| eas i eres 3.1: Introduction Newton's laws of motion are very important in general physics. this chapter we will study three basic laws proposed by Newton to lea large number of basic principles-in classical mechanics. The first laws relate to type of motion of a system that results from a given set of forces. Newton's first law of motion gives the concept of inertia. Th exact relation between force acting on a body and the motion of the body. is governed by Newton's laws of motion. 3.2: Frames of Reference In physics we have to deal with different types of motion. A particle changing its position with respect to surroundings is said to be in motion. The particle which does not change its position with respect to surroundings is at rest. The concept of rest, motion or acceleration is meaningful only when a frame of reference is specified. An object appearing to be in rest. er | 9.8 mis? Person X Person Fig. 3.1 : Motion of a body is related to a frame of reference and also an observer. » position to a person in one reference frame may not appear to at rest for another person in other reference frame. For example an Eifel Tower is at rest for an observer on earth surface, but it is in state of motion for observer on moon. The co- ordinate system used by an observer to describe the motion of a particle is a Frame of Reference. Newton's laws of motion do not hold good in any reference frame. It will be understood from following example. Consider that a lift is falling down freely after breaking a rope. Scanned with CamScannerLaws of Motion 49 ‘The acceleration of a lift and all bodies fixed in lift with respect earth will be 9.8 m/s? in downward direction. Consider a pendulum suspended from roof of a lift. The forces acting on bob of pendulum will be (a) the gravitational force W by the earth in downward direction and (b) tension Tin the string in upward direction. The resultant force (W — T) will be in downward direction. If a person X in a lift measures acceleration of pendulum from reference frame of lift, the acceleration of pendulum is zero. The person X uses Newton's first law of motion and concludes that the resulting force acting on the pendulum is zero, i.e., W-T=0 0, W=T However, another person ¥ measures the acceleration of pendulum from ground reference frame as 9.8 m/s?. Thus, for person Y acceleration of pendulum is not equal to zero. After applying Newton's law, person ¥ concludes that resultant force on pendulum is not zero. That means W—T * 0 or W = T. Both of these observations cannot be correct simultaneously. Hence, one of these reference frames is not reliable and one should not apply the first law of motion in this reference frame. The validity of Newton's first law of motion depends on frame of reference from which an observer measures the state of rest, motion and acceleration of the particle. The reference frame may be inertial or non-inertial .3 : Inertial and Non-Inertial Frames of Reference (@® Inertial Frame of Reference : A physical event is something that happens independently of the reference frame that we use to describe it. Let us consider the event to be collision of two particles which happens at a point in space and at an instant of time. We specify the event by position coordinates x, y, z and ¢. If we have to describe physical events. we have to establish a frame of reference. The position of a point in space can be specified by considering the point in a co-ordinate system and giving the co-ordinates of the point with respect to origin of the co-ordinate system. The co-ordinate system is the frame of reference for the position of the particle. Any motion of the particle is studied with respect to the given frame of reference. In the study of motion of a body, the frame of reference with respect to which the motion is studied is a basic and essential requirement. If the motion of the body is studied in a laboratory then the laboratory is the frame of B.Sc. 1 (Sem. 1) Physics Pot... 4 Scanned with CamScanner52 B.Sc. Part! ¢ Semester ¢ PHYSICS PAPER | to move football at rest, one has to kick it, to throw a ball in upward direction; we have to apply upward push on the ball, to displace the book at rest on a table we have to apply a force on it. That means some external agency is required to apply force to move a body from rest. Similarly an external force is required to stop a body in motion. For example we have to apply a force against the direction of motion to stop a ball rolling down an inclined plane. In these examples external agency of force (foot or hands) is in contact with body. However, it is not always necessary to have external agency of force in contact with body. For example a ball released from top of building accelerated down due to gravitational force of attraction by earth. A magnet attracts a piece of iron from a distance. ‘That means, external agencies (e.g. gravitational and magnetic forces) can exert force on body even from distance. Sir Isaac Newton proposed three fundamental laws which explain all kinds of motion such as (i) motion of planets around the sun, (ii) motion