Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 1

    Uploaded by

    Виктория Скарло
    14 views15 pages

    Original Title

    Doc1

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    14 views15 pages

    1

    Uploaded by

    Виктория Скарло

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 15
    the referent, it nominates, it just singles it out, separates it from the rest. Proper ‘ames possess this meaning, they lack logical meaning. T. Logical meaning ~ (denotational) [dinou'tertiv] ~ it gives us some information about the subject. When we say “a girl” we denote some object, which isa human being of a female sex, relatively young. The content of a concept that comprises the logical meaning. UI. Emotive, evaluative — (connotational), additional — it shows the positive or negative attitude of the speaker towards the object of speech. ‘The word “girl” Jacks emotional meaning, while the word “darling” referred to the same object shows the positive attitude of the speaker to the object, the word “monster” also conveys the emotional auitude of the speaker to a girl. So “darling” and “monster” possess emotional meanings besides logical IV. Contextual When we speuk we arrange our speech as a chain of words, this chain forms a text, While arranging this chain we pick words from the language and insert them into our speech in those meanings that they are registered in dictionaries, Thus the dictionary meaning becomes the cont ual meaning of the word. From the couse of lexicology you already know that the meaning of a word is not something one-piece (uesiwmii). A word usually denotes some ‘object, some quality, some action. Saying “a girl” we denote some object which is a human being of a female sex, relatively young. Saying “speaks” we denote some process, an action of articulating definite sound aiming to convey some information to Besides logical meaning a word can possess an emotive meaning, emotive, evaluative showing either positive or negative attitude of the speaker toward the object of speech. Correspondingly, the word “girl” lacks emotional eee while the word “darling” referred to the same object shows the positive attitude of the speaker to the object, the word “monster” also conveys the emotional attitude of a speaker to the git]. So “darling” and “monster” possess emotional meanings, besides logical, Proper names lack logical meaning, they don’t refer to any features of the object denoted: Mapua, Ann, jack, Mr. Smith, ‘They only single them out of other objects. Such words possess only nominal meaning. All words exist in the language as a system and are registered in dictionaries. So cach of them possesses dictionary logical, dictionary emotive, dictionary nominal meanings. When we speak we arrange our speech as a chain of words, this chain forms a text, While arranging this chain we pick words from the Janguage and insert them into our speech in those meanings that they are registered in dietionaris meaning of a word. Thus the dietionary meaning becomes the “” contextual Usually a word in the language possesses several meanings, e.g. “hand” has about 20 meanings, registered in dictionaries. But each time we use the word and” in speech, we use it in only one meaning, We choose one of the dictionary meanings, insert the word with this meaning into the text, Its contextual meaning corresponds to its dictionary one. Sconce more: !!!2 word in speech is usually used in only one meaning, ancl this contextual meaning coincides with one of the dictionary meanings of ings stand in a normal non-emphatic speech, Now we are interested in emphatic speech, In this case & word may become a stylistic device, and consequently behave this word, So th: ina different way, the second basic difference is that its context its dictionary meaning. baw aks Kamer Lexical SDs are called tropes [troups}. SD based on interaction of logical + nominal logical + logical eps + et logical + emotive (dict.) (context) | diet.) idea ad Zeugma 1. Hyperbole Antonom: [entona'merga] | 2. Metonymy ['zju:gme) ee {motonimi] 2. Pun (arpa | 2. Epi 3. Irony ‘ca108) 3. Oxymoron 4. Nonsense of non- |3, Violation of | {.oks1'moran} sequence phrascological (Oobbexr unit / nenocacxosatemnoct) 4, Semantically false chains SD of antonomasia can be of two types: 1) based on the intersetion between the dictionary logical and contextual ominal meaning. A word from a common noun becomes a proper noun, When personage of a literary work has the name Mr. Snake, Mr. Backbite, Becky Sharp, CoBaxeumy, Xiecrakos we already suspect some qualities of his character. ‘The contextual meaning of the word is only nominal, but their logical dictionary meanings “xeerarh”, “shake - a serpent”, “back” and “bite” — years of personage. This happens only in literary works, [n life we can easily fareet the lexical meaning of a word that functions a5 a name To understand that type oF antonomasia the reader should know the language quite well, china suggest some qualit Such a person of a member of other people, but we do not give any information of what kind of person it is, is it she or he? Js this person good or bad? What are main ‘Some logical meaning, nowadays we do not remember them, their logi : are practically lost: Bonaaps, Kysmewos, Herp, Mapua, Mr, Smith, Mr. Brown, — Even when the personal name has something in common with a common name we do not take it into consideration