1.

What is the effect of temperature on solubility

product(Ksp)?
Ans Ksp increases with increase in temperature
because solubility increases.

2. under what condition is a substance

precipitated from its solution ?
Ans – Precipitation takes place, when ionic
product exceeds the solubility product.

3. Fizz is observed when soda water bottle is

opened. Why?
Ans – pressure is decreased , solubility of CO2 in
water decreases. CO2 escapes from cold drink
bottle.

4. C (diamond) ---------- C ( graphite)

d = 3.5g cm-3 d = 2.3 g cm-3
what will be the effect of increasing pressure in
this equillibrium
Ans – it will shift to backward direction because
the high pressure will load to formation more
denser medium

5. define lewis acid and bases with examples.

Ans – Lewis acids are those which can accept a
pair of electrons or negatively charged ions.
E.g Bcl3. Lewis bases can donate a pair of
electrons or negatively charged ions.
e.g NH3
6. Why do we pass H2S gas in acidic medium in
group 2 ?
Ans – it is done so as to reduce concentration of
S2- by common ion effect so that only group 2
radicals get precipitated whereas higher group
radical do not as Ksp of group II sulphides is low
as compared to Ksp of sulphides of higher
groups.

7. is it possible to get precipitate of Fe (OH)3 at

pH = 2? give reason.
Ans – no because Fe (OH)3 will dissolve in
strongly acidic medium

8. How does common ion affect the solubility of

electroye?
Ans- solubility of electrolyte decreases due to
common ion effect. e.g Hcl decreases solubility
of NaCl in water.
9. What is pOH ? What is its value for neutral
water at 25 C.
POH is defined as negative logarithm of OH-
concentration.

10.What is the effect of temperature on the

reactions? Give reason.
i)N2(g) + 3H2 2NH3(g) + heat
ii)N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) - heat
Ans – i) the increase in temperature will favour
backward reaction because the reaction is
exothermic. On increasing temperature
,equillibrium will shift in opposite direction to
counter balance the effect of increasing
temperature i.e backward reaction.
ii) the increase in temperature favors forward
reaction because the reaction is endothermic.

11. consider the follwoing equillibium

CO2
Write the equillibrium expression for Kc and
calculate its units.
Ans-

12. what is meant by reaction quotient? Give its

expression
Ans-it is defined as product of molar
concentration of products each raised to the
power equal to their respective stoichiometric
coefficient in balanced chemical equation divided
by the product the power equal to their individual
stoichiometric coffecients at any stage of
reaction.
aA + bB = cC +dD
------------
13. 2NO(g) + O2(g) = 2NO2(g) ΔH = -117kJ
i) predict the effect of an increase in
concentration of NO on the equillbrium
concentration of NO2.
ii) predict the effect of pressure decreases as a
result of increased volume on the equillibrium
concentration of NO2
Ans – i) if we increase the concentration of NO
the rate of forward reaction will increase, i.e more
NO2 will be formed.
ii) decrease in pressure will favour backward
reaction i.e less NO2 will be formed because
number of moles of reactants are more than
products.

15. how does a catalyst affect the equillibrium

constant? Expalin.
Ans- The equillibrium constant is not affected by
catalyst. Catalyst increases the rate of forward as
well as backward reaction equally and
equillibrium is attained faster.
16. ‘all lewis bases are also Bronsted bases’. Is it
true? If yes, why?
Ans- yes, it is true. It is because lewis bases are
-vely charged or electron rich. They are bronsted
bases also because they can accept H+ easily,
e.g., NH3 can donate electron (lewis base) and
accept H+ (bronsted base).
17. All Bronsted acids are not lewis acids.
Explain.
Ans- Bronsted acids can donate H+ easily but
they may not be able to donate electrons e.g.,
HCl, H2SO4, HNO3. Therefore, all Bronsted
acids are not lewis acids. They can not accept
electrons.
18. (I) why is NH4Cl added before addition of
NH4OH in qualitative analysis of third group?
(II) which will be added to precipitate soap
(RCOONa)? NaCl or Kcl and why?
Ans-(I) it is done so as to decrease concentration
of OH- due to common ion effect so that only
group three radicals get precipitated and higher
group radicals do not.
(II) NaCl will be added to precipitate soap.
RCOO- + Na+ = RCOONa
Na+ + Cl- = NaCl
due to common ion effect of Na+,
soap(RCOONa) will get precipitated completely.
20.(I) The reaction quotient of a reversible
reaction is Qc and the equilibrium constant is Kc.
What do you conclude for the reaction if Qc<Kc?
(II) State Le Chatelier’s principle.
(III) In qualitative analysis, NH4Cl is added
before adding NH4OH solution for testing of III
group radicals [Fe3+, Cr3+ and Al3+]. Explain by
using concept of common ion effect.
Ans-(I) if Qc<Kc ; the reaction tends towards
forward direction to attain equilibrium.
(II) Le Chatelier’s Principle: if a system in
equilibrium is subjected to a change in
concentration, temperature or pressure, the
equilibrium shifts in a direction that tends to undo
the effect of the change.
(III) hydroxides of group 3 are precipitate by
adding NH4OH in presence of NH4CL. The role
of NH4Cl is to produce common ion effect.
NH4OH = NH4+ + OH-
NH4Cl ---------- NH4+ + Cl-
due to common ion effect, the degree of
dissociation of NH4OH is suppressed and less
OH- are formed. This less concentration of OH-
is sufficient to precipitate group III cations but
not the cations of higher groups since the Ksp of
group III< subsequent groups.

