( Aral pan Project )

~ The map

The official name of the country: Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye )

The capital : Ankara

The official flag:

The official language : Turkish, also referred to as Turkey Turkish, is the most widely spoken
of the Turkic languages, with around 80 to 90 million speakers.

Ethnic distribution : About 80% of the population is Turkish. The major ethnic minority (by
mother tongue), the Kurds, is estimated at 20%. Arabs, Turkmen, Circassians, Greeks, and
others do account for a small percentage of the population.

Type of government :  is the national government of Turkey. It is governed as a unitary

state under a presidential representative democracy and a constitutional republic within
a pluriform multi-party system. The term government can mean either the collective set of
institutions (the executive, legislative, and judicial branches) or specifically the Cabinet (the
executive).
 Dominant religion: Islam is the largest religion in Turkey. More than 99 percent of the
population is Muslim, mostly Sunni.

Currency: The Turkish Lira.

The official name of the country: Iraq

The capital: Baghdad

The official flag:

The official language : There are a number of languages spoken in Iraq,

but Mesopotamian Arabic (Iraqi Arabic) is by far the most widely spoken in the
country. Arabic and Kurdish are both official languages in Iraq.

Ethnic distribution: In terms of ethnicity, Arabs make up between 75 – 80 per cent of

the population and Kurds a further 15-20 per cent. Ethnic minorities include Turkmen, Shabak,
Chaldeans, Assyrians, Armenians, black Iraqis and Roma. Some Yezidis consider themselves a
distinct ethnic group, while others identify as being Kurds.

Type of government: Iraq is a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic. It

is a multi-party system whereby the executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister of
the Council of Ministers as the head of government, the President of Iraq as the head of state,
and legislative power is vested in the Council of Representatives.

Dominant religion: According to 2010 government statistics, the most recent available, 97
percent of the population is Muslim. Shia Muslims, predominantly Arabs but also including
Turkoman, Faili (Shia) Kurds, and others, constitute 55 to 60 percent of the population.
 Currency:  Iraqi dinar

The official name of the country: Syrian Arab Republic

The capital: DAMASCUS

The official flag:

The official language: Arabic is the official language

Ethnic distribution: Sunni Arab Syrians could be anywhere between 70% and 79% as
non-Arabic-speaking groups (mostly Kurds) are usually estimated at 4%, non-Sunni Muslim
groups (mostly Alawites) at less than 10% and non-Arabic and Arabic-speaking Christians are
10%, but these are only indicative percentages.

Type of government: Politics in the Syrian Arab Republic takes place in the framework of

a semi-presidential republic with multiparty representation. President Bashar al-Assad, and his Arab
Socialist Ba'ath Party have remained dominant forces in the country's politics since the 1970 coup
d'état.

Dominant religion: Though the majority of Syrians identify with some form of Sunni
Islam, the country is home to a vast diversity of religious and ethnic groups, including Kurds,
Armenians, Turkmen, Alawis, Twelver Shi'a Muslims, various Christian denominations including
Greek Orthodox Christians and Druze, Yezidis, Baha'is, and Jews.

Currency: Syrian Pound (SYP)

 The official name of the country: Lebanon

The capital: Beirut is the capital city of Lebanon and located on a peninsula at the midpoint
of its Mediterranean coast. Beirut is the country's largest and main seaport and is one of the oldest
cities in the world, inhabited more than 5,000 years ago.

The official flag:

The official language: Arabic is the official language of Lebanon, but English and French are
widely used. Most Lebanese speak French - a legacy of France's colonial rule - and the younger
generation gravitates towards English.

Ethnic distribution: Muslim 61.1% (30.6% Sunni, 30.5% Shia, smaller percentages of
Alawites and Ismailis), Christian 33.7% (Maronite Catholics are the largest Christian group),
Druze 5.2%, very small numbers of Jews, Baha'is, Buddhists, and Hindus (2018 est.) 65 years
and over: 7.96% (male 187,001/female 248,479) 

Type government: Modern Lebanon is a unitary multiparty republic with a parliamentary

system of government. Its constitution, promulgated in 1926 during the French mandate and modified
by several subsequent amendments, provides for a unicameral Chamber of Deputies (renamed
the National Assembly in 1979) elected for a term of four years by universal adult suffrage (women
attained the right to vote and eligibility to run for office in 1953).

Dominant religion: According to latest global estimations, 61% of Lebanon's population

identify as Muslim while 33.7% identify as Christian.

Currency: Lebanese pound

The official name of the country: Jordan

The capital: Amman, Arabic 

 The official flag:

The official language: Arabic

Ethnic distribution: Jordan is a country in the Middle East and borders with its southern
tip on the Gulf of Aqaba the Red Sea. The distance to the Mediterranean is only about 60
km through Israel. The land has a total area of 89,320 km² (34,487 mi²) and a total
coastline of 26 km (16.2 mi).

Type of government: The 1952 constitution is the most recent of a series of legislative
instruments that, both before and after independence, have increased executive responsibility. The
constitution declares Jordan to be a constitutional, hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary form of
government.

Dominant religion: Religious Demography. The U.S. government estimates the population at
10.9 million (midyear 2021). According to U.S. government estimates, Muslims, virtually all of whom
are Sunni, make up 97.1 percent of the population while Christians make up 2.1 percent.

Currency: Jordanian dinar

The official name of the country: Palestine

The capital: Jerusalem (limited recognition) Ramallah

The official flag:

The official language: Arabic and Hebrew

 Ethnic distribution: In the Palestinian territories, c. 86% of the population is Arab
(predominantly Sunni), c. 13% is Jewish, other <1% (cf. Israel: Jewish 74%, Arab 21%, other
5%).

Type of government: It is officially governed by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

and claims the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. However, its claimed territory has been occupied by
Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967.

Dominant religion:  98% of Palestinians identify as Sunni Muslims.

Currency: The Palestine pound

The official name of the country: State of Israel

The capital: Jerusalem

The official flag:

The official language: Hebrew

Ethnic distribution: The Israeli population is 74% Jewish (Jew), which is both an ethnicity
and a religion, and 21% Arab.

Type of government:  its proclaimed capital of Jerusalem, although Israeli sovereignty over

East Jerusalem is unrecognized internationally.

Dominant religion: Jewish

 Currency: Israeli new shekel

The official name of the country: Egypt

The capital: Cairo

The official flag:

The official language: Arabic

Ethnic distribution: Ethnic Egyptians account for 91% of the total population. The largest
ethnic minorities include the Turks, Greeks, Abazas, and Bedouin Arab tribes in the Sinai
Peninsula and the deserts to the east, as well as the Siwis in the Siwa Oasis and the Nubian
people along the Nile.

Type of government: Democratic Republic

Dominant religion: 90 percent of the population is Sunni Muslim

Currency: Egyptian pound

The official name of the country: Iran and also called Persia

The capital: Tehran is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province

The official flag:

 The official language: Although Persian (Farsi) is the predominant and official language of
Iran, a number of languages and dialects from three language families—Indo-European, Altaic, and
Afro-Asiatic—are spoken.

Ethnic distribution: The majority of the population of Iran (approximately 67–80%) consists
of Iranic peoples.

Type of government: The politics of Iran takes place in the framework of an Islamic

theocracy which was formed following the overthrow of Iran's millennia-long monarchy by the
1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution.

Dominant religion: The constitution defines the country as an Islamic republic and
specifies Twelver Ja'afari Shia Islam as the official state religion.

Currency: