Jh jkelsrq

lsrq leqnze izdYi

lkaLfrd fojklr dh j{kk

;k
vkLFkk ij pksV
Mk- eqdthZ Le`fr U;kl

uklk }kjk mixzg ls fy;s x;s Jhjkelsrq ds fogaxe n`;

vfLr jkes'oja uke] jkelsrkS ifof=re~ A
{ks=k.kkefi loZs"kka] rhFkkZukefi pkskee~ AA
n`"Vek=s jkelsrkS] eqf% lalkjlkxjkr~ A
LdUn iqq-] czk- lsrqekgkRE;

lsrq ca/k jkesoje dk fogaxe n`;

izdk'kdh;
Jh jkelsrq gekjh lkaLd`frd /kjksgj gS] bls cpkus dk
izu dsoy vkLFkk vkSj fookl dk gh ugha cfYd nsk dh
lkaLd`frd vfLerk vkSj fojklr dk Hkh gSA ;g Hkkjr dh
xkSjo'kkyh lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr dk izrhd gSA tgka nqfu;kHkj esa
egku kjksgjksa dks cpkus ds fy, gjlaHko iz;kl gks jgs gSa] ogha
;wih, ljdkj vius ,sfrgkfld izrhdksa dks oLr djus esa tqVh
gqbZ gSA fiNys fnuksa [kcj vkbZ fd lsrq ifj;kstuk ds fy, Jh
jkelsrq dks rksM+k tk jgk gS] rks bldk ns'kO;kih fojksk gqvkA
yksx lM+dksa ij mrj vk,A laln ds nksuksa lnuksa esa Hkh Hkktik
lkalnksa us bl eqs dks tksj&'kksj ls mBk;kA 3 ebZ] 2007 dks
jkT;lHkk esa Mk- eqjyh euksgj tks'kh ,oa Jherh lq"kek Lojkt
o 16 ebZ dks yksdlHkk esa izks- fot; dqekj eYgks=k us vius
izHkkoh Hkk"k.kksa esa ;wih, ljdkj ij tedj izgkj fd;k vkSj
Jhjke lsrq dks cpkus dh ekax dhA
;gh ugha Hkktik us foxr 26&27 twu 2007 dks fnYyh
esa vk;ksftr jkVh; dk;Zdkfj.kh cSBd esa ,d izLrko Hkh ikfjr
fd;kA lsrq leqe izdYi ij iqufoZpkj djus gsrq ek- ekl
mPp U;k;ky; us 19 twu 2007 dks ,d varfje funsZk Hkh
tkjh fd;k gSA bUgha lc nLrkostksa dks ladfyr dj ge ;gka
,d iqfLrdk ds :i esa izdkfkr dj jgs gSaA
Jh jkelsrq leqe eqs us turk dk eu bruk m}sfyr
dj fn;k fd bl iqfLrdk dk izFke laLdj.k Nirs gh lekIr gks
x;kA vc ge bl iqfLrdk dk u;k laLdj.k Nki jgs gSa ftlesa
vaxzsth ds ys[k Hkh kkfey fd, x, gSaA /kkfeZd Hkkouk ds
lkFk&lkFk bl ifj;kstuk ds vkfFkZd o O;kikfjd igyw ij Hkh
fopkj fd;k gSA vkkk gS ;g laLdj.k Hkh ikBdksa dh #fp dk
dsU cusxkA

izdk'kd
Mk- eqdthZ Le`fr U;kl
flrEcj 2007
I

vuqef.kdk
Hkktik jkVh; dk;Zdkfj.kh cSBd
ikfjr izLrko % jkelsrq cpkvks] fojklr cpkvks]
Hkkjr cpkvks
foksk l= % Jh dY;k.k jeu ds mn~cks/ku
dk eq[; vak

1
9

laln esa cgl

Mk- eqjyh euksgj tkskh
Jherh lqkek Lojkt
ks- fot; dqekj eYgks=k

16
25
28

ek- ekl mPp U;k;ky; dk varfje funsZk

32

foksk ys[k % n;ukjk;.k nhf{kr

42

fopkj fcUnq

45

An Expensive Voyage?

55

Special Interview : Dr Badrinarayanan

64

lsrq leqnze ugj%

,d egaxh ;k=k dh rjQ c<+rs dne

69

Avoid hasty decision on Ramsetu

By R. Brahamchari

76

II

Hkkjrh; turk ikV lax ljdkj }kjk & fo'ks"kr;k ukSogu vkSj
ifjogu ea=h Jh Vh-vkj- ckyw }kjk n'kr ?kksj laosnughurk rFkk
vfM+;yiu ij viuh xEHkhj fpark O;Dr djrh gS] tks mUgksaus lsrqleqnze
dSuky kstDs V ds fooknkLin vykbuesVa ij fuyZTtrkiwoZd vey djus
esa cjrk gSA os vUrjkZ"Vh; ekU;rk kIr fo'ks"kKksa dh jk; dh mis{kk djds]
lekt ds lHkh oxks dh vihy vLohdkj djds ftuesa jk"Vifr th dks
Lrqr 36 yk[k yksxksa ds gLrk{kj Hkh lfEefyr gS] ,slk dj jgs gSaA bu
gLrk{kjdrkZvksa us lsrqleqnze dSuky kstsDV ds orZeku vykbuesaV esa
ifjoZru djus dh ekax dh gS & ml vykbuesaV esa] ftlls lsrq oLr gks
tk,xk] ftls djksM+ks fgUnqvksa] eqfLyeksa rFkk blkb;ksa }kjk lsrq efUnj]
jkelsrq] lsrq] vkne dk iqy] vkfn :iksa esa iwtk tkrk gS vkSj ftls gekjs
ns'k dh kphure fojklr ekuk tkrk gSA vkpk;Z lHkk ds f'k"VeaMy rFkk
'kadjkpk;ks ds frfufk;ksa us jk"Vifr th rFkk kkuea=h ls feydj mUgsa
yksxksa esa blds fr mits Hkkjh vkks'k dh tkudkjh nh gSA D;ksafd ;fn
Lrkfor vykbuesVa ij vey fd;k x;k rks mUgsa lsrq ds vkl oUl dh
vk'kadk gSA vkpk;ks us mu nksuksa dks jkelsrq ds kked rFkk lkaLfrd
egRo dh rFkk yksxksa dh lsrq ds lkFk tqM+h Hkkoukvksa dh lfoLrkj
tkudkjh nh FkhA kkuea=h us muls ukSogu ea=h ls eqykdkr djus dks
dgk FkkA
vkpk;Z lHkk ds f'k"VeaMy us Jh ckyw ls eqykdkr dh vkSj mUgsa Li"V
:i ls crk;k fd mudk fojksk ifj;kstuk ds fr ugha gS cfYd vykbuesVa
ds fr gS vkSj mldk euekus <ax ls p;u djus ds fr gS] ftlus yksxksa
dh Hkkoukvksa dks Bsl igqapkbZ gSA mUgksaus ogka MSftax dh dk;Zokgh jksdus
vkSj oSdfYid vykbuesaV pquus dh lEHkkouk dk irk yxkus dk vuqjksk
fd;k tks fd O;ogk;Z Hkh gS vkSj mlls lsrq dh j{kk Hkh gks tk,xhA

ckrphr ds nkSjku Jh ckyw us vkSj vkxs ppkZ djus ls igys vkpk;Zx.k dks
ml LFky dk nkSjk djus ds fy, vkeaf=r fd;kA vkpk;Z lHkk ds ckj&ckj
vuqjksk djus ds ckotwn ea=h egksn; ,d u ,d cgkuk cukdj ml LFky
ij muds nkSjs dks Vkys tk jgs gSA Li"Vr% dqN ,slk gS] ftls os vkSj mudh
ljdkj Nqik jgh gSA blls Hkh vfkd fuanuh; ea=h dk ;g c;ku gS fd
tks kstDs V dk fojksk dj jgs gS] os jk"V&fojkskh gSAa oLrqr% fofHk c;kuksa
ds ek;e ls ea=h th foxr dky esa Hkkjr rFkk Jhyadk ds chp fuer
lsrq ds vfLrRo dks udkj dj turk dks xqejkg djus dk ;kl dj jgs
gSaA ljdkj us gtkjksa eNqvkjksa ds fojksk i=ksa ds fr Hkh viuh vka[ksa ewan
yh gSa & mu eNqvkjksa ds fr tks viuh vkthfodk ds ,dek= lkku dks
xaok nsaxsA
ekpZ] 2007 esa ,slh fjiksVZ kIr gqbZ Fkh fd MSftax dk O;kid fojksk
& fo'ks"kr;k enqjS rFkk jkeukFkiqje ftyksa esa rFkk jkes'oje {ks= eas Hkkjh
fojksk fd;k tk jgk gS] ftlls lsrq dks {kfr igqapus okyh gSA fLFkfr dh
xaHkhjrk dks ns[krs gq, vkSj mu djksMk+ as yksxksa ds fy,] tks ;g ekurs gS fd
lsrq dk fuekZ.k Jh jke ds vkns'k ij fd;k x;k Fkk] jkelsrq ds egRo dks
ns[krs gq, Hkktik us MkW- ,e-,e- tks'kh loZJh ;'koar flUgk] osndk'k
xks;y] Jhxksiky O;kl] lq- fFk:uoqDdjlj] lHkh laln lnL; vkSj
rfeyukMq jkT; ds Hkktik ns'kk;{k Jh yk- x.ks'ku dks feykdj rF;ksa
dk irk yxkus okyh lfefr dk xBu fd;k FkkA lfefr us 19 ls 22 ekpZ
ds chp psbZ] jkeukFkiqje] jkes'oje {ks= vkSj kuq"kdksfV dk nkSjk fd;k
FkkA lfefr jkes'oje fLFkr kstDs V dk;kZy; Hkh xbZ Fkh rFkk vfkdkfj;ksa
ds lkFk fopkj&foe'kZ Hkh fd;k FkkA lfefr us vius nkSjs ds nkSjku vkSj
mlds i'pkr~ fofHk fo}kuksa] i=dkjksa] foKkfu;ksa] lsokfuo`k ukSlsuk
vfkdkfj;ksa] eNqvkjksa] vfkoDrkvksa] LFkkuh; usrkvksa] i;kZoj.k laLFkkuksa esa
dk;Zjr de;ksa vkSj kked usrkvksa ds lkFk fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k FkkA tks
rF; mHkj dj vk, os fuEu dkj gS %
v- jkelsrq ,d rF; gS feFkd ugha
yksxksa ds fnekx esa Hkze iSnk djus ds fy, ,slk pkj fd;k tk jgk
gS fd jkes'oje esa jkelsrq vFkok vkne ds iqy dk dksbZ iqjkrkfRod vFkok
,sfrgkfld vfLrRo ugha gSA nks egkdkO;ksa & jkek;.k rFkk egkHkkjr esa
vkSj vU; Hkkjrh; ikB~;iqLrdksa esa tks dqN o.kr fd;k x;k gS mlds
vykok jkelsrq ds vfLrRo dh vusd fons'kh ;kf=;ksa] ftuesa oSful dk

Hkktik dh jkVh; dk;Zdkfj.kh cSBd esa ikfjr Lrko

jkelsrq cpkvks] fojklr cpkvks]

Hkkjr cpkvks

;k=h ekdksZiksyks 1254&1324 Hkh 'kkfey gS] ekufp=dkjksa] uklk rFkk

bljks }kjk tkjh Nfo fp=ksa rFkk 1747] 1788 vkSj 1804 esa rS;kj fd,
x, ekufp=ksa }kjk Hkh bldh iqf"V dh xbZ gSA enzkl sflMsl
a h ds esuqvy
vkWQ ,MfefuLVs'ku esa Hkh vkne ds iqy vkSj jkelsrq dk mYys[k feyrk
gSA blesa ;g Hkh fy[kk gS fd 1480 rd Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk ds chp iSny
VSfQd ds fy, mDr lsrq dk ;ksx gksrk FkkA
baMksufs 'k;k esa Ecue eafnj 9oha 'krkCnh dh frek esa lsrq ds fuekZ.k
dh dFkk dk fp=.k feyrk gSA
Hkkjrh; Hkw&oSKkfud losZ{k.k ds iwoZ funs'kd ,l- cnzhukjk;.k tSl
fo'ks"kKksa rFkk Hkkjr ljdkj ds e`nk foKku foHkkx ds foKkfu;ksa lfgr
vU; foKkfu;ksa us er O;Dr fd;k gS fd lsrq kfrd fuefr ugha gSA
;s lkjs rF; lalkj ds kphure ekuo fuer iqy & jkelsrq ds yxkrkj
vfLrRo esa jgus dk iw.kZ leFkZu djrs gSaA
c- yksx orZeku vykbuesaV dk fojksk D;ksa djrs gS
Jhyadk dk pDdj yxk, tkus ls cpus dh n`f"V ls 1860 ls 1922
ds nkSjku lsrq leqnez dSuky kstDs V dh dYiuk dh xbZ Fkh rkfd if'pe
ls iwo fdukjs vkSj iwoZ ls if'peh fdukjs rd tkus okys tgktksa ds fy,
le;] nwjh rFkk ykxr de dh tk ldsA Hkwfe dh rax fLVi] tks
vfkdka'kr% jkes'oje }hi ls xqtjrh Fkh] ds ikj pSuy dks dkVus ds fy,
9 Lrko rS;kj fd, x, FksA ckn esa bl ifj;kstuk dks NksM+ fn;k x;k
FkkA Lokra;kskj dky esa bl ;kstuk dks iqu% thfor fd;k x;k vkSj
vusd lfefr;ka xfBr dh xbZA Jh ,-vkj- eqnkfy;kj dh v;{krk okyh
1956 lfefr us Li"V :i ls dgk Fkk fd vkne dk iqy jkelsrq LFky
tks fd orZeku vykbyuesaV gS vuqi;qDr gS vkSj vkne ds iqy ds chp
ls leqnz esa iSlst dkVus ds fopkj dks Hkh NksM+ fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
jkes'oje f'ko dSuky Ldhe vc lsrq leqnez dSuky kstDs V dk xr
60 o"kks esa rhu ckj vUos"k.k fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj bu rhuksa gh voljksa ij
}hi esa dSuky dk fLFkr gksuk crk;k x;k FkkA bu rhuksa gh lfefr;ksa us
Lost ;k iukek tSlh Hkw&vkkkfjr dSuky cukus dh flQkfj'k dh FkhA
ftl u, pSuy vykbyuesVa ij] vey djus dh Jh ckyw rFkk Hkkjr
ljdkj ftn dj jgs gS] 1860] tc dekaMj Vsyj us dSuky cukus dk
Lrko fn;k Fkk] ds ckn ls cuh fdlh Hkh lfefr us ml ij fopkj ugha
fd;k FkkA

fo'ks"kKksa }kjk ladsr fn;k x;k Fkk fd jkelsrq fo{kqCk caxky dh

[kkM+h dks ekj [kkM+h ds 'kkar vkSj lkSE; ty ls foHkkftr djrk gSA bl
fLFkfr ds dkj.k dksjy dh dbZ nqyHZ k tkfr;ka rFkk dbZ vU; nqyHZ k leqnhz
tho ekj dh [kkM+h esa iSnk gksrs gSA blh dkj.k ls eNqvkjs ph[k&ph[k
dj dg jgs gS fd eNfy;ksa dh nqyZHk tkfr;ka yqIr gks tk,axh] ftlls
gtkjksa ifjokj jkstxkj jfgr gks tk,axsA
foKkuoskk Hkh thoksa vkSj ouLifr;ksa dh iwjk u gks ldus okyh {kfr
ds ckjs esa cgqr fpafrr gSaA lsrq dks dkVus dk ifj.kke 3600 ls vfkd
fons'kt leqnzh rFkk iknih thoksa ds fy, ?kkrd gksxk vkSj blls ml {ks=
dk uktqd ifjos'k larqyu xM+cM+k mBsxkA ;fn eNfy;ksa dk okl LFky
dqHkkfor gksrk gS rks Li"Vr% rV ij cls eNqvkjksa ds lSadM+ksa xkaoksa ds
lkeus Hkh vfLrRo dk ladV iSnk gks tk,xkA
ekSle foKkfu;ksa us er O;Dr fd;k gS fd lsrq dks dkVus ls ekulwu
dh fLFkfr;ka rFkk o"kkZikr vkSj mldk forj.k dqHkkfor gksxk] ftlds
QyLo:i eq[;Hkwfe ij vuiyV ekSleh ifjorZu gks tk,axsA
Jh ckyw }kjk orZeku vykbuesaV ds vkkj ds :i esa ftl ,u-bZ-bZvkj-vkbZ- fjiksVZ dk gokyk fn;k tk jgk gS] og fnlEcj] 2004 esa gqbZ
lwukeh ?kVuk ls igys Lrqr dh xbZ FkhA bl {ks= dk lwukeh ds ckn dksbZ
vkadyu ugha fd;k x;k gS rFkk leqnz ds uhps lwukeh }kjk mRi ckfFkehVjh
esa gq, vkewy ifjoZruksa dk dksbZ fglkc ugha j[kk x;k gS vkSj u gh bl ckr
dk fglkc j[kk x;k gS fd Hkkoh lqukeh dk D;k Hkko iM+x
s kA
Lo;a kkuea=h dk;kZy; }kjk Hkh 8 ekpZ] 2005 dks dqN xaHkhj vkifk
mBkbZ Fkh] ftudk mkj rwrhdksju iksVZ VLV ds ps;jeSu us ukxiqj dh ,ubZ-bZ-vkj-vkbZ- rFkk psbZ dh ,u-vkbZ-vks-Vh- ds gokys ds fcuk 30 twu]
2005 dks ns fn;k FkkA ;g dYiuk ls ijs dh ckr gS fd xaHkhj 'uksa dk
bruh vYikofk esa VsfyxzkfQd mkj dh rjg la{ksi esa fuiVku dj fn;k
x;k gks fo'ks"kdj rc tc fo'ofo[;kr lwukeh fo'ks"kK ksQslj VsM ,lewr }kjk xaHkhj vkifk;ka mBkbZ xbZ gksaA ksQslj ewr us ladsr fn;k Fkk
fd ;fn Hkfo"; esa lwukeh dh ?kVuk gksrh gS rks orZeku vykbuesaV }kjk
nf{k.kh dsjy ij fooald Hkko iM+us dh laHkkouk gSA
bl joS;s ls dsjy ds fouk'k ds ckjs esa O;Dr fparkvksa ds fr mfpr
de"Brk dk vHkko vkSj ?kksj mis{kk dV gksrh gSA blls Hkh vfkd gSjku
djus okyh ckr ;g gS fd kkuea=h dk;kZy; mDr kstsDV dk fo'ks"kKksa

}kjk iquewZY;kadu fd, tkus ij ;ku nsus esa foQy jgk gS vkSj blds
ctk; kkuea=h dk;kZy; us rwrhdksju iksVZ VLV ds ps;jeSu us 30 twu
dks tks ykijokgh Hkjk mkj fn;k Fkk mldks vka[k ewandj Lohdkj dj
fy;kA lkFk gh kkuea=h rFkk Jherh lksfu;k xkakh us tYnh esa 2 tqykbZ
dks mDr ifj;kstuk dk mn~?kkVu dj fn;kA
foKkuoskkvksa us Hkh jkelsrq ds vkl&ikl ds {ks= esa tyxr [kfutksa
ds Hkkjh fu{ksi dk ladsr fn;k FkkA bl {ks= esa Iyslj fMiksftV~l dk
v;;u dj jgh ,d lh-,l-vkbZ-vkj- Vhe us irk yxk;k Fkk fd 500 fdeh- dh rV js[kk ds iwjs LVp
s esa vdsys fVVsfu;e dk vuqekfur 40 feyh;u
Vu HkaMkj tek gSA fnlEcj] 2004 dh lwukeh us bl {ks= dh lEiw.kZ
ckfFkehVjh dks cny Mkyk gSA rnuqlkj] tyxr [kfutksa ds forj.k esa Hkh
cnyko vk x;k gSA
jkelsrq ds fudV tek dsjy ds CySd Fkksfj;e dk va'k j[kus okys jsr
ij lsrq ds vkj&ikj pSuy dh dVkbZ ds Hkko ij fopkj ugha fd;k x;k
gS vkSj u gh dsjy ds rVksa ij Hkkoh lwukeh ds fouk'kdkjh Hkko ds dkj.k
jsfM;ks,fDVo] Fkksfj;e dh gkfu dk vkadyu fd;k x;k gSA
lsrq leqnze dSuky kstsDV ls lEcafkr lqj{kk igyqvksa ij Hkh fopkj
ugha fd;k x;k gSA ,slh fjiksVZ feyh gS fd kstsDV ds ckjs esa ukSlsuk ls
fdlh Hkh LVst ij ijke'kZ ugha fd;k x;k gSA pSuy ds fMt+kbu dks ns[krs
gq, ;g Hkkjh iksrksa ds ;ksx ds fy, mi;qDr ugha gSA orZeku esa ;g pSuy
20]000 ls ysdj 30]000 Mh-MCY;w-Vh- dh jsat esa iksrksa ds fy, lokZfkd
mi;qDr gksxk] lkFk gh ty&vkkkfjr pSuy esa ikW;yfVax vfuok;Z gSA
vk'p;Z gS fd Jhyadk ds pkjksa vksj pDdj yxkus esa gqbZ le; dh gkfu
dh rqyuk esa D;k dksbZ iksr Hkkjh ikW;yfVax pktZ pqdkdj vkSj ikW;yVksa
ds vHkko ds dkj.k yEcs foyEc dk f'kdkj gksdj pSuy dk ;ksx djuk
ilan djsxk \ 'kk;n mDr pSuy [kkyh iksrksa vkSj@;k NksVs iksrksa ds fy,
lsok nku dj ldsxk] ftlls ;g lsok vkFkd n`f"V ls vO;ogk;Z gks
tk,xhA
yksxksa ds fnekx esa tks ckr ijs'kkuh iSnk dj jgh gS og ;g gS fd tc
lsrq dks uqdlku u igqp
a kus okys vusd oSdfYid vykbuesVa lqyHk gS rc
euekus :i ls ,sls vykbuesVa dk fu.kZ; D;ksa fd;k x;k] tks jkelsrq dks
vkj&ikj dkVrk gSA bl ckjs esa fo'ks"kKksa dh jk; dh vuns[kh djds
fu.kZ; fy;k x;k vkSj og Hkh ft;ksLVsVsftd esjhVkbe bEIyhds'kuksa gsrq

ukSlsuk ds lkFk ijke'kZ fd, fcukA ,slh fjiksVZ Hkh feyh gS fd tc MkWVsM ,l- ewr dks ebZ ekl esa Qjojh] 2005 dh MsVykbu okyk QSDl eSlt
s
24 ?kaVs ds Hkhrj mkj nsus ds vuwjksk ds lkFk kIr gqvk Fkk] rc os ijs'kku
gks x, FksA ;g bl ckr dk ,d vU; mnkgj.k gS fd lsrq leqnez dSuky
kstDs V ls lEcafkr lol iwNrkNksa dk fuiVku djus esa rwrhdksju iksVZ VLV
ds ps;jeSu }kjk fdruk ykijokgh Hkjk joS;k viuk;k FkkA
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ekj dh [kkM+h ds ,sfrgkfld leqnz esa Hkkjr ds
vfkdkjksa dks iqu:Dr ugha fd;k tkuk fons'k uhfr esa dh xbZ ,d xEHkhj
pwd gSA vc rd lHkh ljdkjksa }kjk bu vfkdkjksa ij yxkrkj vey fd;k
tkrk jgk gSA fdarq vefjdh ljdkj bl nkos dks ekU;rk nku ugha djrh
gS vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj us vefjdh usoh vkWijs'kuy Mk;jsfDVoksa ij ekSu
jgdj viuh foQyrk dV dh gSA
;g Lej.kh; gS fd rwrhdksju iksVZ VLV ds ps;jeSu us kkuea=h
dk;kZy; ds 'uksa dk mkj 30 twu dks fn;k Fkk u fd 23 twu] 2005
dks] tks fd ,sfrgkfld leqnz ty ij Hkkjrh; nkos dks ekuus ls bUdkj
djrs gq, vefjdh usoh vkWijs'kuy Mk;jsfDVoksa dh rkjh[k gSA
;g u;k vykbuesVa Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk ds chp vUrjkZ"Vh; ty&lhek
ds [krjukd <ax ls utnhd gS vkSj blls pSuy ds nka;s vkSj cka;s nksuksa
fdukjksa ls rV&j{kdksa dh eqDr vkoktkgh esa lgk;rk ugha feyrh gSA
vusd eNqvkjksa dks MSftax vkWijs'kuksa ds dkj.k uqdlku igqapk gS D;ksafd
idM+ esa vkus okyh eNfy;ksa dh la[;k de gks jgh gS vkSj mUgsa eNyh
idM+us ds fy, ehfM;u ykbu ds utnhdh {ks=ksa esa vkSj dHkh&dHkh
Jhyadk ds leqnhz {ks= esa tkus ds fy, foo'k gksuk iM+rk gSA xr nks eghuksa
vFkok blh ds yxHkx vofk ds nkSjku Jhyadk dh usoh }kjk vFkok fyV~Vs
}kjk dbZ eNqvkjksa dks ekj Mkyk x;k gSA ;fn vykbuesVa esa ifjoZru ugha
fd;k tkrk gS rks fLFkfr vkSj vfkd fcxM+ ldrh gSA
tfLVl ".kk vk;j us kkuea=h dks l[r 'kCnksa esa fy[ks i= esa fdlh
iqy ds ;k vU; rjg ds fuekZ.k dks jksdus dh vihy dh gS] tks jk"V rFkk
blds Lojkt ds fr 'k=qrkiw.kZ dkjZokbZ gSA mUgksaus ladsr fn;k gS fd
gekjk jk"V vkSj vfkd detksj rFkk [krjksa dk f'kdkj gks tk,xk D;ksfa d
;g kstsDV Hkkjr ds Hkw&{ks=h; fgrksa ds frdwy gksxhA
mPpre U;k;ky; ds iwoZ tfLVl in~Hkw"k.k tfLVl ds-Vh- FkkWel us
Li"V :i esa dgk gS fd lsrq leqnze dSuky kstsDV dh rjg dh kstsDVksa

esa fu.kZ; Hkw&foKkuh; bEIyhds'kuksa ds v;;u ij vkkkfjr ugha gksrs gS]

cfYd yksxksa dh kked Hkkoukvksa dks Hkh ;ku esa j[kuk iM+rk gSA muds
erkuqlkj jkelsrq esa rksM+&QksM+ ugha gksuh pkfg,A
jkT;lHkk esa bl eqnn~ s ij gqbZ cgl ds nkSjku lnL;ksa us jktuhfrd
frc)rk dks NksMr+ s gq, jkelsrq dks laj{k.k fn, tkus dk leFkZu fd;k Fkk
D;ksfa d ;g ,d vf}rh; fojklr gS vkSj gekjs fy, xkSjo dk rhd gSA
lfefr ds nkSjs ds ckn kkuea=h th dks ;g dgrs gq, i= fy[kk x;k
Fkk fd ;|fi Hkktik lsrqleqnze dSuky kstsDV dh fojkskh ugha gS rFkkfi
;g vius ns'k dh bl vf}rh; rFkk le`)] lkaLd`frd fojklr dks lajf{kr
j[kus ds fr fuf'pr :i ls vkSj xEHkhjrkiwoZd fpafrr gS] ftldks fo'o
fojklr ds :i esa ?kksf"kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
;g okLro esa gh ngyk nsus okyk ekeyk gS fd lHkh i{kksa dh vksj ls
c<+rs fojksk ds i'pkr~ Hkh lax ljdkj bl yksdf; ekax ds fr iwjh
rjg laons ughu cuh gqbZ gS vkSj ljdkj us bl eqnn~ s ij iRFkj tSlh pqIih
lkk yh gSA ekpZ esa Hksts x, i= dk kkuea=h dh vksj ls vkt rd Hkh
dksbZ mkj kIr ugha gqvk gSA
Hkktik dh jk; esa lax ljdkj us u dsoy djksM+ksa fgUnqvksa dh
Hkkoukvksa ds fr cfYd lHkh lank;ksa dh Hkkoukvksa ds fr ?kksj mis{kk
n'kkZ;h gSA vc ;g iwjh rjg Li"V gS fd Jherh lksfu;k xkakh }kjk uhr
rFkk funsfZ 'kr lax ljdkj Hkkjr dh iqjkru fojklr ds fr dksbZ lEeku
ugha j[krh gSA
Hkktik dh jk; esa lsrqleqnze dSuky kstsDV dk orZeku vykbuesaV
NksM+ fn;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj bl LFky ij py jgs dk;Z dks rqjra can dj
fn;k tkuk pkfg,A Hkktik ;g Hkh ekax djrh gS fd % &
1 mDr kstDs V dk ckfFkehVjh esa lwukeh ds ckn gq, ifjorZuksa ds Hkko
ij fopkj djrs gq, iquewZY;kadu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
2 nf{k.k dsjy vkSj vU; Hkkxksa ij vkus okys Hkkoh lwukeh ds Hkko dh
lkokkuhiwoZd Nkuchu dh tkuh pkfg,A Iyslj fMiksftV~l ij
blds Hkko vkSj kfrd jsfM;ks,fDVfoVh ds bEIyhds'kuksa dh iwjh
rjg tkap dh tkuh pkfg,A
3 uktqd ifjfLFkfr&ifjn`'; rFkk eq[;Hkwfe esa ekulwu fuekZ.k ij iM+us
okys Hkko dk O;ofLFkr v;;u gksuk pkfg,A fons'kt leqnzh
tho&tUrqvksa rFkk ikn~iksa dks lajf{kr j[kus ds fy, xaHkhj ;kl fd,

tkus pkfg,A
4 lsrl
q eqnez dSuky kstDs V ds Hkw&j.kuhfrd Hkko gsrq ukSlus k ds lkFk
ijke'kZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
5 jkelsrq D;ksafd ,d iqjkru fuekZ.k gS vkSj dsjy dksLVykbu ds
Fkksfj;e jsr HkaMkj ds fudV gS vr% lewps {ks= ds Hkw&oSKkfud egRo
dk Hkkjr ds ukfHkdh; dk;Ze fo"k;d igyksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ lfgr
v;;u fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
6 MSftax ds dqHkko ds dkj.k cM+h la[;k esa eNqvkjksa vkSj muds
ifjokjksa dks uqdlku igqapk gSA mudh mi;qDr :i esa {kfriwr dh
tkuh pkfg,A Hkw&vkkkfjr dSuky cukus ds fy, oSdfYid vykbuesVa
pquk tkuk pkfg,A
7 bl ;kstu ds fy, tyxr iqjkrRo foKku] i;kZoj.k rFkk ekSle
foKku] e`nk foKku] ijek.kq foKku tSls {ks=ksa ls lEcafkr [;kfrkIr
fo'ks"kKksa dh ,d lfefr xfBr dh tkuh pkfg,] ftlesa ukSlsuk ds
frfufk vkSj Hkw&j.kuhfrd fo'ks"kK Hkh 'kkfey gksA bl lfefr ds
lkFk vkpk;Z lHkk ds frfufk;ksa vkSj vU; kked usrkvksa dks tksM+k
tkuk pkfg, rkfd u rks jkelsrq vkSj u gh dksbZ vU; kked LFky
u"V fd;k tk,A
8 lax ljdkj dks bl {ks= esa vius ,sfrgkfld leqnzh ty lEcakh
vfkdkjksa ij nkok cuk, j[kuk pkfg,A
9 ljdkj dks jkelsrq dks fo'o fojklr ds :i esa ?kksf"kr fd, tkus ds
ckjs esa xEHkhj ;kl fd, tkus pkfg, D;ksfa d ;g fo'o dk iqjkrure
ekuo&fuer iqy gSA yksxksa dh Hkkoukvksa dk lEeku fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
Hkktik lHkh lEnk;ksa dks ekuus okys ns'kokfl;ksa ls vihy djrh gS
fd os Hkkjr dh fojklr vkSj mlds xkSjo dks lajf{kr j[kus gsrq feydj
dke djsaA
n

Jh yadk o nf{k.kh Hkkjr ds chp fLFkr eUukj dh

[kkM+h ds nks foijhr fljksa ij Lyai <sj ds nks tksM+s feys
vkSj feydj vkil esa tqM+ x,A ysfdu] nks CykWd okyk
iwohZ dkseksfju Lyai vkil esa T;knk tqM+k gqvk gS] ftldh
yackbZ 70 ls 100 fdyksehVj rd gSA tcfd dkssyacks dh
rjQ okyk Lyai 2 ls 4 CykWd ls cuk gS] ftldh yackbZ 15 ls 40
fdyksehVj rd gSA nksuksa lajpukvksa <sj dh apkbZ nf{k.kh dh rjQ de
gksrh xbZ gSA
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvkas esa lsrq dk vFkZ gS& ^ekuo fufeZr ckak*
izkphu lkfgR; esa jke lsrq
w egfkZ okfYedh lsrq fuekZ.k dk foLr`r o.kZu djrs gSa 85 'yksdA
gfLrek=ku egkdk;k ik"kkuke'p----- ckfYedh jkek;.k 2&22&28
& fo'kky vkdkj okys 'kfDrlaiUu okuj] gkfFk;ksa tSls iRFkjksa o
igkM+ksa dks m[kkM+dj ;a=ksa ds }kjk ys tkrs gSaA
w osn O;kl uy lsrq dk mYys[k djrs gSa%
uylsrqj bfr [;krks ;ks n~;kfi izfFkrks Hkwfo---egkHkkjr 3-26745
& tks vkt Hkh i`Foh ij uy lsrq ds uke ls fo[;kr gS] igkM+ksa tSlk
gS vkSj ;g jke ds vkns'k ls cuk gSA uy fo'odekZ dk iq= FkkA
dkyhnkl dh j?kqoa'ke~ lxZ 13 tc iq"id foeku ls jke Jhyadk
ls ykSV jgs Fks rks mUgksaus lhrk ls dgk] ^ ;kuiwoZd ns[kks lhrk] igkM+ksa
ls fufeZr esjk lsrq 'kfDr'kkyh leqnz dks mlh rjg foHkkftr fd, gq, gS
ftl rjg eankfduh vkdk'k dks ckaVrh gSA

ikapoha 'krkCnh esa jktk nkeksnju lsu }kjk fy[kh izkd`r Hkk"kk esa
^lsrqcak dkO;* esa lsrq dk mYys[kA
w jktk izojlsu f}rh; 550&600% lsrq cak ;k jkouogks ;k
n'keqgk cak dgkA
Ldan iqjk.k III 1.2.1-114 ] fo".kq iqjk.k IV 4-40&49] vfXu
iqjk.k XI] czge~ iqjk.k 138-40 jke lsrq ds fuek.kZ dk mYys[k djrs gSAa
Ldan iqjk.k jke lsrq ds izkjaHk] chp vkSj var esa rhu f'kofyax dh LFkkiuk
dk o.kZu djrk gSA
w d`".knso jk; dk gEih f'kykys[k] 'kd 1430 1508 bZ-& jke
lsrq dk mYys[k djrk gSA
w rfey Hkk"kk esa fyf[kr dEc jkek;.k esa lsrqca k inye ij vyx
ls ,d lxZ gSA yadk ls ykSVus ds ckn cg~egfr nks"k jko.k ok
ds dkj.k ls eqfDr ikus ds fy, Jh jke lsrq lkxj esa Luku djrs
gSaA ;g LFky jkes'oje~ {ks+= esa lsrqcake ds fudV gSA
w f[kyth vkSj rqxydksa ds le; 1290&1390 jkes'oje~ dks
lsrqcak jkes'oje dgk x;k gSA
Ukklk }kjk Jh jkelsrq dh izkekf.kd fMfTkVy best
uklk o :l ds varfj{k;kf=;ksa us fuEu Lisl vfHk;kuksa ds nkSjku 35
ls vfkd fp= fy, gSaA
w 1966 esa Hkstk x;k uklk dk tsfeuh XI LisldzkV
w 1983 ls 1994 ds chp Hksts x, uklk ds vkB Lisl 'kVy fe'ku
w baVjus'kuy Lisl LVs'ku 2002&2005
vfHk;ku 6 24&11&2002----04&05&2003
vfHk;ku 10 13&10&2004---24&04&2005
fo'ks"kKksa ds c;ku
w fuf'pr rkSj ij Jhjke lsrq ekxZ bathfu;fjax dk ,d 'kkunkj
uewuk gS] ftldh iryh js[kk lsVy
s kbV ls vkt Hkh Li"V fn[kkbZ
IkM+rh gSA
w blus yk[kksa lkykas rd leqnz ds yxkrkj {kj.k dks >syk gS] tks
izkphu Hkkjr dh bathfu;fjax n{krk dks izekf.kr djrk gSA
w Kkr ekuo bfrgkl esa dkcZu Qkbcj ;qDr flfoy bathfu;fjax
lajpuk dk ;g lcls iqjkuk o fo'kky izek.k gS] ftls fo'o

10

Hkktik jkVh; dk;Zdkfj.kh dh cSBd esa Jhjke lsrq fok; ij Jh

dY;k.k jeu us ,d foksk l= dks lEcksf/kr fd;kA buds lEcks/ku ds
dqN foksk fcUnq ;gka izdkfkr dj jgs gSa %&

jke lsrq ,d fo'o kjksgj gS % dY;k.k jeu

kjksgj LFky ds :i esa lajf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

bljks o uklk osclkbV~l ls feys izek.k
jkes'oje~ 15 vizSy 2007 % U;w bafM;u ,Dlizsl ist 7 esa ,d U;wt
Nih] ftlesa fy[kk gS% ^---ckyw us dgk fd ljdkj o lsrqleqnze izkt
s Ds V ds
vfkdkfj;ksa us ,Me fczt ds ckjs esa uklk dks i= fy[kk] ysfdu uklk dh
rjQ ls dksbZ tokc ugha izkIr gqvkA*
rF; uacj 1 && Qjojh 2000 uklk dh fjiksVZ
uklk dk 'kVy jkMkj VkiksxzkQh fe'ku ,lvkjVh,e Qjojh 2000
esa varfj{k esa Hkstk x;kA fjiksVZ dgrh gS&^Jhyadk dk vkdkj ,d cgqr
cM+s vkalw dh rjg fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS] tks fo'kky Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds
nf{k.kh fgLls ls Vid jgh gSA ;g Hkkjr ls 50 fdyksehVj pkSM+h ikd
tylafk ls foHkkftr gS] tcfd blds chp esa txg txg ij NksVs&NksVs
dksjy }hi gSa] ftls ,M~e fczt ds uke ls tkurs gS] tks yxHkx ,d ySaM
fczt dh rjg nksuksa ns'kksa dks tksM+rk gSA*
rF; uacj 2& vizSy 2006 uklk dh fjiksVZ
uklk ds dSejs }kjk 410 ehy dh apkbZ ls fy;k x;k 1250]000 oxZ
ehy {ks= dk fp=] ftlesa lai.w kZ Hkkjr 'kkfey gS] ds vkkkj ij ^eSUM Lisl
laVs j] uklk* ds rRdkyhu fMIVh Mk;jsDVj tktZ ,e yks dgrs gS]a ^LisldzkV
ds dSu&'ksIM ,afVuk ls eqca bZ fcYdqy cka;h rjQ gS vkSj fnYyh cka;h rjQ
ls f{kfrt ds Bhd uhps gS] ysfdu bafM;k vkSj Jhyadk ds chp ,M~e fczt]
tks nkbZ rjQ gS ,dne lkQ fn[kkbZ iM+ jgk gSA iwjs miegk}hi esa ckny
dgh Hkh ugha gSA if'peh fdukjs ds ikl dk gjk jax vkSj LFkyksa ds Hkwjs
jax& Hkkjh ouLifr;ksa o LFkyksa dks vyx vyx djrs gSaA*
izksQslj Vh- ,l- ewfrZ ds fopkj
w izksQslj Vh- ,l- ewfrZ lwukeh ,DliVZ gSa] ftUgksaus Hkkjr ljdkj
dks lwukeh psrkouh iz.kkyh ij lq>ko ns pqds gSaA izksQslj ewfrZ
us 20 o"kksZa ls Hkh vfkd lwukeh tuZy dk laiknu Hkh fd;k gSA
w izksQslj ewfrZ dh vkifk tuojh 2005 ds izkkuea=h dk;kZy; ds
i=ksa esa ntZ gSA
w os dgrs gSa fd dsjy dks lwukeh ds egkizy; ls cpkus ds fy,
,ykbuesaV ds eqgkus caxky dh [kkM+h dh fn'kk cnyh tk;A
w Qjojh 2007 ds muds O;fDrxr i=ksa ls&& ^eSu
a s muls j?kqifr

vuqjksk fd;k fd lsrq dSuky ds eqgkus caxky dh [kkM+h dh rjQ

okys dh fn'kk gYdh lh cnyh tk;] rkfd Hkfo"; esa lwukeh
vkus ij bldh WtkZ lsrq dSuky esa izo's k u dj ldsA Jh j?kqifr
us eq>s vk'oklu fn;k fd og bl ekeys dks ns[kssxsaA tc Jh
j?kqifr tSlk ofj"B vkbZ,,l vfkdkjh dqN dgrk gS rks eSa
fo'okl djrk gwa fd eq>s bl ekeys esa vkSj fpafrr gksus dh dksbZ
t:jr ugha gSA*
w pSusy ds jkLrs Hkfo"; esa vkus okyh dksbZ lwukeh dsjy o
rfeyukMq ds rV dks cjckn dj nsxhA vxj jke lsrq dh
NsM+NkM+ dh xbZ rks lwukeh WtkZ vklkuh ls rVksa rd igqap
vk,xhA jkes'oje tt ds lq>koksa ds vuq:i lwukeh ds xaHkhj
ifj.kkeksa dk vkadyu djus ds fy, Multi-disciplinary Vhe
cuk;h tkuh pkfg,A
jke lsrq& varjjk"Vh; egRo dk izkphu Lekjd
w jke lsrq& varjjk"Vh; egRo dk izkphu LekjdA 1958 ,DV ds
eqrkfcd ;g kjksgj gS& pkgs ekuo fufeZr gks ;k izd`fr iznk]
xqQk gks ;k unhA
w 19 twu 2007 dks vius vkns'k esa enzkl gkbZ&dksVZ jke lsrq dks
,d fczt vkSj Lekjd ds :i esa Lohdkj djrk gSA ;kfpdkdrkZ
ds rF;ksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, U;k;ky; dgrk gS fd ,slk
,ykbuesVa D;ksa ugha pquk tk ldrk] tks jke lsrq dks u Nwrk gksA
w 1767 ls Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k ds izrhd fpUg ds eqrkfcd lsrq ls
fgekpye rd lkoZHkkSe Hkkjre~ gSA
w lsrq leqnze pSusy izkstsDV dk QLVZ VSd] ^;wu ykW vkQ n~ lh*
1958 ds Historic Waters status dk mYya?ku djrk gSA
w Palk Bay ds rV o lhek Jhyadk ds lkFk ds chp dk ty
Internal Water ?kksf"kr gSA ogha eUukj dh [kkM+h dk ty rV
vkSj EkSjhVkbe ckmaMh ds chp Historic Waters gSA
uksV % fnukad 19 twu 2007 dk ekl gkbZdksVZ dk vknsk foLr`r :i
ls vkxs izdkfkr gSA
lj ,- vkj- eqnfy;kj desVh fjiksVZ 1956
ge bl urhts ij igqp
a s gS fd ,M~e fczt ls gksdj tkus okyh dSuky

11

12

fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls vuqi;qDr gS%

w vkblySaM lkbV ds lSaM M~;wu gVkus ds ctk; bl bykds ls
ckyw ds Vhys dks gVkuk cgqr cM+h leL;k gS& dSuky fuekZ.k ds
le; Hkh vkSj cuus ds ckn ejEer ds oDr HkhA
w dSuky fuekZ.k dk dke eqf'dy o vR;ar tksf[ke Hkjk gksxkA
;fn bl LFky ij fuekZ.k rFkk ejEer dk dk;Z laiUu gqvk Hkh
;|fi vlaHko yxrk gS rks og fuf'pr rkSj ij ukS ifjogu ds
fy, cM+k [krjk gksxkA
w pSusy dh ckWMZfjax lsrqleqnze dh esfM;y ykbu ij gksxhA
bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls gesa tjk Hkh lansg ugha gS fd bl dSuky ls nksuksa
leqnzksa dk feyu fcanq izHkkfor gksxkA vr% ,M~e fczt dks dkVdj dSuky
fuekZ.k dk fopkj NksM+ nsuk pkfg,A
Hkw&oSKkfud o iqjkrkfRod lk{;
fMikVZesaV vkWQ vFkZ lkbalst ekpZ 2007
w pwafd lSaM LVksu vkSj dksjYl dM+h pV~Vkuksa dh rqyuk de Hkkjh
gksrs gS]a blfy, laHko gS fd iwot
Z ksa us Jh yadk dks tksMu+ s ds fy,
,M~e fczt ds aps okys fgLlksa ij bldk bLrseky fd;k gksA
w jkes'oje~ ds vklikl aph Vsjh lajpuk feyrh gS] tks eslksfyfFkd
ds Hkkjh laxzg.k dks n'kkZrh gSA eslksfyfFkd vkStkjksa dk eryc
;g gS fd ogka 9000&8000 o"kZ chih Before Present ls
ysdj gky ds 4000 chih rd cM+s iSekus ij euq";ksa dh vkcknh
o mudh xfrfofk;ka jgh gSaA euq";ksa o tkuojkas ds feys vo'ks"kksa
o gfM~M;ksa ls ladsr feyrs gaS fd Jh yadk dh rjQ Hkh yxHkx
13000 o"kZ chih euq";ksa dh vkcknh FkhA
w bu lHkh fcanqvksa ls ladsr feyrs gSa fd ,M~e fczt ds nksuksa rjQ
ekuo jgrs Fks] tc leqnz dk ty Lrj apk ugha FkkA blls Hkkjr
vkSj Jh yadk ds chp fyad izekf.kr gksrk gSA
fjlpZ fjiksVZ
w ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh] 1799] lsrqcan dk mYYks[k djrk gSA
w enzkl iszflMsl
a h ,MfefuLVs'ku fjiksVZ] 1903 vkSj VsosykWx] 1744
esa fczt dk mYys[k gSA
w 'kCndks"k esa ,aVh % Adam &bls jke dk iqy dgrs gS-a --;g okLro

esa 1480 rd Jh yadk ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA ckn esa ,d NksVh lh

njkj iM+h] ftls ,d rwQku us pkSM+k dj fn;k vkSj iSny ;k=k
can gks xbZA
Hkkjr ds fy, Fkksfj;e dk egRo
w HkkHkk ,Vkfed fjlpZ lsaVj dh csolkbV ds eqrkfcd Fkksfj;e
fMikftV 360]000 Vu gSA
w Hkkjr ds Kku Fkksfj;e HkaMkjksa ls bl lnh o mlls vkxs Hkh Hkkjr
dh WtkZ vko';drkvksa dks iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA Fkksfj;e HkaMkjksa ls
vxys 389 lkykas rd 400]000 esxkokV fctyh gj lky iSnk dh tk
ldrh gSA
w ;wjsfu;e&233 vkSj Fkksfj;e&232 ij vkkkfjr czhMj fj,DVj
rS;kj fd, tk jgs gS] tks Hkkjrh; vk.kfod dk;Zdze ds rgr Fkksfj;e ds
mi;ksx ds izeq[k fgLls gksaxsA
Fkksfj;e ds HkaMkj
egklkxjh; kkjkvksa dk jke lsrq ds lkFk eaFku fdz;k ds dkj.k
Fkksfj;e ds HkaMkj ,d= gq,A bl eaFku fdz;k esa jkelsrq Nyuh dk dke
djrk gSA
dSuky ls rVksa ds ckflanksa dh thfodk ij izHkko
w tc ;g pSuy
s cudj rS;kj gks tk,xk] rkss ;g Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk
ds chp vufkd`r :i ls lhek js[kk dk dke djsxkA
w pSusy cu tkus ls eNqokjs Jhyadk ds tyh; {ks=ksa eas izos'k ugha
dj ik,axsa] tgka eNfy;ka T;knk ek=k esa feyrh gSaA
w flaXokjosyj fQ'klZ Qksje ds izsflMsaV ;w v:ykuane ds vuqlkj
izkt
s Ds V blfy, cuk;k tk jgk rkfd leqnhz ty dh varjjk"Vh;
lhek dks ykxw fd;k tk ldsA
ekuuh; ,e d#.kkfufk jke lsrq gksus ds izek.k dk mYys[k djrs gSa%
laxe lkfgR; esa Hkh blds izek.k gSa%
w iqLrd ^jkekukFkkiqje fMfLVd xtsfV;j^] tks 1972 esa izdkf'kr
gqbZ Fkh] rRdkyhu eq[;ea=h ,e d#.kkfufk us iqLrd dh Hkwfedk
fy[kh vkSj iqLrd esa of.kZr rF;ksa dh iz'kalk Hkh dhA
w iqLrd esa jkelsrq dk mYys[k gS ,M~e fczt ;k uy lsrq Hkh dgk
x;k gSA

13

14

laxe lkfgR; eas Hkh bldk mYys[k feyrk gSA

1&dMqarsj bjkZeu mnkuiquA vj lhrS;kbokfyfV~VkbZ vjkdku
okOoh;k Tukaj ,sfuyEpsj enkjku du-----& jke ds lkFk vkbZa lhrk dks tc jko.k mBk ys x;k] rks mUgksaus
vius vkHkw"k.k i`Foh ij Qsad fn, FksA canj ifjokjksa us bu
vkHkw"k.kkas dks igu fy;kA ;g ns[k yksx cgqr [kq'k gq,A
w 2&osUos vj dkoqufu;kj VksUeqMq dks n beq>afxjqe ikmoe bjadq
eu rqj ,sosYiks----& Jhyadk izLFkku djus ls iwoZ jke ifo= lsrq ds rV ij ,d
fo'kky cjxn ds isM+ ds uhps cSBs vkSj vius lg;ksfx;ksa ls ea=.kk
djus yxsA cjxn ij cSBh fpfM+;k pgpgkus yxhA jke ds vkns'k
ij fpfM+;kas dk pgpgkuk can fd;k x;kA
lwukeh dk izHkko
2]60]000 yksx ejs
w Acec island esa Hkkjh uqdlku gqvk vkSj pSUubZ vkSj ukxkiV~Ve
dk fdukjk u"V gks x;kA
w dqN {ks=ksa esa leqnzh ry 200 ehVj ls T;knk mB x;kA
w eSjhu us'kuy ikdZ ds nks&frgkbZ tyh; tho vkSj dksjYl
iw.kZr;k u"V gks x,A
w
w

15

laln esa cgl

Hkkjr dh laLfr o lkoZHkkSfedrk

ij gkj gS] lsrq leqe dYi
Mk- eqjyh euksgj tkskh
dqN le; igys ekpZ ds eghus esa eSaus
ekuuh; kkuea=h th dks ,d i= fy[kk Fkk
vkSj og lsrq&leqe dYi ds ckjs esa FkkA
ogka tks ugj cukbZ tk jgh gS] mlds lacak esa
eSaus og i= fy[kk FkkA mlesa eSaus ;g dgk Fkk
fd tgka rd bl ifj;kstuk dk 'u gS] blls
gekjk fojksk ug gS] ysfdu bldk tks js[kkadu
fd;k tk jgk gS] tks alignment fd;k tk jgk gS] mlls gekjk cy fojksk
gSA geus ;g h crk;k Fkk fd blesa ,sls cgqr ls rF; gS]a ftudh mis{kk
dh xbZ gS] ftudks ;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg, Fkk] ysfdu mudks ;ku esa
ug j[kk x;kA eSaus vius i= esa kkuea=h th ls ;g vuqjksk fd;k Fkk
fd u, rF;ksa ds vkyksd es]a u, facts ds lanZ esa bl ifj;kstuk dks igys
LFkfxr djsa vkSj bldk js[kkadu cnys]a alignment cnysAa mlds ckjs esa eSua s
dqN dkj.k h mudks crk, FksA lcls igys eSa ;g crkuk pkgwx
a k fd ;g
ifj;kstuk dksbZ u;h ifj;kstuk ug gSA fczfV'k kklu dky esa h bl
ij fopkj gqvk Fkk vkSj gj fopkj ds ckn bldks NksM+ fn;k x;k Fkk]
eqYroh dj fn;k x;k Fkk] postpone dj fn;k x;k FkkA vkTk+knh ds ckn
h bl ij fopkj gqvk vkSj dbZ desfV;ka blds ij cSBA vkTk+knh ds
ckn tks desfV;ka bl ij cSB] mudk h eSua s mYys[k fd;k Fkk vkSj mu
lc esa D;k fo'ksk ckrsa dgh xb blds ckjs esa h eq>s dqN mYys[k djuk
gSA
16

dbZ ckj bl fok; ij bu lfefr;ksa us fopkj fd;k vkSj mlds ckjs

esa alignments ;k js[kkadu h lq>k,A igys 1956 esa ,-vkj- eqnkfy;kj
lkgc dh ,d desVh cuh Fkh] ftUgksua s ;g dgk Fkk fd && ^Alignments

dk tks wfe dk fgLlk gS] ml ij dksnM

a jkekLokeh VsEiy ds ikl duky
dkVh tk,A ;g h land-based canal FkhA Then, sub-para 5.1.1 of
para 5.1 which deals with Canal alignment says, Shri C.V.

considered to either create a canal or just a passage across the

Gulf of Mannar and Palk Straits, the categorical recommendations of the A.R. Mudaliar are as follows: I quote: against any
passage across the Adams Bridge. It is surprising that these
recommendations have been suddenly and arbitrarily abandoned.