estimating the man bearing this name e.g. 8 violinist Kputca ~ no association with the lexical meaning of the word Kpwica. ‘But the things stand differently in a literary work. If a personage possesses name CoGaxesi, Cassin any reader will suspect smth wrong in the characters of such personages. Common names coGaxa, caus, Xaeerarb are transferred into, proper names, preserving theit logical meanings. ‘Thus, we observe a word possessing 2 meanings at a time ~ nm logical, Such personal names in literary works are called “speaking names” (telling) ~ Lowopsmme Hera. They were most popular in XVIII-XIX cent., they are rather fare in modern literature. Speaking names are usually Jost as a SD in the process of translation, ¢.g. Becky Sharp — Bh, AMapn_(Npumepnt_coxpanenus roRoparux wen: Sheridan's play “The Rivals”: Miss Languish — Muce Tosnait Mr. Backbite ~ M-p Kuenetayit Mr. Credulous ~ M-p lonep Mr. Snake~M-p Lan E.Cooper: Lord Chatterino ~ opt Baxa6ox0 John Jaw ~ Jbxout bpex Island Leap-High — ocrpon Bucouputrust Sometimes we come across a personal name of @ Personage that possesses ‘logical meaning but says nothing about the person, Such names convey Aare Sarnia ctae am TsO) fi pola sc ek par foo ae Oh ae the name of some person and the name is of no importance he can use a phrase expressing the idea that he had forgotten the name as a name itself, e.g. Mrs. What's — her ~ name (Capital “W" shows that it's a personal name), Mr. This = cand - that. All the above spoken cases of antonomasia belong to one group. based on the interaction oft . sata ’ Proper noun — common noun To perceive this kind of antonomasia good knowledge of the language is necessary. 2) There also exists antonomasia of the second type in which: 4 proper name becomes a common name, it is based on independent nominal meaning + contextual logical. Antonomasia of the second type presupposes from the reader’s side not only good knowledge of the language, but good knowledge of literature, culture, the language meaning is nominal history, ete. Because in this type of antonomasi while the contextual is logical. In this name. The name of some vastly famous personage or some real person becomes ‘ase a_proper name becomes a common closely connected with the qualities of this personage, just those qualities that the person is famous for, e.g. Othello is famous for his jealousy, Hamlet for his deep inner fight and indicisiveness “to be or not to be”, Juliet and Romeo for their pure and romantic love. And their personal names that used to have only nominal meaning are used in another context to denote just those qualities as jealousy (Othello), indicisiveness (Hamlet), romantic love (Romeo and Juliet). So in the context they acquire logical not nominal meaning, If we say “her husband is a real Othello, we do not mean that she is married to Mr. Othello. His proper name is different. So the word Othello here is a bearer of a logical meaning i.e, a “jealous a Gat ox ‘possess in the language. In : 3 ag werd with were ite gil mearing which wll e018 SOME definite object or action and use it to denote some other object oF action. Metonymy is based on contiguity [Kontjuti] emexnocrs. Metaphor is based on similiarity exoxeers. ; We identify (oroxsecraasew) in our speech two diferent objects because either we see some similarity between them (metaphor) or because there exists ‘a closeness between them (metonymy) A, Bostecewckull ~ “ortenmit axe7T0K” — ‘commue. A pancake — the sun “A pancake was burning in the sky”. She was fond of Hiquor the bottle mtainer, having liquor in it Metaphor prosents the interaction biw 2 logical meanings based on similiarity and association, She is a rose Stylistic metaphor always creates some artistic image. If it creates one separate image we call it a simple metaphor. But sometimes we observe several metaphors, each one creating an artistic image, and those images are interconnected, they in their tur, create one large, common arti case speak about a sustained, or prol taphor ic image. In this 44 €Fo Gwuall crektmMe, ON pasGuaNeD, cHEpKAR A. Tpaint OCTPbIMH OCKONKaMH™, Eyery metaphor asserts some similiarity btw two objects. If the likeness is _ Metonymy is based on two logical meanings in a word. But the object mentioned and the object implied do not bare the slightest similiarity. They are somehow connected in reality. They possess (emexxio) contiguity. 1, We can mention: tite container and imply what is contained: 1) “Weil you have another cup? ~ cup & tea have no linguistic neamess but the first serves the container of the second, itis a case of metonymy, once original, but due to long use, no more accepted as a fresh SD. 2) She was fond of bottle 2. Mention instrument imply action done with the instrument instrument to eam one’s living with one’s pen ‘creations 3. Mention the organ ofa human body imply the function of the organ par of dwelling to give a roof to smb, ee dwelling at large Time is money. Money is a liquid, i “My brass will call your brass” ~ says one of the characters of Hailey’s. ‘Metonymy. jays During your course of lexicology you have heard is terms metaphor and ‘metonymy when you were discussing way of enriching the vocabulary, types of \word-formation. You were taught that one type of word-formation is transference of meaning, among them metaphor and metonymy: “hand (erpesxa acos) ~ metaphor SiO prs)

    You might also like