1 s1
a)
Figure 3.3
Application: tanks
Figure 3.5
Application:
Tanks with weld accessible on both sides
Conditions:
a) a = 0.7 s1
b) a = 0.7 s1, f = 0.5 s1
c) f = 0.3 s1' k = 0.1 s1
Figure 3.4
Application:
Tanks with weld accessible on one side only
a) cannot be used when penetration by liquid results in
stress on gap. b)
al
Conditions:
a) f = 0.5 1
b) s ~ 15, f = 0.2 s1
Figure 3.6
Application: Tanks
a) with weld accessible on one side only
Cannot be used when penetration by liquid results in stress
other weld forms possible
on gap.
b) with weld accessible on both sides
Figure 3.7 Condition:
Application: Tanks a = 0.7 s1
4. Collars and flanges a)
aJ
before welding after welding
Figure 4.1
Application: Figure 4.2
Collars on connections
Application:
a) Socket welding
Collars and flanges on tanks and connections
b) Spin friction welding
Conditions:
a = 0.7 s1' a1 = s1
5. Supporting flanges and rings

r
I
1--------
r---------
I
I
I
t -------
-------
. ,._._.
I
Figure 5.1
Application: Vertical tanks
II~
Conditions:
I I" '" / '
a1 :s; 0.5 s4 a2 :s; 0.5 s5 It-Steel
Figure 5.4
~-----
I
I
~---
I
I
I ~
1----- \:-\ T
ca 1---
I~ worked weld
I
I . I \
I .
I I I. \\
· I ~Steel
I I. . \
I
--~I k \
L-._._._.~.F~·=·=~
6. Stiffeners
Figure 5.2
Conditions:
a = 0.7 s1, a1 = 0.7 s1
I c)
Plates distributed
I round circumference
Wall thickness S5
I
I ~~"<
~--------
'--------
j
.,'-.-.
~ II
Ifsteel
Figure 6.1
Application:
Flat and curved surfaces
d) only when weld is
Figure 5.3
accessible on both sides
Conditions:
Conditions: a = 0.7 s1'
a1 :s; 0.5 s4' a2 :s; 0.5 s5 f = 0.2 s1
a) bl c)
Figure 6.2
Application:
Flat and curved surfaces with and without steel inserts
Condition:
a1= 0.7 s4
Figure 6.3
Application:
Flat and cu rved su rfaces
al c)
dl
Figure 6.4
Application: Flat and cu rved su rfaces
Conditions:
a= 0.7 s1' f = 0.7 s1
7. Other joints
a) b)
Figure 6.5
Application:
Flat and curved surfaces
Condition:
a = 0.7 s4
c)
Figure 7.1
Application: Pressureless tanks
a) accessible from inside
b) and c) inaccessible from inside
Conditions:
a1 = 0.5 s, a2 = 0.2 s, b = s, c =5 s
DVS - DEUTSCHER VERBAND Calculation of thermoplastic tanks Directive
FOR SCHWEISSEN UND and apparatuses - DVS 2205-4
VERWANDTE VERFAHREN E.V. Flanged joints (November 1988)
Contents: 2 General
1 Scope This sheet is based on the AD data sheets B7 and B8, see
2 General explanations 8. Attention is to be drawn to the German Accident
3 Design principles Prevention Regulation VBG 17 "Pressure Vessels".
4 Calculation data The flanged joint is calculated only in association with continuous
5 Calculation of the bolts gasket or a-ring, since other seals lead to very high flexural
5.1 General moments and these in turn give rise to uneconomical flange
5.2 Calculation of the bolt forces in case of a continuous gasket dimensions, Figure 2.
5.3 Calculation of the bolt forces in case of a-rings
6 Calculation of the flanges
6.1 General
6.2 Welding neck flanges and welded-on flanges with conti-
nuous gasket or with a-ring
CD
..c 6.3 Welding neck flanges and welded-on loose collars with con-
"~
:0 tinuous gasket or with a-ring
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7 Calculation of metal flanges
£ 8 Explanations
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(J)
c 1 Scope
o
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£ The following design and calculation principles relate to circular
£
"3: flanged joints of the following thermoplastic materials
>.
co Polyethylene high density (PE-HD) oj bl
en Polypropylene (PP)
a..
CD
()
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U)
><
Q) Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
'0
§ The flanges referred to in the following comprise welding neck
.E flanges, welding neck collars, welded-on flanges and welded-on
Q)
£ collars, Figure 1.
t~
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c
~
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c
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_ -.L -.L
r
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"§. Figure 2. Application examples of gaskets:
Q)
a: a) Flat gasket, b) O-ring,
c) Flat gasket, d) O-ring.
oj b)
3 Design principles
The number of bolts should be chosen as large as possible, to

ensure uniform sealing.
The number of bolts should be at least four.
The bolt spacing should not exceed 5 d L , but should maximum
be 80 mm. This does not apply to loose flanges of steel and
pipeline connecting flanges.
c) d) At low pressure the calculation may produce a flange height
Figure 1. Practical examples of flanges: which is so small that a uniform seal is difficult to achieve even
a) Welding neck flange, b) Welding neck collar, when the given design principles are applied. For design
c) Welded-on flange, d) Welded-on collar. directions see Supplement.
liability can be accepted by the Deutscher Verband fOr SchweiBtechnik e.v., and thosl3 participating in the drawing up of the document.
Page 2 to DV8 2205-4
In selecting the gasket material - gaskets of soft material should

