GE1 REVIEWER PART2

SEXUALITY - One of the fundamental drives behind a person’s feelings,

thoughts, and behaviors
Sex - as we commonly know is necessary for human to procreate. But sex
goes beyond the instinct to procreate.
Sexual identity determines the sexual concept of the individual
Emotions increase that makes the transition to adulthood and sexual maturity
more challenging
Erogenous zones are areas of the body sensitive to sexual stimulation.
Primary zones pertain to areas that contain thick concentration of nerve
endings
Secondary erogenous zones include all others part of the body that produce
erotic sensations when touched in a context of sexual intimacies

Puberty by definition is the time in life when a boy or girl becomes sexually
mature. It is a natural process that usually happens between ages 10 and 14
for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys.
The release of sex hormones such as the testosterone for the male and
progesterone and estrogen for the females allows remarkable physiological
changes.
It could manifest in varying rates and specific ages since every individual
develops and reacts in different ways due to factors like stress, weight,
nutrition, hormonal activity, and inherent characteristics.
Linear models by Master and Johnson
1. Excitement phase involves arousal in preparation for sexual
activity like the erection of male organ and vaginal lubrication. This
phase can last for a few minutes to an hour.
2. Plateau phase is the body’s preparation for orgasm where the
maximum level of sexual arousal is attained as the penis and clitoris
swell with blood.
3. Orgasm phase is the peak of sexual excitement where the female
organ muscle contract and the male organ expels the semen
producing intense pleasure for both.
4. Resolution phase is the last stage of sexual arousal in which the
body returns to normal state
Sexual orientation
1. Agender - people who do not identify with any gender
2. Androgynous - people who neither distinguishably masculine nor
feminine
3. Bigender - people whose gender identity encompasses both man and
woman
4. Cisgender - someone whose gender identity aligns with the sex
assigned to them at birth
5. Transgender - gender identity does not match the sex they were
assigned at birth
6. Genderqueer - their gender identity is neither male nor female, is
between or beyond genders, or is some combination of genders
7. Non-binary - someone who does not identify as a man or a woman,
or solely as one of those two genders
8. Gender fluid - someone who may fluctuate between genders or
express multiple genders at the same time

