UNIT1 2‘ (am) measuring measures 3 doubt doubt 2 is curenty attracting (attracts so possible) ateact 5 2 doesnetike ‘im (am) not king (don kes also possible) “re (ae fitting docs ft 7a feats 'm (am) not feeling on’ fel is 80 possible) 8 2 consists of (consists ony of would aso be possible) consists of 9. 8's) sounding (sound is also possible) » sounds 10 2 (shaving » has 1 apologise /mrapologang- 2 mit / Amado 3 dont suggest /'mnot suggesting (both posible) “4 nowrealse ("7 now realing both posse) 5 confess /‘mreontening- 6 -coneder/'m considering 7 doyeutind / ae you finding (both possible) 8 know / “mtnewing- 9 dont guarantee /'m not guaranteeing (both possi) 10. promise / mpromisng: UNIT2 21 1 shoots are attacking 2 arives is wating says 5 Isplaying stands, sats 22 Possible answers 2 | gather Vegecerp are going sack a ‘thousand werkers 5 understand were going to have a new public hoiday forthe Presidents birthday 4 Edtellsme Brno’ rashed his ca again 5 Julasays she's got enew job 5 They say they've identified a gene which causes Some people to overeat 23 2 Youre forever asing me for money 3. You're constantly etcsing my eiving, 4 Yowte continually changing your mind 5. Youre forever moaning about (your) work, 24 The mostly verbs are give: 1a wee are) usually eating (we Usvaly eat is also posible) b don'teat 2a plays (is plying’ is lo possible) "ere constantly playing (constantly play also possible) 3 a: Fmnoxmally taking (I normally ake’ isso possible would sugges, however, that this isthe time they leave home Present continuous suggests that they are ‘onthe way to schoo at 8:30) > sakes UNITS. 3a 2 ve (ave) had ‘ve (Dave) spent overlept 3 5 32 41 hasnt wanted fell 2. nas worked hasn'thad 3 rescued hasbeen 4 has happened ~spoke 5 have been able have fet {has improved hasbeen 3 1 3 12 senee ve (have signed > signee 2 a riche ve (have) shed finshed 3a goty b got have got 4a heared “pear "ve have) head 34 Themes appropiate tensesare given 1 asvisted 2 ‘has closed (orhas been close present erect passive) ~ dled 3. has dropped hasfalien 4 have been stolen (present perfect, passive) ~ insisted held UNIT 4 2 3 4 5 6 8 ° 0 ” was hoping ~gove lied was spending / ws bing spent slarted—was cectng in vas ooking 97 cama — was showing as paying broke went of it was Ustenng ste also possible) ~ was expaning (explained Isalso possible) added tasted wasnt watching (én water isso possibe)~ as dreaming (dreamt is leo possible) pushed-ron 42 "wae getting’ and gt’ are both possible. The past simple suggests that ‘event followed the other: | got in and then the ligts went off The past continuous suggests that the lights went off a wasn the process of iting eady to get int the bath "was checking or checked in are both pose witha simiar meaning Using te past continuous presents ‘checking’ asthe background event which was going on asthe couple arted to chat tom, "was playing’ and ‘played re both possible. The past continuous suggests ‘that this wasatemporary rather than a regular arengement. “eit wath and dream’ are also possible. However, the past continuous emphasises that not watching and rearing’ went on at the same time and seams mare thay het. 43 was buying tumad wa slowly puting (Pas simple in 3 and pat continuous in 4 seem mast ley here as tured round dese a complete action ad was siowly putting’ describes te action that was going ona that ime, Homer, past continuous is also possible in 3 and ast simples also posite in 8) was carying walked Picked op thought a ooking 251Key to Exercises 10 dropped 1 had 12 ticed 13. waswatching 14 hued 15_-werevalkng / walked (similar meaning) 16 ren UNITS 51 ‘events oder | order events are_| of mentioned | events Tove... [2 2 Hearnt 5 Thepropery | developer deciced heard 8 9 Hest saw the | 1 3 ‘ole house Apropery 6 4 developer bought it Inearly gave | 7 7 wp. Iput together | 4 5 ‘enough money, Iewasempty | 3. 1 The fst past ‘pint of reference" i;When sts the old house Evens before ths Js arein the past perfect: 'Ihag just moved... thad been empty ‘The secon past point of reference is wh lar. Events fore ts ae in ‘the past perfect" had put together “ha 1 bough”. Notice that we could use’! put together here asthe order af events is made clear by '8y the time. The thie past pont of reference’ is wh en heard thatthe house was for sle ‘agai. Events before this are inthe past perfec: "Thad nearly given up. The property developehad decided 52 1 252 had met had been J went had taken / ook had seen had Lost had found had cheated / cheated had mage up had gone / went hod’ eard 11 had finshed / ished 12 had eaten (Note: ln North American English ate would als be possible) 53 2 Larahadn't intended t become 2 centist 1 had expecte the operation to be painful 4 hadn't thought of cooking rabbit 5 Hehade’ meant to insult her. (or Hehadr't meant it tobe an insuttto bee) UNITS 61 1a (has) been staying (has stays also possibe) ‘ve have) stayed 2a have been stopping (have stopped Isalso possible) ha stopped 3a haven't read ‘ve have) been reading (have ead” isalso possible) 4a hasbeen giving (has giver isso possible) has given haven swum ‘ve (hae) been swing have been puting (have puts also possible) has (or have) put 8 a hasdsappeared bb have been disappearing (have <4sappeared is also pose) 11 hasbeen elaiming-has claimed 2 -rovebeendying led 3 have been making 7 (have made! is 80 posse) 4 Rovebeen producing ‘ve (have) produces 5 tovebeer awarding awarded have been looking (have looked! and ‘ooke are also posible) 7 have alee bean explaring (have also ‘explored and ‘also explored ae ao possible) 8 -herbeermaking has /ave made / made > 1 -hesbeerivesting invested 2. -hesbeensnnouncing- has announced 3. hasbeen increasing ¥ (has increased? is also possible) 4 hasbeen running Y Chas unis also posible) 5 hasbeen neglecting (has nelecte is also posible) 16 hasbeen cutting ¥ (has cutis aso posible) 7. -hovebeen fncng- have ound ° ° 0 hhave bee parsing ¥ (have planned! 'salso possible) eerbeempensing spake -pavealo-beenwrtng-havealso writen / also wore UNIT7 n 6 7 «hat only ben working (had only worked’ is also posible) had finaly worked had ead hadbeen carrying (had arid also possible) had applied had been applying (hed pple’ ic also possible) ' had fown had ben tying had been trying (had tres also posible) had vistes had cos had been writing (had wittens also possible) had been worying (had worried is also possible) had arrive had always believed 8 had been talking ‘The past continuous sore tikalyin& (We wane taking) 13 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 v had been taken 1 (Note that What happened?” is iso possible) had just heard ’ had been fishing ¢ hada wanted ¢ had collapsed UNITS The mst kely verbs andtensesaregiven 2 3 got arved feel/ am feeling (resent simple and present continuous have a simiar meaning here) fe row spent toned ae waiting got felt/ was eating (ast simple and past continuous have a sir meaning here)2 4 8 6 8 20 got enjoy / i enoying (Present simple and present continuous have asia ‘meaning here, although the present continuous may sugges that she is nottving in Adeaie permanently) islooking doesnt get on isnt geting on (Present simple ad present continuous have a ilar meaning het, although the present continuous suggests that tis ir temporary problem) complain ae constantly complaiing (Note the wor order) Isstarting shee am looking hear heard (Present simple and past simple havea similar meaning here) a2 Theos likely ronsesare given. 2 3 2 3 4 6 7 8 3 ” ‘sid (has sl also posible, but es Ukey here) hear had heard returned / had returned came /had come was /had been lett appointed finished have won accused has csappointed has spent 3 "vas he had’ or Has he been having are more likely ¢ ‘ought /had thought has worked /has been working had been tying ‘id you go heard 7 (ent isso possib) 7 (check is ao posse) have sad / sid 7 (rave gvensalso possible) have tla (toes aso posse) UNITS 91 2 3 4 1 (oredicton based onepnion/ past experience) 7 (@ecision made at moment of ‘peskng) Walyowakeup Are you going to take up (rection bated on present evidence) 7 (orediction base on epnion/ past experience) 6 ° 0 " w 2 “ 5 16 Abe's going tobe (decison already made) thawte going to have (oredition based on present evidence) Abstr going to sel (prediction based on presen evidence) -ALext'm going to cut (decision already made) Abbess goingto be sick (prediction based on present evidence; ‘el ¥ (precicon based ‘on opinion / past experence) -Atieave'm going to leave (decion already made); wil youll (or “are you gongt el asking about something planned, ry ¥ (decision made at moment of speaking) -Atave'm going thave (decison already made) hs2e'e going to se (decision aeady made) "sort cout (ceciion made at moment of speaking) 7 (decision made at moment of Speaking) “mgoingtosave hve (Cecson made at moment of speaking) 7 (prediiton based on opinion / past teperience) Abbi going to but (decision already made) 92 xanple verbsare given 2 7 8 re going to plan (main claus ation oes nt depend on ation inthe f= clause) TUhuet re gong to hurt (conditional negative) val. buy request) wilt /stop (logical consequence) im goingto se (main clause action oes not depend on action inthe claus) "Ube sacked /'s going tobe sacked (conditional - negative) "Uneaeabilty) UNIT10 10: 1 2 1 ‘st (xed event: Wil g's also possible) willockafter (ss routine arangement) ‘ins with i case) wil give out (ess routine arengerent) goes ved event; wil go isalso possible) stat fined event wil start isalso posse) 7. stops (with provided) change (with what if) wil mis (prediction) 10 lend (th uness) " 2 2 Key to Exercises play (or plas) (Fed event wil play 'salso possible) wil accept (rection) want (wth supposing) read (wth'bythe te’) v2 1 (c)-+tcovng (oredction perhaps based on opinion, experince or present evidence) Wl leave! and is going to leave’ have a siilar mening er (0) -witbey (planned future vent." going to buy suggests an ienton without a definite rangement" buying suggests 9 efit arrangement perhaps the speaker has bought the cr andi simply picking it up next week [Se ee {offer decison made at moment of speaking) (0) itive (planned future ever) iim ging to dive suggests personal Intentions diving” suggests 2 more efnite arrangement - perhaps the speaker has bean told to go there by their employer (e) esting: (permanent future situation), ‘Wil cut” ads going to ‘ut havea similar mesning nee homgeingiocall: (amen (promise; ceciion made atte of speaking) (0) -sitsere (lanned future ever) | the present continous forthe ature suggests a definite arrangement, {sing "lam serving neh inthis content suggest. and lam not changing what | plan todo perhaps showing some irtation or annoyance (e)-westarving (no contro over precicted event) Will starve and’ are going to starve’ havea similar meaning here However, 35 ‘wil soften used to talk about future fats, may express ‘more certainty inthis context 103 |sjoining joins X (wil join is going tojony) are iking ke X (wl ke are going tolkey) Iscoming comes 7 (wi cme 7 [but present continuous present Simpl oe going to! are more atural here] is goingto come 7) Isgiving x aves ol give is going togvex) 15 ace sacking V sade wil sack 7 [but present continous ore