Venkateswaran, Consultant, Sethusamudram Project has recommended the DE-alignment in his project report of May, 1968,
after careful investigation of all previous alignments. DE-alignment passes across Rameswaram island at Thankachimadam West
of the famous Rameswaram temple. ;kuh dksbZ h lsrl
q eqe dks
bl fczt ds across mldks dkV dj cukus dh flQkfj'k ug djrkA ^
They expressed the sentiments of the local public against cutting
the canal along the DE alignment separating the temple from the
main land and also voiced their apprehensions that such a cut
could endanger the island during cyclones. Para 14 of
Sethusamudram Project Committee Report, April 1956, by Dr.
A. Ramaswami Mudaliar, says, Navigational safety overriding consideration. We may say, at the outset that both in settling
the lay out of the route as well as in planning the project in detail,
we have kept before us the question of navigational safety as an
overriding consideration. It is unlikely that the route will be used
merely because of saving in time and distance. We have, therefore, taken care to plan the project in such a way that the route
proposed by us will be recognized as safe. Then, The
Sethusamudram Medial Line and the location of the Project to
its West one other consideration which we have kept in mind
is the need to ensure that navigational works and facilities proposed will be wholly under the control of the Government of India. bl rjg ls mUgksu
a s reke recommendations esa dkj.k crk, Fks fd

eqnfy;kj desVh us mlds ckjs esa dqN ek.k h fn, Fks] dqN rdZ h fn,
FksA ^First, the shifting sandbanks in this area present a far more
formidable problem - both at the stage of construction and during
maintenance than the sand dunes on the island site. mUgksu
a s bl
duky dks wfe ij fLFkr djus dh ckr dgh Fkh] land-based canal

cukus dh ckr dgh Fkh] tSls fd iukek ;k Lost gSA ckdh leq esa ugj
cukus dh ckr] fczfV'k pSuy cukus dh ckr mUgksaus ug dgh FkhA nwljk
mUgksua s dgk] ^The approaches to a channel would be far too open
with no possibility of construction of protective works. A channel at this site - even if it can be made and maintained would
entail definite navigational hazard. rhljh ckr mUgksua s dgh Fkh ^ The
channel would be bordering on the Sethusamudram Medial Line.
;g cgqr egRoiw.kZ ckr gS ^In these circumstances, we have no
doubt, whatever, that the junction between the two seas should
be effected by a canal; and the idea of cutting a passage in the sea
through Adams Bridge should be abandoned. bl jkLrs dks fdlh
us Lohdkj ug fd;kA fQj vSy 1983 esa Sethusamudram Project
Committee Chairman, Shri H.R. Laxminarayan, Development
Adviser (Ports), Ministry of Shipping and Transport, Member V.
Sundaram, Chairman, Tuticorin Port Trust (one of four members),
mlds iSjkxzkQ 6-1 esa os dgrs gSa ] ^The results of the investigations
were briefly reported in his project report of May, 1968. Then,
para 6.2 says and I quote, As discussed in Chapter 5, the Kalignment across Dhanushkodi at one kilometre West of
Kothandaramasamy Koil was chosen. ;g h jkesoje ls kuqkdksfV
17

fdl rjg ls bl duky dks dgk cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g h dgk

^Unsuitability of Adams Bridge: preference for canal over passage. We have been asked specifically to consider the proposal
of cutting a channel at the approaches to Adams Bridge in order
to connect the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Bay. The origin of
this suggestion is to be traced to the opinion formed by the Harbour
Engineer to the Government of Madras in 1921, and they have
18

rejected it summarily. We consider that had a detailed study also

been made of Adams Bridge, this gentleman would have revised
his opinion.
We are convinced that the Adams Bridgesite is unsuitable
for the following reasons: First, the shifting Sandbanks in this area
present a far more formidable problem both at the stage of
construction and during maintenance than the sand dunes on
the island site. Secondly, the approaches to a channel would be
far too open with no possibility of construction of protective
works. A channel at this site && even if it can be made and
maintained would entail definite navigational hazard. Thirdly,
the channel would be bordering on the Sethusamudram Medial
Line. eSa bl ckjs esa vkxs foLrkj ls crkaxkA Then it is said, In these
circumstances, we have no doubt, whatever that the junction between the two sea should be effected by a Canal; and the idea of
cutting a passage in the sea through Adams Bridge should be
abandoned. rks ckj&ckj ;g ckr dgh tk jgh gS fd ;g Bhd ug gSA
vki ikuh esa ;g ugj er cukb,A vxj jkLrk cukuk gS rks land based
canal cukb,] water channel ij mls er cukb,A vkf[kj esa mUgksu
a s ;g
h dgk gS fd ^The scope for development will be far more important at the recommended site; because of its situation on the mainland and in the vicinity of a natural harbour.^ rks bdkWuksfedyh ;g

superstructure is no longer unbroken, having being blown away

by a great storm of 1480 AD. What remains of Sethu above sea
level to the west of Dhanushkodi consists of only two parts. 1480

rd kjr ds yksx bl iqy ij iSny pydj Jhyadk tkrs FksA ;s ekl

slhMsalh ds fjdkWM~lZ gSaA ml esa dgk x;k gS fd 1480 rd yksx bl ij
iSny pydj tkrs FksA eq>s vk'p;Z gksrk gS tc dksbZ ea=h ;g dgrk gS
fd ogka iqy ug FkkA There was no bridge. jkelsrq Fkk ;k ug] ml
ij eSa ckn esa vkaxk] ysfdu iqy Fkk] ;g ckr rks lkQ gSA ljdkjh
fjdkWMl
~ Z dgrs gSa fd yksx ml ij iSny pydj tkrs Fks vkSj dsoy kjr
ds fjdkWMl
~ Z gh ug dgrs] fons'kksa ds fjdkWMl
~ Z h dgrs gS]a og h eSa vki
dks vkxs crkaxkA
lhkh ckr ;g gS fd ;g ftn D;ksa dh tk, fd ;g lsrq ug Fkk vkSj
bl dks rksMu+ k t:jh gS\ fQj og dgrs gSa fd ^The narrow stretch of
water between the South-East coast of India and the North-West
coast of Ceylon is not one sea but consists of two separate seas
known as the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar, though they meet
and mingle over Adam's Bridge through the Pamban Gap and
remain as such for purposes of navigation, with the sand stone
reef, called by Arab navigators as Adams Bridge, constituting
an effective shipping barrier, compelling all ships which proceed
from this part to that part circumnavigating Ceylon. ;g fLFkfr Fkh

It is by C.V. Venkateswaran, Consultant, Sethusamudram Project,

and he says, Geologists affirm that there used to be a continuous
passage between India and Ceylon and this did look like a causeway with two distinguishable paths a substratum of sand reef
running almost horizontally, just below sea level, for the entire
length and a superstructure of broken sandstone and marine sand,
lying atop. The substratum of sand stone reef is still there, stretching
in an unbroken line from India to Ceylon an unbroken line
from India to Ceylon and lying just below sea level. But the

fd 1480 rd ogka yksx iSny pyrs Fks vkSj og bykdk fganLq rku ls feyk
gqvk FkkA ml ckjs esa eSua s kku ea=h dks fy[kk Fkk milkifr th] bl
dke dks] vh tks dke py jgk gS] mldks fQygky jksdus ds fy, geus
kbe fefuLVj ls h vihy dh FkhA blesa ,d vkSj varjkZVh; eqk gS vkSj
og ;g gS fd ;g tks bUgksaus u;k js[kkadu fd;k gS] ,ykbuesaV fd;k gS]
;g eSjhfM;u ykbu ds lkFk fcYdqy mldk lekukUrj gS] vFkkZr gekjs
vkSj Jhyadk ds chp esa tks varjkZVh; ty&js[kk gS] mlls fcYdqy
lekukUrj gSA vkt ls igys] vh fiNys lky ls igys bl lkjs {ks= esa
gekjs lkjs fgLVksfjd okVj ds vfkdkj Fks] gekjs h] Jhyadk ds h vkSj
blfy, og gekjs baVjuy okVj FksA bl ekeys esa gekjk mudk ,d
le>kSrk gS] kjr vkSj Jhyadk dk] ysfdu eq>s ;g crkrs gq, cgqr
vQlksl gksrk gS fd bl pht dks nj&xqtj djrs gq, vejhdk dh

19

20

T;knk lwVcs y gS] usohxs'kuy ikWbVa vkWQ O;w ls h ;g T;knk lwVcs y gS

vkSj lkFk&gh&lkFk bathfu;fjax ikWbVa vkWQ O;w ls h ;g T;knk lwVcs y
gSA blh rjg ls ;g ebZ 1968 dh Jh lh0ch0 osadVsoju dh fjiksVZ gSA

ljdkj us gekjs bl vfkdkj dks fcYdqy ekuus ls badkj dj fn;k vkSj

geus mudk tks blesa fudkyk gS] muds nks URLs gS]a nks MkWD;qeVsa ~l tks
;w,l usoh ds vkijs'kuy Mk;jsfDVo gSa] http://www.dtic.military/
whsdirectivescorrespondence/200506305 india.
bl 23 twu dks mUgksua s Jhyadk dks h blh dkj ds Mk;jsfDVOl
fn, fd ge vkids fgLVkWfjdy okVj os jkbV dks ug ekurs vkSj vc ;g
tks medial line, tks gekjs vkSj Jhyadk ds chp esa ,d Administrative
Line Fkh] vc varjkZVh; ykbu cu xbZ gS vkSj bl ij lkjs foo dk
vfkdkj leqh dkuwu ds vuqlkj gks x;k gSA loky ;g gS fd tks gekjk
ty Fkk] gekjk ikuh Fkk] gekjh sovereignty Fkh] og vkius qyk nhA
D;k ;g ljdkj dh uhfr gS fd vki vius lkjs vfkdkjksa dks NksM+ nsa vkSj
vesfjdk ds lkeus ljsaMj dj nsa\ 23 twu dks mUgksaus ;g fd;k gS vkSj
30 twu dks Dyhvjsal ns nh xbZ fd lkjh ckrsa Bhd gSa] vki vkb,] bldk
mn~?kkVu dhft, vkSj 2 tqykbZ dks mn~?kkVu gks x;k! ;g D;k rjhdk
gS] lj\ lkjs ,DliV~lZ dg jgs gSa fd bldh tkap gksuh pkfg,A lwukeh
ds ckn tks ifjorZu gq, gSa bathymetry es]a leq dh vkarfjd lajpuk es]a
mldh tkap gksuh pkfg,] mlds ckjs esa nksckjk ijh{k.k fd, tkus pkfg,]
ysfdu os ug fd, tkrsA kku ea=h dk;kZy; ls 18 queries dh tkrh
gSa ekpZ eghus esaA bl ns'k dh dksbZ ;ksx'kkyk lwukeh ds ckn gqbZ
bathymetry ds ifjorZu ds ckjs esa nks eghus ds vanj lkjh fjiksVZ ns
ldrh gS] eSa h foKku vkSj ks|ksfxdh dk ea=h jgk gw]a eSa ug tkurk fd
,slh dksbZ gSA ;g ckr D;k gS fd 23 twu dks os djrs gSa vkSj vki ,d
ykbu fy[k nsrs gSa fd lc pht Bhd gS] vkb, vkSj mn~?kkVu dfj,A
You surrender your sovereignty to America. vkidks vius reke
bfrgkl dk Kku ug gSA Prof. Tad S. Murthy, tks foo ds lcls cM+s
lwukeh cakd gS]a mUgksua s D;k fy[kk gS] og eSa t:j DoksV djuk pkgwx
a kA
mUgksua s dgk gS] I quote, During the Indian Ocean tsunami of 26th
December, 2004, the very southern part of Kerala was generally

south Kerala coast.^ vkSj ;g cgqr egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksfa d ogka gekjs lkjs
Thorium deposits gS]a monazite sand gS ogka ij vkSj gekjh cgqr lkjh
egRoiw.kZ laLFkk,a ogka ij gSaA In late 2005, I had a face-to-face
discussion in Chennai during a very cordial meeting with Shri
Raghupathy (I do not know his exact title, but he is the head of
the project, to the best of my knowledge) during which I raised
this point. I requested him to consider slightly re-orienting the
entrance of the Setu canal on the Bay of Bengal side, so that in
future, tsunami events, tsunami energy will not be preferentially
funnelled into the Setu canal. Shri Raghupathy assured me that
he would look into this matter.

spared from a major tsunami, mainly because the tsunami waves

from Sumatra region travelling south of the Sri Lankan Island,
partially diffracted northward and affected the central part of the
Kerala coast. Since tsunami is a long gravity wave, during the
diffraction process, the rather wide turn it has to take spared

eSa ;g dguk pkgrk gwa fd ftl vkneh dks kjr dh ljdkj us

lqukeh caku dk ,d eq[k O;f cuk;k] bl laca k esa mudh jk; ys jgs
gSa vkSj VsfDudy ,DliVZ gks dj og ;g jk; ns jgs gS]a ysfdu vki mldh
fpark gh ug djrs gSaA
vki vFkZ lkbal fMikVZesaV dh fjiksV~lZ ns[k yhft,] os dgrs gSa fd
;g ekuo fufeZr iqy gS] It is a man made thing. os ;g crkrs gSa fd ;gka
ij dkSu ls baLVqeVas l
~ feys gS]a os ;g crkrs gSa fd ;g fdl rjg ls cuk;k
x;k gS] ysfdu vki ;g dg nsrs gSa fd og lsrq gh ug gSA kjr ljdkj
ds loZ{s k.k fokx dk tks rhd gS] og dgrk gS & ^vlsrq fgekapy^A og
dkSu lk lsrq gS\ kjr dh ifjkkk gS & ^vlsrq fgekapy^] fQj og
dkSu&lk lsrq gS\ mlds ckjs esa ge iwNuk pkgrs gSaA
dgk tkrk gS fd ,sMEl fczt gS] Bhd gS] bldk eryc ;gh gS fd
,sMe ds vkus ls igys ogka ij dksbZ fczt FkkA ekl dh ljLorh ykbczjs h
ds tks fjdkWMl
~ Z gS]a os crkrs gSa fd ogka ls ,sMe] gTk+jr vkTk+e iSny fla?ky
}hi x, Fks] bldk eryc rks ;g gS fd ogka ij iqy rks FkkA vxj ogka
ij iqy Fkk] mlds fy, ge dgrs gSa fd ogka ij jkelsrq FkkA gekjs xzFa kksa
esa fy[kk gS fd ogka ij jkelsrq Fkk] gekjk bfrgkl crk jgk gS fd jkelsrq
Fkk] nqfu;k ds uD'kksa esa mldk uke jkelsrq gS] ogka ds yksx mlds ckjs esa
dgrs gSa fd og jkelsrq gSA
;g dsoy fgUnqvksa dk gh loky ug gSA eSa tc ogka ij x;k Fkk] gesa
eqfLye eNqvkjs feys] gesa bZlkbZ eNqvkjs feys vkSj mu lcus ;gh dgk fd
lkgc] bls cpkb,] ;g lsrq gekjk eafnj gS] ge vxj dh blls Vdjkrs

21

22

gSa rks mlds fy, tk dj k;f'pr djrs gSa] iwtk djrs gSa] ml nksk dk
ifjgkj djrs gSAa vkt loky bl ckr dk ug gS] loky ;g gS fd blds
fy, D;ksa gB fd;k tk jgk gS\ vejhdk ds lkeus >qdus ds vykok
bldk vkSj D;k eryc gS\ vki vesfjdk ds lkeus >qd jgs gS]a yksxksa dh
koukvksa dk ;ku ug j[k jgs gS]a ,DiV~lZ dh koukvksa dk ;ku ug
j[k jgs gSa] ns'k dh lqj{kk dk ;ku ug j[k jgs gSaA
og jkLrk dsoy 300 ehVj dk cusxk] vkidks D;k yxrk gS fd ogka
ls dksbZ cM+k tgkt tk ldrk gS\ ns'k dks xqejkg fd;k tk jgk gS fd
jkLrs esa cM+h kjh deh gks tk,xh] gesa Jhyadk dk pj ug yxkuk
iM+sxkA Bhd gS] D;k mlesa ls 2]00]000 Vu dk tgkt tk ldrk gS\
eSa crkuk pkgwx
a k fd ogka ls 32]000 Vu ls T;knk cM+k tgkt ug tk,xk]
;kuh [kkyh daVsuj okyk tgkt ogka ls tk ldsxkA fQj vki ogka ls
D;k lkeku ys tk ldsaxs\ T;knk ls T;knk bkj ls mkj] rwrhdksfju ds
nwljh rjQ ds fy, dks;yk ;k lkekU; phTk+as gh ys tk ldsx
a ]s ysfdu D;k
ogka ls dksbZ cM+k tgkt tk ldrk gS\ ug tk ldrkA fjiksVZ [kqn gh
;g ckr dgrh gS fd ogka ls flQZ loZy
s l
as ds tgkt tk,axAs tc loZy
s l
as
ds tgkt tk,axs rks fM;kxksxkf'kZ;k ls vkWLVsfy;k rd dk ,d u;k
jkLrk] NksVk jkLrk vesfjdu ljdkj pkgrh gS vkSj blfy, ;g kjr dh
ljdkj] vesfjdk ds ;g lg;ksxh bl ckjs esa fcYdqy >qds gq, gSa] ncs gq,
gSAa kjr dh sovereignty ds lkFk etkd dj jgs gS]a kjr dh laLfr
ds lkFk etkd dj jgs gS]a kjr dh kkfeZd koukvksa ds lkFk etkd dj
jgs gSa vkSj kjr ds ,d ek= vkSj nqfu;k ds ,d ek= ekuo fufeZr iqy
dks rksM+us dk ,d egku vijkk dj jgs gSaA
eSa vkidks ;g ckr crk jgk gwa fd bl rjg os Fkksfj;e dks uV djus
dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gSAa mlesa ls tks eyck fudyk gS] mlesa VkbVsfu;e
dh kjh ek=k fudyh gSA og ,d Tk+cjnLr LFkku gS] blfy, iwjh rjg
ls mls cpk dj baVjuS'kuy ySoy ij mBk dj] mls kjr dk ,d gSfjVst
lkbV cukuk pkfg,A og ,d gSfjVst lkbV gS] og ,d kkfeZd lkbV
gS] lkaLfrd lkbV gS vkSj lqj{kk dh n`fV ls og gekjs fy, cgqr t:jh
gS] lcls cM+h ckr ;g gS fd og gekjs ns'k dh sovereignty dk
frfufkRo djrk gS fd ;g iqy gekjk gSA ;g International Waters
gekjs gS]a ;s vesfjdk ds ug gS]a ;s kjr vkSj Jhyadk ds fgLVkWfjdy

jkbV~l gSaA
bl laca k esa Jhyadk dh vkifk;ksa dks h ns[kuk pkfg,A mUgksua s bl
ij fdruh vkifk dh gS vkSj tc vki ogka ehfM;y ykbu ds ikl ls
vius dksLVy xkM~lZ ys tk,axs rks fdruk cM+k [krjk iSnk gksxkA D;k
vki jksTk+ Jhyadk ls >xM+k djuk pkgsaxs\ ;s baVjuS'kuyh cgqr xyr gS]
bdksukWfedyh cgqr xyr gS] lkbafVfQdyh cgqr xyr gS] fgLVkWfjdyh
cgqr xyr gS] VsMh'kuyh cgqr xyr gS] dYpjyh cgqr xyr gSA
eSa vkils vuqjksk d:axk fd lcls igys bl dke dks jksdk tk, vkSj
ftu yksxksa dks vkifk;ka gSa] mUgsa ogka ij ys tkdj fn[kk;k tk,A ea=h
egksn; ls dqN yksxksa us dgk h Fkk fd gesa ys tkdj ogka ij fn[kkb,
vkSj bUgksua s ok;nk h fd;k Fkk fd ge fn[kk,ax]s ysfdu ug ysdj x,A
rhu&rhu ;k pkj&pkj ckj buls dgk tk jgk gS] ysfdu ;g ckr Vky
tkrs gSaA ;s ogka ij D;ksa ug ys tkuk pkgrs gSa\ D;ksa ug mlds ckjs esa
ckr djuk pkgrs gSa\ esjk ljdkj ls ;g dguk gS fd vki bl ckjs esa
vo'; lkspAas eSa ljdkj ls fcYdqy fouez 'kCnksa esa vkSj vkxzgiwod
Z dgwx
a k
fd vxj bl dke dks jksdk ug x;k rks ns'k esa ;adj fojksk gksxk vkSj
fQj tks dqN gksxk] mldh iwjh ftEesnkjh bl ljdkj ds ij gksxhA
kjr dh turk viuh kkfeZd Lora=rk] lkaLfrd Lora=rk] lkoZkSfed
Lora=rk vkSj gekjh oSKkfud Lora=rk dks fdlh h gkyr esa fouV ug
gksus nsxh vkSj eSa le>rk gwa fd lkjs lnu dks bl ckjs esa fey dj ljdkj
ij ncko Mkyuk pkfg, fd bl dke dks og rRdky jksds vkSj ns'k ds
lh yksxksa dh leL;k dk lekkku djus dh ckr Lohdkj djsA ge
dYi ds fojkskh ug gS]a ge ,ykbuesVa ds fojkskh gSAa
n

