Date: Experiment. No-j3 Surface Chemistry Preparation of colloids Aim To prepare (a) Lyophilic sol (starch sol) (b) Lyophobic sol (Fe(OH); sol) (a) Lyophilic sol - Starch sol In starch sol, solid starch is the dispersed phase and water acts as dispersion medium. Preparation A paste of 500 mg of starch is prepared in hot water in @ beaker. The paste of starch is added into boiling water taken in another beaker with constant stirring for about 10 minutes until a colloidal solution of starch is obtained. (b) Lyophobic sol - Ferric hydroxide sol Fe(OH); sol consists of Fe(OH); as dispersed phase and water as dispersion medium Preparation 2.g FeCl; are dissolved in 100 mL of water taken in a beaker to get 20% FeCls solution. The solution is added drop by drop into boiling water taken in a separate beaker with constant stirring until a brown colloidal solution of ferric hydroxide is obtained. Result ‘The yophilic starch sol and lyophobie ferric hydroxide sol were prepared. Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College 11 PUC Lab Manual 21-22Date: Experiment. No- Purification of colloids - Dialysis Aim Purification of colloidal solution by Dialysis. Procedure A parchment / cellophane paper of 30 cm x 30 cm size is soaked with water and then designed to the shape ofa cone. The egg albumin sol is placed in the cone, and it is tied with a thread. The cone is suspended in a beaker containing water for about haifan hour. The ions of the NaC! electrolyte present in the egg albumin will diffuse out into the water. Hence the water in the beaker is tested for the presence of Na* & Cl-. The Water in the beaker is replaced every 30 minutes. A negative test for the ions indicates the removal impurities from the colloidal solution and it is purified. Result The given sol was purified by dialysis. 21-22 Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College 1 PUC Lab ManualRHS(ruled) Date: Experiment. No-15 ears Role of Emulsifying Agents Aim To study the role of emulsifying agent in stabilising the emulsions of different oils. Procedure 1. Anemmlsion contains fiquid dispersed phase and liquid dispersion medium. 2. Soap solution is prepared by dissolving Ig of soap powder in 10 mL water. 3. 10 drops each of mustard oil, linseed oil, castor oil and machine oil are taken in four separate test tubes A, B, C & D and 15 mL of distilled water is added into each test tube. ‘The solutions in the test tubes are shaken well and lefi for settling to get the emulsion. 5. The time taken for the formation of separate layers in each test tube is recorded using stop clock. ‘The soap solution is added in drops into each test tube and shaken well for 6. about 5 minutes. The time taken for the formation of separate layer is recorded using a stop clock. Result The role of emulsifying agent in stabilising the emulsions of different oils was studied. Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College IL PUC Lab Manual 21-22Exporimart No. (1 LHS (unruledy LHs Role of Emulsifying Agents Tabulation Test Tube | Oi | Taken Time taken for the formation of separate layers A Mastard O11 - B Linseed Oit c Castor Oil D i Machine Oil Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College UPUC Lab Manual 21-22RHS(ruled) Date: Experiment. No-16 RHS “ Chemical Kinetics Effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction Aim To study the effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid solution. Theory Sodium thiosulphate reacts with hydrochloric acid giving a translucent colloidal solution of sulphur Na,$,03 +2HCL > 2NaCl+H,0+ S0.+S1 The rate of precipitation of sulphur in the solution increases with increase in temperature and increase in concentration of reactants. The increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of reactant molectiles and the increase in concentration increases the number of molecular collisions per unit volume of solution. Effect of Concentration Materials required _ Burette, Pipette, Thermometer & stop clock, 0.1M NaxS203 and 1M HCl. Procedure 1. 