going {0 are more natural heres / ae going tosack/) 253Key to Exercises 254 2 3 ae closing Xclose¥ (wil closeX are aolng to close 4) are bulding 7 bull x wl build ¥ [but present continuous or be going to! are more natural here] ve gong to build ¥) ae secng Kee (il ee 7 are going tose) UNIT mn 2 willbe leaving (leave! is so posible) wil eave 2 Willyou be working Willyou work’ is also posible) > work 2 won't be using (Won't use also posible) won't use 2 Uw) gve wllbe giving (il ge" aso possible) » willbe moving (will move isalso possible) nz 2 Ifthe companys making profit by the end ofthe year then we wil have ‘achieved the objective we set ourselves ‘when we tok over In two years time Moreau wll have been acting fr 50 yeas, and shows no sign of retrng rom the theatre. wil have acted’ a0 passe) ar confident tha wil have ished ‘the report before the end ofthe week. Thisbook on Proust seal iu (On Saturday wil have been reading it for manth, and Fm stil only half way As delegates who aves ary wil havebeen discovering thee have been some late changesto the conference programme (wil have dscovered'is also possible) ns 2 3 5 6 7 8 ‘wilhave closed willbe enjoying willbe leaving vue arving swillhave been ‘wllhave been planing won't be spencing wile keeing willallbe going UNIT12 wa 2 Istobe staged (willbe stages also posible) vwiltop ‘sto merge sto be merged (wil ‘argo "wil emerged! are also possible) 4 ltrs ° 0 ‘eto be replaced (wil be replaced’ is also possibe) |sto retire; sto be succeeded (wi retire and wil be succeeded! a also possible) wi become areto receive (wil receives also possible) are tobe created (willbe creates also posse) vi inerease 12 2 4 5 6 7 ° 0 fare tohave (se section 8) ‘sto tar /ieabout to sar (A/C) wns) enjoy @) ‘must about to g0(C) recovers 8) Isto keep (2) ‘to sign is about to resign (C) is about to resign’ emphasises that he wll resign very soon) are about get (C) 'sto be improved (8) UNIT13 131 a 5 6 8 0 " 2 ctor sureta provide sett launch onthe erg of becoming onthe point of signing sureto face se to undergo ‘onthe verge of quitting set to make onthe brink of going 132 2 a 5 6 propose /'m proposing to dea expect / re expecting to finish aie maiming tostudy resolves to give uP guarantee tofind Intend intending to move 133 1 wit 2 shant/ wort (wont is more natural) wit shalt wall, UNIT14 vat 1 a was going to do vwilbe ¢ ‘would have shown 7 (as to be announced isso possible) isaboutto store ¢ "as supposed was about to ask (am going tose also possible) isto beused 7 (oer meeting’ aso possibe) would cauee Past or present tense forms ate posible in 5,9ane a2 1 UNIT15 151 2 can (A:before passive) vere able to (8: singe past achievement] could / were abieto (A) Could you (8: with 'understane ‘cola Is more natural) can't (knowhow to) 6 can(A: nappening a speaking) 2 2 “ were able (8: singe past achievement) oul hardly (Be with haraly ‘cole more natural) oul (: with small "oul is more rata Can you Are you abe to) can (ts before passive) was able to (6: single past tcevernent) could’ (8:negatve sentence ‘ould sore natural) was able to (8: single pat achiever) 152 2 3 4 5 b 1 2 3 4 6 7 couldnt ent could’ weren't allowed to were allowed to wat allowed to / cule va allowed to coule could wae allowed toKey to Exercises UNIT16 7 might be imprisoned (Ctypiallythe 5 mst hovesosqueese must have had 161 ‘cate inthe past) to squesze / must have squeezed an 8 may have been exaggerating (& 1 -mustleove-must have eft ee possble activity thatwentonovera | 7 ¥ je period of tine) 8 street dérthaveto wait 3 nes {might be pushes (Cypialy the 9 srustbedsurbed- must have been jee ‘ase inthe past: passive) ‘disturbed ean) 10. rmayhave told (E posible event inthe | 10. ¥vetoget Ive gottoget/ihwe 6 woud rarely st Shanoke pas) to get (Note that ome peepe use "yveto geen informal language, but 8 willprobably be / would probably be W3 aoe ene TE eons ‘others think thisisincorect) 162 wer ny atleast hes ate, used to ¥ (change past state) per 12. may muse get may have to get 2 : 2 ont sn) 5 inhi, | Rep noe edo (hanged pat tat peterpan reeege 4 Voie snotpomie) anges |S TORMEYIML Tae | og tbe tng past tt) 37 fecings openly, 5 ¥ (woe oposite ine nde enctng, | 18 reteset mi get (ror) 6 Xmet ¥ (number of times specified) ae rdvery e*CINE | Tha three common expressions with must” es sc hranigy asnt ts 12 sow wate ne Used emp elon po yma vs toned rearing sein ‘Src wlan hy 3 snouidhve how ee oa 4 walter 2 mut be would have prefere 3 must be stating ( must be got il woulhoe ovees ‘act od an a os ame 7 stds bough 1 poste) 163 “4 must have had to work (‘must have ’ ee Eample anor ote to pmb) es aE ECELE Tawa ityou lave cveyubere |S musthave hanged oe op ueieatroe instead of walking. 'mnot surprised. | © mst heveto show he fiat . ned bothr to copy hem down 2 B-welityou wlan somuch ie | 7 rust taking (rust aves eee 2. Alte wedowshewe xen 5004 cnine notin Mapas) we ‘ Wel ifyou wil weer thick 8 mustbe eee coo ane) 3 Lye rc bitten by mosquitoes. jumper when its 30 degrees, isnot 182 4 Our software provides fll computer sane 2 enh raiantobeatedtiy |" Searitysnyou nant concen verroom Joust theses UNIT 17 ifiateteottoer ete ten ene cera een tee tt ma torarow? (Oowehavetotaaea | feceutnnyeso yeu nent mat (ort tan ny) posse chang the dts onthe form 2 iy 4 Tertraero gtotte oma ater 3 freyutiayto.(omsbleaonen | a Pe ‘miu. woudbe rather) | 5 bie Ben havo gosone? apse oe eco ieee 4 might (more likely than ‘may’) 6 Adam sometimes has to start work at ee A 5 Could (possible answer; Might’ would ‘630. (Adam has sometimes got to seriousness of the problem. less bbe rather formal) “start work "is also possible) ee erie eran © may 7 The college has to be extended to 3 eee the democrat ned hardy bother or ve 2czonmoite the gown be of the Democratsharly need bother) ‘campaigning before the election (ess foraly the Demacrats hardy need tobother campagning ) 4 Nowe need krow who pid the students. (has got tobe extended is ‘so posse, but less ely a format contest) 18 We may /might have to cance our holiday because my mether sill. 1 ighthave enjoyed (possible event inthe past) 2 might have been tying ( possible city that wanton over a period of = See 3 mpetcontyfépeticemen | ans Saat tear ato a r mo eee tered |e eerteereeet ten ene et no eee a Sea SemerMiepe) Sy eee ee eee | Peete ee ren ae | ce ee tmenaaeeg Za ¢ myhectroend(paibowet | pastebtos id) 2 im eee as 2. need’ doit need to 255Key to Exercises need / dont need to don't nead to need / dont need to ont need to 194 1 You nesdr't worry 2 owe needto make. sore ikely 3. need't bea problem ay 5 I need hardly tellyou., ortss {formally |raraly need (to) tel. you 65 some people woud prefer need ‘thiscontext (see) a 8 needet mean UNIT20 201 1 should / ought to win should fought tohave won also posable) 2 should pur more telythan.. ought Ito put. shoule have put also possibie) 3 should / ought to have arrived should ‘ought ave isatzopossbie) 4 shouldbe sent (ore lkely than ought tobe sent) 5 shouldbe removed (mare likely than caught tobe removed) 6 should /cught ro wear 7 should / ought vo have resigned 8 Should we answer (more tikely than Ought we to answer Should we have answered iso posible) 9 should go (ought to isnot posible) 10 should aught tobe (should / ought to have een tea posible) 202 1) should or most must’ gives stronger recommendation 2 must 3 must 4 should or mest mus’ gives stronger 2évice ands perhaps more tly than ‘should inthis context 5 should or most mus’ gives a stronger recommendation (2,3 and 6 include logical conclusion, so we use must not should’) 203 1 shentd- must ¢ thal should / aught to “thoctdrt'd better not “aipettee should / ough to “hod beter not shouldn't / ought not be S55 10. -hadietter should ought to 256 UNIT21 aa 1 2 3 4 a robe tobe tobe) tobe tobe tobe (tobe) (tobe) tobe) 10 (tobe) 2 et became /ns become become (moe ely than an formal conte) become et get (more ikely than become in an ‘sformal context) became get a3 2 4 5 Wwentdesd «6 came tke rented 7 gobled gettoknow 8 went bust getticed aa 1 a 5 é 8 0 gowrong seemed to be awake v ‘seemed tobe taking hace got dressed 1 (ell would also be posse) went ng to get worried becoming obvious v UNIT 22 223 2 ‘She was offered 9 secondhand icy /Asacand-hand bicycle was offered (Co) her Improvements have been propose to the developer, Some interesting changes were suggested tome Hewas awarded a rie / prize was awarded ta him. ‘The President’ arival wil be announced tothe waiting journals: ‘The password had been mentioned to the thieves pave ben lent some sks. Some sis save bees lent tome, ‘am being senta lot of spam emails. / Alot of pam ems are being sent to ‘The changes ae going to be explained tothe students, z2 ‘nvroduced: as invoduces to ts Rossby Tony at his bitheay party (or ‘Mrs Ross at Tony's bithday party) 1 sen; Has Cri ben seen (by anyone) this moming? 4 (have) appointed, Sven Larsen hasbeen appointed (or was appointed) Rejonal Ses Deco: for Scandinavia 5 willcemonsrate;| am certain that Sarat suitality as company director willbe demonstrated to those who stilhave any doubt. 6 declaved (or have dele); Alan Viatson was gecard or has been declare) winner ofthe election ater a 2a 2. The product was phased out by the ‘compan over petod of thre years. No passive 4 Many peop have been deprived of the right to vote (bythe decision Nopassive Nopassive 7 The last wo tems were held over (oy2he cairperon) unt the nest committe meeting 8 Walkers were prevented from crosing the field after t wa fenced of (by the farmer. UNIT 23 2a denied beng volved was eft holding Femembered being bien avoided being taken wae obeerves hiding vas sent tumsing faced being expelled as found wandering 10 resented beng given a2 2 Emiland Laura could be heard arguing next door, 3. Olichated being teased bythe other cries, 4. The burglar was observed entering the ‘museum through a window. 5. Thepop concerts pected toatract cover 20,000 people 6 Sheicn’t mind being rice 7 tas required to complete two copes ofthe customs declaration. 8 Mes Dee was caught shopliting. 233 2 Omarhopesto be selected by the eam captain (ferent meaning) 3 Kathy arranged tobe taken tothe station by laste (diferent meaning) 4. Galdos has come tobe recognises 2= one of Spain's greatest novels by tes. coresponding ering) 5. Holidaymakerscontinuete be aaractes to the south coast, (corresponding meaning)6 ‘The Finance Ministerhas agreed be interviewed by Har. (cferent meaning) UNIT 24 24a ‘he main stadium has been designed to accommodate many diferent sports, The temporary stands willbe taken down after the Games. ‘he Basketball arena wil have been completed by the end of May. ‘The owing competitions belng held con the Rive Nene ‘he athletes trackhad been completed (or was completed) only a year afterthe city got the Olympics. The hanabal venue was bing used 3s ‘a warenouse until ayer ago ‘The badminton arena should have been finishes by now a2 ‘The appointment of anew managing rector wil be made next week Accusations of corrptin inthe lol ‘counei nave been made, / Accusations of coruption have been made against ‘he local council ‘The demotion ofthe bulding was complete in ony twe days, ‘The presentation ofthe trophy wil be made aftr the spaches. Resistance frm local residents to ‘the proposed new indusal area will certainly be expect. 