23

24

laln esa cgl

Jhjke lsrq esa Fkksfj;e dk

vikj aMkj gS
Jherh lqkek Lojkt
,d 'u ds mkj esa ea=h th us ;g dgk fd mUgsa
dksbZ frosnu Jhjke lsrq dh j{kk ds fy, vkSj Jhjke
lsrq dks rksM+us ds fojksk esa u gksus ds fy, ug feyk
gSA nwljs 'u ds mkj esa mUgksaus dgk fd ogka ekuo
fufeZr dksbZ <kaps ds oSKkfud lk{; kIr ug gq, gSaA
;s nksuksa mkj lR; ls ijs gSAa eSa ea=h egksn; ls tkuuk
pkgrh gwa fd D;k ;g lR; ug gS fd ,d cgqr cM+k
frfufkeaMy Jhjke lsrq dh j{kk ds fy, egkefge jkVifr th dks
feyus vk;k FkkA mlds ckn ekuuh; kku ea=h th dks feyk Fkk vkSj
kku ea=h th us ml frfufk eaMy dks vkils feyus ds fy, stk Fkk
vkSj tc og frfufkeaMy vkils feyk rks vkius muls dgk fd eSa
vkidks cqykaxk] Lo;a ogka ys tkdj vkidks fn[kkaxk vkSj vkidh
'kadkvksa dk fujkdj.k d#axkA vkt ml ckr dks brus fnu gks x,] os
vkids vkea=.k dk bartkj dj jgs gS]a u vkius cqyk;k] u vkius fn[kk;kA
blds vykok vh tc Mk0 tks'kh us viuh ckr 'kq: dh rks mUgksua s dgk
fd eSua s ,d i= fy[kk FkkA D;k og i= frosnu ug gS\ esjh tkudkjh
ds vuqlkj pkjksa 'kadjkpk;ks ds frfufk;ksa dk ,d frfufk eaMy vki
gh dh ljdkj ds ,d egRoiw.kZ dsUh; ea=h ds lkFk kku ea=h th dks
feyk Fkk] vkidks feyk FkkA D;k og frosnu ug gS\ vkidh ljdkj
ds eaf=;ksa us vkidks i= fy[ks gSa D;k os frosnu ug gSa\ rks vkidk ;g
dguk fd bu laxBuksa ls vkidks dksbZ frosnu ug feyk] oSls tokc
25

geus h fn, gSa ea=h ds ukrs lnu es]a ges'kk mlds vkxs ;g fy[k fn;k
tkrk gS fd However some other representations have been received. vxj mu laxBuksa dk dksbZ frosnu ug feyk Fkk ftuds ckj
esa fy[kk Fkk rks vkidks ;g rks tokc nsuk pkfg, Fkk lnu dksA ysfdu
vkidks vkSj cgqr ls frosnu feys gSaA vki VksVyh ekSu lkk x, vkSj
vkius mu frosnuksa dk dksbZ ft ug fd;kA
vkius dgk fd ogka ekuo fufeZr dkbZ <kaps dk oSKkfud lk{; ug
gSA ;g cgqr prqjkbZ ls fn;k x;k tokc gSA D;ksafd ge ;g dgrs gSa
fd og ckuj fufeZr <kapk FkkA xksLokeh rqylh nkl th vkSj okYehfd
th dk ;g dguk gS fd ckuj lsuk ds }kjk xoku jke us og iqy cuok;k
FkkA vkSj vxj dy dks og iqy fey tk, vkSj ge bu ij ffoyst ysdj
vk,a rks ;g dgsaxs eSus rks dgk Fkk fd ekuo fufeZr <kapk ug FkkA tc
vkidk ;g tokc eSaus i<+k tks eq>s bl ij foaLVu pfpZy dk ,d cgqr
pfpZr okD;k ;kn vk;k] 'kk;n vkius h lquk gksA ,d ckj pfpZy jkr
dks ,d dkj esa tk jgs FksA jkLrk Vd x,A rks mUgksua s vius MkbZoj
ls iwNk Where are we? MkbZoj us dgk fd lj] We are in the car. rks
mlus dgk fd Is this the way of answering the question? rks mlus
dgk fd Sir, this is the way you answer the questions in Parliaas s Where are we? They were
ment. D;ksfa d ckr lgh Fkh] vxj iwNx
in the car. MkbZoj us dgk &We are in the car. ysfdu og tokc lgh
ug FkkA tks ckr iwNh xbZ Fkh mldk tokc ug ns jgk FkkA rks gks
ldrk gS fd dy dks ;g fudys fd ;g tks <kapk vesfjdk ds lsVykbV
ds }kjk fn[kk;k x;k] iwjs fgUnqLrku ds Vsyhfotu ij fn[kk;k x;k] og
D;k gS\ og <kapk D;k gS] eSa vkils tkuuk pkgrh gwaA vxj ogka ekuo
fufeZr <kaps dk dksbZ oSKkfud lk{; ug gS rks tks ;w0,l0,0 lsVykbV
ds }kjk '; fn[kk;k x;k] ftldks kjr ds reke Vsyhfotu pSuYl us
lkfjr fd;k] og <kapk D;k gS\ vxj dy dks ;g fudys fd og ckuj
fufeZr <kapk gS rks vki dg nsx
a s fd eSua s rks dgk Fkk fd ekuo fufeZr <kapk
ug gS vkSj prqjkbZ ls cpdj fudy tk,axsA ysfdu esjk vkils ,d
DysfjfQds'ku gS] eSa iwNuk pkgrh gwa fd og <kapk D;k gS tks iwjs Vsyhfotu
ij yksxksa us ns[kk gSA
tks ckrsa Mk0 tks'kh us dgh gSa] eSa mudks nksgjkuk ug pkgrh gwaA eSa
26

dsoy ,d ckr dguk pkgrh gwa fd bl lsrq dks u rksM+us ds ihNs ikap
dkj.k gSa & igyk dkj.k] ;g fok; djksMk+ &
as djksM+ kjrh;ksa dh vkLFkk
ls tqMk+ gSA xoku Jhjke e;kZnk iq:kkske gSAa tks yksx vkfLrd gS]a
lukruh gS]a muds fy, og xoku gS]a ckfd;ksa ds fy, og e;kZnk
iq:kkske gSAa vxj og nsgkkjh bUlku h gS]a rks fgUnqLrku dh laLfr
ds vkn'kZ gSAa blfy, ;g djksMk+ &
as djksM+ kjrh;ksa dh vkLFkk dk fok;
gS] ;g igyh ckr gSA
nwljh ckr ;g gS fd bl lsrq esa Fkksfj;e dk vikj aMkj jk iM+k
gSA rhljk] ;g lsrq leq dh mxzrk dks 'kkar djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA
pkSFkk] ;g lsrq lqukeh ls cpko dh {kerk j[krk gSA ikapok] ;g gekjs ns'k
dh lcls kphu kjksgj gSA milkifr th] eSa vkids ek;e ls dguk
pkgrh gwa fd buesa ls ,d vdsyk dkj.k h bl lsrq dk fooal u djus
ds fy, dkQh gSA ysfdu ;gka rks ikap&ikap dkj.k gSa ftuds dkj.k bl
lsrq dk fooal ug gksuk pkfg,A eSa ,d ckr vkidks psrkouh ds :i esa
h dguk pkgrh gwAa bl ns'k dh vkLFkkvksa dks de djds er vkafd,A
ea=h th] igyh ckj gqvk gS fd pkjksa ihBksa ds txrxq:] pkjksa 'kadjkpk;Z
ihBksa ds ihBkkhoj igyh ckj fdlh vkanksyu dk usr`Ro djus ds fy,
vkxs vk;s gSAa blls igys dh h os vxj bds gq;s gS]a rks kkfeZd
vk;kstuksa ds fy, bds gq;s gSAa tc&tc prqBihB vk;kstu gqvk gS] rks
mu pkjksa us bds vkdj iwtk&vpZuk dh gS] ysfdu 'kklu ds fo:)
fdlh ,d vkanksyu dh vxqokbZ djus ds fy, txrxq: Lo:ikuan th
ljLorh] fu'pykuan th ljLorh] Lokeh kjrh; rhFkZ th jkeyhyk eSnku
esa vk;sa] ,d vkanksyu dk usr`Ro djsa] ftlds fy, djksM+ djksM+ uj&ukjh
m}sfyr gksa] ftlds fy, jktusrk m}sfyr gksa] ftlds fy, yk[kksa lar
egkRek m}sfyr gksa] vki ml vkanksyu dh {kerk dks de djds er
vkafd,] blfy, eSa vkils dguk pkgrh gwa fd ctk; blds fd bruk cM+k
vkanksyu fudys vkSj vkidh lkk dks oLr dj ns] csgrj gksxk fd Jhjke
lsrq dks oLr djus dk tks vkidk fu.kZ; gS] ml fu.kZ; dks vki cnfy;sA
fgUnqLrku ds yksxksa dh vkLFkkvksa dk vki ;ku dfj;s vkSj bl fu.kZ; dks
cnysx
a ]s rks vkidh lkk h cpsxh] ojuk vkidh lkk h ug cpsxh vkSj
eq>s bu reke ckrksa dk mkj nhft,A
n

27

laln esa cgl

kkfeZd vkLFkk ij pksV gS lsrq

leqe kstsDV
ks- fot; dqekj eYgks=k
v;{k egksn;] ea=h egksn; ds oO; dks eSua s
vPNh rjg ls i<k+ gSA ;g cgqr gh fujk'kktud
gS] vkifktud gS mUgksaus ,uMh, ljdkj ds
le; ds cgqr ls eaf=;ksa dk mYys[k fd;kA egksn;]
eSa dguk pkgrk gwa fd ;g tks lsrq leqe dSuky
kstsDV gS] blds ckjs esa fookn ug gSA fookn
blds ,ykbuesVa ds ckjs esa gSA mUgksua s tkucw>dj]
tc&tc dSuky kstsDV ds ckjs esa crk;k vkSj dSuky kstsDV dh Loh
fr nh x;h] rks bl ,ykbuesVa dks dh Lohfr ug nh x;hA tc gekjs
ikl ,d vYVjusV ,ykbuesVa ekStnw gSA tSls Lost ugj vkSj iukek ugj
ftl dkj ls fudkyh x;h Fkh] mlh dkj kuqkdksfV ds ikl tks tehu
dk fgLlk gS] mlesa ls dSuky fudky nh tk, vkSj tgktjkuh ogka ls gks
tk,] ysfdu blds ckjs esa ea=h egksn; th ftn ij vM+s gq, gSaA og ftn
gnw koukvksa ij dqBkjk?kkr djus dh gS vkSj fdlh dkj ls bls iwjh rjg
ls uV djus dh gSA
bUgksaus cgqr ls eaf=;ksa ds uke mYys[k fd,] cgqr ls dksV fd,A
tfLVl ds-Vh- FkkWel] ftUgsa vh in~e wk.k fn;k x;k vkSj ftudk cgqr
lEeku gS] ftudk gekjh ikV ds lkFk dksbZ rkYyqd ug gS] bUg dh
ikV ds lkFk rkYyqd jgk gSA- He says:
28

In project like this, Sethu-Samundram Shipping Canal

Project, decisions are to be based not only on a study of geological implications, the religious sentiments of the people are also to
be taken into account. The religious sentiments of the people of
Bharat must be honoured and there exists a tradition in this land,
of honouring religious sentiments. So, it is my definite opinion
that Ram Sethu must not be broken.
This is what Justice Thomas says.

gSA bl txg ij Fkksfj;e ds aMkj gSAa vki lsrq dks rksMu+ s ds fy, tks
phtsa yxk jgs gS]a mlls Fkksfj;e ds lkjs aMkj uV gks tk;sx
a As ea=h
egksn; us bldk mYys[k fd;k gS fd vesfjdu S'kj dh ckr dgka ls
vkbZ\ Jh j?kqifr th us kku ea=h dk;kZy; dks i= fy[kk ftlesa bu
phtksa dks gkbykbV fd;kA It says:
Both India and Sri Lanka have tried to register the water as
historic in 1970-80. US do not recognize this claim. mUgksu
a s iwNk

v;{k egksn;] vh blds vanj vkSj D;k&D;k phtsa gS]a ml ij h

eSa vkrk gwaA ;gka ij jke lsrq dks rksM+us ls 15 yk[k eNqvkjs csdkj gks
tk;saxs vkSj ;gka ij fQ'kx dh tks 600 tkfr;ka feyrh gSa] os uV gks
tk;sx
a hA mUgksua s h blds cgqr f[kykQ dgk gSA ;gka rd fd lqukeh ds
vkus ds ckn ;g LVScfy'k fd;k x;k fd vxj ;g lsrq u gksrk] rks lqukeh
ls dsjy dk iwjk rV uV gks tkrkA mUgksua s h blds ckjs esa cgqr dqN dgk

fd vesfjdu S'kj dgka gS\ vesfjdu S'kj esa vkdj] eSa dgwx
a k fd blds
LdSe dh ckr vyx gS fdUrq kkfeZd vkLFkk dk 'u cgqr cM+k gSA vkius
dgk fd jke lsrq ug gSA fiNys lky ;gka fnYyh esa jkeyhyk ns[kus ds
fy, Jherh lksfu;k xkakh x;h FkA eSa h ml o ogka ij FkkA mlh jke
lsrq ds ij ls tks jke lsuk tk jgh gS] mls ogka fjihV fd;k x;kA
gtkjksa lkyksa ls djksMk+ sa yksx jke lsrq ds ,fXtLVSl
a dks ekurs gSAa v;{k
egksn;] esjk vkils bl ckr dk vuqjksk gS fd vkLFkk dk 'u cgqr
egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA ;gka tks yqfV;al tksu gSA vxj yqfV;al tksu dks jksdk
tk ldrk gS] bldk ,d dejk h ug rksMk+ tk ldrk] rks jke lsrq dSls
rksM+k tk ldrk gSA jkelsrq dks rksM+uk] ;g gekjh vkLFkk dk 'u gSA
v;{k egksn;] eSa dguk pkgrk gwa fd ;g fgUnqLrku ds djksMk+ as yksxksa
dh vkLFkk dk 'u gSA egksn;] ea=h th ckj&ckj ;g nksgjk jgs gSa fd
og jkelsrq ug gSA uklk us ogka ds tks fp= fy, gS]a muls h ;g lkfcr
gksrk gS fd ogka lsrq gSA fgUnqLrku ds djksMk+ as yksxksa dh ;g ekU;rk gS vkSj
vki h gj ckj jkeyhyk esa tkrs gS]a ogka ij jkelsrq dk n`'; ns[krs gS]a
jkelsrq dh iwtk djrs gSAa mik;{k th] eSa ml le; dg jgk Fkk fd ea=h
egksn; us ftrus h rF; nsus dh dksf'k'k dh gS] os iwjh rjg ls vlR;
dk iqynk gSa vkSj tkucw>dj xyrc;kuh dh tk jgh gSA mUgksua s dgk fd
ogka jsr dk Vhyk gS] tgka jsr curh gS vkSj dksbZ lsrq uke dh pht ug
gSA ogka ij ftrus h dVj yxk, Fks Ms tx ds fy,] os lkjs VwV x, vkSj
VwVus ds ckn mUgsa cukus ds fy, ckgj ls yksxksa dks cqyk;k tk jgk gSA
ogka vh yksx x, Fks vkSj mUgksua s ml iqy ij pydj fn[kk;k gSA ehyksa
rd yksx ml ij pydj fn[kkrs gSaA jke lsrq fgUnqLrku ds 100 djksM+
fgUnqvksa dh vkLFkk dk rhd gSA gj okZ fgUnqLrku esa de ls de yk[kksa
txgksa ij jkeyhykvksa esa mldk eapu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mls fn[kk;k

29

30

v;{k th] tfLVl .kk v;j tks vke rkSj ij okeiaFkh ekus tkrs
gSa] mUgksaus kku ea=h th dks ,d i= fy[kkA He says:
I should address you better late than never. The subject
must have already been within your attention, and is known as
Sethu-Samundram Shipping Canal project..the facts with scientific objectivity and national anxiety. My appeal to you is to
stop building any bridge or other construction, an action hostile
to the nation and its Swaraj. Our nation will be weaken and may
suffer new dangers with American presence in the SethuSamundram waters by doing what for centuries has never been
considered necessary or feasible or in any manner advantageous
to us.
He further writes:
In the name of India, that is Bharat, and appealing to your
patriotic statesmanship, I beseech you to reconsider the stand
taken. This is a matter of a political party business or popularity
or pro-American yen. I hope you will give great thought as the
Executive Head of India to the grave issue implied in the enclosed paper and with which the nation shall define its survival.
He says that the project should not be done.

tkrk gSA eSa ea=h th ls dguk pkgrk gwa fd tc muds ikl fodYi ekStnw
gS] oSdfYid jkLrk gS vkSj de dher ij cu ldrk gS] ,d cVk nl
dher ij cu ldrk gS vkSj mlesa vesfjdu stl
as h ug gksrh] rks fQj
D;ksa mUgsa fnr gks jgh gSA vesfjdk ds ncko esa vkdj lkjs jkLrs dks [kksy
nsuk vkSj mlds vanj cgqr cM+k LdSe dj nsuk ;g Bhd ug gSA eSaus ubZ
ckr crkbZ gSA lkjs xStsV vkSj lkjs dVj VwV x, gSaA ;g ,d dkj ls
lkft'k gks jgh gSA bl otg ls fgUnqLrku esa cgqr cM+k ns'kO;kih vkanksyu
gksus okyk gS vkSj yk[kksa lUr vkanksyu rFkk lR;kxzg djus okys gSaA
Mk;ukekbV yxkdj jke lsrq dks mM+kus dh lkft'k gks jgh gSA eSa ;g h
dguk pkgrk gwa fd ;gka ij tc ckcj dh thr gqbZ Fkh vkSj og fgUnqLrku
esa vk;k Fkk rks mlus ehj dkfle dks jke lsrq vkSj jke efUnj dks rksM+us
stk FkkA jke efUnj vkSj jke lsrq gekjh vkLFkk ds rhd gS]a gekjs vkn'kZ
gSa] fgUnqLrku dh thou i)fr gSA mls rksM+uk lgu ug fd;k tk,xkA
vxj vkidks ;dhu ug gS] rks ;g djds ns[k ysaA
n

jkelsrq@lsrq leqe izdYi ds ckjs esa

ek- ekl mPp U;k;ky; dk varfje funsZk
lEekuh; enzkl mPpU;k;ky; esa
Lis'ky vksfjtuy T;qfjLMhD'ku
eaxyokj] 19 twu 2007]
ek- mPp U;k;ky; eqnzk
ek- U;k;ewfrZ Jh vftr izdk'k 'kgk]
eq[; U;k;ewfrZ vkSj ek- U;k;ewfrZ Jh ih- T;ksFkheuh
ekad% 18076] 18223] 18224@2007
jke xksikyu] ------------------------------- ;kfpdkdrkZ fiVh'kuj
laLFkkid v;{k]
fgUnw eqUukuh]
Mk- lqcze.;e Lokeh ----------------- ;kfpdkdrkZ fiVh'kuj
fo:)
1- Hkkjrh; la?kjkT;------------------------- izfri{kh jsLikWMsUMl~
}kjk lfpo]
f'kihax fMikVZesaV] f'kihax ea=ky;]
2- ps;jeSu]
eusftax Mk;jsDVj]
lsrqleqnze~ dkiksZajs'ku fy- dkiksZjs'ku lsVvi
Hkkjr ljdkj] rqfrdksjhu

31

32

3 lsdszVjh] laLd`fr foHkkx

i;ZVu o laLd`fr ea=ky;]
Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyh
Hkkjrh; lafokku ds vuqPNsn 226 ds vuqlkj ;g eqdek fjV
fiVh'ku nk;j fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa eqdnek pykus okyksa us bl eqdnesa
esa izLrqr fd, ifjfLFkrh dk fopkj dj rFkk izLrqr fd, 'kiFk i= dk
fopkj dj ek- enzkl mPp U;k;ky; dks izkFkZuk dh gS dh%&
1- lEekuh; mPp U;k;ky; us eaMel 'kklu dks dkZO; djus dk
vkns'k vFkok vU; vkns'k nsa rkfd ftlds dkj.k izfri{k dk
dguk ;ku esa j[krs gq, tks dh fn- 12-04-2007 esa eqdnesa esa
izLrqr fd, gSaA rFkk mlds i'pkr fn- 06-5-2007 dks rkj }kjk
vfHker O;Dr fd;k gS] tks mlds mfpr vk'k; ds vuqlkj RkFkk
vFkkZuqlkj ;ku esa j[kdj izfri{kh dks fdlh Hkh izdkj ls
^jkejikye* ftldk nwljk uke ^vkneiqy* gS mls u"V djus dh
fofk dks izfrcafkr djsaA ekufp= esa vyk;uesaV 6 ds vuqlkj
dk;Zokgh djus ls jksdsaA ekufp= 'kiFki= ds lkFk layXu gSA
lkFk gh mfpr vkns'k nsdj izfri{kh dks lsrqleqnze izdYi vU;
vyk;uesaV ds vuqlkj iw.kZ djus dk vkns'k nsaA fdUrq ;g djrs
le; vyk;uesVa dz- 3]5]6 ds laca k esa fopkj djus dh vko';drk
ugha gSA rFkk izLrqr izdYi ekxZ 1]2 rFkk 4 ds vuqlkj fdz;kfUor
djsaA eq[;r% vyk;uesaV dz- 4 ds vuqlkjA eqdnek dz- fjVfiVh'ku dz- 18076@2007 gSA
2- eUMel vFkok vU; mfpr vkns'k ns] fo'ks"kdj izfri{kh dz- 2
rFkk 5 lsrqleqnze~ izdYi iw.kZ djus ds fy, vU; fodYiksa dk
fopkj djs]a ftlds dkj.k fdlh Hkh izdkj ls ,sfrgkfld jkelsrq
dh gkuh ugha gksuh pkfg,A fjV fiVh'ku dz- 223@2007
3- eUMel vFkok vU; mfpr vkns'k nsa vFkok funs'Z kd izfri{kh dz1]6]4 dks funsZ'k nsdj jkelsrq ds lacak esa mRifk rFkk bfrgkl
dk vuqla kku djus ds fy, dgsa rFkk ml izdkj vkneiqy vFkok
jkelsrq jk"Vh; egRo dk Lekjd ds :i esa mldh mn~?kks"k.kk
djsaA izkphu Lekjd rFkk iqjkrRo LFkku ds vo'ks"k dkuwu 1958

ds vuqlkj fjV fiVh'ku dz- 18224@2007 ds vuqlkj--vkns'k

1- izLrqr ;kfpdk fopkjkFkZ ysdj rFkk ;kfpdk ds leFkZu esa fn,
'kiFki= ;ku esa j[kdj mfpr vkns'k nsus ds gsrq] lkFk gh mi;qZDr
;kfpdk ds lanHkZ esa lquokbZ esa gqbZ cgl ;ku esa j[kdj mfpr vkns'k nsus
gsrq ;g ;kfpdk nk;j dh xbZ gSA bl lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr fofkKksa ls
cgl gqbZ gSA
Jh Vh-Ogh- jkekuqte~] ofj"B fofkoDrk
Jh Vh-Ogh- d`".kkEekpkjh] ;kfpdk nk;jdrkZ oknh ds odhy
Jh Ogh-Vh- xksikyu] lkWfyflVj tujy us izfri{kh dz- 1 l 4 ds laca a k
esa cgl dhA
Jh th- eklykeuh] ofj"B fofkoDrk] Jh ch- jktsUnze~] izfri{kh dz- 6
dh vksj ls rFkk Jh lsrqjkeu~ ds fy, Jh Ogh-vkj- xksiky izfri{kh dz- 7
ds odhy ;kfpdk dz- 18076@2007A
2- Jh Mk- lqcze.;e~ Lokeh Lo;aikVhZ rFkk odhy us ;kfpdkdrkZvksa
dh vksj ls nksuksa ;kfpdkvksa esa cgl dhA mlh izdkj Jh Ogh-Vh- xksikyu~]
lkfyflVj tujy] ftUgsa ih- foYlu us lg;ksx fn;kA izfri{kh dz- 1 ls
4 ds fy, lgk;d lkfyflVj tujy us cgl dhA Jh th- eklykeuh
ofj"B fofkK] Jh ch- jktsUnzu izfri{kh dz- 6 ds odhy jgsA
lEekuh; U;k;ky; dk vkns'k ek- eq[; U;k;kh'k }kjk
1- bl yksdfgr j{k.k gsrq fd, x, ;kfpdk }kjk eUMel tkjh
djus gsrq izkFkZuk djrs gSa fd ftlds dkj.k izfri{kh dks ^lsrqleqnze~
izdYi* fdz;kfUor djus ls izfrcafkr djs]a rFkk mUgsa og izdYi fdz;kfUor
djuk gS rks vU; fodYiksa dk mi;ksx djsa rkfd] jkelsrq dks fdlh izdkj
dh {kfr ugha igqapsxh] tks ,sfrgkfld LFkku gSA
2- vkneiqy tks jkelsrq ds uke ls ifjfpr gS ;g FkkykbZ eUukj] Jh
yadk rFkk kuq"dksMh }hiksa esa gSA bl lsrq dh yackbZ 48 fd-eh- gksdj ;g
eUukj rFkk ikYd izokg dks ,d nwljs ls fHkUu djrk gSA bl lsrq dk
vfLrRo dbZ 'kkL=h; rFkk QksVksxzkfQd izek.kksa ls fl) gqvk gSA dbZ
oSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj uSlfxZd :i ls fuekZ.k u gksdj og iz;kliwoZd
cuk;k x;k gS] ;g fl) fd;k gSA bls lqizfl) laLFkk ^uklk* us Hkh iq"Vh
nh gSA iqjkrRo foHkkx ds v;;u ds vuqlkj ;g lsrq ekuo fufeZr gksus