50 mL of NazS:O; (0.1M) is taken in a 100 mL beaker having a 'X' pencil amark at the centre of the outer surface of the bottom. It is then kept in a trough containing water attain constant temperature. 2. 1mL HCI (1M) solution slowly added from the burette with constant shaking. HCl and Na2S,03 will react together giving a yellow ppt. of sulphur. Therefore the solution becomes gradually turbid, and the 'X' mark becomes invisible. 3. A stop clock is started after adding about 0.5 mL of IM HCl solution and the time at which the 'X' mark become invisible is recorded. 4, The experiment is repeated with fresh sample of 0.1 M Na2S203, by adding 2 mL, 4 mL. 8 mL and 16 mL of 1M HCI solution and the corresponding time at which the 'X' mark is invisible are recorded. Result Rate of reaction increases with increase in concentration of reactants. Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College MPUC Lab Manual 21-22LHS (unruteay Experiment No. '~ 16 = LHS Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction Tabulation Time taken for X to S.No. | Vol. ef HCI added in mL. | disappear in seconds 3 = 5 3 Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College ‘Time in sec. ILPUC Lab Manual 21-22er RHS(ruled) Experiment — 164 RH.S Effect of Temperature Materials required Burette, pipette, thermometer & stop clock, 0.1 M Na2S20s, 1M HCL Procedure 1. 50 mL of Na2S,0s, (0.1M) is taken in a beaker having 'X' mark of pencil at the centre of the outer surface of the bottom is placed in a thermostat maintained at 30° C. 2. 5mL of IM HCI solution is added from the burette and the solution is shaken well. HCI and Na;S:Os, will react together forming a yellow precipitate of sulphur. Therefore the solution becomes turbid and hence the X' mark becomes invisible. : 3. A stop clock is started after adding 2.5 mL of HCI solution and the time at which the 'X' mark become invisible is recorded. The above procedure is repeated with fresh sample of NaxS0s, solution kept in thermostat at 40°C, 50°C, 60°C & 70°C temperature and the time at which the X mark becomes invisible is recorded. Result Rate of reaction increases with increase in temperature. ‘Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College IIPUC Lab Manual 21-22VT LHS (nrg Expt. 164 Lys Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction Tabulation Temperature | Time taken for X to ____| disappear in seconds Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College IIPUC Lab Manual 21-22cf] RHS(ruled) Date: Experiment. No-}} BAS Rate of reaction between Potassium iodate aid Sodium sulphite Aim : To study the rate of reaction between potassium iodate (KIO3) and sodium sulphite (Na2SO;). a ‘Theory 2 The reaction between KIO; and NaySO; indirectly involves the formation of iodide ions which are oxidized in acidic medium by IO; ions to iodine. The overall reaction proceeds in the following steps. 10; +3 SOF BP +3 SOF (1) 5P+6H'+ 10 > 320 43h ....... 3 ‘The liberated iodine produces blue colour with starch solution. Procedure 1. Take five 250 mL conical flasks and mark these as B, C, D, E and F respectively. Take 6% Na; SOs sohution + starch + distilled water in the flask B,C, Dand Ein the proportion given below and keep the flask ‘F’ for carrying out the reaction. 2. Take a 250 mL conical flask and mark it as ‘A’. Take 25 mL of 6% KIOs solution + 25 mL of 2M H2 SO: +50 mL of distilled water. Shake the contents and keep it in a trough filled with water. . Flask B— 20 mL of Naz SO3+ 5 mL starch + 75 mL distilled water and shake the contents. Flask *C’ — 15 mL of Nax SO; + 5 mL starch + 80 ml distilled water: Flask D— 10 mL of Na: SO; +5 mL of starch + 85 mL distilled water. Flask E—5 mL of Na: SO; +5 mL of starch + 90 mL distilled water. Shake the contents of each flask well. 4, Take the flask F — pour 25 mL of the solution from the flask A + 25 mL from flask B — start the stopwatch when half of the solution from B has been added. Stir the contents thoroughly and record the time required for the appearance of blue colour. 