Transgenic animals : Transgenic animals BY SURAJ PARSI M PHARM 2ND SEM Definition: : Definition: A Transgenic animal is one that

carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome. The foreign gene is constructed using recombinant DNA methodology advantages : : advantages : Increased growth rate Improved disease resistance Improved food conversion rates Leaner meat Increased muscle mass Improved nutritional quality Improved wool quality disadvantages : disadvantages Inserted gene has more than one function. Breeding problems Expensive Sometimes leads to mutagenesis and functional disorders. Low survival rate of transgenic animals Slide 5: Some of the goals of transgenic animal creation are: Research into animal and human disease Improve livestock animals Use of animals as bioreactors METHODS INVOLVE TO PRODUCE OR TO MAKE TRANSGENIC ANIMALS : METHODS INVOLVE TO PRODUCE OR TO MAKE TRANSGENIC ANIMALS The Embryonic Stem Cell Method The Pronucleus Method Retro virus mediated gene transfer. The Embryonic Stem Cell Method (Method "1") : The Embryonic Stem Cell Method (Method "1") Make your DNA Using recombinant DNA methods, build molecules of DNA containing the structural gene you desire (e.g., the insulin gene) vector DNA to enable the molecules to be inserted into host DNA molecules Promoter and enhancer sequences to enable the gene to be expressed by host cells Transform ES cells in culture Expose the cultured cells to the DNA so that some will incorporate it. Slide 8: Select for successfully transformed cells. Inject these cells into the inner cell mass (ICM) of mouse blastocysts. Embryo transfer Prepare a pseudopregnant mouse (by mating a female mouse with a vasectomized male). The stimulus of mating elicits the hormonal changes needed to make her uterus receptive. Transfer the embryos into her uterus. Hope that they implant successfully and develop into healthy pups Slide 9: 6. Test her offspring Remove a small piece of tissue from the tail and examine its DNA for the desired gene. No more than 1020% will have it, and they will be heterozygous for the gene. 7. Establish a transgenic strain Mate two heterozygous mice and screen their offspring for the 1:4 that will be homozygous for the transgene. Mating these will found the transgenic strain. The Pronucleus Method (Method "2") : The Pronucleus Method (Method "2") 1. Prepare your DNA as in Method 1 2.Transform fertilized eggs Harvest freshly fertilized eggs before the sperm head has become a pronucleus. Inject the male pronucleus with your DNA. When the pronuclei have fused to form the diploid zygote nucleus, allow the zygote to divide by mitosis to form a 2-cell embryo. 3. Implant the embryos in a pseudopregnant foster mother and proceed as in Method 1.

Slide 12: An Example This image shows a transgenic mouse (right) with a normal littermate (left). The giant mouse developed from a fertilized egg transformed with a recombinant DNA molecule containing: the structural gene for human growth hormone a strong mouse gene promoter The levels of growth hormone in the serum of some of the transgenic mice were several hundred times higher than in control mice. METHODS-3: RETRO VIRUS MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER : METHODS-3: RETRO VIRUS MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER Retroviruses used as vectors to transfer genetic material into the host cell, resulting in a chimera, an organism consisting of tissues or parts of diverse genetic constitution Chimeras are inbred for as many as 20 generations until homozygous (carrying the desired transgene in every cell) transgenic offspring are born The method was successfully used in 1974 when a simian virus was inserted into mice embryos, resulting in mice carrying this DNA DIFFERENT ANIMALS WHICH CAN BE GENETICALLY MODIFIED: : DIFFERENT ANIMALS WHICH CAN BE GENETICALLY MODIFIED: Mice Sheep Goat Chicken Pigs Fish Guinea pigs Rabbits Cows Rats Cats Dog Horse Examples of Transgenic Animals : Examples of Transgenic Animals Transgenic Cattle : Transgenic Cattle Dairy cows carrying extra copies of two types of casein genes produce 13% more milk protein Not only will this make the milk more nutritious, it would allow for less milk to make more cheese Currently the milk from these animals is under FDA review EnviroPig : EnviroPig Transgenic pigs express phytase in their salivary glands Phytic acid in the pig meal is degraded releasing phosphorus The phosphorus is absorbed by the pig Normally the phytic acid/phosphorus complex passes through the pig and is excreted as waste Pig waste is a major pollutant & can cause eutrophication of lakes & streams Slide 18: USES: Organ transplant harvesting Study of human membrane co-factor protein DISADVANTAGES: 1. Breeding problem 2. Mutation will occur Transgenic Fish : Transgenic Fish Tilapia Salmon/trout Catfish Can grow up to 6 times faster than wildtype fish Most have extra copies of growth hormone (GH) gene TRANSGENIC SHEEP : TRANSGENIC SHEEP 1997, Tracy the sheep, the first transgenic animal to produce a recombinant protein drug in her milk alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) treatment for emphysema & cystic fibrosis Created by PPL Therapeutics & The Roslin Institute Slide 21: USES OF TRANSGENIC AND GENETICALLY MODIFIED SHEEP: Its used as model for studying of: 1.Immunology 2.Human blood clotting factor8 3.Transplantation 4.Haematology 5.Biological product manufacturing 6.Recombinant DNA 7. Drug production in milk Slide 22:

DISADVANTAGES: Difficult procedure Failed in vitro fertilization expensive TRANSGENIC MICE : TRANSGENIC MICE Slide 24: Knock-out technology allows for the specific loss of a gene in mice p27 knockout mouse is bigger than the control This is not due to obesity, but the skeletal structure is increased in size Slide 25: USES OF TRANSGENIC MICE: Which is used in studying of: 1.gene mutation 2.Alzhimers disease 3.Hypertension 4.Atherosclerosis 5.cardiac hypertrophy 6.human leukocyte antigen 7.human gastric carcinoma 8.making poliovirus vaccine 9. different type of cancer 10.HIV 11.ocular inflammation 12. hepatitis B virus 13.spinal muscular atrophy (knock-out) DISADVANTAGES OF TRANSGENIC MICE: Expensive Gene can only be added not deleted Embryos are not easily accessible for manipulation Slide 26: TRANSGENIC MONKEY: Its so similar to human hence it used in clinical trail used for studing : 1.HIV 2. Huntingtons disease DISADVANTAGES : Expensive Difficult Breeding problems TRANSGENIC RABBIT : TRANSGENIC RABBIT Alba, the EGFP (enhanced GFP) bunny Created in 2000 as a transgenic artwork Slide 28: USES OF TRANSGENIC RABBITS: Transgenic rabbits are used in studing of: 1.Hemorrhagic disease 2.Gene mutation 3.Cell metabolisms 4.Eye disease 5.Heart problems 6.Atherosclerosis 7.Retinal degeneration DISADVANTAGES OF TRANSGENIC RABBIT: 1-Has low metabolic rate per unit area 2-Drink very less during dehydration 3-Has ability to taste water which is absent in human and mice. 4Cant vomit References : References WWW .BIOSCIENCE. ORG PRIMROSE & TWYMAN Principles of gene manipulations PEPIN, M.C., POTHIER, F.AND BURDEN nature 355, 725-728 SHARMA et. al toxicologic pathology vol 35 No 7, 984-999(2007) TRANSGENIC ANIMALS Annual review of pharmacology vol 36 USERS.RCN.COM /JKIMBALL .MA ULTRANET/BIOLOGYPAGES