33

34

dk er ntZ gSA
3- bl lanHkZ esa ^dEckjkek;.k* rFkk ^rqylhjkek;.k* esa Hkh bl lsrq
ds vfLrRo ds lanHkZ esa iq"Vh gSA lkFk gh iqjkus flDds rFkk rkeziV] Nksys
rFkk iYyo lsrq ds vfLrRo dh iq"Vh nsrs gSaA jkeukFkiqje~ ftys ds
xtsfV;j esa jkelsrq ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr fVIi.kh gSA
^^;g lsrq enqjkbZ ls iwoZ&nf{k.k iwoZ esa 110 ehy gSA ;g lsrq jkes'oj
ds iwoZ esa 15-5 ehy ij gSA ;g lsrq ckyw jssr rFkk iRFkjksa ls cuk;k x;k
gSA if'pe dh vksj dk lsrq jkes'oj rFkk iwoZ dk fgLlk tksMr+ k gS] ftlds
dkj.k nksuksa }hi jkes'oje~ rFkk eUukj ,d nwljs ls tksMs+ tkrs gSAa lkFk
gh ;g lsrq Jhyadk rFkk Hkkjr dks Hkh tksM+rk gSA bls jkejikye~ uke ls
lacksfkr fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g lsrq guqekuth ds usr`Ro esa cuk;k
tkrk gS] ftlds fy, canjksa dh lsuk us ;ksxnku fn;k gSA bl lsrq ds
dkj.k Jhjke th us Jhyadk tkdj fot;Jh izkIr dhA bZ-l- 1880 rd
bl lsrq ij ls Hkkjr Jhyadk ds chp ;krk;kr gksrh FkhA blds i'pkr
vR;ar rhoz rqQku ds dkj.k dqN ifjorZu gksdj mldk foLrkj 30 ehy
yack vkSj 1-25 eh- pkSMk+ bl izdkj ifjofrZr gqvkA ;g iV~Vk nf{k.k&iwoZ
rFkk mkj if'pe esa ;g jsr dk lsrq leqnz ikuh esa dqN LFkku ij fn[kkbZ
nsrk gS rFkk leqnz ds uhps dqN LFkku ij mldk vfLrRo eglwl gksrk gSA
rc leqnz dh xgjkbZ 3 ls 4 QhV mlesa fey tkrh gS lcetZ rc jsr
ds d.k ifjofrZr gksrs gq, fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA mlh izdkj ,d nwljs esa feys
var%izokg fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA nf{k.kiwoZ ekulwu ekSle esa bl lsrq ij cM+s
iSekus ij leqnz ygjksa ds vk?kkr gksrs gSaA ,d izdYi izLrkfor gS ftlds
dkj.k if'pe rVorhZ canjiwoZ rVorhZ canjksa ls tksM+us dk fopkj gSA
ftldk ms'; lkxjh nwjh de dj ,d ekxZ fuekZ.k dj eUukj vkSj ikYd
izokg ds chp tksM+us dk fopkj gSA**
4- enzkl izfs lMsl
a h eU;qvy esa lsrq ds laca k esa fuEufyf[kr tkudkjh
gS%&
^^bLykeh ijaijk ds rgr ^vkneiqy* lsFkqrke bl uke dk eryc]
vkne dks tc tUur LoxZ ls [knsM fn;k rc mlus bl lsrq ij ls gh
flyksu dk mYya?ku fd;kA rkeqy 'kCn dk vFkZ gS d`f=e ckakA rke ;kus
ifo= ckakA laLd`r uke ukyk lsrq] bldk eryc ukyke uke ds canj us
;g lsrq cuok;k] bl dks gh jkelsrq dgk tkrk gSA jkeckak dks gh

^vkfnlsrq* ;kus igyk lsrq dgk tkrk gSA bLrel] ftyk enqjkbZ] jkeukn
rky yV 9-5 yackbZ] 70^^ 30 QhV enqjkbZ ls iwoZ nf{k.k&iwoZ 110 fey vkSj
jkeukn iwoZ nf{k.k iwoZ 48 ehy gSA
5- izfl) izoklh ekdksZiksyks 13oha lnh esa bl lsrq lacak esa fy[krk
gS& ^^csly vko`kh uqlkj rFkk iqjk.k yVhuuqlkj bl izn's k dk uke ^ekcj*
vkSj ^eksvkcj* gS rFkk ukeQyduqlkj ;g uke eyckj gSA ;gka dh
ifjfLFkfr;ka fufoZokn :i ls dksjkse.My ds nf{k.k rV dk mYys[k djrh
gS] tgka flyksu mYya?ku dj lsuk igqaphA vkSj egRo dh ckr fufoZokn
fl) djrh gS fd ;g eyckj bykdk fo'ks"kr% blds mfpr LFkku ij
n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ekcj dk eryc ekxZ] Qsjh esuhdkbZ vkSj fjpMZlu
'kCndks"k nsf[k, bLyke us blh dks gh f=uqosYyh vkSj enqjk dgk gSA
raTtkSj foHkkx ds lkfUu; esa ;g lsrq jkeiqy vFkok vkneiqy uke ls
tkuk tkrk gSA vHkh ;g lsrq dk bLrseky ugha fd;k tkrk] fdUrq HkwxksyK
rFkk izkphu bfrgkl 'kkL=h;ksa ds er ls ;g Hkkjr dk gh fgLlk gSA
6- vusd ,sfrgkfld izoklh ,oe~ ys[kd] Fkkel gklZQhYM 1851
fofy;e QksMhZl es;j 1807] pkYlZ vks- dkuj 1819 vkfn egkuqHkkoksa
us bl lsrq ds vfLrRo ds ckjs esa fy[kk gSA
7- bl lsrq ds vfLrRo ds lanHkZ eas ,sls vusd izek.k gSA izfri{kh dz5 usa nkf[ky fd, gq, dkmaVj 'kiFki= ds vuqlkj bl lsrq dk vfLrRo
Lohdkj fd;k gSA izfri{kh dz- 5 ds fuosnu vuqlkj bl izokg fufeZrh ls
vkneiqy rd igqapus dk volj izkIr gksxk] lkFk gh fujh{k.k xfy;kjk
fuekZ.k djus dh ;kstuk Hkh fopkjkkhu gSA
8- ;kfpdkdrkZvksa dk er ,slk gS fd Hkkjr ds izkphu bfrgkl ds
vuqlkj ftlesa jkek;.k egkdkO; lekfgr gS]a Jhjke us LFkkuh; fe=ksa dh
enn ls ;g lsrq cuok;kA ;g lsrq cuokus dk dkj.k ;g gS fd Jhjke
dks mudh iRuh yadkkh'k jko.k ls NqMokuh] eqDr djokuh FkhA
;kfpdkdrkZvksa rFkk Hkkjrh; dkyx.kukuqlkj ;qxi)fk ;g lsrq vusd
lfn;ksa igys cuok;k x;k gS] blds vfLrRo ds ckjs esa dksbZ Hkh langs ugha
gks ldrkA ;g lsrq Jhjke ds flok vU; fdlh ds }kjk fuekZ.k djus ds
ckjs esa dksbZ Hkh izek.k miyCk ugha gS] tks Jhjke v;ks;k dk jktiq= Fkk]
lw;Zoa'kh; vkSj ftldk o.kZu ^vorkj iq:"k* ,slk nf{k.k fgUnqLFkku ds
vyokj lUrks us fd;k gSA bl lacak esa ek- loksZPp U;k;ky; us er

35

36

izfriknu fd;k gSA ohj izfFkjk pskh;j fo:) jke Lokeh ukbZDdj vky
bafM;k fjiksVZ 1958 ,l- lh- 1032 bl eqdnes esa ek- mPpre U;k;ky;
dk er ;g gS fd dksbZ oLrq ifo= gS ;k ugha ;g ml oLrq ds ifo=rk
ds izek.k ij fuHkZj gS rFkk vuqPNsn 295 ds vuqlkj ^fdlh keZ dk ;k
kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dk voeku djus ds ms'; ls izsfjr gqbZ d`fr Hkkoukvksa
dks {kfr igqapkus okyh lkfcr gqbZ rks og oLrq ifo= ekuh tkrh gSA**
9- bl lanHkZ esa Hkkjrh; lafokku] kkjk 49 dk fopkj djuk pkfg,A
izLrqr vuqPNsn ekxZn'kZd rRo ds vuqlkj izR;sd izkphu oLrq] LFkku]
Lekjd] ,sfrgkfld kjksgj dykvksa ls tqM+h gqbZ oLrq] tks yksdlHkk ds
fofkuqlkj jk"Vh; egRo dh ekuh tkrh gS] budk laj{k.k djuk jkT; dk
dkZO; gSA ,slh oLrqvksa dks fdlh Hkh rjhds ls fouk'k gksus ls] [kjkc gksus
ls] fonzqi gksus ls cpkuk pkfg,A ,slh fdlh Hkh oLrq dk LFkykarj.k ugha
gksuk pkfg,] fu;kZr ugha gksuh pkfg, ;g jkT; dk dkZO; gSA vuqPNsn
51 , ,Q vuqlkj] ^gj ukxfjd dk dkZO; gS fd ,slh fdlh Hkh oLrq
dk mfpr lEeku djuk pkfg,] ,sfrgkfld kjksgj rFkk laLd`fr ds :i
esa laj{k.k djuk rFkk lEeku djuk pkfg,* izkphu Lekjd vkSj iqjkrRo
LFky vfLrRo vfkfu;e 1958 dk Hkh lanHkZ fparuh; gSA bl vfkfuf;e
vuqPNsn 2, izkphu Lekjdksa dh ifjHkk"kk ,slh djrk gS ^^izkphu Lekjd
;kus dksbZ Hkh jpuk] cakok;k gqvk dk;Z ;k fufeZrh vFkok dksbZ LFkku tks
lekt fgr ls tqM+k gqvk gSA vFkok dksbZ xqQk] [kMd] f'kYi] o.kZu tks
Hkh ,sfrgkfld vkSj iqjkrRo foHkkx vuqlkj lekt ds dykRed n`f"V ls
vkd"kZ.k gS vkSj 100 o"kZ ls vfkd izkphu gS] fufEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk Hkh
blesa lekos'k gks ldrk gS%&
1- izkphu Lekjdksa ds vo'ks"k [kaMgj
2- izkphu Lekjdksa dk LFkku
3- izkphu Lekjdksa ds fudV dh txg] tks Lekjdksa dh laj{kd
nhokj cukus ds fy, vko';d gSA
4- ,sls Lekjdksa rd igqapus ds fy, ekxZ dh txg] ,sls LFkku ds
lanHkZ esa izkphu nLrkost] izek.k fujh{k.k ds fy, ekxZ dh txg
dk Hkh blesa lekos'k gSA* 1958 ds vfkfu;e 2 Mh vuqlkj
iqjkrRo vo'ks"k vFkok LFkku dh ifjHkk"kk ,slh gS%& ^^,slh dksbZ
Hkh txg ;k vo'ks"k ftlesa ,sfrgkfld] iqjkrRoh; egRo dh

oLrq] iqjk.koLrq ds vo'ks"k] lekfo"V gS ;k lekfof"Vrk ds ckjs

esa fo'okl gS vkSj 100 o"kks ls vfkd izkphu gSA vfkfu;e 1958
2 ts vuqlkj lajf{kr Lekjdksa gh ifjHkk"kk ,slh dh xbZ gS]
^dkSu lk Hkh Lekjd tks 1958 ds vfkfu;e ds rgr jk"Vh;
egRo dk mn~?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA*
10- izfrif{k;ksa dk er ;g gS fd vknelsrq ;g ekuo fufeZr ugha gS]
og fulxZ fufeZrh gSA tks jsr ds d.k tek gksus ls cuk gSA fdUrq 1958
ds vfkfuf;e ds vuqlkj ^izkphu Lekjd* ;g ladYiuk cgqr O;kid gS]
dkSu lk Hkh Lekjd tks vfrizkphu gS vkSj ftldh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe gS
vFkok jsdkMZ gS] og iRFkj] [kack] unh vFkok dqN Hkh gks ldrk gSA
jkeLo:i fo:) gfj;k.kk jkT; ,vkbZvkj 1993] iatkc o gfj.kk 204
bl eqdnesa esa iatkc gfj;k.kk mPp U;k;ky; ds csp
a us dgk gS fd] ^^cz
ljksoj ;g vfrizkphu LFkku gS] blfy, ;g izkphu ,sfrgkfld Lekjd
gSA 1958 ds vfkfu;e ds rgrA
11- ;kfpdkdrkZvksa dk 'kY; ihM+k ;g gS fd jkelsrq dk vfLrRo
'kklu dks lizek.k le>kus ij 'kkldh; dkZO; ;g gS fd bl lsrq ds
lacak esa foLr`r v;;u djus ds i'pkr ;fn jkelsrq dk vfLrRo fl)
gksrk gS rks 'kklu dks og jk"Vh; Lekjd ?kksf"kr dj mldk laj{k.k djuk
pkfg,A Hkkjrh; lafokku vuqPNsn 49 vuqlkj ;g izkFkZuk dh tkrh gS]
^lsrqleqnze* izdYi 1860 ls fopkjkkhu gSA 1860 ls 1972 rd 9 izLrko
cuk, x,] fofok lfefr;ka xfBr gksdj 1956 ls 1967 rd vkg~oku izkIr
gq, gSaA 1983 vkSj 1996 ds chp bl izdYi ds fdz;kUo;u ;ksX;rk
Ogk,fcyhVh ds ckjs esa vg~oky lknj gq,A bl lanHkZ esa ,- jkeLokeh
eqnfy;kj ds ekxZn'kZu esa xfBr lfefr dk tks vg~oky izkIr gqvk] bl
vg~oky esa gekjk bl fo"k; esa ;ku dsfUnzr gqvkA ;g lfefr jkes'oj }hi
ds iV~Vs esa ,d izokg fufeZrh ds fy, gh xfBr gqbZ Fkh] ftlls eUukj
izokg vkSj iYyd }hi tksMs+ tk,axAs izLrqr lfefr us ;g izLrko vLohdkj
fd;k vkSj vekU;rk ds fy, lcy rdZ Hkh fn, x,A uhjt fjiksVZ ds
vkkkj ij izfri{kh mUgksaus r; fd;k gqvk ekxZ mfpr gksus dk er
izfriknu djrs gSa vkSj ekxZ 6 Lohdkjus ds fy, dgrs gSAa fdUrq ml fjiksVZ
esa vU; dksbZ fodYi miyCk gS ;k ugha] ftlls vknelsrq u"V ugha gksxk]
bl ckjs esa dqN Hkh mk`r fd;k x;k ugha gSA

37

38

12- Jh lfPpnkuan ikaMs fo:) i- caxky 'kklu] U;k- ew- fpUeIik

jsM~Mh ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1987] ,l-lh- 1109 bl eqdnes esa dksVZ us ,slk
izfriknu fd;k gS fd ^^orZeku esa ekuo lekt dk izd`fr ds lkFk vR;ar
izHkkoh :i ls orZu xfrfofk;kaa pkyw gS ftlls ok;qeaMy i;kZoj.k dh
leL;k cgqr gh egRo dh fuekZ.k gqbZ gS vkSj lexz ekuo tkfr ds
fgrlaca kksa dk gh iz'u fuekZ.k gqvk gSA vkS|ksfxdj.k] 'kgjhdj.k] tula[;k
foLQksV] izkd`frd lalkkuksa dk vfrfjDr 'kks"k.k] ikjEifjd tkZ lzksrksa
esa Hkkjh ?kV] rFkk jkW eVsfj;y dh ek=k eas ?kV] u, tkZ lzksrkas dk
mi;kstu u gksuk ,oe~ izkd`frd i;kZoj.k esa vlarqyu dh vksj ;ku nsus
dk vHkko] vla[; izk.kh rFkk ouLifr;ksa dk vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ek=
fouk'k vkSj dbZ ckj dksbZ Hkh mfpr dkj.k u gksus ij Hkh fouk'kA bldk
ifj.kke Lo:i ok;qeM
a y v'kq) gks x;k gS vkSj vfkdkfkd v'kq) gks jgk
gSA 'kkL=h; vkSj rkaf=d izxfr ds vkkkj ij ;|fi ekuo izd`fr ij
fot; ikus tk jgk gSA rFkkfi bl 'kfDr dk vfoosd mi;kstu djus dh
vksj gh ekuo lekt dh xfrfofk;ka c<+ jgh gSA izd`fr ij fujarj
vfrdze.k tkjh gSA ;|fi ekuo okyqdke; izns'k dk e:Hkwfe gfj;kyh
esa vks;kfll :ikarj.k dj ldrk gS] rFkkfi vks;kfll ds LFkku ij Hkh
ihNs e:Hkwfe 'ks"k j[krk gh gSA
13- bl lanHkZ esa ek- U;k;ewrhZ us lqfo[;kr teZu nk'kZfud us ekuork
dks nh gqbZ rkdhn] b'kkjk mk`r fd;k gS fd ^^izd`fr ij izkIr fd;s gq,
fot; ij gesa vfrfjDr g"kksZaUekn ugha gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ,sls izR;sd
fot; dk fr cnyk izfr'kksk ysrh gSA izFke n'kZuh ;g lp gS fd
ekuo izd`fr ij fot; ik ldrk gS vkSj visf{kr ifj.kke Hkh izkIr dj
ldrk gS] fdUrq ;Fkkodk'k ifjfLFkfr;ka cnyrh gSa] vdfYir ifj.kke
?kfVr gksrs gSa] ftldk ifj.kke visf{kr QyLo:i ifj.kke fu"izHk gksrs
gSaA
14- blh lky esa baVy
s Ds pqvy Qksje fo:) vkUkzinz 's k 'kklu eqdnek
pyk] vuqPNsn 2006 3] 549 vuqlkj bl eqdnesa esa nks izkphu rkykcksa
ds ckjs esa iz'u mifLFkr fd;k x;k Fkk] vfOgyky rkykc vkSj is::
rkykc] tks fo'ofo[;kr fr:ifr 'kgj ds miuxjksa esa gSA mDr rkykc
ds laj{k.k rFkk ;FkkfLFkfr j[kus ds ckjs esa eqdnek pyk FkkA ;g nksuks
gh rkykc bZlk iwoZ 1500 lky ls vfLrRo esa gSaA bl eqdnesa ds fu.kZ;

esa ek- mPp U;k;ky; us izfriknu fd;k fd ^^i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk djuk

;g jkT; 'kklu dk dkZO; dk;Z gS] ;g er lHkh ns'kksa esa loZekU; gS
blhfy, varjjk"Vh; dkuwu esa ^jkT;ksa dk nkf;Ro* bl ladYiuk dks tUe
fn;kA jkT; ds varxZr fuekZ.k gksus okys iznq"k.k iksY;q'ku dk nkf;Ro
jkT; 'kklu dk gS] ;g er ;w,uvks ds ekuoh i;kZoj.k fo"k;d dkWUQjUl]
LVkdgkse esa 1972 esa izfrikfnr fd;k x;k] og dkWUQjUl] LVkdgkse
dkUOgsU'kal uke ls fo[;kr gS] bl dkUOgsU'ku dk Hkkjr ns'k Hkh ,d
lg;ksxh ?kVd FkkA lafokku dh kkjk 48, vuqlkj lHkh jkT;ksa dks
i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk djus ds fy, ck; fd;k gS] mlh izdkj taxy rFkk
oU; thoksa dh lqj{kk djuk Hkh vfuok;Z fd;k gSA lafokku dh kkjk 51
, vuqlkj jk"Vh; i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk djuk] lqkkj djuk lHkh Hkkjrh;
ukxfjdks dk lkewfgd dkZO; ekuk x;k gSA blesa taxy] rkykc] ufn;ka]
oU; izk.kh;ksa dks lekfo"V fd;k x;k gS] muds ckjs esa ukxfjdksa ds eu eas
lgkuqHkwfr gksuh pkfg, ,slh Hkh vis{kk gSA ;g nksukas gh vuqPNsn jkT;
'kklu pykus easa dsoy ewyHkwr gh ugah cfYd jkT; ds dkuwu cukrs le;
bu rRoksa dks ;ku esa j[kdj gh dkuwu cukus pkfg, brus egRoiw.kZ gS]
;g ewy vfkdkj lafokku dh kkjk,a 14]19 vkSj 21 vuqlkj iznku fd,
gSAa bu nksuksa vuqPNsn esa lekfo"V rRokas dk fopkj laln rFkk dkuwu cukus
okyh fokkf;dkvksa dks djuk gh pkfg,A ek- U;k;ky; us ,slk Hkh dgk
gS fd fodkl] vkfFkZd rFkk i;kZoj.k dh vko';drk fujarj jgrh gS]
fdlh mfpr dkj.kksa ds flok i;kZoj.k dk fouk'k gqvk rks cgqr vuFkZ gks
ldrk gS] ,slh xfrfofk;ka U;kf;d rFkk dk;Zdkjh lqj{kk vkoj.k ds
foijhr fl) gksxh] blhfy, fo'o ds lHkh uhfr fukkZjdksa us rFkk U;k;
laLFkkvksa us ^lql fodkl* lLVsuscy MsoYiesaV bl ladYiuk dk
izfriknu fd;k gSA blfy, dsoy fodkl ds uke ij LFkkuh; izkd`frd
lalkkuksa dk fouk'k djuk vuqfpr gh gksxkA lHkh ek- U;k;ky;ksa us Hkh
^lql fodkl* bl ladYiuk dks ;ku esa ysrs gq, fodkl gksrs gq,
izkd`frd i;kZoj.k Hkh vckfkr jgsxkA blds ckjs esa lrdZ jguk pkfg,A
dukZVd baMLVh;y ,fj;k MsoYieaVs cksMZ fo:) dsp
a Iik 20066 vuqPNsn
371 vkSj fjlpZ QkmaMs'ku Qkj lkbZal fo:) Hkkjr ljdkj 200513
,l-lh-lh- 186 eqdnesa esa Hkh lEekuh; mPpre U;k;ky; us lql
fodkl ladYiuk dk vkxzgiwoZd izfriknu fd;k gSA

39

40

15- ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd leqnzlsrq izdYi ds fdz;kUo;u

;ksX;rk fo"k;d nks ;kfpdk,a bl U;k;ky; us [kkfjt fMlfel
dh gSa] bl fo:) ek- loksZPp U;k;ky; esa eqdnek izyafcr gSA
izLrqr ;kfpdk esa izeq[k iz'u ;g gS fd izLrkfor izdYi fufeZrh
ls i;kZoj.k dh vourh gksxh D;k\ blds ;kfpdkdrkZ izdYi
fufeZrh ds fo:) ugha gS] os izkFkZuk djrs gSa fd vknelsrq vFkok
jkelsrq v{kr] vckfkr jgrs gq, bl izdYi dk fuekZ.k gksuk
pkfg,] pwafd ;g lsrq jk"Vh; Lekjd gS] ,slk mudk er gS] bl
ckjs esa Hkkjrh; la?k jkT; us dkmaVj 'kiFki= Hkh nkf[ky fd;k gS]
tks dsoy fdz;kUo;u e;LFk bEIyhesaVhax ,tsalh gSA laLd`rh
vkSj i;ZVu ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj dks funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gS fd os
dkmaVj 'kiFki= nkf[ky djsa] ftlesa ;g Li"V gksuk pkfg, fd
iqjkrRo foHkkx us bl ckjs esa dksbZ v;;u fd;k gS ;k ugha] vFkok
vU; fdlh lacafkr foHkkx us vknelsrq@jkelsrq ds ckjs esa dksbZ
v;;u fd;k gS\ 1958 ds vfkfu;e rgr izLrqr lsrq ^jk"Vh;
Lekjd* ekuk tk ldrk gS\ Hkkjr ljdkj dks ;g Hkh Li"V djuk
pkfg, fd izLrqr vkne lsrq@jkelsrq dks {kfr u igqaprs gq, vU;
oSdfYid vYVjusfVo ekxksZa ls izdYi fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gS
D;k\ dqN fodYi ds ckjs esa igys gh xfBr gq, lfefr;ksa ls
lq>ko izkIr gq, gSaA ,slk dkmaVj 'kiFki= Hkkjr ljdkj dks vkt
ls pkj lIrkg ds vanj nkf[ky djus dk funsZ'k fd;k tkrk gSA
bl le; dksbZ varfje vkns'k nsuk pkfg, ,slk ugha yxrk] D;kasfd
dk;Z esa ckkk vkus dh laHkkouk gS fdUrq ge Hkkjrh; la?kjkT; dks
;g iwNuk pkgrs gSa fd bl U;k;ky; ls fu.kZ; izkIr gksus rd
vknelsrq@jkelsrq dks {kfr igqapkus dh dk;Zokgh vkxs ys tk
ldrh gS ;k ugha iksLViksu~M ;g r; djuk pkfg,A bl eqdnesa
dh dk;Zokgh 23-07-2007 rd LFkfxr dh tkrh gSA
gLrk{kj
19-6-2007
lR;izr%
lc vflLVaV jftLVkj LVVLVhDl@lh-,l- mPp U;k;ky; enzkl
41