5. Jn the similar manner repeat the experiment with the solutions C, D and E respectively by using 25 mL of the solution from the flask A & record time required for the appearance of blue colour in each case. 6. Record the observations as given in the table. 7. From the tabulated results find out the relationship between the time of appearance of blue colour and the variation in concentration of Nax SOs. Result The rate of the reaction between KIO; and Nap SOs is studied. Rate of reaction increases as concentration of one of the reactants increases. w Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College ILPUC Lab Manual 21-22LHS (unruleg) Expt. 1% dns Rate of reaction between Potassium iodate (KIO5) and Sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) Tabulation - — — S.No | Composition of the system | Time take for the appearance Average | |__bluecolour time (s) | First reading | Second reading | i 25 mL solution from A | | 25 mL solution from B 60 6 615 2 25 mL solution from A | | 25 ml solution from C R 5 BS | 3 | 25m solution from A : | 25 mL. solution from D 85 88 | 865 4 25 mL solution from A | 25 mL solution fromE, uo rr os | Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College UM PUC Lab Manual 21-22RHS(ruled) Date: Experiment. No-18 RWS, Thermochemistry Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid (HCI) and strong base (NaOH) Aim To determine the heat of neutralisation of strong acid (HCl) with a strong base (NaOH) [ Theory The amount of heat liberated when 1 gram equivalent of an acid is completely neutralized by 1 gram equivalent of a base in a ditute solution is called heat of neutralization. HCI (ax) + NaOHiey > NaCl ay + H2Og AH=—ve Procedure ‘A 250 mi. polythene bottle fitted with a 2 holed cork is taken. A thermometer and a stirrer are inserted into the botile through the cork. This serves as the calorimeter ( heat absorbed by the calorimeter is neglected). 100 mL of 1 N HCl is taken in the polythene bottle and its temperature (t,) is noted. 100 mL of 1 N ‘NaOH is taken in‘a beaker and its temperature (f,) isnoted. The solution of NaOH is poured into bottle and it is immediately stoppered and stirred gently. The neutralization is exothermic and therefore the temperature of solution increases. The maximum temperature attained by the solution is noted. Result Heat of neutralization of HCl (strong acid) and NaOH (strong base) is 50.996 kJ equiv’. Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College TL PUC Lab Manual 21-22LHS (inn, ea Expt. 18 , Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid (HCI) and strong base (NaOH) Observation ‘Temperature of HCI solution = t, = 297.65K Temperature of NaOH solution = ty =297.95K Average temperature before mixing = T, = ath = 297.8 K Maximum temperature attained by the mixture = T, = 303.9K Rise in temperature =(h-T)=6.1K Mass of solution =m= 200 g Specific heat of water=s=4.18 JK! gt Calculation = mst = 200 x 4.18 x 6.1 = 5099.65 q= 5.0996 kI Heat liberated by the neutralization of 1 equivalent of strong acid HCI by 1 equivalent of strong base NaOH = 10 x q=— 50.996 KI equivalent! Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College HPUC Lab Manual 21-22RS Experiment No-19 Date: Determination of enthalpy change during interaction between acetone and chloroform Aim To determine enthalpy change on mixing Chloroform and Acetone. Principle oa ‘Acetone and chloroform is a real solution showing negative deviation from Raoult’s law. Acetone mixed with chloroform by forming H-bond along with release of heat energy. ; , He a ne a“ Deo +n-cla Seso— Ler y= HC Na ne7 ct Hipdrogen benading bene “eirgform and acetone Chemicals: Acctone. chloroform Apparates: Polythene bottle, — thermometer Procedure ‘fein ine. Acetone mixed with chloroform liberating heat encrey, Increase