be preferred - ist thermal and chemical resistance must be
considered.
dK = zJ P SB
K Schr · n
+C, (1 )
For flammable and highly toxic gases attention is to be drawn to for the assembled condition:
the German Accidents Prevention Regulation "Compressed,
liquefied gases and gases dissolved under pressure" VBG 62
§20 section 3. dK = zJ PSG +C.
K Schr · n
(2)
Welded joints see directive 2205 Part 3. Z 1,75 for solid bolts, for example according to DIN 2509 and
DIN 931, with known yield limit, where p' s 1,3 p.
4 Calculation data
c = 3 mm
External forces, for example due to thermal expansion, are not
a,ao arm of bolt force in mm covered by this.
b effective double flange width in mm
bo gasket width in mm 5.2 Calculation of the bolt forces in case of continuous gasket
c corrosion allowance in mm 5.2.1 Working condition
da outside diameter of flange in mm
dj inside diameter of cylindrical component in mm
dt pitch circle diameter in mm P SB = -
p
10 (
n; . do
--+3,8d
4
2 o ·k 1 J (3)
d1 inside diameter of loose flange in mm
d2 average contact diameter flange/collar in mm 5.2.2 Assembled condition
d3 d 1 + 2 x flange rounding diameter in mm
do average gasket diameter in mm Pso = P ov = n;. do· k o · K o · (4)
dK bolt shank diameter in mm
If Pso is higher than Ps B , Pso may be reduced:
dL bolt hole diameter in mm
d'L
ho
reduced bolt hole diameter in mm
gasket height in mm
Pso = 0,2 P ov + 0,8 Jp SB · P ov · (5)
hF required height of a flange plate in mm The gasket parameters k 1 and ko x K o are to be taken from Table
ko gasket parameter for predeformation in mm 1.
k1 gasket parameter for working condition in mm
5.3 Calculation of the bolt forces in case of O-rings
La neck height in mm
n number of bolts - 5.3.1 Flanges with O-ring according to Figure 3:
p working pressure above atmospheric in bar
p' test pressure in bar
(6)
s1 wall thickness of cylindrical component in mm
v weakening coefficient -
Y1' Y2 lever arms in case of O-ring in mm
C,C 1 auxiliary value -
Ko deformation resistance of gasket material in N/mm 2
A2 reduction factor for the influence of the envi-
ronment -
A4 reduction factor for the influence of the specific
toughness -
K(A1,A3) strength parameter value of the thermoplastic in
working condition in N/mm 2
KS chr yield limit of bolt material in N/mm 2
K FI yield limit of loose flange material (metal) in N/mm 2
K'(A1,A3) strength parameter of the thermoplastic in test
condition in N/mm 2
Pov predeformation force in N
PFI surface pressure in N/mm 2 Figure 3. Flanges with O-ring.
PSB bolt force in working condition in N
5.3.2 Collars with O-ring according to Figure 4:
P'SB bolt force at test pressure in N
PSO bolt force in assembled condition prior to appli- p.n;.d5
cation of pressure in N P SB = =------ (7)
8M safety factor for metals in working condition - 40
8'M safety factor for metals in test and assembled
condition -
safety factor for thermoplastics -
flange resistance in mm 3
auxiliary value -
5 Calculation of the bolts
5.1 General
The inside diameter of the thread of a rigid bolt results from the
largest value of the following formulae:
for the working condition: Figure 4. Collars with O-ring.

Table 1. Gasket parameters for liquids and also for gases and vapours.
Shape 4 ) material gasket parameters 1)

of gasket with hole without hole for fluids for gases and vapours
Ko · Ko k1 Ko · Ko k1
N/mm mm N/mm mm
EPDM 1 bo 0.5 b o 2 bo 0.5 b o
(Rubber)
--- ~ --- --- - , . . - - - - e-----
0
-0
0 PTFE 3) 20 b o 1.1 b o 25 b o 1.1 b o

"0
~ ~ ,
~
0
.0
II
/;
0
II
~
~
n 1
- f--- - ~'-
------ h 0 f4-- IT 15 b o bo 1.3 b o

~2)
h~
~
200
----- h0 i4---
1) They apply to machined and undamaged sealing faces and subject to the hardness of the gasket material being lower than that of the flange material.
2) Gas-tight quality assumed.
3) Polytetrafluorethylene.
4) For flanges with continuous gasket, the effective gasket width is: 0,5 bo.
6 Calculation of the flanges
6.1 General
The design of the flanges is determined by the highest flange

resistance required.
For the working condition:

Q
(8)
For the test condition:
Figure 5.
(9)
Welding neck
---- d t - - - - - - I....
flange (gasket not
- - - - - - do ------1~
.. shown on drawing).
For the assembled condition, the arm aD = O. Consequently, no
W 3 is to be calculated.
The required height of the flange plate is:
The values for K(A1, A3)' K'(A1, A3)' A 2 , A 4 and S are to be taken
from the directive DVS 2205 Part 1.
h = C C1 · W (12)
F dt . n-d L . n
6.2 Welding neck flanges and welded-on flanges with continuous
gasket or with O-ring according to Figure 5 and Figure 6
For welding neck flanges C = 0,9, C 1 = 2,
The arm of the bolt force is for working and test condition: for welded-on flanges C = 1,1 , C 1 = 3.
6.3 Welding neck collars and welded-on collars with continuous

(10) gasket or with O-ring according to Figure 7 and Figure 8
The arm of the bolt force for working and test condition is:
For the assembled condition ao = O.
a = d2 - d j - s1
(13)
(11 )
2
51 ~15-+g =s.,;"f=O
5,>15 ..... g =15;f=0,5'51
,-tn
I I I .
«
....J
LL
~'+-'
L.
---d
------d 2 -------...l
t ----da---~
------- da------1~
Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8.