 is our sexual preferences towards males, females, or both. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are communicable diseases caused
by viruses, bacteria, yeast and parasites that may be transmitted from one
1. homosexual (gay/lesbian) - those sexually attracted to members of partner to another either through sexual activity or unhygienic practices
the same sex
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
2. Bisexual - those sexually attracted to people of both sexes
3. Heterosexual (straight) - those sexually attracted to members of the  Chlamydia
opposite sex  HPV (human papillomavirus)
4. Pansexual/omnisexual - those that can be sexually attracted to any  Syphilis
sex or gender identity  HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
5. Asexual - those that are not sexually attracted to any sex or gender.  Gonorrhea
GENDER IDENTITY  pubic lice (crabs)
 Hepatitis B
 refers to One's innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of  Trichomoniasis
both or neither and how individuals perceive themselves and what  Herpes
they call themselves.
 Chancroid
 It also refers to how you feel inside and how you express your
 Lymphogranuloma venereum
gender through clothing, behavior, and personal appearance
 Granuloma
regardless of your assigned sex.
 Inguinale
 Molluscum contagiosum
 Scabies
Family Planning
Gender identity
  It is a program to regulate the number and spacing of children in a
family through the practice of contraception or other methods of
birth control
Contraception is focused on the ways to prevent pregnancy in line with the
family planning program.
Sexual Selfhood is defined as how one thinks about himself or herself as a
sexual individual.
PERSPECTIVES OF HUMAN SEXUALITY
1. Historical
a. In Ancient Greece, it is the male that assumes the dominant role.
The male symbol, the penis was viewed as the symbol of
fertility and how the male body was structures was greatly
admired. Their wives were considered as objects to be possessed
just like property.
The Greek word for woman is “gyne” means bearer of
children.
b. Middle Ages- the church decreed that all sexual acts that do not
lead to procreation was considered evil. Women were labelled as
either a temptress (Eve) or a woman of virtue (Mary).
c. Victorian Era- homosexuality and prostitution were rampant
and considered to be threats to social order.
2. Biological
a. In the Nervous system, it is the brain that initiates and organizes
sexual behavior. When intercourse happens between a healthy,
sexually mature male and female then fertilization may take
place and pregnancy (gestation period) begins.
b. Chromosomes which are the threadlike structures found in the
nucleus of each cell of the body are composed of genes which
are the basic unit of heredity.
c. Human beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes. The first 22 pairs
are called autosomes, and the 23rd pair are the sex
chromosomes (XX or XY). XX: female, XY: male
3. Sociobiological / Evolutionary
 According to this theory, natural selection is a process by which
organisms that are best suited to their environment are most likely to
survive.
 Traits that lead to reproductive advantage tend to be passed on,
whereas maladaptive traits are lost.
 Beauty is more than just a cultural standard.
4. Psychological
 Rosenthal (2013) explained that sexuality is not a mere physical
response.
 A person’s libido or sexual energy is located in an area of the
body at different psychosexual stages. These areas of pleasure
are called erogenous zones.
5. Religious
a. Islam: Muslim men are allowed to have up to four wives but
Muslim women can only have one husband. Sex is permitted
only within marriage and extramarital sex is penalized.
b. Taoism: sex is not only natural and healthy, but a sacred union
necessary to people’s physical, mental and spiritual being.
c. Hinduism: sexuality is seen as spiritual force, and the act of
ritual lovemaking is a means of both celebrating and
transcending the physical.
d. Roman Catholic Church: marriage is purely for intercourse and
procreation.
SEXUAL TERMINOLOGIES
a. Sex: Latin “secare”: to divide.
b. Sexuality: to unite
c. Gender refers to the characteristics of people as males or females.
d. Gender assignment: refers to the initial assignment as male or female
which usually occurs at birth.
e. Gender reassignment: denotes an official and usually legal change of
gender.
f. Gender Identity: refers to an individual’s identification as male, female or
some category other than male or female.
g. Gender Expression: external appearance of one’s gender identity, usually
expressed through behavior, clothing, haircut, voice, and which may or may
not conform to socially defined behaviors and characteristics typically
associated with being either masculine or feminine.
h. Masculine: qualities and behaviors judged by a particular culture to be
ideally associated with or especially appropriate to men and boys.
i. Feminine: qualities and behaviors judged by a particular culture to be
ideally associated with or especially appropriate to women and girls
j. Androgyny: those who have both masculine and feminine traits, feelings
and qualities.
k. Asexuals: are persons who do not experience sexual drives or attraction to
either sex
l. Hypersexuals: are person with an excessive interest in sex to the point
where it can cause problems in one’s life.
THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE & ATTACHMENT - there are
physiological and psychological aspects in being in love and attached to
another person; it lies in our brains, which is the humans’ most important sex
organ.
1. LUST – this is a phase which is driven by the sex hormones
testosterone and estrogen in both men and women—these are the
two basic types of hormones present equally in men and women’s
body that excite the feeling of lust within the brain.
 Feeling a strong desire for someone or something, especially
of a sexual nature.
 Lust is a state of mind that focuses on body parts, seduction,
power, fantasy and excitement. Love is risky and scary on an
emotional level.
Testosterone - is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid.
Low testosterone can also result in erectile dysfunction (ED).
Estrogen – any of a group of steroid hormones which promote the
development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body.
Estrogen levels begin to fluctuate while progesterone levels start a steady
decline.
2. ATTRACTION – this is the phase when a person actually starts to
feel the love.
Three main neurotransmitters are involved in this stage:
a. adrenaline
b. dopamine
c. serotonin
JOHN LEE’S LOVE STYLES
1. Eros - Love is based on strong sexual and emotional component.
This type of love creates initial excitement of new relationship.
The relationship seldom lasts forever because they tend to be quick
to fall in and out of love.
2. Agape - This is altruistic and selfless love. The person shows his
love without expecting to receive the same in return.
3. Storge - This is love-related friendship and based on nonsexual
affection. Slow process
4. Ludus - For ludic lovers, love is just a game, something for fun or
entertainment. They do not experience jealousy.
5. Mania - Characterized by an intense feeling which may lead to
obsessive and possessive love towards the loved one.
6. Pragma - This is a practical and business-like love.
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN THE BODY
1. Dopamine (DA) and Norepinephrine (NE)
 Are neurotransmitters that are involved in mood, motivation,
attention and excitement.
2. Phenylethylamine (PEA)
  This has been the “love drug” because high level of this
substance has been associated with love and orgasm and to
people who are happy with their relationship.
3. Vasopressin is important in pair bonding and social behavior,
memory formation as well as blood pressure.
4. Oxytocin is important in trust, empathy, emotional accessibility, pair
bonding and close relationship.
5. Endorphins - After the infatuation ends and if the long-term
relationship is continuous, endorphin levels may increase. It gives a
feeling of security, euphoria, and peace.
Several factors on attractions
a. Proximity states that the closer two people live to one another, the
more likely they are to interact.
b. FAMILIARITY
MERE EXPOSURE EFFECT - the more frequently we are
exposed to a stimulus, even if it is negative,
c. Physical Attractiveness - we choose who we spend time with based
on how attractive they are.
 halo effect - when we hold a favorable attitude to traits that are
unrelated.
 beauty bias - beautiful people get away with most things
unattractive people cannot get away with
d. SIMILARITY - We are most attracted to people who are like us in
terms
e. RECIPROCITY - We choose people who are likely to engage in a
mutual exchange with us.
f. INTIMACY - intimacy occurs when we feel close to and trust in,
another person
SPIRITUAL SELF
 Spirituality came from the Latin word spiritus which means
breath of life. Jafari, Loghmani and Puchalski (2014) defines
spirituality as a way an individual seeks and communicates the
meaning of one’s experiences in relation to self, to nature, and to
the moment
 Religion came from the Latin word religio that means an
obligation, bond, reverence and religare that means to bind
Characteristics of a Spiritual Person - Howell (2013) made a
research on the personal and societal benefits of spirituality
1. A spiritual person is gracious - expresses gratitude
2. A spiritual person is compassionate
3. A spiritual person is flourishing
4. A spiritual person is self-actualized
5. A spiritual person takes time to savor life experiences
Functions of Religion
1. Cognitive - enables human to explain the unexplainable phenomena
2. Social - maintains social order by encouraging socially acceptable
behavior and discouraging inappropriate behavior
3. Emotional - controls the forces which they feel they have no control
4. Conflict Resolution - uses religion as a way of diffusing anger and
hostility
5. Reinforcement of Group Solidarity - allow people to express
common identity and strengthens group identity and belonging
Religiosity follows the belief systems and practices associated with a
tradition in which there is agreement about what is believed and practiced.
Supernatural concepts are a part of any human society. One must develop a
view of culture al relativism to research spiritual beliefs
Sashur Henninger-Rener - an anthropologist – research, identified the
common elements of religion in relation to the belief in supernatural being
and power.