ii temperature of mixture is noted (T2°C) Report Enthalpy of mixture of acetone anid chloroform is AHmix=~X J Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College 1 PUC Lab ManualExperiment No. 19 Observation 1. Initial temperature of chloroform: t; K =297.65 K 2. Initial temperature of acetone = t, K =297.95 K 3. Average temperature =T, = 297.8 K 4. Temperature of mixture of chloroform and acetone =T2 5. Rise in temperature = (T,—T,)=tK "y, 8 6. Density of chloroform = 1.47¢/em ts, 7. Density of acetone = 0.787 g/cm? 8 8. Specific heat of chloroform 8; = 0.96 /g 9. Specific heat of Acetone = S, =2.18 Ve Mass, m= Volume x Density ATx Si) + (734 x0.79 x S)] xt 7 x 0.96) + (7.34 x 0.79 x 2.18)] xt 2.64] t= XJ ising 0.1 mol acetone and 0.1 mol chloroform. Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College TLPUC Lab Manual. RUS(ruled) 20 Date: Experiment. No- vs . Electrochemistry RWS Variation of Eau with concentration of electrolyte Aim To study the variation in cell potential of the cell Zn/Zn™*||Cu**/Cu with change in concentration of electrolytes (CuSO,/ZnSO,) at room temperature. Theory The Daniel Cell is symbolically represented as Zing) |Zn*l|Cu?* apICue If the concentration of Zn* and Cu* is IM each then, Ect) = E° cathode — E° anode = Ex? "cu — E°zu2* zn = 0.34-(-0.76) = 1.11 V On changing the concentration of metal ions in solution, the Esa Valué changes. In this experiment maintaining the concentration of Zn®* ion constant, changing only the concentration of Cu" ion, the emf of the cell is calculated using Nernst equation. EB Zn*+2e- (oxidation) At cathode: Cu* + 2e- + Cu Overall reaction: Zn) + Cu%*jay —> Za?" ay + Cul) EMF of the cell can be calculated using Nernst equation E =E° | 23037, (cut 2303 x8314x7. - car Slog FE 1.1 4 220083142 og (an 296500 Observation and Calculation S.No. | Molerity of CuSO, | Observed emf | Calculated | Solution | of the cell (V) | emf (V) i i | 1.090 1.10 2 02 1.077 1.079 3 or 1.072 1.075 4 0.05 1.064 1.068 Zn Sty GHD “Drnres CE. eed Daniel Cell Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College ILPUC Lab Manual 21-22RHS(ruled) Date: Experiment. No-_. 2! Roy Separation of pigments in leaves by Chromatography Aim Separation of pigments in leaves b y paper chromatograph’ te Re value of components. Paps ography and determination of Materials required Gas jar with lid, test tubes, extract of leaves, filter paper etc., petroleum ether, acetoue, water . ‘Theory In paper chromatography, water molecules present in the pores of the filter paper act as the stationary phase and the moving phase can be petroleum ether and acetone mixture. As the moving phase passes through the spot on which sample has been adsorbed, it dissolves the components more or less readily, depending upon the solubility and carries them along with it while moving on the support. Procedure 1. Grind leaves in a mortar and transfer the paste into a test tube. 2. Add small amounts of methanol or acetone to the crushed material. Close the test tube with a cork and shake it well, filter it and collect the filtrate in a test tube and cork the test tube. 3. Take whattman filter paper and mark a line at a distance of 3 cm from one of the ends of the paper with the help of a pencil Using capillary tube place a spot of the extract on the chromatographic paper. Allow the spot to dry. . Hang the filter paper in a jar containing a mixture of petroleum, ether, and acetone in the ratio 9 : 1 so that the solvent does not touch the reference line. Keep this jar as such till the mobile phase rises upto 2/3 of the length of the paper. 7. Remove the filter paper from the jar and mark the solvent front. Outline the spots with the help of a pencil and allow the filter paper to dry. 8. Measure the distance travelled by the solvent front and the centre of different spots with respect to the reference line. 9. Find the number of pigments which are present in the extract of leaves. 