243 ” is (sing) ruled fr more natural is now (beng) ule’) ae dsappearing have dsappeared is estimated / hasbeen estimates wil be tured into isusing has used /has been using tobe abandoned beatfectes expect are expecting are (beng) destroyed UNIT25 asa 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 agreed proposed / shown hoped / explained decided explained established / revealed intended planned assumed / thought ‘dscovered 252 2K Inhas been discovered that there is water on Mars. 4 ieisbelieved that tenors re operatingin Bein 5 Ieisexpected that the moon astronauts wl tur (to Eat) today 1 thas been revealed that ex President Jul iw 3p tk 8 less thatthe King making a oad recovery, © Ithas been established that a restaurant wasthe source of food poisoning outbreak wx 253 2 Ieisnot thought thatthe fautis saris. (or ele thought thatthe fault isnot serious) /Thefattisnot thought tobe serious. 3 Iesexpected that wil take several ‘weeks to corect the fault. ore ‘expected thatthe fault wil take several weees 0 correct) /The fault Is expected ta take several weeks to “4 Inhas been decces te postpane the ‘et rocket une, 5 Iissuggested thatthe new launch should take place in May UNIT26 261 ‘whom whieh which whieh ‘Whom / Whe (whom wey formal) Who Which (Who Who 262 1 xe teaches (whether or not the expected answers one person or two) sakes ae/e has 3 What ed what How 4 How+h what Hows sore what of What How +e what + eori Beavousuny anne Key to Exercises 26.4 1 2 3 5 6 1 ° Whose “ wnose ‘Wha tives femorefiely Who's 1 (orlessformaly Whose aves "Nepal dé Liam Wison write book about?) ‘When seme key Whi sme ikely Townare access? «7 (Wat nave also possible) UNIT 27 an Possible anawercare given 5 6 Dien you get my emai saying be onhoiicty? CCoulde't you get babysitter? But were't you supposed todo that last night? Can't you leave it outside? ‘Wouldn't you rather goby pane? 22. 2 Havent you ary interest in maths at ‘a? (or Don't you have ay interest in ‘maths at al?) Have you no interest Inmaths atall? (or Do you have no Interest in math atl?) Coulda you find anywhere eles to sleep? Could you find nowhere elseto sleep? Can't you remember anything about ‘the accident? Can you remember nothing about the acident? ‘Why don't ever do well in exams? Why do never do weln exams? Isnt tere anybody you can as or help? Is there nobody you can as for help? 273. 2 He leaving when? /He's doing what? THe's what? Hell be away or how long? / Hel Iellcosthow much? fit what? He's soldi) what? / He's done iat? / He's what? Hes going dimbing where? / Hes Going what? Hes what? 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 -de-ytenot Why don't you () ‘Who do you expect hat wil read yourbog?(F) a) hae net Was’ (0) vo What di you say shat isin these scts?(F) a) Hidnot did't (C) 257Key to Exercises 258 UNIT28 281 2 9 0 z 16 w 9 20 2 answered (the phone) ‘eat (nner) thanked val washed (herself) brushed her hair changed (ner cothes) puton some makeup rove (her er) reached theirhouse waved her hand) parked her cn) cooking (Anne) to pick some flowers studying (French) mention hee introduce you enjoyed the evening afford wash up (the ashes) invite Vl ane Tom 282 2 culminated inthe discovery of penicin ‘ierertate between fantasy and reaiy, specialises in seafood Inflcted surprise cafeat on srbuted he sucess to rstook the Back Managers ofthe National Electricity Company have appealed to wakes to nd ther sti, and have called on the government te intervene in the esp, The Energy Minister sad hat he has arranged for employers and employees tomest next week and he prevailed on tiers to return toworkinthe a3 1 2 3 4 s 6 7 agreed not tll are / were thought to have escaped on recal seeing / don't reall having seen (sil meanings) eres / dered having received or denies / dened receving ilar resnings) {eked not to be named i’ feet tke wali seemsto have dsappeored ‘ate / were believed to have arved UNIT 32 32a Theamostikely reporting verbs are given in the answers, but othersare posible 2 a "Why don't we stop fora cofee” she suggested ‘Alright, Georgi, twas me’ he confessed‘My novel more exiting han 9 Dan Brown tle she boasted lays carey two umbrelas wth ‘me because 'm aways losing ther” ceplained Lena... Lena explaines ‘Oh, no's raining agin’ grumbled Matt. Mate grumbled ‘Good morning, Miss Novak’ chorused the children, the children chorused, "Have done the righ hing? | wondered 322 2 ‘restened not to repay din fel— could (mre tkely than He feltthathe could ask his parents to hel hi again) 4 ‘insted - wasn’ (orhadn't been) snnounced wasn't going 6 ddr expect tobe (re likely than 8 He expected hs mother not to be aney) think would (ore ikely than She thought Adam wouldnt mind writing) promised wouldnt 323 e ‘how heard about the jobs also possible what my long-term career plans were / what were my long-term career pans how many languages spoke / speak where (hd) learnt! eared Chinese ff whethe | could use a spreadsheet if whether ha organised intemational conference before. If hether would be wilig to lve overseas for periods of time when | ean / could stare work UNIT33 331 1 2 a 5 advises assured / promised wares Infor / teach have sown has reassured (has advices promised 332 2 3 x The judge thought his explanation to be uncamvincing expected her plans to fai, x Lucas acknowledged his chances of winning the ace tobe sim. Wie found the eugby supperters tobe very wellbehaved. x 333 Likely answersare given 1 compiained to 2 complained to; mentioned to ansauncesto {joked wits announced te; mentioned announced to requires of dsagreed with 334 Possible necessary objects are given in bold 1 haswarmedthat they 2 explained to employees that 3 confessed oer audience that 4 denied hat management 6 7 ‘epled that an announcement reassured employees / them that went onto complain that government hep 8 demanded of misters tat (demanded that ministers provi oul aso be possibie nd ess femal 9 asked of staff that (asked staffto ‘continue’ would ao be posible and lessformal), 10 reassured staff / them that Note that alternatives without that (has warmed they, 2 explained to ‘employees etc) ae grammatical but less ay ina formal written content, UNIT34 341 ‘Added objects aren bold 24) Hetook my hands an showed ‘me how/ where to hod the go cub property, 3.4 lesplaines careful thatthe “students understood what they hae to dointhe test, “441 Anna was new a the office and Thad to keep reining her who everyone was. S-+b [saw Sora leave the builing, but Idi notice where she went after tha. {646 When saw Hugo alone at the party L wondered why Helen wasnt swith hin, Th Aswewalkes over thei the ‘ulde wamed us where/ when the pithivas dangerous B42 After 'Sdiemantlad the motor! ‘ould't ersember how tof the parts back together. 1941 To win prize you had to guess how ‘many eet were inthe a 10+ ASthe quests came in Dego told ‘ham where to put their coats Key to Exercises 342 1 cebating 4 choose 2 deauss 5 eecide 3 consicering 343 ‘The vllages warmed me what the conditions were ke athigher altitudes, and advised me to take enough food fora wook There was some discussion ‘through the day as to whether the soow ould arrive bore my descent rom the ‘mountain, ut never imagine how hare the conditions would be, inthe mong they showed me the way J how: one of these must be deleted) to get to the track Uupthe mountain When the snow startd fang twas vey Light, and I couldnt decide + whether to cary on or go back dawn. Soon, however, could ee where to go, -wonderet whether to retrace my steps and wy to find the wack again, but bythe time decided whether that should go back, the track had esappesre. ‘Aste sow got heave began to realise wether that my life wasn danger Fortunately, my years inthe Andes ‘had taught me what to in exteme conditions. knew that tere was a shepherds hut somewhere on this side of ‘the mountain that ould shelter in, but didn't now shat- whether it was near corms away UNIT35, 351 2 Shelleged that Markus had stolen / stole jewellery from her house. 1 She estimated thatthe vase wos (is ‘80 possibe) around 250 yes le. 4 She repeated that she had already seen the fi, 5. She conceded that perhaps she treated ‘Thad tated Lea unkinly, 6 Sherecaled that Wilma great- grandrather was / had been fom Span as2 1 havesolied 4 understand 2 sates 5 looks 3 has © is/ons 353, 11 When mentioned to Nokes that he hhad been seen ¥ (or was seen) na local shop ast Monday he protested thot he-s was at home aly, He wears tate dids-own doesn’t ‘own abv Ford Focus. He eaimed that he had been ¥ (or went) othe pit factory two wesks age t ook for work Nokes alleges that hes 7 2 good end of amie Bames. He 259Key to Exercises 260 insistes that he die’ telephone 7 (orhadn't telephoned) Benes ast Money moming When pointed out ‘to Nokes that large quantity of pant had been found ¥ (or was found) in hishouse,he replied that he esting had been storing (r was storing it fora friend ‘At the begining ofthe interview reminded Bares that he is (or was) ‘ented to havea lawyer present. He denied that ne knew ¥ (or knows) anyone by the name of Daniel Nokes Barnes confirmed that he- had ben fr was) inthe are ofthe paint actor ast Monday, but said that he -seving- was visiting (or had been Visiting) his mother He aémitted that he swatng- was walking or had been waking) along New Street at around ten He maintains that he ae: isa veryhonest person and would reverb involved in anything legal UNIT36 361 The mot likely answer are given Possible objects are giveninbotd 2 He red calectDecton om nook He ordered us tobe quiet He urged me to stay oa few more dos Hevomed to fight the ban on smoking in pbb iaces He expected / hoped to see Obva at the pay. He asked me to lend hin ten pounds (or Heaskesto borrow ten pounds) Hecalladon the government re toPelp the heres He oped expected aoithe heavy ate (by leovingenty) 362 “suggested promised ¢ ptended: sid promised ested expected demonded- ordered vented: hoped v -etlered: proposed /ordered 363 Enanple answers reducing bus nd ain oes secingit buying guide book going tothe doctor. buldingit othe eas ofthe ct. doing more exercise going fora long walk ‘The verb propose canbe followed by 2 to-nfnitive without an object (eA). For exemple 2 Toencourage people to use public Lransport the counelpoposed to reduce bus and train fares, 6 The city ugenty needs anew aport, and the government proposes to build Ittothe east ofthe chy, UNIT 37 an + vat 5 coulen't 2 may/might © can/ could 3 can 7 wil would 4 would 372 2 She promised that she wouldn't be 3 He suggested that we could goto Paris forthe weekend 4 She guarantees that she could get me therein goodtime 5 Hernisted that he would pay forthe real Sentences 2and 4 have altematives with ato infinitive clase 2 She promised not tobe late 44 She guaranteed to get us therein goos 373. 2 (that) she would be there his time. 43 hadto ben the city centre by one {must e's also posse, but less tural 4 asked where we should meet musta forget to bring my student scount card ara 2. She sid that could / can travel with them. 4 Shesld that che wouldo't answer his geestons 4 She snd that Karl would / hous / ‘ugh tobe back soon, She said that she may / might could have to move to Milan. {6 She sid that she couldn't wouldn't accept that Jason is/was dshones. 