of objects on the surface of earth, (iii) motion of very small particles like atoms, molecules etc. 3.5 : Newton's First Law of Motion Newton's first law of motion is known as law of inertia. It can be understood from following examples. (a) A book kept on table remains at rest until we push it aside. A chair kept anywhere in a room remains there until we shift it by applying a force. A book or chair does not move from one place to another, of their own accord. (b) Place a paperweight on a paper placed on smooth surface of a table. If we pull the paper away by giving it a sudden jerk in the horizontal direction, we find that the paper comes away but the paperweight is not displayed. This is because net force acting on paperweight is zero. (c) Consider a.motion of a car starting from rest, picking up speed and moving on a smooth straight horizontal road with uniform velocity. When car moves with uniform velocity, there is no net external force acting on it. ‘The first two examples show that a body at rest continues to remain at rest until it is set into motion by applying external force. The third example shows that in the absence of any force, a body in uniform motion —_ Scanned with CamScannerLaws of Motion 3 53 continues to move along a straight line with a uniform velocity. Thus force is not needed to maintain the state of uniform motion. It is required to change the state of rest or the state of uniform motion. These conclusions are summarised in Newton's first law of motion. Statement of Newton’s first law of motion : Every inanimate body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced force. Inert : The concept of inertia can be understood from Newton's first law of motion. Inertia is important property of material bodies. A material body in a state of rest does not move itself or a body moving in a straight line with a uniform velocity does not change its state of uniform motion of its own accord. That means every material body is inert or inactive and is reluctant to change its state. This property is known as inertia. Definition : The tendency of body not to change its state of rest or state of uniform motion in a straight line is called its inertia. Some evidences of inertia are given below. 1. If we arrange pots and dishes ori a table cloth covered on a smooth table and if the cloth is given a sudden jerk in the horizontal direction, it comes off the table without disturbing the pots and dishes. 2. Place a card board on an empty glass tumbler and place a coin on the card board as shown in Fig. (3.2). If we flick the card board with finger, we observe that the coin drops into the tumbler. When we flick the card board the card board moves fast whereas coin continues its state of rest and hence drops into the tumbler. Card Coin ea Coin falls into glass Fig. 3.2 : Experiment to demonstrate inertia Scanned with CamScanner54 B.Sc. Part] Semester | ¢ PHYSICS PAPER I 3. If you jump from a bus that is moving, your body is still moving in the direction of the vehicle. When your feet hit the ground, they stop moving. You will fall because the upper part of your body didn't stop and you will fall in the direction you were moving. Concept of Force : The physical quantity which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion of a body in a straight line is called a force. We know that a body at rest remains at rest as long as no resultant force acts on it. Also a body moving with uniform velocity continues in its state of uniform motion, as long as no resultant force acts upon it. Thus a force is necessary to produce change in the state of the body. However there is no difference between the state of rest and of uniform motion, because the state of rest is also a state of uniform motion with zero velocity. 3.6 : Newton's Second Law of Motion The concept of force can be understood from Newton's first law of motion. Newton's second law of motion enables us to define the unit of force and its effect on the motion of the object. Momentum : If a tennis ball and cricket ball are moving with same velocity, it is easier to stop the tennis ball. The cricket ball hits the hand harder than the tennis ball. This is because though both of them have the same velocity, the cricket ball has greater mass. A bullet fired from a gun towards a wooden block easily penetrates it. If, however, a bullet of the same mass is thrown by hand towards the block, it cannot penetrate dhe block. This is because though both the bullets have the same mass, the bullet fired from the gun has a much larger velocity. The above examples show that when a moving body collides with an obstacle, the effect produced depends upon mass and velocity of the moving ‘body. Thus body possesses some property which depends upon and velocity. This property is called somentum of the body. Momentum is defined as the product of mass and velocity of a body. There are two types of momenta, linear momentum and angular momentum. A body having linear motion has linear momentum and a body having rotational motion has angular momentum. Since we are considering _ only linear