Welded-on flange Welding neck collar Welded-on collar
(gasket not shown on drawing). (gasket not shown on drawing). (gasket not shown on drawing).
For the assembled condition: For the test condition:
aD = O. (14) P SB . SM
W2 = . a. (19)
K F1
The required height of the collar is
For the assembled condition:
f£;
1· W
hF = C - - .
d2 ·n
(15)
W3 =
p so · SM
K F1
. a. (20)
For welding neck collars C = 0,9, C 1 = 2,

for welded-on collars C = 1,1, C 1 = 3. If Pso is higher than Ps B , the value for Pso is to be entered for
PSB in equation (18). Equation (20) is then left out of account.
The surface pressure between loose flange and collar should be
The values for K F1 and SM and S'M are to be taken from the AD-
checked:
Data Sheets. The arm of the bolt force for the working, test and
assembled condition is
(16)
a = dt - d2 . (21)
2
1,27 Pso
P FI = 2 2
<K
- (A 1 A 3 )
(17) The required height of the flange plate is
Cd a - d 3 ) ,
hF = J1,27 ~, (22)
7 Calculation of loose metal flanges according to Figure 9
wherein
The design of the flange is determined by the highest required b = d - d - 2d
flange resistance. a 1 L (23)
For the working condition: with d'L according to Figure 10.
P . SM
W 1 = -SB
--·a. (18)
K F1 V d'L =vd
L
1.0
-------do. ---------,~
----- d --------i~
0,75
t
D,S
- - d1 - - - - - . I
o
500 d·I
Figure 10. Reduced bolthole diameter
8 Explanations
The mode of calculation of the collars was drawn up on the basis

of AD-Data Sheet B 8, bearing in mind the difference in elastic
deformation between loose steel flange and plastic collar. This is
Figure 9. Loose flange. reflected also in the calculation of the loose steel flange.
I
Calculation of thermoplastic tanks and Directive
FOR SCHWEISSEN UND
appartuses DVS 2205-4
Welded flanges, welded collars - Supplement
constructive details (November 1996)
=
Contents: Additionally, the height h F has been calculated under the

following conditions:
1 Scope 1. Pressure p = 0,5 bar as fictitious pressure, in order to get a
2 Design conditions usable height of the welded flange resp. of the welded collar.
3 Tables of dimensions
3.1 Welded flanges 2. Creep strength K(A 1, A3) of the material for the loading time of
3.2 Welded collars 25 years at a working temperature of 30 0 C according to
directive DVS 2205-1. The standard DIN 8075 is valid for poly-
3.3 Screw starting torque
ethylene. DIN 8078 is valid for polypropylene Type 1 and 2,
DIN 8061 are considered for polyvinylchloride (PVC-U and
PVC-RI Type 1 and 2).
1 Scope
3. Safety factor S = 2,0
This directive describes the design of pressure-loaded welded If the working conditions differ from the above mentioned, h F has
flanges and welded collars in accordance to the design to be calculated accordingly.
CD
..c
conditions for tanks and apparatuses out of thermoplastics as
"~ mentioned in section 2 Connecting bolts have to be used basically with plain washers
:0
:::J according to DIN 9021. Both, the connecting bolts and the plain
0-
Q)
Polyethylene high density (PE-HD) washers should be made of stainless steel (e.g. A2, A4 according
£ Polypropylene (PP-H, PP-B, PP-R) to DIN 267-11) in order to prevent corrosion.
'0 Polyvinylchloride (PVC-NI, PVC-RI)
CQ)
(J) Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF)
c
o
()
in the general application range: 3 Tables of dimensions
Q)
£
£ Diameter 500 up to 4000 mm for welded flanges and 3.1 Welded flanges - table 1
"3: Diameter 500 up to 1200 mm for welded collars
>.
co 3.2 Welded collars - table 2
The welded flanges referred to in the following comprise welded-
en on collars (figures 1 and 2) and welded neck flanges (figure 3)
a.. 3.3 Screw tightening moments
CD
()
with flat gaskets.
><
Q)
The required screw tightening moments are as follows:
'0 The welded collars comprise welded-on collars (figures 4 and 5)
and welded neck collars (figure 6) with flat gaskets and O-rings. M10:15Nm
§ M 12: 25 Nm
.E
Q) M 16: 50 Nm
£
"~ 2 Design conditions The installation of the connection bolts should be performed by
c
~ means of a torque wrench. The screws have to be torqued
Q)
0)
The design of welded flanges and welded collars is based on the evenly. Exceeding the mentioned tightening moments has to be
c directives DVS 2205-1 and -4. avoided.
"~
o
() The heights of the flange plate h F are calculated with continuous The above mentioned screw tightening moments are valid for
"'0
c
ctl
gasket out of elastomers (shore-A hardness 60 0 ), because this flange connections out of thermoplastics at the application of flat
0>
c
gasket material is mainly used for tanks and apparatuses out of gaskets out of elastomers with a shore-A hardness of
E thermoplastics. If other gasket materials are specified, h F has to approximately 60 0 • If profiled gaskets are used, the mentioned
"§. be calculated c. screw starting torques may be reduced by 20 0/0.
Q)
a:
liability can be accepted by the Deutscher Verband fOr SchweiBtechnik e.v., and thosl3 participating in the drawing up of the document.
Page 2 to DVS 2205-4 Supplement
Table 1. Welded flanges for apparatuses out of thermoplastics - dimensions.
welded-on flanges welding neck flange

do do
t=:
di " ~ ~
~
~
Preferably HS
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
g1 = 0.7 . S1 from tank calculation

g2 ~ 0.4 . S1 k ~ 0.2 . h F R=10 ... 15mm
up to d j = 1000 mm: d a and dt according to DIN 2501 PN 6
as from d j = 1200 mm: da and dt according DIN 2501 PN 2.5
Abbreviations and symbols see DVS 2205-4
holes hF Flat gasket

Number dL PE PP PVC PVDF
500 645 600 20 12 25 20 20 15 ~5 Lf"l
600 755 705 24 12 25 25 20 15 - \- I

