ME-AEMI-A19: Solutions for Kreyseig problems 1 First order ODEs Uife V. Poulsen, ufvpGviadk Version: Thursday 5! September, 2019, 22:01 Problem set 1.1 1: We haves \ a ay ly SY asingee = 04 4 = —2sin dn L dr errs a dees and since 2424 = —sinar we guess the general solution: 2) where c is an arbitrary constant. ‘To check that our guess is correct, we simply use the basie rules of differentiation: 2n)(—sin2nr)+0=—2sin2ae. (3) 4: This time, lot's separate nariables instead. Ror y 70, we have: tidy _ Lby + 15, a) ¥ We now integrate both sides wr-t 1. First the left-hand side (LHS), where wwe can change variable / a ee 6) and then the RE [rsyae= 150-01 © ‘Tho two arbitrary eonstants ex,2 can be eollec il in-a single ¢ and we get: w In|y| = 1.5 +66 [yl = ee oy = Ae where A= -be® is an arbitrary constant (¢ allows any magnitude, + any sign), 18: We verify the solution. LHS is wisi dx dr \1+ eeME-AEMI-A19: Solutions for Kreyseig problems 2 whereas the RHS can be brought to the same form as follows (7) y-P=yl-y)= @) © ee Heuce we have a general solution, To find the unknown constant ¢, we use the initial condition to get an equation for it: 1 1 Tye Tre (0) = = 025, (a0) When we solve this we find e = 8. A plot looks like this: Problem set 1.2 sin? 3 = 1, sin? and sin? = 1. It is then casy to draw the directional field:ME-AEMI-A19: Solutions for Kreyszig problems 3 bE y bh y PANSANN AG Starting from any point one can then get a good idea about the uni solution going through it as illustrated by the two solutions drawn, 12: If y i position then is velocity, ‘Then condition given translates t0 2 Gn Ga, (ory Ao) (1) incetional ficld become:ME-AEMI-A19: Solutions for Kreyszig problems 4 Again two solutions have been found andl superposed on the diction fc Note tht the green solution, starting “ai” y — Oat time = 25 has two branches: If we start ata tiny positive 4 will be large and panitive and we ct the upper branch, Conversely, if we start at tiny negative y, 4 <0 and we tnd up on the negative branch. Problem set 1.3 We separate the variables and integrate uy! + 360 = 0.6 yy! Lip ay. , ar [my dr By? = Pete eR (2) Note that there i no point in introducing arbitrary constants on bath sides, Solving for y yields explicitly y= tv 2e— 369, (13) Note that only ¢ > O are actually rolevant sand that for a given ¢, only some 7 values mako sense! ‘This is beeanse the solutions aro actually elipses in ‘tho xy-plane. This is easily seen by bringing the solution to a nieer émplicit form (R= 2c): y+ S607 =, RER,. (4)ME-AEMI-A19: Solutions for Kreyseig problems 5 ‘The physical information translates to 5 sao > 35 5 5 AS = -0.158A0-> 23 — 0.155 (as) In the limit of small 9, we got the well-known ODE: -0.155 (16) which can be solved by separating variables (see e.g. section 1.3 example 4). The solution is $= Soe"? and hence the @ giving a 1000 times reduction in tension fulfills a7) ‘This corresponds to 7.33 full turns. Problem set 1.4 4: In the notation of Eq. (1.4.1) [Kreyszig section 1.4, equation (1)), we have M = 2ry and N = 12, We see that aM oN ay Oe (1s) tand hence the equation is exact. We solve it by first integrating M wart 2 [see Eq, (1.4.6)} a= / Day de + ky) = 2y + Ky) (19) and then we find h(y) by requiring that $2 = NV: ok By = K(y) = ¢ = constant (20) Hence n(z,y) {Py-:6. For this to he constant, we rst have y = for some arbitrary A. This is then a general solution to the original problem, 5: We have , by By we a (2) ‘and thus the differential is not exact. In this ease Kreyseig renames M to P and N to Q and hope that either R of Eq. (1.16) or R* of Eq. (1.4.18) contain only one of the variables. We get for R: 1 2 Be ay Ow 2) =F 2)ME-AEMI-A19: Solutions for Kreyseig problems 6 and cau then use Theorem (1.4.1) to find the integrating factor P: Fox (f Rie) ar) ~ om (— f 2 de) = em(-2In|e) = 2. (2) ‘The exact version of the differential becomes: (uy 8) ar May 0 ( 1 can b solved to yield y = 2: VE7FO for arbitrary, Problem set 1.5 5: We recognize the equation as a linear non-homogencous ODE. Refering to Eq, (1.5.1), we have pr) = k and r(e) = eF*. We then simply evaluate the soliton Eq. (1.5.4). To that endl we nced h(x) = [ we) de = [ede [00 ntae= fteetae~ frit Putting things together we find the general solution wa)=e (rte, ceR. Note that there is no need to include constants in the integrals involved: ‘They ean be absorbed in e 7: We have (away from x = 0): 3 2 2 af = dy bate oy — Fy =a so we are dealing with a linear non-homogenous ODE. As above we first noel | (A)sen-tu se - [ote foe which finally gives by (1.5.4) and then We)=2 (+e), eRME-AEMI-A19: Solutions for Kreyseig problems 7 25: Because of the y? term this equation is non-linear. Luckily, it can be brought on the Bernoulli form as —8.2y = —1097, We have @ = 2 so the substitution at the top of page 32 in Kreysig, becomes a © uly and the ODE for u, (1.5.10), becomes (9(2) = ~10 and p(x) = ~3.2) u(x) = [yt] ul = (-8.2)u= —(-10) & u! $3.20 = 10, This is a linear non-homogencous ODE and wwe ean solve it by using (1.5.4). The result is 10 ua)gy tet, ceR, which finally gives (by inverting the subsitution) Problem set “Chapter 1 Review Questions and Problems” IS: This is a incur nomchomogencous ODE with pe) = 04 and r(2) = 20 sin (xr), refering to Eq. (1.5.1). We use (1.54) and end sp ovith:! cose +OAsiNe | ote 9) = Ta 19: ‘The ODE is separable: any’ te <> [2500 d= f 254 Ay [ards or 259? 20, eR This implicit solution shows that the ODE describes a hyperbola. 21: We check whether the differentia! is exact. ‘The condition i (1.4.5: “ , “ Fp (ee +2) — Bet +24 F (Wet ba) — Boe +1 which means that the differential is not exact. Hence we seo an integrat- Ing factor by (14.16): hh (0049) er a) 4 cone: fe ™ sin(2) dz — tm [fe #8! da]ME-AEMI-A19: Solutions for Kreyseig problems 8 As Rouly depends on x we can use (1.4.17) (J) -ra( 2) ‘The numerical value might seem discomforting, but in fact we ean simply choose z since the actual condition to full s given in (1.4.10) as 342 = AR. We therefore multiply «x onto the original ODE to get: (@ ‘hich is now exact and amenable to solution by (1.6), wey) = fe followed by matching of 5 to determine & F( ex (in|z)) e+ Day) de + (ae? +2°) dy = 0 iy) dar + Ky) = ae? + ay + Ky), Ot sept 2 (ater a8 Sev yg? ele, Sy WE = By (et tty + RG) = atet at STH bly) <0 So in conclusion u(r,y) = 2%" + 2%y and implicit solutions to both the ‘modified and the original ODE ave found as: Peseyme, ceR