motion, we call this quantity as momentum instead of linear momentum. momentum = mass x velocity Scanned with CamScannerLaws of Motion Momentum is a vector quantity. The direction of momentum is same as that of velocity. In SI system. unit of momentum is kg m/s. In CGS system unit of momentum is gm cm/s. The dimensions of momentum are { Momentum ] = [ Mass ] [ Velocity ] = [MILT] Pp MLITy = [MULT] Newton's second law of motion ts expressed in terms of momentum as below Statement of Newton's second law of motion : The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the impressed force and takes place in the direction in which the force acts. Suppose that a body of mass m moving with a velocity is subjected toa force # acting in the direction of motion. Let ¥ be the velocity of the body after time #. The initial momentum of the body is mu and its final momentum after time fis mv. Change of momentum = Final momentum — Initial momentum =mv—mu 2. Rate of change of momentum =CA@"E€ of momentym Time _my-mu t you mi t =ma youl_2 Since = = acceleration of the body Scanned with CamScannerBSc Partl ¢ Semester! # PHYSICS PAPER), According to Newton's second law of motion, * Force is proportional to the rate of change of momentum “Fema 4 ~ 3 “.F=kna ‘ where & is a constant of proportionality. The value of the constant k can be - reduced to unity by defining the unit of force as that force which produces unit acceleration in unit mass. In that case m = 1 and a= 1. Substituting in the above equation, l=kxIxl or k=1 “F=ma a Sl :. Force = Mass x Acceleration The SI unit of force is newton (N). Thus force is one newton is that force which produces an acceleration of 1 m/s? in a mass of | kg. In CGS system unit of force is dyne. The force of 1 dyne is that force which produces an acceleration of 1 cm/s? in a mass of 1 gm. The relation between newton and dyne is 1 newton = 105 dyne Dimensions of force : [ Force ]= [Mass] [Acceleration ] [M'L°T?] [ M°LIT2] = [MIL'T2] a ae Impulse of a force : In daily life, we often come across instances a ee ee ee ee Scanned with CamScannerLaws of Motion From Newton's second law of motion, we have force equation Fama fe see 32 -. Impulse = Change of momentum SI unit of impulse is newton.second (Ns). Further, as impulse is equal to change of momentum, its SI unit is the same as that of momentum i.e. kilogram. metre per second (kg m /s). In CGS system units of impulse are dyne second and gram-centimetre per second (gm. cm/s). Dimensions of impulse : { Impulse ] = [Force] [Time] = MILT?) pM] = [MILT] ‘Thus dimensions of impulse are the same us thuse of mumentum. 3.7 : Newton's Third Law of Motion Newton's first law and second law deal with force and its effect on the motion of objects. Newton's third law deals with the mutual interaction between two bodies. In earlier discussion we have talked about force acting on a body. It is clear that some other body must have exerted this force. Thus to exert a force on one body. there must be another body to exert this force. In other words, any single force is just one side of the mutual interaction between two bodies. In reality when one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body also exerts force on the first body. These two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and they act simultaneously. If one force is called ‘action’, the other force is called ‘reaction’. The relation between action and reaction forces is given by Newton's third law of motion. Scanned with CamScanner58 B.Sc. Part| ¢ Semester! ¢ PHYSICS PAPER| Statement of Newton's third law of motion : To every action, there an equal, opposite and simultaneous reaction. is alway: Following are some of the examples of Newton's third law 1, When a bullet is fired from a gun, an action force is exerted by the gun on the bullet and hence bullet acquires a high velocity. At the same time, the bullet also exerts an equal and opposite reaction force on the gun and hence gun moves in the opposite direction with a small velocity called as recoil velocity. 2. A book placed on a table exerts a downward force (action) equal to its weight, on the table. The table also exerts an equal and opposite force (reaction) on the book. 3. When a bat strikes a ball, the ball also exerts an equal and opposite force of reaction on the bat. The force.acting on the ball projects it with a high velocity, while the reaction force acting on the bat slows down its forward motion. 4. While stepping on the riverbank from a small boat, we have to exert a force (action) on the boat, pushing it away from the shore. At the same time, the boat also exerts an equal and opposite force (reaction) on - us. It is this force which enables us to step on the shore. 5. In order that a cricket ball should rise above the shoulders of a batsman, a fast bowler hits it very hard on the pitch. ‘I'he pitch exerts an equal and opposite force of reaction on the ball, making it rebound to the desired height. 6. Two planets always attract each other. The force exerted by one planet on the second planet is exactly equal and opposite to the force exerted by the second planet on the first. 