7 She saidthat Maria would fl be sappointed if we leave left without selngher, UNIT38 381 2 Hell to adres the question / |ssve of who would / shoud pay or ‘the repairs tothe building 13 was delighted get an invitation to spend the holidays wth them in Scotland. 4 think twas Aristotle who made the ‘observation that there's na such ting asd publicity 5 Amazingly te police accepted Rad's ‘ipanation that he had taken the wallet by mistake 6 Onthe webinarthey debated te sue 1 question of whether assisted suicide shouldbe criminal offence 7 The ete rm the company gave a final waning that shoud py the bill, bythe endof the week /. to pay the bilby the end ofthe week 88 The government has broken its promise to reduce the rte of income tx. thatitwoud recuce te ate of income tax ‘8 The postive reaction to my work gave me considerable encouragement to take up photography asa carce. 10 Waking passengers were angry when ‘hey heard te ansounceraent that the Aight was cancelled (or. hd been cancelled), 302 2 Therehas been a great dea of argument 9s to how to define poverty 4 Therehave been months of speculation a6 to whether President Matiwould stand agin. 4. Scents might come toa/ some conclusion as towhat their results ily. 5 There i still ne definite explanation 9s toy the dinosaurs disappeared. 383, 4) unsure whether ornot certain whether arealopossble emissve of fdamant that Use how J not certain how angry that / apologetic that, pologetic about not certain when unsure when sbusiveto/towarés complimentary about 410 agred that / adamant that UNIT39 391 Theos ikelyanswersare given 2 Lee urged that Mara Blanch should be promoted to export manager. 4 Ale recommended that a ales representative shoul be sent to South ria. 4. Mie reported that the Delaware Bridge project should be completed by ‘August net yer. 5 Simon insisted that work schedues shouldbe kept to 6 Simon nsteveted tha all monthiy reports shouldbe sent to him crectly‘Alina suggested that web conferencing should Be utes for mestings to ave money on ait ares, ‘Alina celared thatthe company’s head office should remain in London [Nathan agree thatthe company should sponsor the European chess league for the next thre years, 430. Nathan announced that in future al aims fr travel expenses shoul be made in Us dois, 392 2 Yes 7 Yes 3 Yes 8 No 4 No 9 No S Yer 30 No 393 Possible adjectives ore given in these 2 lam shocked that Krtina shoul behave so badly 23. | amastounded that anyone souls vote for ie, 4 ‘Itisurgent that he should retum home immediatly. 5 | amamused that he should take his ‘ e appearances serous am upset tha they should think has chestec them tis appaling that they shouldbe allowed go free. itis imperative that we should act now toavoid war, UNIT 40 40: a 4 5 6 8 0 2 3 40. 2 11 y delet v shave has v “bes acce 12 university refuse refuses audience (A singular verb form ‘smote ikely here asthe focusis on the audence asa whole athe than indvidal members) 4 erchestra perform / performs Jurynelues (A singular vr for is teed here a includ’ focuses onthe group asa whole rather than individual members) 6. classhave (A plural ver formis used as this s something theinividuals di, cermphassed bythe use ofl!) 7. press presents / present 18 The United Nations has /have 403 1 come comes av 3 Feport reports sv ov 7 hove-has 8 ae 8 V.. need to be kept. "ialso posse) UNIT 41 aa his early paintings remains /emain thefood saree 4 Drones’ acquaintances krows 2 2 vegetarions is expected > mesicnes relieve victims... ceeds {museums in the eapital charge 3 2 the paces lasts last, player ties ¢ thecars are /istested {these factors influencs/nfuences a2 1 are wants 2 think mas (more kly than have in this formal context) 13 has haves has 4 clam; constitutes (more likely than constitute’ as "the wreck ofthe ship ands cago’ constitute together, 352 single item, acanger) 5 is/are (we ses if wethinkof ‘sausages and chips’ asa singe item); hove are's UNIT 42 42a 7 Core isalso possible) y have 1 (wereialeo possible) fo 1 (aes alo posse) sy Key to Exercises 422 1 2 3 4 5 6 {singular i (etuat) are (singulanis (singular) has {singular is (plural) provide offer 423 1 2 have; have; shop /shops 's(are’is aso possible but ess kel), expect eects 3 is blames /blame 5 6 7 was (were is aso posse but less key); has have admit /acmits were, was showsis; believe have ays say are UNIT 43 431 av computer programmer afimsar av gis school «the ear door acutonthe /her head av ov abot of ik 6 packet of biscuits © some toothpaste tv av songs about pollution pollution songs nota well known clas of songs) «toolshed spiders webs « amehir bv the S00-pece jigsaw pune 6 glasses case 432 1 2 a 5 6 7 coverup broken ovt sopping over agettogether stopover (lated 203) get together 2) coverup (0) outbreak @) 433 2 3 4 5 6 7 ‘middle-oftherose round: the-ck step-by-step concen iting ownto-ear ‘man /woman-n-the-sret (an alternative is'man or woman in the street usually without hyphens) larger than ife 261Key to Exercises 262 UNIT 44 -ene-a Cone’ wouldimply one and no ‘more as mor kel if this is amore general invitation to have sme cake’) 8 ¥ Cone’ implis‘one ad only one) ‘9 (both ‘one and’ are possible) 10 “one-a 11 area fone would emphasise the umber and seems tes key than 3S inthis context) 12 ¥ (both ‘one’ and’ are possible) 13 tone 14 -ene-a 15 tone 16 (Goth ‘one and’ are possible) 443, 1 one/a 7 nels 2 one aan 3 one 8 one 4 one/an 10 one Se 11 nese 6 one ZA UNIT 45 4s 1 theworld| b aworld 2 2 abightfutwre —b thefutwe 3 a thepast apast 4» acesertedbesch the beach (beac isso possible here, meaning a particular but unspecific beach) 452 1 scustomer 2 the indivi /an ndviual sar messing) 3 theaar 4 Theteleision 5 thesmoker 453 2 pleasure 7 area please 3 asound 8 a grammar 4 grammar 8 aniron 5 ron 10 conversation © Sound UNIT 46 461 1) ansuthor 2 thea (minister a aMec 44 Not the George Clooney 5 aVenGogh ev 7 the Niesens 8 thea /—Usin galt 462 1. a/the/~(a! suggests that there area umber of marketing advises: the! or ~inicte that there isonly one) 2 the/- 3 the/— 4 the /—(n journalism) $- Gap a Ar 463 1 the 5 (the) 2 (the) 6 (the) 3 (the) 7 the 4 the 8 the 464 1 thissa oe 13 (this would be unity here the pati not the topic of what comes ext) 4 the 5 al- 6a 1 the 1 a/this (ti introduces the woran 33 the focus ofthe next part ofthe story) 8 the/~ 10 the/~ UNIT 47 an 1a chien (a geera reference; specificchdren ae not refered to) the eleven (a specie referene, probaby to my/our cidren) 2 a the aprcltre (reference tothe agriculture ina specific area) agriculture (a general reference) 3 a istands eference to iands general) The sands (ference to specie group of islands) 4a cheholdays(specifireference the holiday that ae coming soon) bb Holidays (a general reference to holiday inthis part ofthe word) 5-8 in (a genera reference) the ain (eerence toa specif, Understood period of an) 6 8 themoney (erence to speci, Understood sum of money) > money fan observation onthe effect of money generally) 7a Parents (ea general ference) bb Theparens(aspecfcreerence to tial parents) 8 a thefire (ference to aspects) fc (a general reference) (all afternoon is more key than ‘alt the aftercon) 2a 3 the 4 the 5 the $< 7 the a- 8 the (the winter might imply "the coming winter: However, both “winter” and the wine! night be 2 generalisation meaning any winter) 473 + anemal 2 bycar/ by ir 3 thea 4 the post/ an ema 5 by post /by email, 6 ther 7 by email 8 byair UNIT 48, 481 1) some books 3 some, av 5. Some sports ev 8 Some chidren 492 Suggested answersare given 2. Some 30% af al cy buses have been found tobe wnat, 3 An unexploded bomb hasbeen found some five mies fom the centre of Newnam 4: Some 25% of electricity wil come from wie energy by 2025, 5. Some 200 jobs ae ta be ost at the neon steers483 Suggested answersare given 2 3 4 5 He's probably outwith some gitend Maybe ent te some student in my geography ass thinkin some travel agents inthe High treet Perhaps she's got to fnsh some report. rather 484 any any some (any suggests that could feat none ofthe foo some’ implies that was abl to eat some but not all oft) anything 4 someone (postive! meaning) 7 anything / someting anything suggests that he sald that he dd nothing at all wrong; something’ sggess that he has bean accused of Particular wrongdoing but denied ths) anyone any any Some (= natal) anyone / someone (anyone suggests that dont want tend tto any person someone” suggests hat ‘may havea partcular person in mind (perhaps they have asked me olen it tothen)} UNIT 49, 8 no one hear Not crop no point onhere elie nef the hotels never going to get nothing wrong 92 Tere arent any the cupboard ‘there wast any pont in protesting hecdn’t have anywhere ese to go, Isnt he ever going get job? (ors he ever gong to get job?) they cout’ find anything wrang with he 493 se no jobs are no trains or buses no seatbelts was no spare tyre ¢ ’ was no swimming pool 98 no television ¢ 11 wasnoresty vv 13 sas choice 494 Possible answers 2 MrCalzon din’ want sll the painting, and ne amount of money / persuading could make him change his sind 3 sent job applications over a hundred companies, but not one of them ivited me for an interview. 4. Small used tobe common allover ‘the were but since 1978 not one ase ofthe disease has been recorded. 55 Thefloor ha city black mars all over it end no amount of polishing could getit dean 495 1. Noprober./ No bother. 2 Nowonder. Nochanee, /Noway Noides UNIT 50 501 ‘Suggested comactions/improverents are given 1 Lolas had -many-a lot of (more usual than many’ in conversation problems vith her back for sot “oF many years She's having an ‘operation next week and she won't bebackatwork or ageoddeabot a good many weet afterwards 2 A There's bound tobe se alot (of / lots of trafic onthe way to the station. Perhaps we should leave now. Ne, there's plenty of time left, and atthistimeof day many alotof/ {ots of people wil ready beat work, 3 -Mony- Alot of / Lats of (more uval than many’in conversation) people thinkthat hedgehogs are vey rare ‘nowadays, but when | was in Wales savr-many-alot/ lots (more usual than many’ in conversation). 