21. what do you understand by Buffer solution?

Ans- The solution whose pH does not change by
adding small amount of H+ or OH- is called
Buffer solution. e.g. mixture of CH3COOH and
CH3COONa is a buffer solution.

22. (A) Define solubility product. Write solubility

ptoduct expression in terms of molar solubility of
FeCl3.
(B) What is the effect of temperature on solubility
of gases in liquids?
(C) Equilibrium constant for the reaction is 4.0.
What will be the equilibrium constant for the
reverse reaction.
(D) Calculate the pH of 10-8 M Hcl solution.
Ans- (A) Solubility product is defined as the
product of molar concentration of ions raised to
the power the number of ions formed per formula
of the compound.
 FeCl3(s) Fe3+ + 3Cl-
(B) Solubility of gases in liquids decreases with
increase in temperature because force of
attraction between gas and liquid decreases at
high temperature.
(C) K for the reaction=4
:. K’ for reverse reaction= 1/4 = 0.25.
[:. K’= 1/K for reverse reaction]
(D) pH of 10-8 M Hcl solution.
Hcl ----------- H+ + Cl-
10-8 M
H2O H+ + OH-
Kw = 1x10-14
[H+] [OH-] = 10-14
:. [H+] = [OH]
:. [H+]2 = 10-14
[H+] = 10-7 mol L-1
Total concentration of
[H+] = (10-8 + 10-7)
= 10-7 (1+0.1)
= 1.1 x 10-7
:. pH = -log[H+]
= -log 1.1 x 10-7
= -log 1.1 – log 10-7
pH = -0.0454 + 7.000 = 6.9546
23. Explain why NaCl is precipitated when
Hcl(g) is passed through the saturated solution of
NaCl.
Ans- It is due to common ion, Cl- increase,
therefore rate of backward reaction increases,
solubility of NaCl decreases.

24. Consider the reaction:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3 + Heat
Indicate the direction in which the equilibrium
will shift when:
(a) temperature is increased.
(b) pressure is increased.
Ans- (a) When temperature is increased
equilibrium will shift to backward direction as
reaction is exothermic.
(b) When pressure is increased rate of forward
reaction will increse as there is decrease in
number of moles from reactants to products.

25. What is the effect of incresing pressure in the

reactions? Give reason.
(a) Pcl5(g) Pcl3(g) + Cl2(g)
(b) N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
Ans- (a) The equilibrium will shift in backward
reaction because number of moles of products are
more than reactants Δn>0.
(b) No effect because number of moles of
reactants and products are equal, i.e., Δn=0.

26. (I) Write the conjugate acid of NH3.

(II) Assign reason for the following:
(a) A solution of NH4Cl in water shows pH
less than 7.
(b) In qualitative analysis NH4Cl is added
before adding NH4OH for testing Fe3+ or Al3+
ions.
(III) Consider the reaction:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3 + heat
Indicate the direction in which the equilibrium
will shift when:
(a) temperature is increased.
(b) pressure is increased.
Ans- (I) NH4+ is conjugate acid of NH3.
(II) (a) NH4Cl is salt of weak base NH4OH and
strong acid Hcl, therefore H+ ions are more than
OH- ions thus, pH is less than 7.
(b) It is done to decrease [OH-] due to
common ion effect, so that only group III radicals
Fe3+ or Al3+ get precipitated and higher group
radicals do not.
(III) (a) When temperature is increased
equilibrium will shift to backward direction as
reaction is exothermic.
(b) When pressure is increased rate of
forward reaction will increase as there is decrease
in number of moles from reactants to products.