foksk ys[k

jkelsrq rksM+us dk nqjkxzg

n;ukjk;.k nhf{kr
lkjh nqfu;k ds ,sfrgkfld lkaLd`frd egRo ds Lekjdksa ds laj{k.k
ds fy, dke dj jgh varjjk"Vh; laLFkk oYMZ ekuqeVas l QaM us jkelsrq dks
cpkus dh vihy dh gSA vesfjdk ls lapkfyr bl foo laLFkk us leq
ds hrj ls jkelsr@
q vkne lsrq dk jsr fudkydj oSKkfud ijh{k.k djkus
dk lq>ko h fn;k gSA laLFkk ds vuqlkj ,slh egRoiw.kZ kjksgjksa ds i{k
esa xgu tutkxj.k t:jh gSA laLFkk us blds fy, fQYe fuekZ.k lfgr
lh lapkj ek;eksa ds tfj, tuer cukus dk vkxzg fd;k gSA foo fganw
ifj"kn dks bl lq>ko ij vey djuk pkfg,A ifj"kn jkelsrq cpkus ds fy,
vkanksyu dh ?kks"k.kk dj pqdh gSA ktik us laln esa h bl loky dks dkQh
tksjnkj <ax ls mBk;k gSA i;kZoj.kfon~ jkelsrq oal ds fojkskh gSA fo'ks"kKksa
ds vuqlkj jkelsrq lqukeh tSls ;adj rwQku ls j{kk djrk gSA eNqvkjksa dks
dfBukb;ka vk ldrh gSA lsrq leqe ifj;kstuk iwjh gksus ij jkesoje rV
ls eNfy;ka kx ldrh gSA jkelsrq lkaLd`frd kjksgj gSA ,sfrgkfld
;knxkj gS] ckotwn blds dsa ljdkj lsrl
q eqe ifj;kstuk ij Vl ls el
ug gqbAZ jkelsrq rksMu+ s ds ljdkjh nqjkxzg tl ds rl gSA
dsa ljdkj dh njvly dksbZ lkaLd`frd uhfr ug gSA ljdkj ds
uhfr&fu;ark jke vkSj d`".k dks dkYifud ekurs gSA ;gka ljdkjs rktegy
ds kCcksa ij h fpafrr gks tkrh gS]a ysfdu Jhjke eafnj vkSj jkelsrq tSls
jk"Vh; vkLFkk ds uksa ij vkp;Ztud lkankf;d #[k viukrh gSA
foo bfrgkl ds fdlh h lkfgR; esa jkelsrq tSls euq"; fufeZr kphu
iqy dk o.kZu ug feyrkA uklk us mixzgksa ds tfj, blds fp= [kpsA
oSKkfud vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj lsrq yxx 17 yk[k o"kZ iqjkuk gSA ekDlZoknh
bfrgkldkjksa ds fy, h ;g ,d igsyh gSA muds vuqlkj jkedFkk
dkYifud gS] egt dkO; gSA oSls dYiuk dks h lR; ds vkkkj dh
42

vko';drk gksrh gSA okYehfd yksdeaxy ds dfo FksA jke lsuk dks leq
ikj tkus ds vkSj h dbZ fodYi Fks] ij okYehfd us y{e.k ds eqga ls
lsrcq a k dh 'kalk esa nh?kZ okuq i';rq dgyok;k ;kuh ;g lsrq jkelsuk
gh ug vkxs h tulkkkj.k ds fy, mi;ksxh gksxkA okYehfd ds ckn
gtkjksa vuqfw r;ksa vkSj n`f"Vdks.kksa ls jkedFkk ij lkfgR; jpk x;kA
lsrcq a k dh dFkk lh kjrh; k"kkvksa ds dfo;ksa us xkbZA dFkk cPps&cPps
dh tqcku ij gSA xkSjo'kkyh bfrgkl dks ;kn j[kus dk ;gh kjrh;
rjhdk gSA
D;k jkedFkk bfrgkl gS ;k jkelsrq ,sfrgkfld kjksgj] jke vkSj
jkelsrq kjr ds eu dks Liafnr djrs gSA ;wjksih; bfrgkl n`f"V ;gka dksbZ
dke ug djrhA jke vkSj d`".k dh ,sfrgkfldrk ds ckjs esa lektoknh
fpard Mk- jkeeuksgj yksfg;k us fy[kk] budks bfrgkl ds ijns ij mrkjus
dh dksf'k'k gkL;kLin gksxhA yksfg;k us jke] d`".k vkSj f'ko dks kjr esa
iw.kZrk ds rhu egku LoIuksa dh laKk nhA xkakhth h jkejkT; ykuk pkgrs
FksA jke kjr ds eu dk Lof.kZe vkdk'k gS vkSj jkelsrq blh kjrh ij
mudh kphu kjksgj vkSj tehuh lPpkbZ gSA uklk ds igys ekl
slhMsalh dh Xykljh esa jkesoje ds fudV 30 ehy yacs vkSj lok ehy
pkSMs+ lsrq dk mYys[k gSA lsrq vfr kphudky ls kjr vkSj Jhyadk ds
chp iSny vkokxeu dk ekxZ FkkA lu~ 1480 esa vk, rwQku esa ;g Mwc
x;kA vaxzst dq'ky O;kikjh FksA fczfV'k ukSlsuk ds dekaMj , Mh Vsyj us
1860 esa caxky dh [kkM+h ls fgan egklkxj rd xgjh [kqnkbZ djus o ,d
ty ekxZ cukus dk Lrko fd;kA 1862 esa fczfV'k lalnh; lfefr us
ikacu ds ifpe esa ,d ehy nwj rd ugj [kksns tkus dh laLrqfr dhA
1863 esa ekl ds xouZj tujy us ,d f ekxZ lq>k;kA kjr ds lfpo
us h f ekxZ dh iSjoh dhA lkmFk bafM;uf'ki dSukyiksVZ ,aM dksfyax
LVs'ku fy- us jkesoje ds fudV 100 QhV pkSMh+ ugj dh [kqnkbZ 'kq: dhA
ekl ljdkj bl ;kstuk ls vlger FkhA ;kstuk fujLr gks xbZA 1902
esa fQj u;k Lrko vk;k vkSj fujLr gks x;k] ysfdu 1947 esa ekl
ljdkj us bls viuh canjxkg fodkl ;kstuk dk fgLlk cuk;kA ikacu
ugj dks gh 20 QhV ls T;knk xgjk [kksndj tyekxZ cukus dh rS;kjh
gqbZA dsa us eqnkfy;kj dh v;{krk esa ,d lfefr cukbZA lfefr us ubZ
laLrqfr;ka dhaA rfeyukMq fokkulk us ;kstuk ij Lrko fd;kA o"kZ

1860 ls 2005 rd 145 o"kZ gks x,A <sj lkjh lfefr;ka cu] v;;u gq,]
ysfdu lax ljdkj us tYnckth dhA
lsrq leqe ifj;kstuk esa kjr vkSj Jhyadk dh leqh ;k=k nwjh dks
?kVkus ds dfFkr y{; gSA ljdkj ds lkeus <sj lkjs fodYi gSA jkelsrq
u rksMs+ tkus ds kSfrd Qk;ns h gS]a ysfdu lax us fodYiksa ij xkSj ug
fd;kA i;kZoj.kfonksa ls jk; ug gqbZA leq dh xgjkbZ dk v;;u djus
okys fo'ks"kK h ug iwNs x,A lqukeh dh vk'kadk okys rfeyukMq] dsjy
o dukZVd ds leqrVoklh yksxksa ds fy, jkelsrq dh mi;ksfxrk dk h
dksbZ v;;u ug gqvkA jkelsrq ds nksuksa vksj tek jsr esa ik, tkus okys
Fkksfj;e dh ijek.kq V~V;ksa esa mi;ksfxrk ij h fopkj ug gqvkA jk"Vh;
Lo;alos d la?k ds eq[k dqIi~-lh- lqn'kZu us jkelsrq rksMu+ s ds ihNs xahj
lkft'k dk vkjksi yxk;k gSA varjjk"Vh; rkdrsa kjr dh ijek.kq 'kf
esa vkRefuZjrk ug pkgrhA loky flQZ fganw vkLFkk dk gh ug gS]
cqfu;knh loky lE;d foys"k.k] lexz v;;u vkSj jk"Vh; fgr dk gh
gS] ysfdu dsa ljdkj laLd`fr vkSj jk"V fgr ls sfjr ug gksrhA kjr
dh lsdqyj jktuhfr njvly fganw vkLFkk ij geykoj jgrh gS vkSj
etgch vkkedrk dk Lokxr djrh gSA jktuhfr vkkedrk dh gh
iSjksdkj FkhA lh n`f"V;ksa ls laj{k.k ;ksX; jkelsrq ds oLrhdj.k Lrko
ij lewph jktuhfr ekSu gS] cqf)thoh vius dke ij gSA
jkelsrq tSlh kphu kjksgj ij jk"Voknh ekul dh pqIih vkp;Ztud
ug gSA lkseukFk] v;ks;k] eFkqjk vkSj dk'kh tSls eafnjksa ds rksM+s tkus ij
h dksbZ tum}syu ug gqvk FkkA vkRe&rqf"V ds [kkrs dg ldrs gS fd
;g fganv
q ksa dk lfg".kq ko Fkk] ysfdu vly esa ,slk euksko ijkt; ko
dk Lohdkj jksx FkkA kjrh; iqjkrRo loZ{s k.k ds rhd fpu esa vklsrq
fgekpye~ dk mYys[k gSA iqjkrRo fokx vius rhd fpu okD; ds fr
h ltx ug gSA ;kuh jketh gh jkelsrq cpkus ds fy, vkxs vk,aA ;gh
ckr lkseukFk ij gq, vke.k ds le; h iqtkjh J)kyq lksprs FksA eafnj
yqV x;kA kjr foktu ds o h fganw lekt us ,slh gh detksjh
fn[kkbZA ?kqliSB ij h ,slh gh detksjh gSA ;gka ljdkjksa ls gh mEehnsa
gksrh gSA ernkrk vxys 5 o"kZ rd bartkj djrs gSaA Mk- yksfg;k us Bhd
dgk Fkk&ftank dkSes 5 lky rd bartkj ug djrA ysfdu ;gka yksfg;k
ug] dchj dh mf ykxw gksrh gS& lkkkS ;g eqnZu dk xkaoA

43

44

fopkj fcUnq

fgUnw fgrksa ij vke.k dk izfrjks?k gksxk

mBks fgUnqvks] bl ladV esa ,drk fn[kkvks!!

&dqi~-lh- lqn'kZu] ljla?kpkyd] jk-Lo-la?k
Jhjke lsrq gekjs lkaLfrd vfk"Bku dk
vfoHkkT; vax gSA loky mBrk gS fd Hkkjr
ljdkj us mls vekU; dSls fd;k\ mls rksMu+ s ds
ihNs mldh ea'kk D;k gS\ tc ls lax dk 'kklu
vk;k gS] fgUnw ekU;rkvksa vkSj rhdksa ij geys
vHkwriwoZ <ax ls c<+s gSAa jke lsrq dks rksMs+ tkus dk lqj{kk fo'ks"kK Hkh fojksk
dj jgs gSa D;ksfa d mlls bl {ks= esa fons'kh ukSdkvksa dk vkokxeu rks c<+x
s k
gh] vejhdh n[ky dk Hkh foLrkj gksxkA vejhdh n[ky ds dkj.k gh
tYnckth esa jke lsrq rksMs+ tkus dk dk;Z kjaHk fd;k x;k vkSj kkuea=h
dk;kZy; ls bl ifj;kstuk ds lanHkZ esa 16 'u iwNs x, ysfdu muesa ls
fdlh ,d dk Hkh bl ifj;kstuk ds f;kUo;u ds fy, ftEesnkj laLFkk
rwrhdksfju canjxkg U;kl us Bhd dkj ls tokc ug fn;kA ifj;kstuk
ds ckjs esa u rks i;kZoj.k vuqla kku laLFkku usjh] ukxiqj ls iwNk x;k] u
gh lqj{kk fo'ks"kKksa ls] u gh lkxjh; ekeyksa ds fo'ks"kKksa ls iwNk x;kA
30 twu] 2005 dks kkuea=h dk;kZy; dks rwrhdksfju canjxkg U;kl ds
v;{k j?kqifr us Vkyw fdLe ds mkj Hksts vkSj 2 tqykbZ dks kkuea=h rFkk
lksfu;k xkakh eqd usrkvksa ds lkFk mn~?kkVu djus igqap x,A ,slh
tYnckth D;k Fkh\ bl ifj;kstuk dk fgUnw] eqfLye] fl[k] bZlkbZ lHkh
fojksk dj jgs gSa] bl dkj.k ifj;kstuk ij f;kUo;u Hkh 'kq: ug gks
ik;kA nks ckj mR[kuu ds tgkt Hksts x, ij jke lsrq rksMu+ s okys tgkt
ds CysM nksuksa ckj VwV x, vkSj rhljh ckj mR[kuu tgkt jkeuoeh ds
fnu Hksts x,A
;g Hkkjr ds fo#) vejhdh "kM~a= ds lkeus >qdh detksj ljdkj
dk nq"deZ gS] ftls jksduk gh gksxkA kkuea=h pkgsa rks ;g fu.kZ; ys ldrs
gSAa vkf[kjdkj ns'k ds kkuea=h os gSa dksbZ vkSj ugA ;fn mUgksua s bl ekxZ
ls jke lsrq dk rksMk+ tkuk ug jksdk rks ns'k esa ,d fojkV tukanksyu [kM+k
gksxkA fgUnw lekt ,dtqV gksdj lkeus vk,xkA
45

&vkksd fla?ky] vUrjkZVh; v/;{k] fofgi

Hkkjr lkSHkkX;'kkyh gS fd mlds ikl
fo'o dh egkure kjksgj ds :i esa vkfndky
esa ekuo fufeZr jkelsrq gSA ge lsrq leqe~
dYi dk fojksk ug dj jgs gSa] ;g
dYi jkelsrq rksM+s fcuk Hkh iwjk fd;k tk
ldrk gSA Jhjkelsrq rksM+us ls u dsoy fo'o ds lcls cM+s Fkksfj;e
Hk.Mkj u"V gks tk,axs cfYd lqukeh dh ygjksa ls dsjy dh j{kk Hkh
laHko ug gks ik,xh vkSj mlls c<+dj] Hkkjr nqfu;k dh ,d egku
lkaLfrd kjksgj [kks cSBsxkA ysfdu orZeku dsU ljdkj fgUnw
Hkkoukvksa dh mis{kk dj jgh gSA ,d vksj jke eafnj fuekZ.k ds ekxZ
esa ckkk,a Mkyh tk jgh gSa] rks nwljh vksj Jhjkelsrq rksM+k tk jgk
gSA tks dqN Hkh Jhjke ls tqM+k gS] fgUnw rFkk fgUnqRo dk rhd gS
ml ij ;g ljdkj fuyZTtrk ls dqBkjk?kkr dj jgh gSA
keZ] lqj{kk vkSj lkaLfrd ijEijk&bu rhuksa n`f"V;ksa ls jkelsrq
dks rksM+k tkuk v{kE; vijkk gS ftls Hkkjr dh turk dHkh lgu
ug djsxhA

fgUnw Hkkoukvksa dks dqpyuk pkgrh gS lax ljdkj

&jktukFk lg] jk"Vh; v;{k] Hkktik
kuq"dksfV ds fudV lsrq leqe~ dYi ds
varxZr Jhjkelsrq rksMu+ s dh ;kstuk lax ljdkj
}kjk fgUnw vkLFkkvksa ij dqBkjk?kkr dk gh
mnkgj.k gSA
Jhjkelsrq 'kSy fufeZr kphure Lekjd gS tks]
ekuk tkrk gS] Jhyadk tkus ds fy, Hkxoku jke
us cuok;k FkkA ;g u dsoy Hkkjrh; laLfr vkSj jk"V ds fy, egRoiw.kZ
gS cfYd oSf'od fojklr gSA fons'kh jkt ds mu dkys fnuksa esa vkSj
46

Hkkjr&'k=qvksa ds }kjk Hkh dHkh fdlh us bls Nwus dh fgEer ug dh FkhA

exj lax ljdkj jk"Vh; Hkkoukvksa dk vieku djrs gq, bl kphu
Lekjd dks rksM+us ij rqyh gSA
kkfeZd vkSj lkaLfrd vk;keksa ds lkFk gh] yxrk gS ljdkj us bl
dYi ds j.kuhfrd igyqvksa dks Hkh utjvankt dj fn;k gSA bl le;
gekjs ikl dsjy vkSj Jhjkelsrq {ks= esa fo'o dk lcls cM+k Fkksfj;e
Hk.Mkj gSA [kuu vkSj orZeku ugj ekxZ dks [kksyus ds ckn u dsoy
Fkksfj;e dk Hk.Mkj u"V gks tk,xk cfYd ge Jhyadk vkSj Hkkjr ds chp
lkxjh; lhek dks varjkZ"Vh; lhek Lohdkjus ds f'kdats esa tdM+ tk,axs]
ftldk ge ges'kk ls fojksk djrs vk, gSaA lqj{kk fo'ks"kKksa us bl dYi
ij tYnckth esa fdlh varjkZ"Vh; Hkko dh vksj b'kkjk fd;k gSA Hkktik
[kuu dk;Z dh iwjh rjg tkap djus dh ekax djrh gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj ls ge vihy djrs gS fd Hkkjrh; lkaLfrd fojklr
vkSj fgUnw kkfeZd vkLFkkvksa ds rhd bl Jhjkelsrq ls dksbZ NsM+NkM+ u
dh tk,A Hkktik lsrq leqe~ dYi ds fo#) ug gS cfYd ;g pkgrh
gS fd ljdkj oSKkfudksa }kjk lq>k, mu oSdfYid ekxks ij fopkj djs
ftuls Jhjkelsrq dks rksM+us dh t:jr u gksA

yksx dy }kfjdk dks Hkh rksM+ ldrs gSaA

jke lsrq dks cpkrs gq, nwljs tyekxZ dk fuekZ.k fd, tkus dk
fodYi miyCk gS rks D;ksa ug mldk bLrseky fd;k tkrk\ fo'o esa tks
Hkh O;f lkaLfrd fojklr ds fr laosnu'khy gksxk og bl dkj dh
fojklr dks rksM+s tkus ds fr pfrr vkSj q) gksxk ghA ,slh fojklr
;fn Hkkjr esa rksM+h xbZ rks mlls c<+dj nqHkkZX;tud fo"k; vkSj D;k gks
ldrk gSA ;g fo"k; dsoy jkeHkksa rd gh lhfer ug gS cfYd iwjh
ekuo tkfr ls tqMk+ gS vkSj ;g ekuoh; lkaLfrd bfrgkl dh xkFkk dk
,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gS blfy, blds ckjs esa fo'o ds lHkh laLfr seh
euq";ksa dk pfrr gksuk LokHkkfod gSA
eq>s fo'okl gS fd fo'o dk dksbZ Hkh laosnu'khy O;f jke lsrq dks
rksMu+ s dh vuqefr ug nsxkA bl {ks= esa dke djus okys lHkh laLfr seh
,oa lkaLfrd fojklr ds fr laons u'khy O;f;ksa dks ,d vUrjjk"Vh;
lEesyu dk vk;kstu djuk pkfg, tks bl eqs ij ckjhdh ls fopkj djsA
xqtjkr dh turk fo'o leqnk; dh jke lsrq ds fr prk vkSj mlds
laj{k.k ds fr viuh ftEesnkjh esa iwjh rjg ls lgHkkxh gksxhA

tkjh izsl oO; ds izeq[k vak

e#LFky ds yksx Hkh pqi ug cSBsaxs

&olqakjk jkts lfk;k] eq[;ea=h] jktLFkku

jke lsrq fo'o ekuork dh kjksgj

&ujsU eksnh] eq[;ea=h] xqtjkr
jke lsrq dsoy Hkkjr dh egkure lkaLfrd
fojklr esa ls ,d ug gS cfYd ;g fo'o dh ,d
egku fojklr gS] tSls xqtjkr esa tyeXu }kfjdk
uxj gSA blfy, jke lsrq dk fo"k; u fdlh keZ
;k etgc rd lhfer gS] u gh fdlh fopkjkkjk
;k ny rdA }kfjdk ds lanHkZ esa rks geus dsU ljdkj ls vusd ckj dgk
gS fd leq esa Mwcs }kfjdk uxj dks ns[kus ds fy, vkkqfud rduhd dk
mi;ksx djrs gq, ,d fo'o fl) i;ZVu LFky cuk;k tk, rkfd ty
ds Hkhrj }kfjdk ds n'kZu fd, tk ldsAa jke lsrq dks rksMu+ s ds fy, rS;kj
47

jktLFkku jsrhyk ns'k gS] tgka jsfxLrku gS

vkSj tks pkjksa vksj ls Hkwfe ls f?kjk gSA ;gka ds yksx
Hkys gh lkxj ls cgqr nwj gksa ysfdu os vPNh rjg
ls le>rs] tkurs vkSj igpkurs gSa fd Hkxoku Jh
jke us yadk ls lhrk th dks NqM+kus ds fy, leq
ij iqy ckakk Fkk] ftls 'krkfCn;ksa vkSj lglzkfCn;ksa ls gekjh turk Jh
jke lsrq ds uke ls tkurh gSA Jh jke lsrq ;qxksa ls gekjs ekul esa
bfrgkl vkSj laLfr dh Hkkjrh; igpku ds ukrs xqaFkk gqvk gSA vxj
ml Jh jke lsrq dks {kfrxzLr djus dk fdlh Hkh dkj dk dksbZ dk;Z
fd;k tk jgk gS rks esjh n`f"V esa og dksbZ vPNk fopkj ug gks ldrkA
eq>s fo'okl gS fd yksxksa dks ln~cqf) vk,xh vkSj Hkkjrh; laLfr dh
bl kjksgj dks {kfrxzLr ug fd;k tk,xkA ;fn ,slk gqvk rks pkgs
48

dsjy ds yksx gksa ;k jktLFkku ds] os pqi ug cSBsaxs] D;ksafd Jh jke lsrq
gekjs ekul esa frf"Br gSA

turk tukanksyu ls bls jksdsxh

&f'kojkt lg pkSgku] eq[;ea=h] e; ns'k
eSaus 6 eghus igys Hkh kkuea=h dks i= fy[kk Fkk
ftlesa muls vkxzg fd;k Fkk fd os lsrq leqe ifj;kstuk
bl dkj ls ykxw djsa ftlls Jh jke lsrq dks rfud Hkh
{kfr u igqapsA Jh jke lsrq gekjh vkLFkk] fo'okl vkSj
Hkkjrh; lH;rk dh vkkkjHkwr ekU;rkvksa esa ls ,d gSA
;fn bldks dfpr Hkh {kfrxzLr fd;k x;k rks e; ns'k dh turk vkSj
ljdkj mldk fojksk djus ds fy, iwjh rkdr ls lkeus vk,xh vkSj e;
ns'k dh kjrh ls ,d ,slk tukanksyu [kM+k gksxk tks fgUnw vkLFkk ij bl
vHkwriwoZ gkj dks jksddj gh ne ysxkA

vkLFkk ls tqMs+ lsrq ij dksbZ le>kSrk ug

&Mk- jeu lg] eq[;ea=h] Nkhlx<+
nwljs] jkelsrq rks djksMk+ &
sa djksM+ yksxksa dh Hkkoukvksa ls
tqM+k fo"k; gSA bldks rksM+us dh ps"Vk fdlh rjg Lohdk;Z
ug gSA bl eqs ij rks iwjs ns'k esa tu&tkxj.k gksuk
pkfg,A Nkhlx<+okfl;ksa dh Hkkouk,a ns'kokfl;ksa ls iwjh
rjg tqM+h gSaA ns'k esa dg&fdlh Hkkx esa ladV gks rks
Nkhlx<+ Hkh mldks eglwl djrk gS vkSj mlds funku esa iwjk lg;ksx
nsrk gSA nqfu;k esa lHkh viuh kphu laLfr vkSj kjksgj dks latksus dk
;kl djrs gSa vkSj ;gka ge viuh laLfr ls tqMh+ ,d Le`fr dks rksMu+ k
pkgrs gSa! viuh kphu fojklr ls eqag eksM+ ysuk pkgrs gSa\ fuf'pr :i
ls ;g lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd n`f"V ls mfpr ug gSA bldk fojksk
lHkh {ks=ksa esa gksxkA
49

jkelsrq rksMk+ rks tcjnLr vkks'k dV gksxk

&es-tu- ls-fu- Hkqou pU [k.Mwjh] eq[;ea=h] mkjk[kaM
lsrq leqe dYi ds varxZr orZeku tyekxZ ds
dkj.k gekjh vkLFkk] fo'okl vkSj lkaLfrd fojklr
dk vfoHkkT; vax jke lsrq rksM+k tk jgk gSA jke lsrq
gekjh ,sfrgkfld kjksgj gSA gekjh ikSjkf.kd ekU;rkvksa
esa ;g 'kkfey gSA fo'o ds djksM+ksa fgUnqvksa dh gh ug
cfYd lHkh laLfrfu"B O;f;ksa dh vkLFkk blls tqMh+
gSA ;g jke lsrq fo'o Hkj ds jkeHkksa dh vkLFkk dk gtkjksa o"kks ls pyk
vk jgk vax gSA blds vfrfj jke lsrq rksM+us esa vejhdh LokFkZ dh Hkh
n[ky fn[k jgh gSA ij ge vejhdh LokFkZ dks gh D;ksa nks"k nsa] gekjs ns'k
ds vius yksxksa dk fufgr LokFkZ Hkh blesa 'kkfey gS tks vkSj Hkh vfkd
nqHkkZX;tud gSA
kkfeZd vkSj lkaLfrd egRo ds vykok jke lsrq rksMk+ tkuk i;kZoj.k
dh n`f"V ls Hkh vR;ar uqdlkunsg lkfcr gksxkA ;fn jke lsrq dks rksM+k
x;k vkSj ;g tyekxZ cnyk ug x;k rks iwjs ns'k esa vkks'k dh ygj
mBsxh vkSj mkjk[kaM dh nsoHkwfe ds vkLFkkoku ukxfjd jke lsrq rksM+s
tkus ds fojksk esa vHkwriwoZ vkanksyu djsaxsA

ljdkj dks fgUnw Hkkoukvksa dh ijokg gh ug gS!