4 Mat Many have claimed that Professor Dowman' study on curent attitudes to politics is fawed. One crticam ie that-eneh far too many people questioned in the survey were tnder 18 5 -lotoF Much esearch hasbeen Conducted onthe effects of dit on health, with sotot many studies focusing on the ink between fat ntake and heart ceease, However, “ot much emis tobe done, (uc and many’ ar prefered ina ‘witen academic context) ° Key to Exercises ‘While iis re tat sHotof many ‘thousands of jobs were lst with the ecln ofthe northern coal and stel Industries, et of many aévartages have lo followed, Much Far too many cases of lung disease were recorded inthe reson, but with Lower levels polation the rumber has eclne.n addition, a-geat-deatot a great many hi-tech companies have ‘moved into take acvantage ofthe evy avaiable workforce 502 3 4 5 6 7 a ‘many 2 sunny afternoon Many a ship Its/the many golf courses yan emails hismany expecitons (many an expedition sao possible) Many a teacher ‘the many coffe shops 503, 1 plenty of (alot of i also possible) Alot of (not‘lenty of) alotot rot‘penty of ‘lott not ‘plenty of} plenty of (3 oto i also possible) UNITS1 sia 1 2 4 5 6 ‘were al canal haat are al Allthe children or The hen al {oth are possibe) been S12 1 3 5 6 “The whole proces Whole areas of the country ‘The whole trp allofthe towns allot the pages allthebuiding/the whole bulling {allthe bulcing’ suggests that we see ‘the building as being mace up of parts (4 numberof rooms, for example); the ‘ole bili’ would be mor ikely in ‘formal contex) 7 Thewhole room s13 1 every 6 every 2 each 7 each every, 3 every 8 each 4 each/evey 9 Fvery/Fach 5 each 10 every 7 and 9 each’ emphasises that we ar chinking ofthe paces hen households separately evey'suggests something ikea of") 263Key to Exercises 264 su 1 2 3 5 6 7 9 Every soften ¢ vey few weeks 7 (al Fray is possible nan informal Context the whole of Friday’ would also be possible here) ach ofthem nota the fod usally ge eaten NNotall of my brothers always come Noll and his amity were all on holiday ‘therestofusallhad a great time 7 Vall evening’ would also be possible) UNITS2 521 7 2 3 5 7 9 few (afew would mean hat asmall ruber of people would sage. it ‘would be more tke afer‘but "than “and Lie few the few / afew Auiste ‘The few / What few alite stew afew thet what ite 522 Most iklychangesare given 2 5 6 7 8 “cca bitol TV. (more likely inthis informal conte) there are only afew eft or. there aren't mary left there lent much mae. oF theres not much more rot many lke that .or.onlya few Uke that has hac few feral politicians exchanged few words litle more conient ‘There seems to be ite prospect. 523 Possible answers Fewer students hada part-time job in 2000 than now. (Less students.” would also be acceptable for some peopl) Les (or Few) than 10% of female students hada part-time job in 2000. Male students spend less money than female students on books. Students spendless onbooks now thn they id in2000. Less (or Fewer) than 10% of female stucents walkt lectures now, Fewer students walk lectures now ‘than in 1980. (Less students." would also be acceptable or some people) ale students spend les time online now than female students Surprising resuts might be Female students now spend ness than 20% of theirincome on books. Female students spend no less than 24 hous a weck onine UNITS3 531 ‘The lative pronoun can be omitted in 1, 3,4,7 and 10, saz 1 Chat or axe more italy nan Informal context) 2. Eve's father, who is oer 80, has jist come back rom asking hoy. 15 The problems facedby the company, ih ook at in detain a moment, sar beng rezoived. (sore people ‘would use ‘thal’ as an alternative) 4. She was greatly influenced by her father who / whom she adored. (whom ifrmal) 5 He pointed tothe stais which that led downto the eel 16 These drugs, which are used to reat stomach ulcers have been withdrawn ‘rom sole. (some people would use ‘tha’ as an alternative) 7 Thesinger who was recovering from fu, nae te cancel her concer. 18 The minister talked about the plans fortax reform that / which /hewi reveal next month (whichis more kay ina formal context) 9 Ihave two older stars whom / who J hat Hove very muh (whom very formal) 533, 11 \ichs posible, but Less hkly than that or whom seems rather formal here and (es ely than who, ‘that or that canis also posible much tat can ahem who shi tha’ ‘The bay who took which i posibe, but es ike than thao! “whic posible, bu es tly than “tae 10 whch i possble but es Ukely than “that or! UNITS4 saa 2+ The newspaper is owned by the Mears group, whose chairpersons Mis Ki, 3.44 Parents whose cileren are betwgen four and sic are beng asked to ake part inthe sure, 44 Chlerenwhose ets contain high evel of protein do beter in Se Mysune whose fest job was filing shelves ina supermarket, snow CEO of department store 66 lenjoy growing pants whose Aowers ae attractive to bees, 542 brample answers 2. Avviow sa woman whose husband has ed and who has not remarried, 3. Anactuary isa person whosejob Isto éeide how much insurance companies should charge their 4 Auenacets a container in which tings fre melted or burt SS. Agazebo a small gacden buldag in vhich people canst to enjoy he view 6 Poioisasportinwhich hose riders ita bal sing hammers with ong hands. 543, 1 the moment when 2 anagreement whereby 3 the area where 4 he reason why 5 amethadwhecedy 6 condition where saa “watever whoever 2 hat what av 4 hich whatever (or'what’) 5 ahichoves whatever 6 (or'norelative pronoun’ or which) 7 bat that 8 ies ihichever/ whatever UNITS ssa 2. Hewas the unde of Arne Boleyn, ster whose execation in 1536 e lost, owes It isher unmaries name by which she Is beter known, 4 MeWang, ass whose land the road willbe but, ery unhappy about the plans 5 The lection recut about which there canbe no doubt, a great appointment 6 Thebuildng fom which Marcus emerged was litle ore than ain 7 Itisamedieal palace, n whose tower the king during the cll wr. 8 am grateful to Aarav Basu, from whose book onthe history ofthe bicycle this information comes552 2. Unt 1914 the pound string was the curency in with which most world wade wos conducted 3. Theyhave changed the date on/by hich the future io be delivered 4 asteurisation was ciscoveres by the French chemist Louis Pasteur, after whom twas named He was persuadedto stayin England by Charles Dickens, to whom he had shown his nave 6 There are a numberof safety procedures of which you should be 7 Details are inthe struction manual with whieh the printer was supplied 8 MsParkwasleft the money by her former husband, rom whom she was voreed in 2005, 553 2 Unt 1914 the pound staring was he curtency which hat most world trade was conducted in They have changed the date which / that =the umitur isto be delivered on iby 4 Psteurisation was ciscovre by the French chemi Louis Pasteur who it wes named after, 5 He was persuacedto stayin England by Charles Dickens, whe he a shown hisnoveto, 6 Ther are number of safety procedures which that ~you should be aware of 7 Detalis are inthe Instruction manual which that =the printer wae supple wth 8 Ms Parkwaslef the money by her former husband, who shewasdvored from in 2005, 554 1 Thehouse which the thieves broke ina av stot which ‘The party, which ve been loking forward all week sv 6 both of which 7 partofwhich @ ..allofwhom UNIT 56 561 The mos likely answersare given 2. went onan traning course with my colleague Mateo, 5 Rubell, or German measles, stil common cided eisease in many Four los of Beluga caviar among the mast expensive foods inthe word has been ordre forthe reception ‘One of the most popular modem ‘wits fr children ithe Australian John Marsden. Teyas ater, andthe) ain for the ast en yar, wasn the crowd to waten her vitry Dr Soa Lope, head of Dowland Hospital na crises government plans to cut health funding Kaus Schmit, the German 10,000 metres ecord holder and current European charspion isruning in ‘the Stackholm Marathon, (or Klaus Selmi, the current European champion and the) German 10,000 ‘metres record holder, .) 562 246 The wo countrieshaving lang borders with the USA, namely that i Mexia and Canada, nave complanes tothe President about the new customs regulations 342 The three most popular pets in Britain, namely hat seas, dogs and rabbit, are found in 25% oF households 4+ Thecaptalof Estonia, namely / that Tallon, stuated onthe Cult of Finand 5+ Thelargestislandin the wot, ‘namely hats Greenland, covers over 2 millon square kilometres. {6+ The ‘consumers’ of education, namely thats students, should have ways of complaining about poor teaching 563 2 ‘ecated went toa reunion fo _tudents who were ecocated inthe physies department during the 1950s, bring tod of As my aunt told ‘me what she thought fl ke 8 schoolboy who was being tle of by hie headteacnee saying Theres sign onthe gate ‘whic aye Entry frbien! Introduced, Across the ver were some ‘ofthe deer which were introduced into the parkin the 1th century, flowing River which ow int the falc Sea are much clesner now than ten years ago, being printed, The booklets which are being pnted as we speak wl be on sae ater this afternoon ‘needing: Anyone who needs futher information can see me in my office Key to Exercises UNITS7. sm The most ely answers are given 2-48 she's in the photograph onthe piano, 345 Iplanto cutdown thetreeinthe back garden 44 Theresa team ofpeoplein green shins 544d Wetookthe footpath by long the canal. 1541 Thechidren can't get ove the fence round he poo. 7-48 Go along the lane between the houses 8+), Nicos boy with aqucktemper. 44 Follow the mai road rom Pais to tyons 1O+h Shes a teacher from New Zealand s72 2. Shes inthe photograph which fon the plano 3 panto cut down the tree which sin the back garden. “4 There's team of people who have / are wearing geen sins. 5 Werook the footpath which uns goes by / along the canal. 66 The children cant get over the fence hich is around he pol 7. Go slong thelane whieh runs between thehouses 1 Nicos boy who has 3 quick erper 9. Fallow themain oad which runs goes fom Pats to yor 10. Shea teacher who i/ comes from ‘New Zealand 573 Possible answers are given with some alternatives 2 Teachers (wo work working) at Queen's College inthe city entre, ine wet on strike last week have ‘sppointe Kristine Borg, the head of English, stheir spokesperson 13 Marge Scott, who has did aged 9, ‘was the fist woman (to be) educated {at Marston College in south Wales. / Marge Scot, the fst woman tobe) ‘edusted at Marston Callge in south Wales, nas ded aged 95, 4 The conference [held in Singapore, hich approved the worl ade agreement érawn up by Eeropean and Asian states, has now ences 5 book on gardening Allabou Plants, that / which Aone wanted to borrow ‘wast avalale inthe Lbary./A book con godening called All abou Plats that / which Ana wanted to Bortow wast avaiable inthe brary 265Key to Exercises 6 A painting found ina second-hand shop by Lara Gruber, an antique dealer from Austr, thought tobe by [JM Turney he Betish landscape est (or. by the Bits andscape artist MW Turer) sta 1 ‘The sentence could mean: (that 2 rman was wearing a grey suit—he was talking (6) (the iiss) tat 9 man wastakking with a gey suit Toremove the ambiguity the sentence shouldbe ‘Aman (who was) wearing a grey sit wastalking, Amman na grey sut was talking The sentence could mean (tha the loay was carrying thousands of stolen Cigarettes it was stopped by 2 police ces (i (te riculous) thatthe police officer was carving thousands ‘of stolen cigarettes atthe tie ‘ihe topped the lory To remove the ambiguity the sentence shouldbe: Aony (which was) earying thousands of stolen cigarettes was stoped by 2 police offer. ‘The sentence could mean that! am aoing to discus the mater with my parents) that lam going to decorate ‘theroom and my parents wi help lecorate ith me; (the ical) ‘that am going to use my parents 2s decoravon nthe room Te remove the arbigity the sentence shouldbe |scssed with my parents my panto decorate tse room, (to mean [) oF | escussed my pln to decorate the rom withthe help of my parents (to meas fi). UNITS8 se 266 Dressed (or Being dressed) alin back, sre was almost ivisble nthe stress right. Not having credit card, ound it difcult to bo0k an artnet online Being unemployed Antonio spent aot ‘of time filing in job application forms. ‘Walling quickly, soon caught up with her. Bult of wood (or Being bul of wood )ythe house was clearly fre risk Hevng been tol off he day before for artving ate, was eager to cateh the busin good time Not knowing where the theatre was, ‘she asked for irection atthe hotel reception Being nse she knew what todo attershe scent. Having spent his childhood in Oslo, he new the cty wel sez 1 (fst implied subject =" second subjec='3 car) Waiting forthe bus, was splashed al ver bya car that went through a puddle / While was wlting forthe bs, a car went though peddle and splashed water allover S (subject both elauses = Rashid) S [sbjectin bth clauses = Suzanne’) 40 (lastimplied subject we second 6 subject "the town) Looking down from the hil we could see the town spread out before us towards the cout. As we looked down fom the hill we could see the town spread out before us tonards the coart 1 (last implied subject =" second subject ='the boat) I was feeng rather sick asthe boat ploughed through the huge waves S {sbjectin both clause he plant) 583 1 6 ‘Not withing te boost Pretending not to notice Determined not tobe beaten Not eating well [Not bothering to put ons cout Tying not y. 584 2+ Looking over my shoulder could see da running after me. 3.44 Walking trough the tunnel, banged my head onthe lw roo 440 Having waited sx weeks forthe ashing machine tobe delivered, | ecided to cancel he order. 