27. What is common ion effect? Explain its

application in qualitative analysis of II group
radicals.
Ans- Common ion effect is the suppression of the
dissociation of weak electrolyte in the presence of
a strong electrolyte having a common ion.
Sulphides of II group radicals are precipitated by
passing H2S gas in presence of Hcl. H2S being
weak electrolyte ionises slightly and Hcl which is
a strong electrolyte is completely ionised.
H2S 2H+ + S2-
Hcl ------------ H+ + Cl-
due to common ion effect the degree of
dissociation of H2S decreases and concentration
of S2-,ions in solution becomes small enough to
precipitate only II group cation and not group IV
cation. The second group cations have lower
solubility product than IV group cations.
28. The aqueous solution of sugar does not
conduct electricity. However when sodium
chloride is added to water , it conducts electricity.
How will you explain this statment on the basis
of ionisation and how is it affected by
concentration of sodium chloride.
Ans – Sugar does not dissociate into ions whereas
NaCl dissociates into Na+ and Cl- ions. The
conductance increases with increase in
concentration of sodium chloride because more
ions will be formed.
29. BF3 does not have proton but still act as an
acid and reacts with NH3. Why is it so? What
type of bond is formed between the two?
Ans- BF3 is electron deficient i.e its octet is not
complete therefore it acts as lewis acid, if reacts
with NH3 which has a lone pair of electrons and
acts as Lewis base. Coordinate bond is formed
between the two in which ‘N’ has lone pair of
electron which is shared.
30. In qualitative analysis , on what basis cations
are grouped?
Ans- cations are grouped on the basis of their
solubility product Ksp i.e value if Ksp us closed
to each other . E,g Ksp of sulphide of group II
cations are close to each other.
31.the solubility of Sr(OH)2 at 238K is 19.23g/L
of solution. Calculate the concentration of
strontium and hydroxyl ions and the pH of the
solution.
Ans-______
32. The value of Kc in the reaction
2A= B+C is 2 X 10-3. at a given time, the
composition of reaction mixture is [A] = [B] =
[C] = 3 X 10-4M. In which direction the reaction
will proceed.
Ans __
33. Conjugate acid of a weak base is always
stronger. What will be the decreasing order of
basic strength of the following conjugate base?
OH-, RO- , CH3COO- , Cl-
Ans- RO-> OH-> CH3COO-> Cl- because
ROH<H2O <CHCOOH<HCl is order of acidic
strength.

34. How can you predict the following stages of a

reaction by comparing the value of Kc and Qc?
i) net reaction proceeds in the forward direction.
ii) net reaction proceeds in the backward
direction.
Iii) No net reaction occurs.
Ans – If Qc < Kc net reaction will proceed in
forward direction.
If Qc> Kc net reaction will proceed in backward
direction.
Qc = Kc the reaction will be in equillibrium so
net reaction occurs.
35.Arrange the following in increasing order of
pH.
KNO3(aq),CH3COONa(aq),NH4Cl(aq),C6H5C
OONH4(aq)
Ans- NH4Cl<C6H5COONH4<
KNO3<CHCOONa because NH4Cl is acidic ,
C6H5COONH4 is weakly acid, KNO3 is neutral
and CH3COONa is basic.

36.the value of Kc for the reaction

2HI(g) = H2(g) + I2(g) is 1 x 10-4 at a given time
, the composition of reaction mixture is [HI] = 2 x
10-5mol, [H2] 1 x 10-5 mol and [I2] = 1 x 10-5
mol
in which direction will the reaction proceed?
Ans - Kc=1 x 10-4
Qc = [H2] [I2]/ [HI]2
= 1 x 10-5 x 1 x 10-5/(2 x 10-5)2
= 1 x 10-10/4 x 10-10
 = 0.25
since Qc > Kc therefore the reaction will proceed
in backward direction.
37. a reaction between ammonia and boron
trifluoride is given below.
NH3 + BF3 --> H3N:BF3
identify the acid and base in this reaction. Which
theory explain it? What is the hybridisation of B
and N in the reactions?
Ans – NH3 is base and BF3 is acid in this
reaction.lewis theory explains it . B has sp2
hybridisation an dN is sp3 hybridisation in
reactants.
38.on the basis of Le Chatelier principle explain
how temperature and pressure can be adjusted to
increase the yield of ammonia in the following
reaction.
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) = 2NH3(g); ΔH=-92.38kJ mol-1
what will be the effect of addition of argon to the
above reaction mixture at constant volume?
Ans – i) temperature should be kept low.
ii) pressure should high
iii) addition of argon will form backward
reactions.