10.Calculate the Revalue of different spots with the help of the chromatogram. Result : Ry values of components of leaves are 0.9. IEPUC Lab Manual 21-22LHS (unre Experiment No. 21 2s Separation of pigments in leaves by Chromatography Tabular column | Distance travelled.| Distance travelled ‘| Name ofthe | Colour ofthe | by spot fromthe | _ by the solvent Rrvalue | extract | spot | reference line in | fromreference line Saimac cm incem spinac Yellow colour | leaves | 13 | 82 | 0.9 | ILPUC Lab Manual 21-22RHS(ruled) Date: it Experiment. No-. 9.0 Separation of metal ions in a mixture by Chromatography Aim Be Separate the constituents of a mixture of compounds containing Pb** and Cd” ns ‘Ss using ascending paper chromatography and to calculate the Ry (retardation factor) values. Principle . The cations Pb* and Cé* are separated by chromatography and they are coloured using the developer ammonium sulphide. By measuring distances moved by these ions on the filter paper, their Ry values are calculated. Procedure The experiment is performed as in experiment 8, using the solvent mixture ethanol, conc. HNO; and distilled water in the ratio 8:1:1 (eluent) when the solvent front moves on the filter paper carries the ions also to the different heights. When the solvent front moves about 15 cm on the filter paper it is removed dried & the spots of the ions are coloured by spraying ammonium sulphide (Aq. NH3 + H2S). PbS gives black spot whereas CdS gives yellow spot. The distances of these spots moved from the reference line are measured. The distance travelled by the solvent front is also measured. There by Rr values of both Pb** ions and Cd?* ions can be calculated. R PB i Distance travelled by Pb2* ions in cm value of Pb’ ion = T= ce travelled by the solvent front in cm oe Distance travelled by Cd?+ ions in cm Revalue of Cd?" ion = 55 ce travelled by the solvent front in cm -Result The two metal ions Pb™* and Cd*, in the mixture were separated by chromatography. ILPUC Lab Manual 21-22LHS (unatay Lis Experiment No. Separation of metal ions in a mixture by Chromatography Tabular column an Distance travelled | Distance travelled ion | Colour ofthe | by spot fromthe | _ by the solvent Metal 'Y SP von spot reference line in | fromreference line | ‘Vue cn incm Pb Black 18 9 02 cas yellow | 46 | 9 051 I PUC Lab Manual 21-22Date: Experiment.No-. 23 Preparation of inorganic compounds Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate @ouble salt - 1) Aim : To prepare the double salt ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mchr’s salt) ‘Theory When a saturated aqueous solution containing a mixture of equimolar amounts. of ferrous sulphate and ammonium sulphate, is crystallized, the double salt, ferrous ammonium sulphate is obtained. FeSO, + (NH); SO; +6 HO —> FeSOs.(NHs)2S0; - 6 H20 (Mobr’s salt) Procedure © About 3.5 g of ferrous sulphate and 1.7 g of ammonium sulphate are weighed separately and dissolved:in 5 ml. of distilled water taken in a 100 mL beaker. About 0.5 mL of dilute sulphuric acid is added to this solution to prevent the hydrolysis of Fe** ions | The solution is concentrated by heating to crystallization point. © The solution is cooled slowly to room temperature ® Oncooling, pale green crystals of ferrous ammonium sulphate separates out «The crystals are separated by filtration and washed with alcohol. © The crystals are dried between folds of filter paper and the yield is noted. Result Yield of Mohr’s salt is 3.5 g II PUC Lab Manual 21-2265 Experiment. No- Qu Date: PREPARATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS DOUBLE SALT -—2 POTASH ALUM _ Aim . To prepare the double salt, potash alum ey Theory * sulphate is dissolved in 10 mL of distilled water 00 mL beaker. About 0.4 mL of dilute solution, to present the hydrolysis of AE* ions. sulphate is weighed and added to the above solution. with constant stirring until potassium sulphate is ‘allowed to cool to roam temperature slowly, when white