5+ Having suffered rom depresion yet as a teenager, could understand how Nothan as feeling 6+h Hoving parked / Parking the car about a lometze rom the stadiom, | walked the rest ofthe way. Tab Having reached / Reaching my rid-thirties, elt needed to change ry te 8 40: Havng earn some Swabilas hil was abl to understand most of at she si UNIT 59 591 2 3 5 While being interviewed Belore taking While welcoming Since beingaverthrown fr After being overthrown .) Through working. or After working ) Before being sol After leaving so2 2+. By ving up sugar, she soon began loze weight 3+ Inturring down the ob, she gave up the possbiliy ofa huge sala (By tring downs alo possible However, 'n tring down’ focuses on the consequence ofthe action and so ispeehaps more likely hee) 440. Bymovng toa smaller fat, she saved over a hundred pounds 2 month. (Inmoving ils posible. However, "By moving. focuses onthe method use to save money) S-+F Onenterng the catsoom, she was surprised when all the eieren ood up. 6+ Incrticising her father, she new that she might offeng hi, (8 etiesing’ isso possible However, 'neitcsng'focuses on the consequence ofthe ation and sois perhaps mor key here) 593 1) With Maryarn having fy, we coud’. goon holiday 2. Without having moc information, won't be able to advise you 3 Without realising it he had solved the problem, 4 With time running ou befor the tain left, could’ wat for Andee any longer 594 () alt Paula Reis gained apace at Southam University, (2) Almay fascinated by ‘he star she took a fst ceree in astrophysics. (3) Once at university she also became intrested in stucent pltics and, (4) popular with her fellow students, as elected University President in her second year. This id’ stract har rom her studies, however, ad (5) wl thefinalyearot her deere she won the International Young Scents ofthe Year award for her work on star cssifiation (6 When eked what wae (or When asked about.) the secret of her secess (oewhen asked what the secret of her success was... she sai, Just hard work anda tle luck’ (7) Datwminad to ‘contnue har research, sha has recently begun workon he PR. UNIT 60, 601 2 prepared (cel) 3 prides itsetfon 4 occupied themselves wit by (wih and by’ cous be omitec"oeapied themselves playing computer games)8 adapt yourself) trouble himealf about / wth ess (erst) been himself from 02 nyse hem yourself eset (him is also possible ihe and ‘hereto ifeent people) herself (her is so possible tse! and er refer to diferent peopl) 603, 6 7 @ got ourselves vaccinated / got vaccinated v had hemselves checked hed caught pats hilt (however, sme peopl think isis incorrect ang would us anand) to eat himself aay were goingte occupy ourselves hey can't reach themselves UNIT61 oun v mint one J. some mint v y 2 anes (Some people would avoid this 10 tse of one to refer to people) No (ones would be untkely hare, referingto a group of people) No [No (your ore’ spose, but some people avoid, Are these your” ie uch more Ukely) 3 4 5 6 8 3 0 (enes) Note that some people think ‘hat those ones is incoret. (ene) ’ (one) v (ones) (ones) (exe) ous Possible answers ‘one who knew the way ‘ones you haveto dive to. ‘one's the burning of esi uel, ‘one are small and ghtweight UNIT 62 2 2 "Leoube tis aso pose. 3 thope so, 4 supposes 5 thinkso. 6 Yes hear (that shes: (S01 hear is iso possible; see) 7 Iguessso. Hesaysso. promise (that) wil 10 tem sure (that) you wil. 22 1 suppose not / don’ suppose so 2 dont tines /thinknot (think not ‘woul be rather fra) 3 suspect not / don't suspect so 4 dows appear so / appears not 5 didnt sys0 23 2 Yes they ae 3 Yes thas /Soit has 44 Yen youd 24 Posse answers 2 Solunderstand 3 Sol gather, 5 Soit appears Soe telleme. UNIT 63 ear 2. Shewasasked to teach more cases, and was happy todo so. 3. My French hosts gave me snails et, buted so very reluctantly 4. The company wanted to bul dan onthe sit, but they were prevented {om doing so by local opposition. 5 AILEU counties agreed to implement ‘the new regulations on recycling plasti, but fran Finlane and ‘Austria have done 0 16 Theater freezes inthe cracks in rocks, and as it does sit expands a2 oso. o (oto 50 habitual action) ooingso 0 roto 0 enjoy’ refers to state) oes 0 o oto osm referstoa stat) 40 (oto 0 habitual action) id0 a, 2 3 5 Key to Exercises 3 such research such csims/ sucha claim sucha project such destruction such tates such tactic a4 Baanple answers 2 3 4 5 6 into research of thisknd claims ike this (or these) / a aim ike this this kindof project ths sort of destruction these tactics /histactc UNIT 64 64: 2 4 Yes, we should have-bookedtichet p-advance-/Yes, we should have “beokesticeteinadvancer Yes, we wil estaying in Brat -pesmancotly-/ Yes, wel be slope ne Yes, Im sure they wil-poveBeer- tery row Yes, Fm sure they wil have-baensaten-by nou Yes sure they wil have been stakenbenow- Na, haven't -haddinmeryet- © Yes, lam-goingto-etain'sperty 64. 2 3 5 é 7 a Yes | would -hovemneeedthewain:/ Yes | would have-mised these No, can't see himanjare- [Na,he couldn't havebeendookng-or No, he couldn't have-been- ooking. / No, he couldnt have been ~ as (0) hasnt doesn't ave done) / id have do (be) a ‘ight woul (oe) might / shoul (8) shoul (be) righ / would be shoul (be) / would ‘would / might be ‘would / might be UNIT 65 651 2 3 4 5 wadto pretended tobe sad tobe aimed to 267Key to Exercises 268 6 7 pretended o/ claimed to expected ittobe expected to 652 1 2 3 5 6 8 0 ‘opportunity (to) hated to retusd co) choose to determines (to) deseredto idea (9) delighted (te) preferto sffordte if you'd the to (or. tyou tke) Y (or. you'd ike to) she doesn't want 0 7 (or if she'd tte) 7 (or. where ant to) fyou don't want to. However, if you don’t want is semetimes ved in ‘olloqua speech) 7 orf hey want to) "ike to very much you tke (oryou' ike to) soln ike to, UNIT 66 661 Suggested corrections are given 2 3 lone igure figure walking alone v happy cheerful prson/a person who was aways glad and smiing his seeping éaughter his daughter, who was asleep frightened passengers / passengers on board who are afraid v a similar age v “The ges who were srry for ther behaviour, apologised to ther teacher. he gts apologised tothe teacher because they were sory for their behaviour. ‘> anuster/ inevitable » inevitable 2 unsafe (domestic would only be possibe here f we wanted to ‘emphasise thatthe equipment was {or use nthe home (1. domestic) rather than another kind of equipment) domestic unsafe ‘ecueatonal/entertaing ‘educational entertaining serious /undesying 5 2 legal /stupié legal stupid 663, 1 a 5 ‘ 7 allthe people concerned ‘Aste minister resporsible the opposite fect. responsible adut the ony availble room /the only reom avaiable ‘the apparent approval and concerned parents 8 financial advice avaiable UNIT 67 on Themes kelyanswersare given 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 almost /practicaly complete mainly cotton absolutely excellent very dear completly egal very popular an almost permanent very attractive cexcusvly/ mainly male very vile ora Suggestedanswers 2 a 5 "be incre upset, ‘abe catherangy. abe abit embarrassed be extremely rnoyed ora Suggested corections are given but others arepossble 1 6 a ° 0 0 2 2 ‘extremely od v absolutely useless very happy "reasonably unique is unely, more likely, for ample ‘almost unique” ¢ ¢ quite small perfectly comfortable v Feasonably quit way impossible v areal tere simply awful v ora 1 2 a s @ oi rally realy fit (both correct) ity rally pretty / very (oth correct) sey pretty prety Feng realy ‘wally / very (bth correct), 9 pretty/ ene 30 fly preity (oth corect) UNIT 68, 681 Themostikelyanswersare given 2 verylate 3. very citcal 4 astraige 5 ‘false 6 acitcal 7 late 8 original 9. very straight 10 very false 2 highiyteebica technical very human human 4a Largely academic academic 2 private anintensely private 2 dplomatic b oneatremely diplomatic Possbleanswercare given 2 nice and quiet 3 lovely and soft 4 nice an iy good and ready UNIT 69, 691 2 the problems identified / he \dentfie problems, 5 Interested visitors 4 the sheet provided 5 with fights include, 6 the esuting publicity / te publ resting 7 any remaining cheese / any cheese remairng. 