~
700 860 810 28 12 25 25 20 15
800 975 920 32 12 30 30 25 20
900 1075 1020 36 12 30 30 25 20
1000 1175 1120 40 12 35 30 25 20
1200 1375 1320 44 14 35 35 30 20
1400 1575 1520 52 14 35 35 30 20 Design conditions:
1500 1690 1630 56 14 40 40 30 25 Working pressure: 0,5 bar
1600 1790 1730 60 14 40 40 35 25 Working temperature: 30 0 C
Working time: 25 years
1800 1990 1930 64 14 45 40 35 25 Safety factor: 2,0
2000 2190 2130 72 14 45 45 35 30
2200 2405 2340 80 14 50 50 40 30
2400 2605 2540 84 14 50 50 40 30
2500 2705 2640 88 14 55 50 40 30
2600 2805 2740 88 18 55 50 40 35
2800 3030 2960 96 18 60 60 50 35
3000 3230 3160 104 18 65 60 50 40
3200 3430 3360 112 18 65 60 50 40
3600 3840 3770 120 18 70 70 55 45
3800 4045 3970 124 18 70 70 60 45
4000 4245 4170 132 18 75 70 60 45
Table 2. Welded collars for apparatuses out of thermoplastics - dimensions.
welded-on flanges welding neck flange

do
450: .. 60 0 Preferably HS
I.L I.L lL.

...c ..c ..c
Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6
g1 = 0.7 . S1 g2 ~ 0.4 . S1 k ~ 0.2 . h F R = 10 mm b = 5 mm

S1 from tank calculation
Loose flange depending on manufacturers choice (e. g. steel, FRP)
dD h F for flat gasket h F for O-ring gasket

dj da forO-ring- PE PE
gasket PVC PVDF PVC PVDF
PP PP
500 585 550 15 12 10 15 12 9
600 690 660 15 15 10 15 12 10
700 790 760 20 15 12 17 14 11
800 900 860 20 15 12 18 15 12
900 1000 960 20 20 15 20 17 13
1000 1100 1070 25 20 15 22 18 14
1200 1300 1270 25 20 15 25 20 15
Kinds of gaskets
A: Flat gasket B: O-ring gasket
do
I
FOR SCHWEISSEN UND and apparatus - DVS 2205-5
VERWANDTE VERFAHREN E.V. Rectangular tanks (July 1987)
=
Contents: Ec N/mm 2 modulus of creep (from DVS 2205 Part 1)
1 Scope f m maximum deflection

2 General F N force
4 Calculation of various tank constructions J mm 4 moment of inertia of edge strengthening
5 Explanations k coefficient
6 Literatu re
M Nmm bending moment
p N/mm 2 excess pressure on tank bottom

1 Scope
Pm N/mm 2 mean value of excess pressure for calculation of
The following rules for the design and calculation apply to wall thickness
rectangular tanks for the engineering of apparatus of
thermoplastic materials, in particular Pn N/mm 2 mean value of excess pressure for calculation of
CD
..c the beam
"~ Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
:0
:::J
Q. Polypropylene (PP) s mm wall thickness
Q)
£ High density polyethylene (PE-H D)
W moment of resistance of edge strengthening
'0 The tanks may be strengthened from the outside by means of
C a1" .as coefficient of deformation
Q)
CJ)
ribs or frames made of the same or stiffer materials, such as
c
oC,,) glass-fibre reinforced plastics (GRP) or steel. With the exception ~1" ·~s coefficient of wall thickness
Q) of hydrostatic pressures, no appreciable pressures occur. For the
£ calculation, in principle, the plate theory was used. Reference to (Jzul N/mm 2 permissible stress (here the stress values given
£
"~ the membrane theory will be found in subclauses 4.6.2 and 5. in DVS 2205 Part 1 may be used)
>.
C
o
uf
Q. 2 General 4 Calculation of various tank constructions
CD
C,,)
fi5 In the design and processing in particular the following Data

'0 The calculation procedures are given for the following tank
E Sheets should be considered: constructions, Figures 1 to 5.
.2
Q)
DVS 2205 Part 1
£ "Calculation of thermoplastic tanks and apparatus, 4.1 Tanks without strengthening, resting evenly on a flat surface
"~
c characteristic values"
The calculation of the walls depend on their side ratio. The
~
Q)
DVS 2205 Part 3 thickness of the bottom must be at least of the same order of
0)
c "Calculation of thermoplastic tanks and apparatus, welded magnitude as that of the side walls, Figure 6.
"~
oC,,)
joints"
4.1.1 Side ratio alb < 0.5
"0
C
DVS 2205 Part 4
ctl
0>
"Calculation of thermoplastic tanks and apparatus, flanged The required wall tickness is
C
joints".
E
"§.
Q) Welds must be placed into regions of low bending moments; the
a: maximum moments can be seen in figures 6,7 and 8. Significant s = (1 )
differences in expansion between strengthening and wall, caused
by temperature changes, must be allowed for in the design. The maximum deflection is:
4
3 Calculation values f = p. a (2)
k· 32· Ec . s3
A,B,C,D operands
The factor k is to be chosen between 1 (for a < b) and 2 (for
a mm length of tank or of panel alb ~ 0.5)
b, bn mm heights of tank or of panel
4.1.2 Side ratio 0.5 ::; alb ::; 4
ai, b l
mm lengths and heights of panels assigned to
strengthening The minimum wall thickness results from:
c mm width of tank or of panel
2
p. b
N/mm 2 elastic modulus of the beam material (with
A
E s = tJ1-- (3)
plastics, corresponding to Ed (Jzul
Figure 1. Tanks without strengthening.
Figure 2. Tanks with edge strengthening.
Figure 6. Moment curve.
and the maximum deflection is:
4
f = _a_
1 _.p_'_b_
(4)
Figure 3. Tanks with all-around strengthenings. Ec ·s3
The values for ~1 and a1 are to be taken from Table 1.
4.1.3 Side ratio alb > 4
The wall thicknesses result from
(5)

Figure 4. Tanks with yoke strengthenings.
4
f = p. b (6)
25·
. Ec . s3
4.2 Tanks with edge strengthening, resting evenly on a flat surface
4.2.1 Calculation of the side walls
The calculation of the side walls is based on the assumption that