&cky vkiVs] jk"Vh; mik;{k] Hkktik
v;ks;k ls ysdj jkelsrq rd fgUnw Hkkoukvksa ij
vk?kkr gks jgs gSAa bldk ,d cM+k dkj.k gS lsdy
q jokn ds
uke ij fgUnqvksa dh Hkkoukvksa ds fr laosnughurkA vkSj
blh esa ls mitk gS vYila[;dokn ds uke ij eqfLyeksa
dk rq"Vhdj.kA blh dM+h esa ,d u;k vk;ke tqM+k gS lsrq
leqe ifj;kstuk ds uke ij jkelsrq dk rksM+k tkukA
;g ckr mfpr gh gS fd Hkkjr ds rVh; {ks=ksa ds fudV ls gksdj ,d
leqh ekxZ xqtjs] ;g ns'k dh lqj{kk] O;kikj vkSj vkfFkZd n`f"V ls mi;ksxh
gksxkA ysfdu bl ekxZ dh n`f"V ls tks loZs{k.k gq, gSa] muesa tks vfUre
ekxZ crk;k x;k og fuekZ.k dh n`f"V ls [kpZ esa de rFkk vfkd mi;ksxh
50

gS vkSj og ekxZ jke lsrq dks gkfu ug igqapkrk gSA ij ckdh ekxks dks
NksM+dj jkelsrq dks [kafMr djus okys ekxZ dk pquko ;g n'kkZrk gS fd
ljdkj dks fgUnw Hkkoukvksa dh ijokg gh ug gSA fuf'pr :i ls lEiw.kZ
fgUnw lekt ds fy, jke lsrq dk fo"k; vR;ar laosnu'khy rFkk mudh
vkLFkk ,oa ekU;rk dh n`f"V ls vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA

nsoHkwfe mkjk[kaM ds yksx vlqjksa dks ijkLr djsaxs

&Hkxr lg dks';kjh] ns'k Hkktik v;{k] mkjk[kaM
Jhjke lsrq] ch& dsnkj vkSj dqeka ds ohj ,oa
kkfeZd ukxfjdksa ds fy, mruk gh ifo= gS ftruk
muds ?kj&vkaxu esa cuk eafnjA nsoHkwfe mkjk[kaM ds
pIis&pIis ij Jhjke Hkf ds fpUg ekStnw gSAa ;g Hkwfe
xaxk vkSj ;equk dk ikou mn~xe LFky gS rks ikaMoksa dk
LoxkZjksg.k Hkh ;g ls gqvkA ;gka ohjksa vkSj _f"k;ksa us
ri dj vlqjksa ds lagkj dh 'kf vkSj uhfr kIr dh FkhA ;fn iqu% vlqj
'kf Jh jke lsrq dks rksM+us ds fy, lf; gksrh gS rks mkjk[kaM ds
ukxfjdksa dh nso'kf mls ijkLr djus esa ihNs ug jgsxhA jke lsrq j{kk
vfHk;ku esa mkjk[kaM dk cPpk&cPpk lg;ksx nsxkA

jkelsrq dk eqk jktLFkku dks Hkh vkanksfyr djsxk

&Mk- egs'k 'kekZ] ns'k Hkktik v;{k] jktLFkku
jk"Vh; vkSj vUrjjk"Vh; ftrus Hkh fo"k; gSa] os
jktLFkku dks Hkh mruk gh Hkkfor djrs gSa ftruk
fd jk"V ds vU; Hkkxksa dks] cfYd mlls dqN vfkd
ghA D;ksafd jktLFkku Hkkjrh; laLfr vkSj fgUnqRo
dk lcls [kj vkSj cM+k x<+ gSA jktLFkku esa knsf'kdrk
ls vfkd jk"Vh;rk gSA jktLFkku ds fy, jkelsrq dks
rksM+s tkus dk eqk cgqr xaHkhj gSA jkelsrq dks cpkus ds fy, gLrk{kj
vfHk;ku gqvk Fkk] mlesa ;gka ds yksxksa us c<+&p<+dj fgLlk fy;k FkkA
51

jktLFkku ds fuoklh keZ] laLfr ,oa mlds rhdksa dh j{kk ds fy,

lnSo ladYic) ,oa vxz.kh jgs gSaA keZ ,oa laLfr dh j{kk ds fy, bl
Hkwfe ds ohj iq=ksa us lnSo viuk 'kkS;Z xV fd;k gS vkSj loZLo U;ksNkoj
fd;k gSA

vejhdh ncko esa jkelsrq rksMu

+ s dh tYnh
&,y- x.ks'ku] ns'k Hkktik v;{k] rfeyukMq
;g nqHkkZX; dh ckr gS fd Hkxoku jke ds tUefnu
ij lax ljdkj us jke lsrq esa [kuu djus ds fy,
,Dosfj;l uked mR[kuu ukSdk jokuk dhA tSls gh
;g lekpkj QSyk] jkes'oje vkSj psS esa turk us
Lor%LQwkZ fojksk fd;kA gesa ;g Hkh irk pyk gS fd
bl ukSdk ij lokj vusd fgUnw ukfodksa us ukSdk esa
gh jke lsrq rksMs+ tkus dk fojksk fd;kA mudks ukSdk
ls Hkh vc mrjus ug fn;k tk jgk gSA jktx ljdkj ds le; Hkh lsrq
leqe ifj;kstuk ij fopkj py jgk FkkA ysfdu bl ifj;kstuk dh
lEiw.kZ loZs{k.k jiV vkus ls igys gh ljdkj pyh xbZA ckn esa lax
ljdkj us vejhdh ncko esa bl ifj;kstuk dks tYnckth esa Lohr
fd;kA bl iwjs ekeys esa tgktjkuh ea=h Vh-vkj-ckyw rFkk rwrhdksfju
canjxkg U;kl ds v;{k j?kqifr dh Hkwfedk vR;ar lafnXk gSA foMEcuk
;g gS fd bl ifj;kstuk ds v/;{k dk uke j?kqifr gS vkSj og Lo;a
j?kqukFk dh Le`fr ls tqM+s kphu lsrq dks rksM+us ds "kMa= esa eq[; Hkwfedk
fuHkk jgs gSaA muds vkSj Vh-vkj- ckyw ds bl iwjs dk;Z esa O;kikfjd fgrksa
dh lhchvkbZ ls tkap djkbZ tkuh pkfg,A

52

53

lsrq leqe % izLrkfor ekxZ

lsrq leqe ifj;kstuk ds bl fp= esa Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk ds

e; xgjs dkys jax dh js[kk lsrqleqe ifj;kstuk ekxZ nkkZrh
gS] blh LFkku ij lkxj esa jkek;.kdkyhu lsrq gksus ds mixzg
fp= izkIr gq, gSa uDks esa uhps fn[k jgh js[kk bl o tyiksrksa
}kjk iz;ksx esa yk;k tk jgk ekxZ nkkZrh gSA

54

The Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project (SSCP) envisages

the creation of a navigable canal from the Gulf of Mannar to the
Bay of Bengal to facilitate movement of ships. The project
documents claim that ships moving from the west coast to the
east coast of India do not need to navigate around Sri Lanka but
can use the channel to save 36 hours of shipping time and 570
nautical miles. The advantage provided by the project includes
the creation of a shipping channel from the west to east coasts of
India through the territorial waters of the country.
This article scrutinises the claims made by the project
proponents, reviewing how significant the savings are for ships
using the canal. It also looks at the changed scenario after the
project especially with the hardening of interest rates globally,
and alternative possibilities for India to boost its shipping industry
especially around the Tamil Nadu coast. The repeated claims of
the project that it will save up to 30 hours of shipping time, sounds
suspiciously like a shoe sale that offers a discount of up to 50 per
cent. Like the discount sale, where the offer is probably for a few
items in the store, the savings of up to 30 hours are valid for just
a single journey: between Tuticorin and Chennai (and vice versa).

Upon closer inspection, one finds that the savings on offer are
considerably less than one initially imagined. A journey from
Kanyakumari to Kolkata for example saves just 18 hours, while
the average savings (after reducing pilotage) is around 22 hours.
It is only upon closer inspection of the shoe sale that one realises
the up to 50 per cent discount was a method to grab your attention,
in the hope that you will buy something from the store. Similarly
strategic was the careful selection of origindestination pairs in order
to show you the possibility of great savings.1
Overstating Gains
The voyages that are used as reference points in the draft
project report (DPR) start either at Kanyakumari (point C in map)
or Tuticorin (point D) and move to the east coast. While this
might be true for journeys that originate along the west coast of
India, for other voyages, the choice of these starting points
overstates the distance saved. Many naval hydrographers and
navigation experts are of the opinion that with the exception of
voyages from ports on the Indian west coast to the Indian east
coast, there are unlikely to be any significant gains for ships that
are making the voyage through the Sethusamudram canal. For
voyages from other destinations, including Europe and Africa
(Mauritius), ships can deviate at points A and B, which means
that the savings in distance will not be significant. Ships from these
places will save just 215 and 70 nautical miles respectively:
significantly lower than what is stated in the DPR. Importantly,
over 60 per cent of the revenue from this project is to come from
ships that are to come from ports other than on the Indian coast
(and referred to as non-coastal destinations in the project
documents). Without considering the differences in distance
savings for different voyages, the DPR concludes that these ships
will use the canal and even calculates a steady revenue stream
from them. Not specifying the savings for different origindestination pairs is a critical weakness in the DPR that makes the
project appear beneficial for ships that may not normally use the
canal. In order to calculate the differences in distances saved, the

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56

Sethusamudram Canal:

An Expensive Voyage?
The economic viability of the Sethusamudram Canal rests
on weak grounds, for the savings in time for ships travelling
fromthe east to west coasts are not as large as advertised
and some shipping companies may even find the tariffs too
expensive to make it worth switching from the current
shipping lanes.

distances were mapped using GoogleTM Earth software and

validated by both hydrographers and marine geographers for
accuracy. This was further validated using the distance calculator
on the world shipping register, where the deviation between the
calculated figures was very small.3 After calculating the distances,
the method followed in the DPR to calculate time savings for
journeys to Kolkata from different origins was used.4 In open
sea, the speed that ships travel at is around 12 knots while this
speed is restricted for the 82 nautical miles (nm) within the canal
to 8 knots. Two hours of pilotage also need to be added for
travel through the canal. For ships making a voyage from Tuticorin,
the savings in time can be significant: around 22 hours (including
pilotage). For journeys from Europe, the savings for ships making
the voyage is significantly lower: around 8 hours. For journeys
from Africa (Mauritius) the savings in time are nearly four hours.
Using the method above, it is then possible to calculate time savings
for different origin- destination pairs (Figure 2). When compared
for different destinations (like Tuticorin and Kanyakumari), over
60 per cent of the ships that the DPR claims will use the canal
save much less than projected. For destinations like Europe or
Africa (Mauritius), the savings in time are on average just over 6
hours. There is a substantial difference between coastal ships
(originating from Tuticorin/Kanyakumari) and non-coastal ships
(originating from Aden/Mauritius and points outside the Indian
peninsula). The primary claim of the SSCP is that less time at sea
will mean both lower time charter rates (to hire ships) and lower
Table 1: Calculating Time Saved

57

fuel expenses as
Figure 1 : Distance Savings for Different Routes
less distance has
to be covered.
The
reduced
expenditure by
using the canal can
then be charged as
a tariff by the
SSCP. In order to
calculate the
validity of this
claim, the first step
was to calculate
potential time and
fuel saved for
different classes of
ships. Savings
made by a 20,000
dead weight tonne
(DWT) ship are
used as an example. A comparison is made of the savings of the
same ship making two different kinds of voyages: one coastal
and the other non-coastal. The average distances for each of these
voyages and time taken during these voyages are considered.
Savings are calculated in time charter rate: or the savings in hiring
a ship for a particular amount of time. For the two categories of
ships: coastal and non-coastal, the differences in time charter rates
are significantly different. The same ship of 20,000 DWT saves
almost four times the amount when making a voyage that is coast
to coast, when compared to voyages that start in Europe and
Africa. A similar calculation for fuel savings shows us that the
total fuel savings for both coastal voyages and non-coastal voyages
are similarly different. The method used in the DPR is illustrated
in the table below. The DPR uses a consumption figure of 29.2
kg/km of fuel for a 20,000 DWT ship. When using the canal, it
58

has to use the more expensive marine diesel oil (MDO) when
compared to open sea when it can use the less expensive
intermediate fuel oil (IFO). By calculating the fuel used for coastal
as well as non-coastal voyages, one sees that coastal voyages
(Kanyakumari and Tuticorin) on average save almost ten times
more when using the canal as non-coastal voyages (Aden and
Mauritius).
The savings in fuel costs and savings in time charter rates are
added to get the total savings for ships going through the canal.
The result one obtains gives an idea of why stores pitch up to 50
per cent off everything on sale. The 20,000 DWT coastal ships
(the ones that were covered in the DPR) save on average $
17,962 by using the canal. Non-coastal ships (the ones that were
not covered in the DPR) save on average $ 3,989 by using the
canal. What this means is that the total savings for the same ship
making two different kinds of voyages is dramatically different.
Noncoastal ships save just 28 per cent of the amount saved by
coastal ships by using the canal, but are to be charged the same
(or very similar) tariff and constitute over 60 per cent of the revenue
stream of the SSCP. In dollar terms, the DPR hopes to charge up
to 50 per cent of the calculated savings as a tariff for using the
canal. The saving as calculated by the DPR for a 20,000 DWT
ship will give a canal tariff of around $ 8,981. On average, noncoastal ships, that constitute 70 per cent of the projected users,
will lose $ 4,992.1 if they use the canal at the current tariff structure.
Many from the shipping industry opine that ships will go around
Sri Lanka rather
than have to go
through a canal
with
draught
restrictions and
with a need for a
pilot to embark and
disembark from the
ship. If on the other

hand, the company charges the total savings made by the ship
(around $ 4,000), the pre-tax internal rate of return (IRR) of the
project falls to just 4.5 per cent. On the other hand, if the SSCP
charges 50 per cent of the amount saved by these ships, the pretax IRR falls to just 2.6 per cent!
Lack of Support?
For a project like the SSCP, that is to be completed by
November 2008,5 it is time to ask the company why it has not
been signing up customers to use the canal or published possible
sea lanes around the canal. The focus has been proclamations on
how the canal would be beneficial for ship users, but there is little
evidence in terms of customers (especially foreign shipping lines).
Despite appeals by the finance minister that the shipping industry
shares the costs of building the canal,6 there have been no takers
for this proposal. In fact, if it is, as many report, the fulfilment of a
100-year-old dream, why are there no shipping companies lining
up outside the SSCP office waiting to sign contracts with the
company? Even on the assumption that ships will use the canal
for practically negligible gains (and losses for some ships), other
critical issues remain. As retired hydrographer from the Indian
Navy John Jacob Puthur states in an unpublished article
('Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project... Where Is It Headed?',
circa January 2006), the canal practically runs on the median line
between India and Sri Lanka. However, the data that has been
collected in order to study the site of the project uses points only
on the Indian side of the median line There are no studies on the
Sri Lankan side of the median line, thereby exposing the canal to
effects that have not been studied or accounted for anywhere in
the DPR. Many studies suggest that the lack of serious study
could mean an underestimation of the total amount of maintenance
dredging. Currently estimated at 2 million cubic metres per annum,
the total amount of maintenance dredging could in fact go up
significantly due to the fact that the Palk Bay is a sediment sink
for the rivers of the southern peninsula as well as due to the action
of the sea on the coastline of Tamil Nadu.7 Even the capital

59

60

dredging costs could be underestimated by a significant amount.

After two rounds of international bidding, there were no bidders
for the project that would meet the specified costs in the project
documents! At the end of the first round, the winning bidder insisted
on an advance payment of Rs 200 crore resulting in the contract
being cancelled.8 At the end of the second round, the winning
bids quoted well in more than double the projected project costs:
Rs 5,000 crore.9 Given the likelihood of overestimation of the
revenues and underestimation of costs, it is a big question on
whether the project will be viable on the grounds it was granted
approval. Therefore, do mechanisms need to be built into project
design, that stop projects that have significantly changed vis-avis the original approval documents? For example, if the project
costs go up by
more than 20
per cent of the
figures that
were used to
gain approval,
should it go
through a reapproval process that requires it to gain all the clearances all over
again? Or if the project gets 20 per cent less than the revenues
that were projected, should it be continued at all? At the heart of
this debate is the way many projects are projected to give
stratospheric gains for the economy, employment, GDP, etc, but
in reality there is little check once the entire project has been
approved and operationalised. While many in the industry might
refer to built-in clauses for review of projects as anti-industry,
there is a duty of those promoting projects to consider the impacts
it has on people, and allow people to review these impacts
especially in the early years of a project. For example, how many
jobs has a particular special economic zone (SEZ) generated as
against its promise? What kind of jobs were these and how many
of the people were local? If this process is built into the project

design itself, it is then possible to ask for accountability for

companies setting up industrial centres and governments that
approve them.
Need for Reconsideration?
Even if the costs of the SSCP are correctly calculated and
revenues are accurate, is there a need for a reconsideration of the
project? The cost of debt financing has currently been factored in
with an Indian rupee loan at 8 per cent and a US dollar loan at 4
per cent. While this might have been true at the time of writing the
DPR, interest rates are today significantly higher than what
was factored in the DPR. The prime lending rate for the US dollar
is around 8 per cent, while the comparable benchmark in India is
around 13 per cent. The cost of credit has been significantly
underestimated and if current figures are used, the project is likely
to constantly drain the Indian economy. Given this increase, what
might actually be more economically prudent would be to invest
the entire capital cost of the Sethusamudram project either in a
project that provides a greater return or place the funds in a bank
account. The returns on this other financially viable project, or
the interest on the
investment, could
provide a subsidy to
all ships that reach the
Indian east coast after
going around Sri
Lanka. This will firstly
provide a greater
economic return, and
secondly provide a
boost to the shipping
industry! In fact, due
to the economics of
the project, if the
government wants to
seriously encourage

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more ships to call on Tuticorin and Chennai, they should simply

pay a subsidy for these ships, rather than spending so much money
on a project that has environmentalists up in arms for damage to
the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, and is likely never to be
economically viable. This review of the SSCP has been on
economic and financial grounds. The promises of the project may
be valid for some ships, but there has been a serious deficiency in
studying its impact for other ships. This deficiency is likely to make
the project economically unviable and more expensive for some
ships to use. It is a project that is also likely to cost considerably
more than what was originally proposed due to a lack of study on
the amount of dredging needed. Given the likely escalation of
costs and its extremely limited benefit, there is a need for
mechanisms that ensure accountability of the project to its original
claims.
(Courtesy: The Economic & Political Weekly)

Special Interview

Rama Sethu a man-mad

structure : Dr Badrinarayanan
Dr Badrinarayanan is a well-known Geologist who had
been the director of the Geological Survey of India. He was
also former coordinator of the survey division of the National
Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Science, in
Chennai.
As a geologist who has done studies on the geological
aspects of the area where Sethu Samudram Canal Project is
being undertaken, Dr. Badrinarayanan puts forth some
interesting findings on the area in an interview to Shobha
Warrier. Excerpts:
As a geologist, how do you describe Ram Sethu? Is it a
man-made structure or natural formation?
It is not a natural formation; the top portion of it appears to be
a man-made structure. To understand what I am saying from the
geological point of view, you have to get to know several things.
What is known as Adam's Bridge is originally a natural grade
divide separating the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean to the
south. So, the geological aspects are different on either side.
About 18,000 years ago, we had Ice age when the sea level
was lower by 130 metres than what it is now. Due to de-glaciation,
the sea level rose.
Around 7,300 years back, there was major flooding and the
sea level rose to 4 metres more than what it is today. This has been
verified by several researchers throughout the world. But the bridge
that connects India and Sri Lanka is different; it is not just a sand
dune.

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Have studies been done on this particular phenomenon?

We (Geological Survey of India) were asked to carry out
surveys for locating the Sethu Samudram Canal project by the
project authorities in 2004-05.
Any startling revelations?
When we reached near Adam's Bridge, there was sudden rise
in the land level. From about 10-12 metre, it rose one metre to half
a metre. So, our vessel could not go and survey the area. In some
areas, we did survey using small boats.
The northern side of Adam's Bridge is the rough Palk Bay,
which is prone to periodic cyclonic storms, and the tranquil southern
side is the Gulf of Mannar, which is unpolluted and pristine.
Corals grew in the tranquil Gulf of Mannar but not in the
turbulent Palk Bay as they grow only in tranquil waters. There are
about 21 islands full of corals in the Gulf of Mannar side but not
even a single coral on the northern side of Adam's Bridge.
I would say no proper geological survey was done in the area.
Normally before any major engineering project, GSI conducts
engineering geological study, geological study, geo-tectonic study,
seismic study, etc so that we will know whether the project is safe
or not.
You mean no such studies were done before this project?
Earlier, GSI had done some drilling but only at the deeper level
of about 180-200 metres, but they have not mentioned anything
about what was happening at the top portion.
We did a study from NIOT on our own connecting between
Rameswaram and the international waters. We did around 10 bore
holes along the Adam's Bridge alignment. Four of the bore holes
were along the islands (where sands go on shifting) and six in the
water.
Everywhere, after top 6 metres, we found marine sands on top
and below that was a mixed assemblage of corals, calcareous sand
stones, and boulder like materials. Surprisingly below that up to 45 metres, again we found loose sand and after that, hard formations
were there.
How do you explain the presence of loose sand?
It shows the structure is not natural. I will explain. Corals are
found only on rocks and such hard surfaces. Here, below the corals

and boulders, we are getting loose sand, which means it is not

natural.
And, on top of the loose sand, which was formed when the sea
level was low, our divers found boulders. Boulders normally occur
on land and they are a typical riverine character.
Does that mean the boulders were brought there from
somewhere?
That is exactly what I am saying. The boulders are not in-situ.
They are not a marine local formation. We feel somebody dumped
the boulders to use it as a causeway. The boulders on top of the
loose sand are transported to that place. As they are found above
loose sand, it is quite obvious that they were brought and dumped
there by somebody.
How old were the boulders?
I told you earlier that 7,300 years ago, sea level was 4 metres
above what it is today. In Rameswaram, Pamban, Tuticorin, etc,
we see old corals on the land, and they are not raised by any
geological process. It happened because sea level was higher (at
the time they were formed). We did dating on them and found that
they are 7,300 years old.
From 7,300 to 5,800 years ago, the sea level was high. From
5,800 to 5,400 years ago, the sea level was low. Again, from 5,400
to 4,000, the sea level was higher by 2 metres than what it is today.
That is why we are getting two sets of corals at two levels. Dr P K
Bannerji has carried out a lot of studies on the raised corals and his
papers have appeared in reputed international scientific journals.
His arguments are backed by very good scientific data.
So, either between 5,800 to 5,400 years ago, or (some time
since) 4,000 years ago, somebody appeared to have brought all the
boulders and dumped them there. All the aerial pictures show that
Adam's Bridge is 2 to 3 kilometres wide. On the eastern side, it is
high. So, anyone could take advantage of the raised portion and
must have dumped these boulders so that he could cross the bridge.
How do the boulders look, and from what were they
made?
The shape of the boulders and the type of material clearly
indicate that this is a man-made structure. We saw similar rocks
on Rameswaram islands and also in Pamban. On either side of the

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railway bridge, you can see these formations as well as the raised
corals. There are indications of quarrying also there.
All these things lead us to believe that 2 to 2.5 metres of packed
rubble or material appears to be a modern day causeway. For 30
km, nobody dumps materials like that. Obviously, it was dumped to
use it to cross the sea. Moreover, they are compact and light.
It is also quite obvious that the boulders were used to cross
over because in all the bore holes we made in the entire stretch of
Adam's Bridge, we saw the same material. It appears like a rockfilled structure.
If it is a geological phenomenon, you will find the oldest
formation below and the newer ones on top. I would rather call it
an anthropogenic (pertaining to the effect of human beings on the
natural world) causeway rather than a bridge.
What else have you learnt from the studies you have
conducted along Ram Sethu?
We have found that geologically and geotectonically, this area
is very sensitive. Many people are not aware of it. All around the
north, there are spots where there is very high temperature below.
When we drilled, we encountered hot springs of 60 to 70 degrees
Celsius.
Whenever there are earthquakes in Sri Lanka, we get the
vibrations in the Indian side also. That means a major fault is running
there and it is very sensitive. This area is also known to have earth
quakes and they had happened one or two centuries back. To the
north and the south, there are indications of old volcanoes.
Because of these hot springs and presence of volcanic
zones, do you feel if disturbed, it will affect the equilibrium
of the entire area?
What you said is correct. That is why, before venturing into
anything, you have to make a comprehensive study. This area has
attained some sort of equilibrium over many centuries, and all the
drilling and blasting of rocks may activate the fault and may trigger
seismic activity or earth quakes.
It may also trigger other events, which may be very detrimental.
That is because the hot water from the north, which is blocked by
the Adam's Bridge, will come to the south and will disturb the coral
islands. The result will be the destruction of the corals.

Not only that, whenever there is a major tsunami or cyclones

in the Bay of Bengal, it is blocked by the so called bridge. Out of 18
depressions in the Bay of Bengal at least six turn into cyclones.
When we interviewed the tsunami expert Dr Tad S Murty, he
said if not for the bridge, the entire southern part of Kerala would
have been affected badly.
Yes, it would have completely affected the entire south India.
We were the people who suggested it. We had done a study, of
course not knowing tsunami is coming, and felt the structure will
prevent the Tuticorin area, the southern part of Kerala and all the
coral islands from getting affected.
The calm tranquil water in the Gulf of Mannar full of coral
islands is because it is protected all around. Why do you want to
destroy it when nature has blessed you with something so beautiful?
This is the first declared marine national park in the country.
Another point I want to make is, some dams trigger
earthquakes. There is a possibility it can happen here also. So, it is
prudent on part of the government to study all these aspects before
taking a major decision.
Do you feel the construction of Sethu Samudram project
was initiated in a hurry without conducting proper study?
I think so. This portion is not like any sand dune. This is a very
sensitive heat flowing area. I feel the Geological Survey of India
should be asked to do a survey.
Was the Geological Survey of India not asked to do a
study on this project?
No. Nobody has carried out any survey at all. We only did a
survey to locate the alignment. So, but what is needed is a
comprehensive study.
What has been formed over centuries by nature cannot be
disturbed. In foreign countries, even a hundred-year-old structure
is preserved and this looks like it is thousands of years old. No
doubt such a canal is essential but not at the cost of nature. We are
definitely for progress but our progress should be sustainable.