potash alum separates out. + The crystals are separated by filtration and washed with alcohol. * The crystals are dried between the folds of filter paper and the yield is noted. Result The yield of potash alum is 4 g. ‘Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College 1 PUC Lab ManualExperiment. No- | 25~ Det le: PREPARATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Preparation of Potassium trioxalatoferrate(II) Aim To preparation of potassium trioxalatoferrate(MI) Chemicals required 6 g oxalic acid, 7.6 ¢ of KOH, 5 g of FeCls Procedure: are dissolved in a beaker with constant stirring. . 5 g FeCh are added into the abov: ILPUC Lab Manual Vidya Mandir Ind. PU CollegeDate: Experiment. No-. 26 a PREPARATION OF ACETANILIDE Aim To prepare acetanilide Apparatus required Funnel, conical flask, air condenser, round bottomed (RB) flask beaker, pumice stone, measuring cylinder, etc. Chemicals required Aniline , Acetic anhydride, Glacial acetic acid, water.” Theory The replacement of one hydrogen group in the presence of glacial aceti acetylation is usually carried out wit CeHs NHCOCH3 (Acetanilide) . an air condenséeaiter @ few pumice stones and reflux the mixture aa, 0-15 tnimutes stirring. ¢ Filter the solid dried and weighed. Result Yield of Acetanilide 2g Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College 1 PUC Lab Manual68 Experiment. No. 23 oe ate: PREPARATION OF DIBENZALACETONE Aim To prepare dibenzalacetone Apparatus required e Conical flask, beaker, funnel, filter paper etc. “a> RA Chemicals required Benzaldehyde (2.5 mL), Acetone (1 ml), 10% NaOH (5'ml), Reet spirit (25 ml), ice water. Theory In this reaction, 2 males of benzaldetivde condense with: the presence of NaOH to give dibenzalacctone ©‘ mole of acetone in 2CdH;CHO + CHCOCH; ite atc CHCOCH = CH - Cs (Benzaldehyde) (Acetone) ibenzalacetone) Procedure ice water. . | ‘© The yellow coloured solid of dibenzalacetone obtained is filtered dried and weighed. Result Yield of dibenzalacetone is 3 g sents Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College I PUC Lab ManualExperiment No. 138 Date: Test for Carbohydrates Molisch Test (General test for carbohydrates) : | Experiment Observation Inference Aqueous solution of the Violet ring is formed at},Carboliydrate is compound + alcoholic o-}the junction of two | present. naphthol + conc. H:SO, along | layers i the sides of the test tube General Test for reducing sugars a) Benedict’s reagent fest Solution of the compound +} Ared precipitate “| Carbohydrate is Benedict's reagent. Heat on} | reducing sugar water bath b) Fehling’s solution test - Se by i dd +] Ak Carbohydrate is Solution of the compouin hyde Carbohydrate is reducing sugar 11 PUC Lab Manual Vidya Mandir Ind. PU CollegeExpovmest No. 29 cont -+° ‘Test to distinguish Monosaccharide from Disaccharide Barfoed’s Test _ Solution of compound +| Orange red precipitate | Carbohydrate is Barfoed’s reagent. Heat on monosaccharide water bath A isa No orange red suet ide precipitate . Test to distinguish Ketose from Aldose Solution of the compound + Scliwanoff's reagent. Heat on water bath. Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College I PUC Lab ManualExperiment No, - 29 Date: Test for Oils and Fats TEST FOR OILS AND FATS —— Acrolein Test 3 drops of oil + few} A pungent smell duc to|Oil- or fat is crystals of potassium formation of acrolein present hydrogen sulphate, heat gently Uf PUC Lab Manual Vidya Mandir Ind. PU CollegeExperiment No.- 30 TESTS FOR PROTEINS Date: Test for proteins a) Biuret test ( Test for peptide bond) Protein solution + 2 mi 10% NaOH + CuSO, solution warm. A violet colour is observed | b) Ninhydrin Test Proteii solution «= + Ninhydrin solution. Heat and cool A blue colour is obsérved “| ©) Xanthoproteic test Protein solution + few| Protein is present drops of conc. HNO; wamn | orange red’on adding NaOH| (test for protein % B aa benzene ring) Vidya Mandir Ind. PU College TPUC Lab Manual