Figure 5. Tanks with cross-ribbed side walls. the upper edge strengthening constitutes a firm support. The
(In view of their high costs, these thickness of the bottom must be at least the same of the side
tanks are not considered here.) walls, Figure 7,
Table 1. Coefficients; use linear interpolation to find intermediate value.
alb or ale a1 ~1 a2 ~2 a3 ~3 a4 ~4 a5 ~5
0.5 0.0009 0.09 0.00092 0.074 0.0019 0.13 0.17 0.19 - -
0.6 0.0020 0.10 0.0020 0.097 0.0037 0.17 0.19 0.21 - -
0.7 0.0035 0.12 0.0032 0.12 0.0061 0.22 0.23 0.22 - -
0.8 0.0055 0.15 0.0049 0.15 0.0090 0.26 0.26 0.23 - -
0.9 0.0075 0.18 0.0068 0.18 0.012 0.29 0.29 0.23 - -
1.0 0.011 0.21 0.0088 0.21 0.015 0.31 0.32 0.21 0.045 0.29
1.2 0.017 0.27 0.013 0.26 0.021 0.39 0-35 0.27 0.063 0.38
1.4 0.028 0.33 0.017 0.31 0.025 0.44 0.37 0.32 0.078 0.45
1.6 0.046 0.43 0.020 0.34 0.028 0.47 0.39 0.34 0.09 0.52
1.8 0.061 0.45 0.022 0.35 0.029 0.49 0.40 0.36 0.10 0.57
2.0 0.082 0.50 0.024 0.36 0.031 0.50 0.40 0.38 0.11 0.61
2.5 0.138 0.64 0.0258 0.37 0.031 0.50 0.41 0.40 0.13 0.68
3.0 0.194 0.74 0.0260 0.37 0.031 0.50 0.42 0.41 0.14 0.71
4.0 0.269 0.87 0.0264 0.38 0.031 0.50 0.42 0.41 0.14 0.74
00 0.4 1.0 0.029 0.4 0.031 0.50 0.43 0.41 0.14 0.75
p/2 = average area load
4.2.1.1 Side ratio alb < 0.5 be assumed as a fixed support, its deflection must not be greater
The required wall thickness is: than 1 % of the length or height, the shorter distance being
decisive. The deflection is calculated according to:
~
p·a 4
(7) f = p·b·a
s = 3 <J'zul ' (13)
1280· E· J
Resulting from:
4
f = _---!.p_·a_ _ (8)
k· 32· Ec . s3
The factor k is to be chosen between 1 (for a < b) and 2 (for alb ~

0.5)
The maximum moment in the edge strengthening amounts to:
4.2.1.2 Side ratio 0.5 ~ alb ~ 2 2
The minimum wall thickness results from: M=~ (14)
100
2 From this we obtain for W:
~2· p. b
s = (9)
<J'zul 2
W = p·b·a (15)
and the maximum deflection is: 100 . <J'zul
4
f = u 2 · p. b Frequently the deflection f is given for reasons of design. In this
(10) case the formula
Ec ·s3
4
The values for ~2 and u2 to be taken from Table 1. J = p b a
o o
(16)
1280· E· f
4.2.1.3 Side ratio alb > 2
applies.
The wall thicknesses result from:
4.3 Tanks with all around, strengthenings resting evenly on a flat
2 surface
p. b
s = (11 )
2.5 . <J'zul ' This construction is preferably used for large tanks. The wall
thicknesses have to be calculated individually for each panel.
The heights of the panels can be determined so that, as far as
4 possible, equal wall thicknesses result. On the other hand the
f = p. b (12) panel heights may be fixed so that each strengthening beam is
35· E . s3 subjected to an equal load. The weight of the strengthenings
c
must not represent an undue additional load upon the tank wall. If
4.2.2 Calculation of the edge strengthening necessary they have to be supported independently from the
tank wall.
The deflection of the edge strengthening is to be calculated as a
mean between freely supported (f = 3~4 ...) and fixed beam 4.3.1 Calculation of the side walls
The manner of calculation of the individual panels depends on

(f = 3~4 ) with line lead. The edge strengthening takes up 115th
their position and their side ratios. The free panel height bn
of the wall load as line load. To allow the edge strengthening to (n = 1,2,3 ...) is to be put for b in the formulae.
4.3.1.1 Calculation of the upper panel 4.3.2 Calculation of the strengthening beams
The relations stated under 4.2.1 apply. For this purpose, the
The beams are calculated as a mean between freely supported
pressure at the last strengthening beam under the edge
and constrained bending beams. This statement is correct only
strengthening is entered in the equations for surface pressure p.
for rigid corner joints of the strengthening beams. The
For b, the uppermost panel height is entered.
corresponding panel load is obtained from an excess pressure Pn
averaged over half the upper and lower panel height, Figure 8.
4.3.1.2 Calculation of the lower panels
The lowest beam is to be dimensioned so that its deflection does
For this calculation a mean value of excess pressure Pm is not exceed 1 % of the lowest panel height, in order to relieve the
assumed, Figure 8. weld on the tank bottom. The equations for calculating the
strengthening beams, with exception of the edge strengthening,
4.3.1.2.1 Side ratio alb < 0.5 are as follows:
The calculation is as in subclause 4.2.1.1
4
Pn· b'· a
4.3.1.2.2 Side ratio 0.5 ~ alb ~ 2 f = 128· E· J ' (21)
The formulae
2
2 Pn· b'· a
~3· Pm· b M (22)
s = (17) 10
azul
4 2
u · Pm· b Pn· b'· a
and f = -3 - - - (18) w= (23)
E . s3 10· azul
c
apply. The edge strengthening is to be calculated as in subclause 4.2.2.
The values for ~3 and u3 are to be taken from Table 1. For this purpose, the pressure at the last strengthening beam
under the edge strengthening is entered in the equations for
4.3.1.2.3 Side ratio alb > 2 surface pressure p. For b, the uppermost panel height is entered.
The formulae
4.4 Rectangular tank with yoke strengthening
s = (19) This construction is to be chosen for tanks where the all around
frame is no longer appropriate (very long tanks), Figure 9.
4
p .b
and f = m 3 (20) 4.4.1 Calculation of the wall thicknesses of the side walls
32· E c · s
The side walls are calculated using the formulae according to
apply. subclause 4.2.1
Figure 9. Tank with yoke strengthening (moment curve similar to figure 7).
4.4.2 Calculation of the tank bottom stiffenings, these must be fitted on the top of the cover if the
medium temperature is > 60°C. If the cover is insufficiently non-
4.4.2.1 Side ratio alc < 0.5 warping, diagonal stiffenings have to be fitted. The letter a always
The formulae designates the longer side.
4.5.1 Freely supported cover, Figure 10
s = Jtt
p·a
3. (Jzul
4
(24) Loading: For example, moving load 0.0025 N/mm2
The formulae:
= 0.025 bar.
and f = p. a (25)
k.16.E ·s3 (30)
c
apply.
4
The factor k is to be chosen between 1 (for a < c) and 2 (for alc ~
a ·p·c
and f = 5 3 (31)
0.5)
Ec's
4.4.2.2 Side ratio 0.5 ~ alc ~ 2 apply.