692 Example answers 2. The amount of added sugar in dark chocolate ess than that fun in wnte chocolate 3. Organic oranges contain 30% ‘more vitamin than those grown conventionally 4. Carstoday ae much morefuel- sffcen than those manufactured in 1990, The Presiden’ salary ie 25 times higher than that earne bythe average03, 2 3 4 well resourced nerve-wracking farceaching 604 a 4 were wide-ranging isclean-snaven eye-catching UNIT70 701 1 2 3 4 5 6 e 8 10 tereduce to cheat cheating knowing toleave to underestimate / underestimating toopen /epening valkng toresign/esigning to panic tuning 02 ” stupid going stupid to g0 configant tat he woulens gett ¢ uty shopping was concemed t lean ¢ v busy ering was srry to (have) upset me / was sorry that he' upset me (was omy forupseting me's also possible) wot prepared to admit ¢ 03 2 3 4 5 6 7 e Iwas wonder to ear such 9 magne perormance twas ean of you to etal the cake and na eve ay for me Iwas ureasonable of them to complain sou he oar rests twas awkward to get the top off the jar (orto get the top of he jot: Informal. peng the topo the i) Iwas simple to put up the shes, Iwas unprofessional of himtocrtie the adteacherin front ofthe tat Inwaskind fut gh idhday presents othe cern 704 Possible ansiersare given 2 4 5 made me frou stening tis ies made me sad that we wouldt be working together again ead me ashamed to leam how body we rested immigrants nthe 19505, made me nervous hearing the dentist’ lesan the waiting UNIT71 n: 1 2 n. nay 0 a repeatedly ind wth despair (desparingly’is so possible) ind with antcpaton reputedly soppointedly Inarelaxeé way / manner fashion determinedly in wth satistacion (na satisfied way {manner fashion’ ae aso possible) inan organises way manner fasion apiatedy 2 rosy or shorty Greely wide widely iy igh cae tens tete tomein a fendty way /mannes/ fashion Y(or..fine..) fay refused (very clea i alee possible in infermal contexts) ina cowarély way /manner/ fashion justly renowned. slowiy tumed “Cainky is rarenatialy cores, but some people would use thin’ in informal contexts loudly appiauded UNIT72, n nr. 2 1 ‘more scared deeper or more deep (for emphasis) more prety stronger ‘ere naughty hare ‘truer or more tue (for emphasis) longer 2 7 Core dity woul also be posible) -erctinger more excting 7 (alter would also be possible) 7 Comore unique! is sed to suggest that some people have particularly Inaividual characteristics) Key to Exercises 7. -comploset more complex 8 ¥ (more clever would aso be posible) 9 -poweruie more powerul na the’ canbe leftoutin 2,4 and 5 na rin 2 of of ‘norat both ar possible) UNIT73 na 2. The Downtown Hotel isnot such a pleasant place to stay 2 the Strand Hotel /The Downtown Hotels not as pleasant a place to stay asthe Strand Hotel 3 The Presidents aderess tthe nation ‘sas imporant speech ashes ever Uikely to make in is earer 4 rewasrt sucha ig problem asi frst ‘thought / wasn't as big a peablem as first thought. SS Theresa's dogis as ferocious an anima 6. She's not such fluent Greek speaker asshe clams tobe / She's nota ent Greek speaker as sa claims tobe. m2 1 asmaryas 5 asitieas 2 asfewas 6 astewas 3 asmuchas 7 aslitess 4 Asmaryas 8 asmuchas na 2+ Herhandwiting was so untidy as tobe nearly ieee 3 +€ The bookcase was soheavy as tobe almost impossible to move 446¢ The CD was so bly sratched as tobe unplayable 5.46 The plot ofthe novel was so complicated as tobe completely ‘ncomprehersible 64 Theciference between the resus ‘wae so small eo be insignificant. Ba 11 How serious an injury 2 orassecious as bad enough otaeftas ‘not sucha good player as not as good apayeras go s0feras say 7 sufficiently well/ well enough 8 asspeedy a recovery as possibie 269Key to Exercises 270 UNIT 74, ma expect Catalina to win the race easly, He regretted missing the concert greatly. He greatly regretted mising the concert | secretly hated paying the piano (more iely than" hated playing the plano secretly although my parents ‘thought | oveditThis would mean that my parents though loved playing the piano seretiy) Healy stated to walk ass He stares to walk calmly across She kindly offered todo the work Bruno huriedly finished speaking and st dvi, / Brune nes speaking hurriedly and sat down, simply don't eember puting it dow, ‘We look forward to hearing rom you ‘They deliberately ted to ignore me. / Thay viedo ignare me deliberately. don't pretend vo understand the instructions completely. m2 9 10 ‘ound Siterand Fin uly (pace + ‘ime) card atthe airport (object + aoverbial) south toward the ake (place [adver] + place [prepositional phrase) fora week/ina beautiful cottage belonging some frends of Kins mother time + place [long adverbial) arty / at about sixe'dock time [adver] + time [prepositional phrase) brief /inthe village hare Kim had spent some time when she was student (ime + place long adverbial) ‘aretully onthe narow winding roads {rmanner + piace) the train / home (object + adver) ourselves / enormously in Switzetand (object + manner + place} there / before to long (pace + tims) m3 2 7 07 Now, vigorous beat the eg in a small bow. (Both ofthese are more ely than ‘Net, beat the eggs in a small bow vigorously), | thought securely locked the luggage. (thought locked the luggage securely stopped paying tennis regulary (more tie) 7 or Lee was baten easly inthe fia Lee wos beaten inthe fal easy He always rings sandwiches from home 7 No,they moved away ast year. The local resicants welomed warmly the decison. or Te acl resents warmly welcomed the decision ov UNIT75 751 2 a Iwasbrought up to eam money honestly > Honestly, 'm perfectly capable of puting up the self myself 3a cheadmitted frankly Frankly, I went ta sleep during his lecture 4. Seriously, | dont know what a have done I tried to speak seriously to him > 752 “erormausiy significantly omtimetetime /caely easly /-seorely almost /-bpan neue olten anny aemions -pardlyovee every week “grotlyFrarly “peor entirely 3 apy fet) 1 3 5 6 8 1 2 3 4 6 a Clearly, he wants me taketh job "had very ttle seep and was having dificlytheking clearly Plainly, he was eligi tease, Se always dressed plainly flee lab) ier UNIT 76 761 2 a and out jumped Danie. Outside the door stood S90 smal chicken Inthe park the boys wer playing ticket, despite the muddy contians {poinversion) ‘round her neck hung 2jade naclace, ‘and up the tree it climbed, (0 “aversion ‘din marche 9 delegation fom the sriking workers sway swam theish inthe comer was avery ola srandfather clock Inthe ofice Le found (no inversion) ‘tate ta concentrate, but a home she worked (no inversion) more cently. 762 2 last mock had a holla (abject ‘ver inversion i not possible: last woot isan adverb of time inating » erodes not take inversion (ee Cl) fist come a welcoming address by ‘the head ofthe organising team. ‘ato time were members ofthe pubic in danger No change, the adver ‘aly’ cant go In font postion Seldom cana poltican have hanged hs views so quicly as Beha. next came a lizzaré, preventing us from leaving the hut by nex Friday wel bein apan (eubjec-ver inversion fnot posse "by next Friday isan adverb of tne inciating a defi paint doesnot take inversion fee) [No change; the adver "hourly can't 0in front postion haa ever ci hear him aie his voice in anger. 763 {play squash twice aweek /twice@ week play squash yur sary willbe paid monty v v round the town she rove / She drove ‘round the town, n aside strat she Sspoted the place /shesptted the place nase street cross the room it few i flew across the roam UNIT77 m™ 2 3 4 6 7 8 ° 0 ssegy (mel very much ssesy much / very much wey -mee ery much esp much /very much “sey F-meete very mich ssesy- much / very much very ch [weep mh: ery re very ch “egy meh /very much sey much /very much m2 2 4 two 5 very 100 wery/t0o 6 00 wey 7 vey wey 8 t00 m3 2 3 and heaven offered Lwionly be and even the smallest donation ean make hehas even asked Arn Only Lovis knew Henly cookKey to Exercises UNIT78 unir73 6c Astoegvstecurer waste mnt oe Deca sbshaeh Anumberofpostionsorthsexdnibs | 1 / when (when emphases adrect ponte spenngonse ier Connacion betwen icing aba | 7*2 lstetened well goon olay Contest andthe pra empha hat Sein over esggess at ere acess thspetr/ wera The Mange baensed are | ge yemer wakes fastenwerbcongiespenaprthemet | tdloen af auggenstthesere SoU likely position in many contexts, and then ‘time as’ ~ kicking and falling happened ‘pps steraee rates) Presumably the Wen itowtcome | 2 When{rae ly than Whi. votre ther courts The Taingabowtapeogotcurtws) | 2 -duetolecoinrst, Sea presumably btowecone | 3 when 3 ct /oving ons etalon, Theldess presumably towecome | 4 While /As 4 oetohnan oor 7 atheros presumably, | 5 whl wen (couldn 5 eto ong aha coud 2. Thebes ganarouty oreo econ) 6-1 becouse ofthe bre ig piartveneetorepaetieanes | 6 when 1 eeu abe war teed of theytaddigup Generous the | 7” A8/ When 2 bens ofl poston Dolieaged The ules om 9 becureat nose sare enrol e/a 10 bree here war ay nit 4 Mowtpeopighybeleve thatthe | 10 As/WhenCnen'segets'yihe | ggg praonestoldberdeses Righty, |” tnettepact san keemphasses |S. sere ght habeas mos prople-./Mostpepiblee, | contouschange ung the pecodit | > lcm pena abate 5 te mers de) "eons hes what bea as aly, she knew more about the ‘saying, couldn't hear what Isabella eee eae camino ecto a noi 2 Wher While As 3. With her father (being) in hospital, aes 3 white: when Olivia went to stay with her aunt. # 6 Hecate bctevewindowhen | 3 an ee 5 White When /As (because) ter father (beng) in hospital. 6 seuten 4 analthe cb wencning ft 7-_she bravely picked up the spider and ot iter. /1 felt @ lot fitver with all the putivousice /Browiy se pikes | 793 reser l rc as ong fet at ter Up. She pled uphesper 1 ont ee peers) epee eee 5 With the train drivers on strike: Imereti, erence appear | 3. trea oon ee 4 before afterall, don't think I'l go to town m2 5 re tera theo ite on sha 2 cstvartlyshelstedaanly J 6 EE tomerow am. 8 until 29 ervonencly tno lonerthe UNtrs1 problemi one wa. 74 a 4 paar tie Fost monesare gen anne undeveloped. 2 than he broke his arm, ‘books at the bottom se as not to / in 5 bua the petormance was 3 ateniengaesin Choe stunning. “4 than when itwastime to star. Beeiitreceh ace tee bere! 6 tronalywe'sbemchoaterot | workagan ee ee ive movethere 5 tlre member ofthe sence See ear eee 7 poltalyhecastobeasodalst | sated ocr her often he 6 tetnclysecoussesersa | 6s whentheengne eit ot pa Sere eee ae peso them avy 78.3 need 5+ Iwalked around the outside of the ee 203 feidso ms otto more otto Fcepaltecs ietonese | 2+ Andesagredtobonktisetsfoc | camagethe pong cope Reaeres sasarewosnericetogotoihe | 6+ Weputupetenesoaste/in aie ieee eave order to prevent people waling cos ae reas Die Seangaitsyurbitdey bay | Segre rote youn 7g She ened doo tthe ookin 4 tomagrarmatialpoincotview | 4h Secausetmtningtolseweint | Hontothersoarte/norderto Seeay war wel wen bt Tee Ben pay predicts vod seme Se was moppronine Sd wewererconmendedtotuythe | €4. Theroadwakswere cared ott 5 Thecsionimrcentyrasesanéine | texbotsecnetandance ne sgttsoesnotto/ nerer otto Multcaaensbwtotecsnnyy | cnywoldbevery pene Sip vatetoo ch asfaras democracy is concerned anKey to Exercises 272 a12 2K ov av re an ax sx ais 2. nobody would know twas there 3 mosqutoes couldnt get in 4 itwont take upa lotof computer memory, 5 we could se the view over the ety 6. tl receive the new channel an “Suggested onsversaregiven 2. Themeeting room is signed In such 2 way tat everyone's oie can be hear without he use of microphones 1 insuch away a8 to allow ‘everyone's voice to be heard without the use of microphones. 3 The website isorganised in sucha way ‘that Its easy to navigate./.nsuch 2a way 35 tobe easy to navigate. 4 the dal is rotated in such away that the number is atthe top, the valve ‘opens... such away asto locate the number at the top the valve opens UNIT 82 ez 2b Frightened though as she was, he ‘forced herself to pick up the snake 3446 Scarce though / a food became, ‘they always found enough to share swith me “£-+¢ Fapeienced though / asthe imbers wee, they had never faced such severe coneitions before 54+ Confusing though /s the Instructions fst appeared they were ‘very useful when I ooked at them in etal, 5 + Disgusting though a itoked, was actually quit tasty 7+ Confident though a heft, she new the examination woud nt be ey. +d Successful hough / ther new products have proved, the company is stip nan eifulis, azz 2 Inspiteof being much youngee ‘than the others he ws the most ‘outstanding ricer inthe team. 3 In spite of eating a big anche hada ‘thre-course mealin the evening. 