7. When an electric charge exerts a force (of attraction or repulsion) ‘on another charge, the other charge also exerts an equal and opposite force on the first charge. 8. The motion of the rocket is the result of action and reaction. When fuel in the rocket is ignited, chemical reaction produces a large force. This force pushes the resulting hot gases through a small opening in the tail of the rocket with very high velocities. These exhaust gasés exert an equal and opposite force of reaction on the rocket. Due to this rocket is propelled in the opposite direction. a Scanned with CamScannerLaws of Motion en VED Peon! Ems SOLVED PROBLEMS # Problem 1: Calculate the acceleration produced when a force of 500 N acts on a body of mass 1000 kg. Solution : Given that F = 500 N, m= 1000 kg. -.F=ma F_ 500 _ m~ 1000 Problem 2: Aconstant force is applied to a body of mass 100 g initially at rest. If the body acquires a velocity of 10 m/s in 5 seconds; determine the force. 0.5 m/s? Solution : m= 100 g, initial velocity «= 0 m/s, final velocity v= 10 m/s, t=5s. = 1020 10 5 cms? t 5S -. Force =ma= 100 x 2=200 dync. -- Acceleration a= Problem 3: Acar of mass 1000 kg starts from rest and attains a velocity of 45 m/s in 15 seconds. Determine its average acceleration and the force acting on the car, Solution : Mass of car m = 1000 kg; initial velocity of car w= 0 m/s; Final velocity of car v= 45 m/s; t=15s v—-u_45—-0_ 45 t 15 5 ~. Force acting on the car =F =ma=1000 x 3=3000N +. Average acceleration of car =a = m/s” Problem 4 :. Determine the force required to accelerate a car of mass 2000 kg, from rest to a velocity of 20 m/s in 25 seconds. Solution : Mass of car m= 2000 kg; initial velocity ofcar u=0 m/s; _ Final velocity of car v= 20 m/s; f=25s v-u_20-0 20 i t as: ag es ~. Force required to accelerate the car = F = ma=2000 x 0.8=1600N -- Acceleration of car a = Scanned with CamScannerB.Sc. Part! ¢ Semester! # PHYSICS PAPER, 1. Select the most correct alternative. @ Newton's first law of motion is known as law of (@) momentum (b) inertia (©) energy @ force Gi) Acceleration of inertial frame of reference is (@) zero (®) constant (©) infinite @ variable Gi) Non-inertial frame of reference is........... frame of reference. (@ accelerated (2) unaccelerated (c) inertial (@ mechanical (iv) The state of rest is also a state of uniform motion with zero (a) mass (@®) acceleration (©) velocity (d) momentum : (v) Newton's second law of motion is given by (@ F=mv () F= mt () F=mla @ F=ma (vi) The dimensions of impulse of force are same as dimensions of. (@) force (&) momentum (©) velocity (d) acceleration (ii) 1 newton = dyne (@ 10? () 103 (©) 104 (@ 10° (viii) The dimensions of force are ... (@ [M'L'T?7 ) [MIEIT*"7 (©) [t'L-'72] ® [wel1! 7-27 Scanned with CamScannerLaws of Motion 61 (@9) According to Newton's second law of motion Force acting on a body is proportional to its rate of change Of es...» (@ velocity (©) momentum (©) acceleration (@) displacement @ According to Newton’s third law of motion action and reaction act along .. directions. (@) the same (b) opposite (0) the perpendicular (A) any random [Ans. : Gi) b Gi) a Gi) a Gv) ¢ (v) d (vi) b (Wi) d (viii) a9) 5) 5] 2. What is a frame of reference ? What are its types ? What is an inertial frame of reference ? Explain with suitable examples. What is anon-inertial frame of reference ? Give some examples of it. 5. Explain the term fictitious force or pseudo force. ‘State and explain Newton’s first law of motion. Why is it called the law of inertia 2 7. Explain the term inertia, State and explain the Newton’s second law of motion. Hence derive the equation F=ma- 9. Obtain units and dimensions of force. Show that the dimensions of momentum and impulse of a force are the same. 11. State and explain Newton’s third law of motion. Kt PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE 1. An object of mass 300 kg is observed to accelerate at the rate of 4 m/s?. Calculate the force required to produce this acceleration. TAns.:1200N] 2: An object of mass 30 kg is falling in air and experiences a force due to air resistance of 50 newtons. Determine the net force acting on the object and calculate the acceleration of the object. [Ans. : 244 N; 8.13 m/s] Scanned with CamScannerB.Sc. Part! # Semester! ¢ PHYSICS pape, A rope is used to pull a 2.89 kg bucket of water out ofa deep What is the acceleration of the bucket when the tension in the 30.2 N ? If starting from rest, what speed will the bucket have after experiencing this force for 2.16 seconds. i [Ans. : 0.65 m/s? up; 1.4m/) A force of 200 N is exerted on an object of mass 40 kg that is located on a sheet of perfectly smooth ice. Calculate the acceleration of the object, If a second object identical to the first object is placed on top of the first object, what acceleration would the 200 N force produce ? [ Ans. : 5 m/s?; 2.5 m/s? A car, mass 1485 kg, travelling south at 116 km/h, slows to stop i 10.25 second. What is the magnitude and direction of the net for that acted on the car ? Scanned with CamScanner