The formulae
s=~ (26)
~~ Q
4
and f = a3 · p . c (27)
E . s3
c
apply. r--------r-----------l
I I
4.4.2.3 Side ratio alc > 2 u I 1
I I
The formulae I
'--------l..- JI
s =
Jttp·c
2 . (Jzul
4
(28) Figure 10.
4.5.2
Reference dimensions.
Fixed cover
and f = p. c (29) Figures 11 and 12 show reference dimensions for internal and
32· E . s3 external pressure.
c
apply. 4.5.2.1 Side ratio 1 ~ alc ~ 2
4.4.3 Calcu lation of the yokes The formulae
The yokes are calculated as continuous beams on two supports

with cantilevers on either side, the cantilevers being subject to (32)
triangular load and the beam being loaded with an area load at
the level of the pressure at the bottom.
4.5 Calculation of the cover (33)

The plate theory is to be used for the calculation. The cover is to
be made preferably free of stiffening. If a cover is provided with apply.
4.5.3.2 Calculation of cover stiffening
Formula
2
Direction of force of pressure W=~. (36)
8· azul
applies. Frequently the deflection is given for reasons of design.
In this case the formula
4
+ + + + + + + + + + + J = p.c.5.a (37)
~I+T-----------i + 384· E· f .
o + +
t : applies.
+ I 1+
~~--------_----.J
+ + + + + + + + + + t 4.6 Special cases
Figure 11. Reference dimensions for internal pressure. 4.6.1 Elevated tanks
In cases where the tank does not rest evenly on the ground but
stands in or on a supporting frame, the tank bottom is to be
Direction of force of pressure calculated according to 4.4.2.
p
4.6.2 Non-rigid designs
Owing to the very low rigidity of plastics, large area components

frequently are not able to take up the external loading deriving
a
from bending forces. If the deflection of a panel amounts to more
than half the panel wall thickness, a considerable portion of the
loading is absorbed by membrane forces, i.e. tensile forces. This
means that for the calculation a distinction between several
+ + + + + + + + + + +
cases will have to be made which derives from a check of the
r-~-----------l +
expression
u + I I +
I I (38)
+ I I +
~~---- __ -----...J
+ + T + + + + + + , +
Figure 12. Reference dimensions of external pressure. 4

0 - 0 rigid plate ~
0 - 0 membrane '~
4.5.2.2 Side ratio alc > 2 3 6.-6, plate and membrane -+----+-----+--------:;JII"--/\r'--------------i
The formulae
/
o
JIUl2 o
1ft
l::J.
p·c
(34)
s = 2. azul 1
0.5
4
and f = p. c 0
(35) 20 30 50 100 200 500 1000
32· E . s3
c p' b'
N::; E ' S4
c
apply.
Figure 14. Regions of validity of plate and membrane theory.
4.5.3 Stiffened cover, Figure 13
4.6.2.1 Rigidity N ~ 30
The relations specified in subclauses 4.2 and 4.6.1 apply.

.....- . . . .~-.....~I:,..- ....._......---.. 4.6.2.2 Rigidity N > 30
I
The relations allowing for bending and stress apply. For a plate
I fixed on four sides with uniform area load and a side ratio alb = 1
I the following formulae apply:
a
I 2
0 s = JA +B-A, (39)
I
I
I where A = 13~
~. b ~
2~4
Ec
(40)
~
2
Figure 13. Reference Dimensions. p. b . ~3
B = (41)
azul
4.5.3.1 Calculation of wall thickness and deflection
The calculation is done according to subclause 4.5.2.1 and
4.5.2.2 respectively. f = ~C + JC 2 + 0 , (42)
3 4 To subclause 4.2.1.3:
where C = ~.~ (43) The tank wall here is considered on the one hand as a fixed
2 Ec ' s beam and on the other hand as a freely supported beam with
triangular load.
9 6
To subclause 4.2.2:
D=~3 . (44)
The bending moment of a beam with line load, which is
27· a 3
considered as a mean between freely supported and fixed, is:
4.6.2.3 Rigidity N > 1000 M=E..:E. (47)

In the case of very high N values the membrane equations may 10
be used. (For N = 1000 the error is about 6 % as against the The tank wall is considered as fixed at the bottom and as freely
formulation for N > 30 and alb = 1). supported at the edge strengthening. Consequently the edge
The following formulae load is 1/5th of the wall load
F = p·a·b.l
~
S = ~4·p·b· -3-
c (45) 2 5'
(48)
azul with p being the pressure at the bottom.