Elements of Religion
1. Cosmology - This explains the origin or history of the world.
2. Belief in the Supernatural - This pertains to the realm beyond direct
human experience.
3. Rules of Behavior - Such principles describe proper behavior for
individuals and society as a whole, and are geared towards harmonizing
individual acts with moral beliefs.
4. Rituals - Religious rituals or procedures which are typically supervised
by religious experts.
The word "dungan" originates from the Ilonggos according to Magos (1986).
The Ilonggos' dungan or soul, which is normally not seen by the human eye
Visayan dungan has a secondary sense of "willpower."
There are 3 ways to find meaning in one's life according to Frankl in his
novel, Man's Quest For
DIGITAL SELF - is a mask that an individual puts on to engage the
technology world (tamara, 2010)
 It is an aspect of oneself which is shared to others through the use of
social media and technology
THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL SELF
 Russell Belk (2017) believe that possessions are a major contributor
to and reflection of individual’s identities. (houses and gadgets,
videos, online messages, and social media)
THE REASONS FOR HAVING DIGITAL SELF
1. Digital web allows people to try our different persona that differ
from their real- life identities for the reasons:
o People wants to meet the expectations of others.
o People want to boost their self-esteem
NATURE OF SELF PRESENTATION
Self- presentation is a pervasive feature of social life.it is not only a
prevalent aspect of our lives
FUNCTION OF SELFPRESENTATION
1. FACILITATE OF SELFPRESENTATION

a. By Doing a Deed - Realizing artistic quality comes not from the 2. GAIN MATERIAL AND SOCIAL REWARDS
‘greatness' of the mission, but how one treats and executes his or her 3. SELF-CONSTRUCTION
mission.
Social Media is a term for numerous technologies that allow instantaneous
communication, status updates, and social networking among individuals
b. By Experiencing a Value - Explore all facets of life in-depth, being Positive Effect of SOCIAL MEDIA
open and receptive to all life has to bring
 Enhancement Of Social Contact
c. By Realizing Attitudinal Value - Accept with great bravery all the  Independence And Communication
sufferings caused by an unchanging destiny  Individuals communicate online
 Mainly to remain connected with their existing friends

DIGITAL SELF NEGATIVE

 Meanness
 Bullying,
 Misunderstanding,
 Unwanted Contact And
 Unontentional Disclosure.