4 Inspiteof his fear he alowed the huge spider tobe placed in hs hands 5 Inspiteof her obvious intelgence, she fins ifn to express her ides in weting 6 Inspiteofher les, she went on walking haliday in Nepal 2 Despite the act that he was much younger than the ethers he was the ‘most outstanding rider inthe team 13 Despite the fact that he ate /had ceaten abi lunch, hehad thee ‘course meal inthe evening 4 Despite the act that he was frightened he allowed the huge spider tobe placed in his hands 5 Despite the fac that she obviously intaligent, she inst fiat ro express her ideas in wting 16 Despite the fac that she wasill she went an a walking holiday in Nepal. e253, 1 eventhough 5 eventhough 2 evenif 6 evenif 3 Evenif 7 Eventhough 4 Eventhough 8 even 24 2 Whereas decade ago only 5% 0f students rapped out of cliege the figure today 625%. 3 While the temperature i below ‘recog it actually feels quite warm van the sun is out 4 While the cost ofa travel has Increased, the number of vain passengers has grown, Whereas 've always wanted vst Australi, "ve never had any wish 0 0 tocanads, UNIT 83 231 Suggested answers ae given 2 tvemea call /..takeitbackto the shop. 3. tah] want to seehim,/ 8k ‘him to come and see me 4: Ifyousee any large har spidersin the grass... / you come acoss any snakes on your wale SS fyou'eeverin Birmingham. / you ver need any more advice 6 fyou'e coming by bus. / you ont want to walk far tothe shops 32 1 The present perfect suggest you previously studied Macbeth. the present simple suggests if youstudy “Macbethin the fate, then you wl {getto) know. 2 leave / have left; mest The present perfect and the present simple have a solar meaning 3. break have brokers have to. The resent perfect suggests that you ‘may have broken (perhaps think you have) the present simple may be a waming or threat about a possible future evant. 4 does rive hast civ ive “ha present perfect andthe present simple have a simiar meaning 5 haven't fles in / confi in need, “he pasent perfect suggests you previous filed in an aplication form the present simple may imply if you do flim an appleatin form now, you will need todo 0 6 don'thep havent heed: go The present perfect an the present simple have a sii meaning 833, 1 belonged 4 doubted av sv 3 thed 6 understood 34 2 Hfitwere not for his aniety ver ata, hishappines would have been complete 3 Wereitnt forthe intervention ofthe govement or for (the) government intervention intervening ), the strike would probably stil be goingon 4 Hadit nat been forte aval ofthe pale (or. forthe police artving the ight could have got ou of hand 5 But forthe sound af bids singing everything was quiet, 6 fitwas et / were not fr the United Nations, there would have been far ‘more war inthe last SO yeas. 7 Mhithad net been forthe roadworks we would nave been hee veo hours ag0 UNIT 84 aaa 2. Hadyou not been absent from school Friday you would know wat you have todo for homework 3 Were Care’ frende sl iving in ruses she would have been able to stay with them. (or Were he finds selling in Brussels, Care would.) 4. Were the wotkers prepared to accept a wage cut, the factory would nat have had to shut down, 5 Shoulé the financial performance of ‘the company net improve in the neat future, we shall nave to ede the number of employees. 6 Had he salary been higher, I might have cnsieres taking te jo 242 1 Xif press this button av av 4 Kifthe disease is untreated. (or goes untreated.)Key to Exercises a UNIT 86, sr 6 Hyucamplin abo me ba 1 Nevin te 24+d_ Unless alternative sources of 2 wile saa ing tund verse, | 2 creibouh Tithappenteeeceorgowtentins | pexbeiew comme eae tome 2c Unessnerndshve changin | 5 2K that por oftown,timsureibeable | "eee 3 7 tyouhappento ney. tein he a ax 442 Unless the weather starts Sa 5 Hye tapen bein soutot Trogon btrmrvion | 2 SH ‘Spain next week, ‘thelr crops. tore . 1 nies eae sve Uneitrdasauty opening) | nse Thnk pare Possible anwersare given using the notes Posacorewnapestwearnan | 641 Unesyunav enunemained | 873 ps See eee forsiemonths,you are nat entitled to | Bxampleanswesare given 4. toagree with everything juliasid a becet 2 However hard you might exerci tis (er. agreeng wth.) ae ict to ase weight without eutong 5 fhad been reversed int a wall. 2 Ve infection int weated'is also om oa Seniesa a 4 However much we ejay beng UNIT 85 an together, is importante spend some 851 7 you dont hae soso pose aaa 4. Professor Malcolm is always happy to spend tie with is students however busyhe might be 'S However many times se the Eifel Tower, avers to impress me 6. Some people never seem content, however much money they have / it anya doesn't pass you don’ get they dont ge isalso possible if Louise ent at home 11 hey can't prove’ is also possi 20 Werethe goverment increase university fees, thee would Bean cuter fom students, 3+ Wereanyonetolean agaist the window the lass would certainly break 4 +¢ Were not abeady busyinAugust,|_ |] 10. ishewasn' would gladly accept your invitation. = owever seh they ae 5b Wereyouto see he contions 1 if wheter inwhich re reugeesarelving you | > whether UNIT88 would be hore’ 3 whether = as2 4 fl whether 1 across Possible sentences seg 5: whether (orformaty) 2 acess owe 2 Imagine youweretoinnertsmition | 6 whether 3 owe doar. 7 ifJwheter 4 across foe 3 Suppose yourparntsweretotetiyou | 8 #7 whether 5 scot they were emigrating to Canada, 9 whether 6 aeons 4 Supposing Spinweretowin the 1 whether 7 across Word Cup whether 8 owe 5 imagine the population f Brtainwere | 12 7 whether soe all Bude UNIT 87 1 along though asa on 2 ews ven fit were 7 throu ese ee a 4 asitinere eh ct 5 ove (allover temore kel than ‘ll 5 siishewee eter ere aed 6 cen tie before yeti fae seemed foi a 4 Armas evacuation fisanders 383 taking place Meanwhile thevolcane | 1 under 354 continues toerupt. 2 Cunder also possible) Possible anes 5k Why dont you tke that new french | 3. below 2 sooner she were gong with ends restaurant? & Foronething isto | 4 over 3.» Wel fonyit were as easy a5 that ‘pensive 5 7 ove iat possible) 4 HHeowyounave't gat muchtine but | ¢ ingrdcamedownvithfuvhitewe | & over iflwere you Fd hve besa before eee ee 7 under yen 7 Mylndady ent mingmehaving | 8 ¥ (above tase pesie) 5 Wiesrng odd shoes schol was panies my room 3 ong the ent embarasing and Frater t were Sees pion tine. Te Com 8 Oneway of geting dof weedsisto | 2 4 below the belt=crulor una 6 very fond of Paul, but wish he igthemoutatematvelyyoucsuid |S one epee eset rere not social is employes Pah completed 273Key to Exercises 274 4 © under a cloud = with some people's ommnesnoren Linking verbs, passives, questions a CD 428 43 Ac 44 BC 4B 47 AD 48D 498 ac Verb complementation: what follows verbs 51D 52 Aw 53 c 548 55 CD m2 80 mc 74 AD AC 7 ND 7 OO 78 Articles, determiners and quantifiers 81 82 23 a4 a5 86 a7 aa 29. 810 an an an a4 ais a6 av a8 ais 820 Relative clauses and other types of clause 92 AB 93 BGD oa 85 97 oa 89 Pronouns, substitution and leaving out words 02 103 104 105 106 07 108 108 Adjectives and adverbs nz m3 na ns ns a7 ne no am me a3. ms. m6 07 ame B (ininformal speech on, CD ‘Ain formal speech ony), 8, > AB c AC AD Bc Adverbial clauses and conjunctions m8 mz 8 wa cD ws AD 6 Bc we Bp ws c m0 GD mn 8 wa ABC wun Prepositions un uz 0 m3 AB ma AD Bs BC us A ur oc ‘Organising information un 8 ue ¢ 38 Ma 8D us A us BC 27278 1 ‘mnot promising / dont promise / didn't promise 2 as reading / ead read 12 were @pecting expected areexpecting/ expect 2 owns (row) owned ows 2m considering / was considering / consideres » consider 2 tals told b tei told 2 phoned was phoning / phoned 2 ‘sabways puting / puts ‘constant putting / puts 2 prefer » prefered 2 weighs was weighing a+ Mom > +0) a+) +t) ater) 5 +0) 2+) bet) 2+ Mom > + a+) b+) +0 +t) a+) b +) (b+ fi sals corect grammatically, butts untkaly to Deusect suggest that its dificlt ‘to get good pata in italy, whichis, ‘ofcourse tthe case!) had discussed is also posible, bur ass ely as the duration of the dscussions isemphassed is condition had improved considerably when saw bi hospital ast right. (improved would be untkaly as it woul suggest tat his condition improved because | shim last right) Iewas announced that the Toulouse train had been delayed by ten mines. (was delayed is also poseble wth a similar eering) Thomas had been deting fora month when he came to stay with us, and ‘ve noticed immediately that he hag siready ost aot of weight. Vitoria had been expected to win comfortably, but she fished vir (was expected is ao possible with ‘imilar meaning) 0 eer ” 2 When reversed the car out ofthe garage, | damaged the ear number plate ‘Andel was promoted lst week ‘The tex authorities had been investigating Rentpoal fra nber ‘of months when theyarested the chairman. (had investigated ialso possible, but les likely asthe duration ofthe investigations emphassed) ‘The Minster angered he calleagues vines she crtcsed them éuringher speech yesterday. Erila had already suggested that ‘the maney shouldbe spent on new tablet computers forthe school 1 (yt ales posite) PU (Ewa ot shat going to bul /m building Mgve Wil Are you gong tobe able to Are you ableta ‘et going to have /we'e having fu v Is gong (more thaly than is gongto ee) ‘a sn) coming snot) going to come won't come el ee / we're going to see ¢ taking tm golngto take take ’ ‘ore Uely "i's at 41" a th is pare of atimetable velleake wet going to haves moc ely “Tsay is more ikl ithe decision is made at the moment of speaking ‘ought to have asked would have been should beter won't can't used to can't must have mustn't can wouldnt; needn't have woried shoul: would shoulé: may must could willbe able to; right ‘couldnt it have to con't need to; ean 6 The agent (efterby .) is ven only wher it istkely tbe included, Whareit rmght either be included or left out, eis written in brackets, 2 The Prime Minister is being encouraged sick the Environment Minister, Maria Long, after it was revesled tat she had recived payments froma major ll company However ina statement today, the Prime Minister 3am told (by ny advisors / Lam advised that Mes Leng was ped the enoney (by the company) INetethe worderde: not bythe company the money. before she joined the government. have no Intention of dlsmising het? BA tropical storm has caused severe flooding inthe city of chitagong, in southern Bangladesh, Although there are understood tobe (or itis understood that there are / have been) no casualties, many thousands ‘of people have been made homeless (by the flood), and the damage to property is estimated as runnin into tillons of dallas Protesters have continue t block the construction of the new rng road by tying themes to tees aor the propose route (Police say hat) ‘The protesters have been given wo daysto eave the rea or they willbe arrested (bythe poli). Conservation groups have demanded that the nuclear power station should be closed down (the government) after report which sai that unacceptable levels af adation have been found (by ivestigators) nthe local ara, The Commissioner af the Dubin pole fore has revealed that a death ‘heat has been received (bythe pole) agnns the fe of President Nabon, whos visting the capital this wookend. He says thatthe threat Isbeing taken very seriously. tis expected that security levels wl be increased during the President’ visit Aman was found injured on a Scottish hilside this morning tes thought that he ell while coming down 8 hile n bad weather. Hes being treated in hospital for leg and head Injures. Wecar assume that medical _xaffwu test him in hasptal so there iso need to mention the agent hore] He was reported missing last