This leads to
ft
4
and f = a 4 · 3 -'-p (46)
s· E c 2
M=~ (49)
apply. 10·10
The values for ~3' ~4 and a3, a4 are to be taken from Table 1. The same procedure is followed for the deflection [see equation
(13)].
To subclause 4.3.1.2.3:
5 Explanations Here the equation for the uniformly loaded plate fixed on all sides
is on hand.
To subclauses 4.1.1 and 4.2.1.1 :
In the equation for s the wall has been assumed as a beam fixed
at both ends with uniform line load. This leads to factor 2 in the 6 Literature
denominator. To provide better agreement with measured
values, the factor was increased to 2.5 and 3 respectively. Bittner, E.: Plates and Tanks (Platten und BehEilter), Springer
Verlag, Wien, New York 1965
In the equation for the deflection a factor 32 results in the
denominator when a beam fixed at both ends with uniform line Timoshenko, S.: Theory of Plates and Shells. McGraw Hill Book
load is assumed. However, it is possible here to use the plate Compo New York/London 1959
equations which exactly correspond to the load case and lead to Stieg/at, K., and H. Wippen: Massive plates (Massive Platten),
the factor 68 if alb ~ 0.5. An additional factor k was introduced, Verlag W. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin/Munchen 1976
therefore, which, depending on alb, gives rise to satisfactorily
accurate results. Bouche, Ch.: Dubbels Pocketbook for Engineering (Dubbels
Handbuch fur den Maschinenbau) Springer Verlag Berlin/
To subclauses 4.1.2, 4.2.1.2 and 4.3.1.2.3: Heidelberg/New York 1966
The equations for sand f and also the coefficients a and ~ have
been derived from various sources; see clause 6 Literature".
II Kunz, A.: Formulae collection (Formelsammlung) VGB
Technische Vereinigung der GroBkraftwerksbetreiber e.V. 1976
To subclauses 4.1.3:
The tank wall here is considered as a cantilever with triangular Franz, G.: Concrete-Calender (Beton-Kalender), Part 1, Verlag
load. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin/Munchen/Dusseldorf 1976
FOR SCHWEISSEN UND and apparatus DVS 2205-5
Supplement
VERWANDTE VERFAHREN E.V. Rectangular tanks, structural details (October 1984)
Contents: 3 Design examples
1 Scope 3.1 Upper all-around edge strengthenings

2 General design principles
3 Design examples
3.1 Upper all-around edge strengthenings
3.2 Horizontal all-around tank wall strengthenings
3.3 Joints between shell and tank bottom
3.4 Vertical tank edges
3.5 Partition walls
3.6 Structural measures to take up expansion differences
CD
between strengthening and tank wall
..c
"~
3.7 Tank nozzles
:0
:::J
Q.
Q) 5 2 >8 1
£ Scope (j~81
'0
CQ)
a=O.7·s 1
This directive describes the design of structural details on
~~8
CJ)
c
oC,,) rectangular tanks. With regard to welded joints it is a supplement h 51 52 -
Q)
£ to: Data Sheet DVS 2205 Part 3 "Welded Joints", the validity of
£ which is maintained in full. Figure 1. Web with fillet welds.
"~
>.
C
The compilation is based on the utilization of many years of
o experience. The examples correspond to prior art and make no
uf
Q. claim of completeness. They are no substitute for the necessary
CD
C,,) checking of the design by calculation.
fi5 45-60°
'0 machined, if necessary
E
.2 2 General design principles
Q)
£
"~ 2.1 The general rules for design and dimensioning in welding
c technique as stated in Data Sheet 2205 Part 3 apply.
~
Q)
0) 2.2 Significant differences in expansion between strengthening 5 2 >5 1

c
"~ and wall, caused by temperature changes, must be allowed for a=O.7·5 1
oC,,) by structural measures. f = 0.7·s 1
"0
C
ctl 2.3 Any stresses on nozzles caused by fittings and pipelines (for !l.-~8
0>
C example through thermal expansion and weights ~ masses/ h S1 82
E weights) are to be avoided through the use of compensators or
"§.
Q) appropriate arrangement and installation of the pipelines. Figure 2. Web with fillet and single-V weld.
a:
DVS, Technical Committee, Working Group "Plastics, Welding and Adhesive Bonding"
Pagl9 2 to DVS 2205-5 Supplement
45-60° 3.2 Horizontal all-around tank wall strengthenings
5 2 >8 1
a=0.7-s,
~::;8
8 -
2
s,
Figure 3. Triangular section.
!!-:s
8 -
12
2
S2 < s1
R :s; 2 . s2, but not smaller than 10 mm, or swivel-bending weld. 12 =0.7'5 2
1,=0.5-s2
a =0.7·s 2
h'~h
Figure 4. Triangular section with steel frame insert.

Halved pipe
Length of
support approx. 100 mm
Distance approx. 1000 mm
-~-I
* For the i
supporting frame
the most varied
sections may be
i used. In the case
of heavy
strengthening
. I section and
greater vertical
I I aditional loads
L ----.L
the forces arising
are to be taken
T'-'--I up by vertical
supports. Instead
of welding by
bending using a
I I heated tool
simple bending
I I may also be \ Support
,---L - - - _ . - _ . ------L __, considered -
L- - - . , .--------1 e. g. for PVC.
Figure 3. Rectangular section with steel insert. Figure 8. Cased square steel pipe.
S2 < s1 3.4 Vertical tank edges

R :s; 2 . s2' but not
smaller than 10 mm,
or swivel-bending
weld
I
~~
t--
L S1
I
Figure 9. Cased T-steel frame. b) dl
Figure 12. Different types of edges;

a) hot-formed,
b) swivel-bending weld,
c) T-joint with double fillet weld,
d) Joint with fillet and single V-weld.
In general types a) and b) are to be used. Where the walls are sufficiently
3.3 Joint between outer wall and tank bottom stiffened against deflection, types c) and d) are also possible.
S3 2 s1 3.5 Partition walls

f < (j:S; f + 10 mm
depending on welding
process I
1
.,...:/
a = 0.7· s1 I
- t---
I
Figure 10. T-joint with double fillet weld.