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(Courtesy: Rediff.com)

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dks c<+kp<+k dj crk;k x;k gSA cgqr ls usoy gkbMksxzkQlZ vkSj ukSpkyu
fo'ks"kKksa dk ekuuk gS fd Hkkjrh; if'peh rV dh canjxkgksa ls Hkkjrh;
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ykHkdkjh yxus yxrk gS] tks Hkys gh lkekU;r% bl ugj dk mi;ksx u
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vFkZ lkVos;j* dk mi;ksx djrs gq, uD'ks esa fn[kk;k gS vkSj gkbMksxzkQlZ
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vkdyu djus ds ckn fofHkUu ewy xarO; LFkyksa ls dksydkrk dh rjQ

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lsrq leqnze ugj%

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ekjh'kl xUrO; LFkyksa ds fy, vkSlru le; ek= 6 ?k.Vs ds vklikl
jgsxhA rVh; tgktksa tks VwVhdksfju@dU;kdqekjh ls pyrs gSa vkSj
xSj&rVh; tgktksa tks vnu@ekjh'kl rFkk Hkkjrh; izk;}hiksa ds ckgj
LFkyksa ls pyrs gSa ds chp i;kZIr varj gSA
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gksus dk eryc tgktksa dks fdjk, ij ysus esa de le; dh pkVZj njsa
rFkk de nwjh r; djus ds dkj.k de baZ ku dh [kir esa nksuksa rjg ls ykHk
gksxkA ugj ds bLrseky djus ls rc ,l,llhih de fdjk;k ys ldrh
gSaA bl nkos ds lgh gksus dk vkadyu djus ds fy, igyk dne ;gh gS
fd ge ns[ksa fd tgkt dh fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa fdrus le; vkSj bZaku dk
laHkkfor cpr gksxhA mnkgj.k ds fy, 20000 dqy Hkkj Vu MhMCY;wVh
ds tgkt okys bLrseky esa cpr ns[ksaA blh tgkt }kjk nks vyx&vyx
izdkj dh ;k=kvksa ds cpr dh rqyuk dks ns[ksa&,d rVh; ;k=k vkSj ,d
xSj&rVh; ;k=k esa ns[kk tk,A bu ;k=kvksa esa ls izR;sd ;k=k dh vkSlr
nwjh rFkk fy, x, le; ij fopkj djsAa ns[ksa fd Vkbe pkVZj nj esa fdruh
cpr gksrh gS ;k ;ks dgsa fd fdlh [kkl le; ds fy, tgkt dks fdjk;s
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ij ysus ij fdruh cpr gksrh gSA rVh; rFkk xSj rVh; tgktksa dh nks
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tc 20000 okys dqy Hkkj ds blh tgkt dh ;k=k dks ,d rV ls
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bl gkyr esa ge bldh rqyuk ;wjksi vkSj vQzhdk ls 'kq: dh xbZ ;k=kvksa

ls djrs gSaA blh izdkj bZaku dh cpr ls irk pyrk gS fd rVh; vkSj
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[kqys leqnz dh ek=k esa de egaxk baVjehfM,V bZaku rsy vkbZ,Qvks dk
bLrseky gks ldrk gSA rVh; vkSj xSj&rVh; ;k=kvksa esa iz;qDr baZku dk
fglkc yxkus ij ge ik,axs fd tc xSj&rVh; ;k=kvksa vnu rFkk
ekjh'kl ds :i esa ugj dk bLrseky gksus ij rVh; ;k=kvksa dU;kdqekjh
vkSj rwrhdksfju esa yxHkx nl xq.kk vfkd cpr gksrh gSA
bZa ku dh dher dh cpr vkSj Vkbe pkVZj njksa dh cpr dks tksM+ dj
gh ugj ls xqtjus okys tgktksa dh dqy cpr fudkyh tk ldrh gSA
fu"d"kZ ;g fudyus yxrk gS fd tc gj pht 50 izfr'kr fcdzh esa feyrh
gks rks Hk.Mkj.k dh vko';drk D;k gS\ 20000 dqy Hkkj Vu okys rVh;
tgkt ftUgsa Mhihvkj eas 'kkfey j[kk gS ugj dk bLrseky dj vkSlru
17]962 Mkyj cpkrs gSaA xSj&rVh; tgkt ftUgsa Mhihvkj esa 'kkfey
ugha j[kk gS ugj dk bLrseky djus ij vkSlru 3989 Mkyj cpkrs
gSaA bldk eryc ;g gqvk fd ,d gh izdkj ds tgktksa dh dqy cpr nks
vyx&vyx fdLe dh ;k=kvksa esa ,d ne fHkUu izdkj dh jgrh gSA ugj
dk bLrseky dj rVh; tgktksa dh xbZ cpr dh rqyuk esa xSj&rVh; tgkt
ek= 28 izfr'kr dh cpr esa xSj&rVh; tgkt ek= 28 izfr'kr dh cpr
djrs gSa] ijUrq og ogh ;k mlh ds cjkcj dk VsfjQ ysrs gSa vkSj ;g
,l,llhih dh dqy jkf'k dk 60 izfr'kr ls vfkd curk gSA Mkyj ds
:i esa] Mhihvkj dks ugj dk bLrseky djus ls VsfjQ ds :i esa dsoy
vuqekfur cpr dk 50 izfr'kr gksus dh vk'kk jgrh gSA 20000 dqy
Hkkj okys Vu ds tgkt ds fy, Mhihvkj ds ftl cpr dk vuqeku yxk;k
gS] mlesa ugj dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, yxHkx 8981 Mkyj dk VsfjQ
nsuk gksxkA vkSlru xSj&rVh; tgktksa dk mi;ksx ds fy, Mhihvkj us
ftl cpr dk vuqeku yxk;k gS] mlls yxHkx 8981 Mkyj ugj dk
VsfjQ nsuk gksxkA vkSlru xSj rVh; tgktksa dk mi;ksx djus okyksa dh
la[;k 70 izfr'kr curh gS] mUgsa 4992 Mkyj dk uqdlku gksxk] ;fn
os orZeku VsfjQ njksa ij ugj dk bLrseky djrs gSaA tgktjkuh m|ksx ds
vusd yksxksa dk ;gh er gS fd bu ^MkV izfrcakksa* ds jgrs vkSj tgktksa
}kjk lkeku <ksus vkSj mrkjus dh vko';drk dks ns[krs gq, tgkt ugj

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ls xqtjus dh ctk, Jhyadk dh rjQ ls tkuk csgrj le>saxsA mkj nwljh

rjQ] dEiuh tgkt dh dqy cpr yxHkx 4000 Mkyj ys ysxh rks
ifj;kstuk dk VSDl&iwoZ vkbZvkjvkj ek= 4-5 izfr'kr jg tkrk gSA
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gS rks VSDl iwoZ vkbZvkjvkj enn dh deh dk ek= 2-6 izfr'kr jg tkrk
gSA
,l,llhih tSlh ifj;kstuk ds fy, ftls uoEcj 2008 rd iwjk
fd;k tkuk gS] dEiuh ls ;g iwNuk vko';d gS fd og ugj dk bLrseky
djus ds fy, xzkgdksa ls le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj D;ksa ugha dj ik jgh gS ;k
ugj ds vkl&ikl laHkkfor ^leqnzh&ysu* dk izdk'ku D;ksa ugha dj ik
jgh gSA mn~?kks"k.kkvksa ij ;ku fn;k tk jgk gS fd fdl izdkj ls ugj
tgkt&iz;ksDrkvksa ds fy, ykHkizn jgsxh] ijUrq dksbZ xzkgd fo'ks"k :i ls
fons'kh tgkt dEifu;ka bl ;kstuk esa 'kkfey gksrh fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rhaA
fok ea=h }kjk vihy djus ds ckn Hkh fd tgktjkuh m|ksx dh ugj
fuekZ.k esa fgLlsnkjh gksxh] dksbZ bl izLrko dks Lohdkj djus ds fy, rS;kj
ugha gSA ;fn okLro esa ,slh ckr gS fd 100 o"kksZa dk liuk iwjk gksus okyk
gS rks D;ksa vHkh ,l,llhih ds dk;kZy; ij tgktjkuh dEifu;ka bu Bsdksa
ij gLrk{kj djus ds fy, mrkoyh ugha gks ik jgh gSa\
eku Hkh fy;k tk, fd uke ek= ykHk ;k dqN tgktksa ds fy, gkfu
ds ckotwn tgkt ugj dk bLrseky djsaxs rc Hkh vusd egRoiw.kZ iz'u
cus jgrs gSaA Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk ds fjVk;MZ gkbMksxzkQj tkWu tsdc iqFkqj us
vius ,d vizdkf'kr ys[k esa dgk gS fd ;g ugj yxHkx Hkkjr vkSj
Jhyadk ds e; esa cgrh gSA fdUrq ifj;kstuk ds LFky ds v;;u ds fy,
tks LFky bdV~Bs fd, x, gSa] os lHkh bl e;LFk js[kk ds Hkkjrh; i{k dh
vksj gSaA Jhyadk lEcakh dksbZ v;;u ugha gks ik;k gS] blfy, Mhihvkj
esa bl ugj dk dgha dksbZ v;;u ;k mYys[k ugha gSA cgqr ls v;;uksa
eas dgk Hkh x;k gS fd fdlh izdkj dk xEHkhj v;;u u gksus ds dkj.k
rygV ls feV~Vh vkfn fudkyus lEcUkh fo"k;ksa dks iwjh rjg ls udkjk
x;k gSA vkt ds vuqeku ds vuqlkj yxHkx izfr o"kZ 20 yk[k ?ku ehVj
feV~Vh fudkyus dh ykxr cgqr gn rd c<+ ldrh gS D;kasfd nf{k.kh
izk;}hi dh ufn;ksa vkSj rfeyukMq dh rVjs[kk ij leqnzh&xfrfofk;ksa ds
dkj.k leL;k,a [kM+h gks ldrh gSaA ;gka rd fd feV~Vh [kqnkbZ dh iwathxr
ykxr dks Hkh cgqr de djds fn[kk;k x;k gSA nks ckj vUrjkZ"Vh; ckssyh
ds vkea=.k ds ckotwn Hkh ifj;kstuk nLrkost esa bl ykxr dks iwjk djus
ds fy, dksbZ cksyh yxkus okyk lkeus ugha vk;k gSA igys nkSj dh cksyh

ds ckn fotsrk cksyh yxkus okys us 200 djksM+ :i, dh vfxze Hkqxrku
dh ekax dh ftlds dkj.k] ;g Bsdk j djuk iM+kA nwljs nkSj ds ckn
fotsrk cksyh yxkus okys us 5000 djksM+ :i, dks izR;kf'kr ifj;kstuk dh
ykxr dh nqxquh ls Hkh vfkd dj fn;kA jktLo ds ckjs esa vko';drk ls
vfkd vuqeku rFkk ykxr ds ekeys esa bls de vkadus ds dkj.k ,d
cM+k iz'u [kM+k gks x;k gS fd D;k ;g ifj;kstuk ftl vkkkj ij Lohd`r
dh xbZ Fkh vc ;g dkjxj Hkh gS ;k ughaA vr% ifj;kstuk fMtkbu ds
fuekZ.k esa rcnhyh dh t:jr iM+ xbZ gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ifj;kstuk
dh ykxr igys nh xbZ Lohd`fr ls 20 izfr'kr ls vfkd igqap tkrh gS
rks D;k fQj ls bldh Lohd`fr ds fy, iwjh izfdz;k ls fQj ls ugha xqtjuk
gksxk\ ;k fQj ;fn izR;kf'kr jktLo 20 izfr'kr ls de jg tkrs gSa rks
D;k bls tkjh j[kuk Hkh mfpr gksxk\ bl cgl ds chp ,slh dbZ
ifj;kstuk,a cukbZ xbZ gSa ftuls vFkZO;oLFkk] jkstxkj] thMhih vkfn ds
ckjs esa ykHk fn[kk;k tk,] ijUrq okLro esa tc ,d ckj bu ifj;kstukvksa
dks Lohd`r vkSj dkjxj cuk;k tkrk gS rks bu ij dksbZ fu;a=.k ugha jg
ikrk gSA lEHko gS fd m|ksx ds cgqr ls yksx m|ksx&fojkskh ds :i esa
ifj;kstukvksa dh leh{kk esa fufgr fufeZr [k.Mksa dk mYys[k djsa] ijUrq tks
yksx bu ifj;kstukvksa dks izkseksV djrs gSa] mudk dkZO; gS fd os bl ckr
ij fopkj djsa fd bu ifj;kstukvksa dk yksxksa ij D;k izHkko gksxk vkSj
yksxksa dks gh bu izHkkoksa dh leh{kk djus dk vfkdkj Lo;a ifj;kstuk ds
vkjEHk esa gh fn;k tk,A mnkgj.k ds fy,] fdlh fo'ks"k {ks= ,lbZtsM esa
ftrus jkstxkj nsus dk ok;nk fd;k Fkk] D;k mls iwjk fd;k tk jgk gS\ ;s
fdl izdkj ds jkstxkj gksaxs vkSj buesa fdrus LFkkuh; yksx 'kfkey jgsaxs\
;fn ;g izfdz;k Lo;a ifj;kstuk fMtkbu esa gh cu tk, rks vki mu
dEifu;ksa ls] tks vkS|ksfxd dsUnz LFkkfir dj jgs gSa] muls tokcnsgh dh
ekax dj ldrs gSa vkSj ljdkj dks Hkh mkjnk;h Bgjk ldrs gSa ftUgksaus
budh Lohd`fr nh gSA
iqu% fopkj.k dh vko';drk
;fn ,l,llhih dh ykxr dk vuqeku lgh Hkh gks vkSj jktLo ds
vkadM+s Hkh lgh gksa rks D;k ifj;kstuk ij iqu% fopkj gks ldrk gS\ bl
le; _.k fok&iks"k.k dh ykxr Hkkjrh; :i, ds _.k esa 8 izfr'kr vkSj
vejhdh Mkyj _.k esa 4 izfr'kr j[kh xbZ gSA gks ldrk gS fd Mhihvkj
fy[krs le; ;g lp gks] ijUrq vkt C;kt njsa Mhihvkj esa nh xbZ njksa
ls i;kZIr vfkd gSA vejhdh Mkyj dh izkbe ySf.Max nj yxHkx 8
izfr'kr gS] tcfd bldh rqyuk esa Hkkjr dh ;g nj vc yxHkx 13

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izfr'kr gSA _.k dh ykxr cgqr de vkadh xbZ gS vkSj ;fn orZeku
vkadM+ksa dk bLrseky djsa rks bl ifj;kstuk ls Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij
fujUrj xgjk ncko cuk jgsxkA
o`f) dks ns[krs gq, tks okLro esa vkfFkZd :i ls dgha vfkd
le>nkjh dh ckr gksxh] og ;g gS fd lsrqleqnze dh iwjh iwathxr ykxr
dk fuos'k fdlh ,slh txg fd;k tk, tgka ls vfkd ykHk fey lds ;k
bl ku dks fdlh cSad [kkrs esa Mkyk tk,A fdlh vU; dkjxj fokh;
ifj;kstuk ls ykHk] ;k fuos'k ds C;kt dks ,sls lHkh tgktksa dh lfClMh
ds fy, j[kk tk ldrk gS tks Jhyadk dk pDdj dkV dj Hkkjrh; iwohZ
rV ij igaqprs gSaA igyh ckr] blls vfkd vkfFkZd ykHk feysxk vkSj
nwljs] blesa tgktjkuh m|ksx dks izksRlkgu izkIr gksxkA okLro esa ;fn
ljdkj xEHkhjrk ls rwrhdksfju vkSj psUuSbZ esa vkSj vfkd tgkt ykus dh
bPNqd gS rks mls bu tgktksa dks ek= lfClMh nsus dh t:jr gS] u fd
og fdlh vU; ifj;kstuk ij ku [kpZ djs ftlls eUukj ck;ksLQh;j
fjtoZ ds i;kZoj.k dks {kfr igqaps vkSj ftudh dHkh Hkh vkfFkZd :i ls
dkjxj gksus dh laHkkouk ugha gSA
,l,llhih dh leh{kk dk vkkkj vkfFkZd vkSj fokh; gSA ifj;kstuk
ds ok;ns dqN tgktksa ds fy, lgh gks ldrs gSa] ijUrq vU; tgktksa ij
iM+us okys izHkko ds v;;u ij xgu xEHkhj deh dks iznf'kZr djrh gSA
bl deh ds dkj.k vkfFkZd :i ls ;g ifj;kstuk dkjxj ugha gks ik,xh
vkSj dqN tgktksa ds bLrseky djus esa cgqr egaxh iM+sxhA ;g ifj;kstuk
bl dkj.k Hkh dgha vfkd ykxr dh cu tk,xh D;ksafd feV~Vh fudkyus
dh vko';drk ij [kpZ gksus okyh jkf'k ij xEHkhjrk ls v;;u ugha
fd;k x;kA ykxr ds c<+us dh lEHkkouk rFkk vR;ar lhfer ykHk dks ns[krs
gq, ,slk ra= rS;kj djus dh t:jr gS ftlls ifj;kstuk dh tokcnsgh
lqfuf'pr gks lds ftldk ewy ifj;kstuk esa nkok fd;k x;k FkkA

75

Avoid hasty decision on Ramsetu

By R. Brahamchari

Whosoever has visited the small town of Rameswaram in

southern India has noticed that the Indian mainland ends at
Pamban, a place few km before Rameswaram, and there lies
shallow water that separates these two places. A rail bridge and a
newly constructed road bridge connect Rameswaram with
Pamban. In fact, Rameswaram is a small island and about a
distance of 3 km southward from the township, one reaches a
place called Dhanuskoti, wherefrom a bridge starts that connects
India and Sri Lanka at a place called Talai Mannar.
It is not a bridge in the modern sense and more appropriately
a highway, about 30 km long. Time has put its signature on this
road bridge and it now looks like a train of small islets. This road
bridge is called Ramsetu or Setubandha as, according to the epic
Ramayana, Lord Ram had built this road with the help of the
army of Kiskindha and led his army to Sri Lanka to get back his
wife Sita, who had been abducted by Ravana, the kind of Lanka.
Some Indians also call it Nal-setu, as according to the
Ramayana, the Ramsetu was planned and built under the guidance
of Nal, the celebrated civil engineer of Kiskindha. Today, the sea
in the north of the Ramsetu is called the Palk Strait, and on the
other side it is called the Gulf of Mannar. The sea in the entire
area is shallow and teeming with innumerable marine creatures.
Up to the 14th century, people used to cross the Ramsetu on
foot. Later on, some portions went below the sea level, not more
than 3 to 5 metres, due to natural wear and tear and hence it now
looks like a train of small islets.
A few years ago, the USAs National Aeronautic and Space
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Administration (NASA) took photographs of an area spread over

1.25 million square kilometres with the help of the Gemini-11
satellite from 410 miles above the earth, using the remote sensing
technique, and these photographs clearly show that the Ramsetu
is a continuous structure spreading between Dhanuskoti and Talai
Mannar. Though the bridge was known as the Ramsetu or Rams
bridge from time immemorial, in 1804, James Rennell, the
Surveyor General of the East India Company, renamed it as
Adams bridge. This Adam refers to the Adam of the Old
Testament.
A close examination of this territory reveals that a ship, while
sailing from the Bay of Bengal to the Arabian Sea, has to bypass
the island of Sri Lanka and if a canal could be dug between Palk
Strait and Gulf of Mannar, the sea route could have been shortened
by a considerable extent. So, nearly 150 years ago, AD Taylor,
the British naval commander, suggested that such a canal be dug
but no action was taken. After obtaining independence, the Indian
government formed a panel called the Setusamudram Project
Committee and asked it to look into the viability of the project.
The committee in its report suggested five different routes for
digging such a canal. But the proposal was dropped for want of
money and lack of infrastructure.
The matter was raised again in 2001, when the National
Democratic Alliance (NDA) government, led by the BJP, was in
power. The government constituted a fresh committee to look
into the matter and the panel in its report said that such a canal
would shorten the sailing distance between the Bay of Bengal
and the Arabian Sea by 424 nautical miles or 780 km, reduce the
sailing time by nearly 30 hours and the total cost of fuel thus saved
would be about Rs 1,000 crore per year. But the NDA government
went out of power before finalising the project and selecting the
route of the proposed canal.
However, after the present UPA government came to power,
a project called the Setusamudram Ship Canal Project (SSCP),
with an expected cost of Rs 2,427 crore has been floated that

aims to dig a 167 km long canal through the middle of the Ramsetu
or the Adams bridge. As the sea in the area is very shallow, a
considerable amount of soil has to be removed using dredgers to
give shape to the project. It should be pointed out that the previous
committee had suggested five different routes; damage to the
Ramsetu could have been averted if a route passing through
Pamban and Rameswaram had been selected.
But the proponents of the project are not ready to alter their
plan and argue that there is no evidence that the said bridge was
built by Ram, or more pointedly, there is no evidence that the
bridge is a result of human activity. They try to assert that it is a
natural structure and hence it does not matter if it is damaged for
the sake of national interest. But another group of people of this
country firmly believe that the structure was built by Lord Ram
and many ancient scriptures provide evidence in this regard.
It is important to note here that a reputed scientific organisation
like NASA has come forward with scientific evidence that says
that the bridge is an outcome of human activity. The NASA
document, which is still there on the Internet (http://
www.rense.com/general30/nasa.htm and http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Adam%27s_Bridge), says that i) it is a manmade structure
and ii) it is 1.75 million years old.
NASA has come to the first conclusion by examining the base
of the bridge. The large chunks of stones with which the base is
made could not have been placed in that position by a natural
process and hence humans had to carry them from somewhere
else.
Secondly, the type of the stone, a special kind of sandstone
with high percentage of calcium carbonate, called calcareous
sandstone, with which the base is made, is not locally available.
These lead one to conclude that they were carried by humans
from elsewhere.
Early this year, the Centre sent a team of scientists to examine
the bridge and verify NASAs conclusions. On 28 July, the team
submitted its report that echoed exactly what the scientists of

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NASA had said. In addition to that, our scientists examined the

coral formation on the bridge and found that it is quite different
from naturally formed coral, which suggests that the bridge is the
result of human activity.
The second conclusion of NASA is that the structure is 1.75
million years old. NASA has not disclosed how it arrived at this
conclusion, but in all probability they may have used the thermoluminescence technique. Whatever the method, the conclusion is
important from several points of view.
Firstly, it has shattered the Darwinian view that man appeared,
through evolution of apes, only about 100,000 years ago.
Secondly, it has also exposed Max Mullers mistaken observation
that says that civilised people, called Aryans, were not children of
this country and came from outside India in about 2000 BC.
Thirdly, it has served a severe shock to those Indian scholars
who say that the Ramayana and the Mahabharata have no historical
value, these are poets fancy and people like Ram or Krishna
never lived on earth, they are simply mythical. Fourthly, it has
established the truth that the Ramsetu, or Adams bridge, is the
oldest historical relic of the humankind.
It should be mentioned here that a special bench of Madras
High Court, while hearing the public interest litigation filed by Mr
Subramanian Swami and the Hindu Munnani, observed that the
government should keep itself away from causing any harm to the
Ramsetu till it is proved beyond doubt that it is not a manmade
structure. The HC Bench has also clarified its stand and said that
it is to be treated as its advice to the government in this matter
and not a verdict, as the matter is lying before the Supreme Court.
Early this month, a Press report in a Bengali daily in Kolkata
said NASA had reversed its previous stand and now says that
the structure called Adams bridge grew as a natural process and
was not linked to any human activity. According to the report,
NK Raghupati, director of the Setusamudram Project and
chairman of the Tuticorin Port Trust, convened a Press conference
on 28 July, and told journalists about this development. But at

that time Mr Subramanian Swami was in Harvard and inquired

from NASA scientists in this regard. NASA confirmed to him
that they still stuck to their original opinion and nothing had
happened to alter that decision.
On a PIL filed by Swami Vidyananda Bharati of the Dandi
Math, a Supreme Court Special Bench on 10 August observed
that the government should keep away from causing any damage
to the Ramsetu till it is proved beyond doubt that no human activity
was involved in its construction. Otherwise, it would be liable for
prosecution under Article 295 of the IPC for destruction of a
historical relic.
Dr Madhavan Nair, director of the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO), has recently expressed a similar opinion in
this regard. On 7 August, while announcing the launching of
spacecraft Chandrayan in connection with Indias moon mission
next year, he said the Ramsetu should not be touched unless
rigorous scientific investigation finds it free from human activity.
The government should refrain from doing anything in haste.
It should form a committee of scientists to find out how the structure
came into being. If it is found to be a manmade one, it would be
the responsibility of UNESCO to protect it and declare it a world
heritage site.
Many feel that the structure should not be damaged to protect
the Kerala coast from a possible tsunami. The sand in the Kerala
coast contains deposits of thorium, the nuclear fuel that is used as
an alternative to uranium. A tsunami may wash away the valuable
deposits.

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(The author is Professor,

Department of Applied Physics, Calcutta University)
Courtesy : The Statesman