I
I
I
I
~ - ~
I
I
Ii
I
I
r
Figure 13. Partition wall stressed uniformly on both sides.
Partition wall with compensation to relieve the weld. If the

partition wall is welded to the bottom, compensation on both
sides is necessary. Partition wall serves at the same time as a tie
Figure 11. Rounded transition between shell and tank bottom. bar. The weld connection is to be dimensioned accordingly.
Pagl9 4 to DVS 2205-5 Supplement
Continuous support
(e. g. of timber)
Longitudinal beam
a=O.5·s 2
f=O.S·S2
S1 = s2
Figure 14. Partition wall stressed on one side only. Welding details as for The tank can
Figure 13. slide in
longitudinal
direction
The steel strengthening of the partition wall serves at the same within the
time as a tie bar. The supporting length of the outer all-around steel
frame is thereby diminished. structure.
The partition wall serves at the same time as a tie bar. The weld
connection is to be dimensioned accordingly. Figure 16. Longitudinal and end beam independent of each other.
3.6 Structural measures to take up differences in expansion 3.7 Tank nozzles

between stengthening and tank wall
Nozzles of small nominal bore (NW :s; 50) require strengthening
in the form of ribs, cones or the like.
Strengthening borders on
I':: ~
the tank. Differences in
expansion are taken up in
#' corner regions.
R 250 mm
----t- - - i--- __n._
~
V \
\
Steel frame
Figure 17. Nozzle with Figure 18. Nozzle with
Figure 15. Rounded edges for small expansions. rib strengthening. conical strengthening
Bolts are to be
secu red agai nst
twisting, for example
by hot pressing-in
(bores equal to
wrench size across
flats), wire ring
through bolt heads
(indented slot) or
steel ring.
Figure 21. Lateral outlet nozzle on tank bottom.
Figure 19. Block flanges.
The distance "X" must

be chosen large
enough to provide
clearance for welding.
Figure 20. Nozzle close to bottom. Figure 22. Outlet nozzle in tank bottom.

Design calculations and creep rupture curves for containers and apparatus made from thermoplastics

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Design calculations and creep rupture curves for containers and apparatus made from thermoplastics

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Design calculations for containers and Directive

DVS, Technical Committee, Workingl Group "Plastics, Welding and Bonding"

10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

DVS, Technical Committee, Workingl Group "Plastics, Welding and Bonding"

10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

DVS, Technical Committee, Workingl Group "Plastics, Welding and Bonding"

~H+I'.'f.'i"'----+--+-----+-++++-+'I------+---~~_ 'ju ---!-----~.-+-..j.......HI...I+l----I----+---I_H'-++:j+

10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

DVS, Technical Committee, Workingl Group "Plastics, Welding and Bonding"

1 10 100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1.000.000

DVS, Technical Committee, Workingl Group "Plastics, Welding and Bonding"

by ISO TR 9080 (07.92) covered parts of the creep rupture curves

CD 10°C r--- to--

30°C r--- I-- I-o~

10 100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1.000.000

DVS, Technical Committee, Workingl Group "Plastics, Welding and Bonding"

Contents: active pressures as well as the hydrostatic loading. The following

DVS, Technical Committee, Workingl Group "Plastics, Welding and Bonding"

s mm minimum wall thickness Sz

mm statically required wall thickness /

"\. "\."\."\."\. "\."\."\."\. "\."\."\."\."\."\."\."\. " \ . - ----L-

SZm mm mean cylindrical wall thickness r::o

3.1 Permanent loading

Tanks are designed for a calculated usable life of 25 years

3.1.1 Total inherent loading GE

Inherent loading of the base GB

Inherent loading of the extensions GA

3.1.2 Loading of the filling agent GF

3.1.3 Internal and external pressure Po, Pu

Higher pressures as indicated in the scope are to be considered

3.2 Medium-term active loadings

C * = 1.0 for the closed tank

3.3.2 Loading on the roof due to personnel S =

T T For this reason a double proof shall always be furnished.

1. It has to be proved that the load due to long-term active

K ~ = Creep strength for the calculated usable life at the mean

4.1.1 Effects 4.1.3 Shell

4.1.3.2 Proof in longitudinal direction

Kv~rh = 0.306. (~)1.543 . PD . sin K . A 1 . A 2 . S N/mm2 (27)

w gr = 10 mm is fixed as the dimension for the allowable hoisting -_ 0.306· (d ~

4.1.4.3 Proof for internal depression p.g .s . 10-6

Place of installation combination proof according to (13) proof according to (15)

indoor go + P To 0 - max (go + PuK' go + Pus) OOC

Place of installation combination proof according to (13) proof according to (15)

indoor Po - 0.9 . go To 0 - POK - 0.9 . go To

L Kv~rh = 0.5· -.eL . LPD . A1 . A2 · S N/mm 2 (33)

At outdoor installation The most unfavourable combination of the compressive strains in

N/mm 2 (46) with

Place of combination Lpvorh Temp.

Figure 9. Nozzles with cylindrical shell.

anchor bolt ~M12

PE foil 2mm distance sheets steel

Figure 10. Base anchorage.

Figure 11. Lifting lug.

Figure 13. Connection shell/roof.

Figure 10. Edge of open tanks.

Contents: The responsibilities of certain fields of laws (e. g. building laws,

DVS, Technical Committee, Wforking Group "Joining of Plastics"

PuS N/mm2 depression due to wind suction Gs = As . Ss . P . g .10-6 N (4)

Po N/mm2 continuously active internal pressure Inherent loading of the extensions G A

sZFC mm statically required wall thickness due to

Pstat,i = PF . g . hF,i . 10-6 N/mm 2 (10) o ,3 ~--+-+---+---+----II---+--+---J-+--+---+-+--+---+-+-