Introduction to ASD

Articles

Diagnostic Assessment of ASD

• Huerta, M., & Lord, C. (2012). Diagnostic evaluation of autism spectrum
disorders. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 59(1), 103.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pcl.2011.10.018
• Hus, V., Bishop, S., Gotham, K., Huerta, M., & Lord, C. (2013). Factors
influencing scores on the social responsiveness scale. Journal of Child Psychology
and Psychiatry, 54(2), 216-224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02589.x
• Esler, A. N., & Ruble, L. A. (2015). DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for autism
spectrum disorder with implications for school psychologists. International
Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 3(1), 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2014.890148
• Gabrielsen, T. P., Farley, M., Speer, L., Villalobos, M., Baker, C. N., & Miller, J.
(2015). Identifying autism in a brief observation. Pediatrics, 135(2), e330-e338.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1428
• Harris, J. C. (2016). The origin and natural history of autism spectrum
disorders. Nature neuroscience, 19(11), 1390-1391.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4427
• Harris, J. (2018). Leo Kanner and autism: a 75-year perspective. International
Review of Psychiatry, 30(1), 3-17.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1455646
• Hyman, S. L., Levy, S. E., & Myers, S. M. (2020). Identification, evaluation, and
management of children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 145(1).
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-3447
• Lord, C., Brugha, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack, J., Dumas, G., Frazier, T., ... &
Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder. Nature Reviews
Disease Primers, 6(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0138-4
• https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000227880.42780.0e
• Kanne, S. M., & Bishop, S. L. (2021). Editorial Perspective: The autism waitlist
crisis and remembering what families need. Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry, 62(2), 140-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13254
• Rosen, N. E., Lord, C., & Volkmar, F. R. (2021). The Diagnosis of Autism: From
Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond. Journal of Autism and Developmental
Disorders, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04904-1

Changes in ASD Epidemiology and Referral Trends

 • Loomes, R., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. P. L. (2017). What is the male-to-female ratio
in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of
the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 466-474.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013
• Schendel, D. E., & Thorsteinsson, E. (2018). Cumulative incidence of autism into
adulthood for birth cohorts in Denmark, 1980-2012. Jama, 320(17), 1811-1813.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.11328
• Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., & Baio, J. (2020). Prevalence of autism spectrum
disorder among children aged 8 years—autism and developmental disabilities
monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2016. MMWR Surveillance
Summaries, 69(4), 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.ss6904a1
• Shaw, K. A., Maenner, M. J., & Baio, J. (2020). Early identification of autism
spectrum disorder among children aged 4 years—Early Autism and
Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, six sites, United States,
2016. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 69(3), 1.
https://dx.doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.ss6903a1
• Warrier, V., Greenberg, D. M., Weir, E., Buckingham, C., Smith, P., Lai, M. C., ...
& Baron-Cohen, S. (2020). Elevated rates of autism, other neurodevelopmental
and psychiatric diagnoses, and autistic traits in transgender and gender-diverse
individuals. Nature communications, 11(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-
020-17794-1
• Roman-Urrestarazu, A., van Kessel, R., Allison, C., Matthews, F. E., Brayne, C.,
& Baron-Cohen, S. (2021). Association of Race/Ethnicity and Social
Disadvantage With Autism Prevalence in 7 Million School Children in
England. JAMA pediatrics, e210054-e210054.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0054

Differential Diagnosis of ASD and Other Disorders

(including use of standardized instruments in differential
diagnosis)
• Osterling, J. A., Dawson, G., & Munson, J. A. (2002). Early recognition of 1-year-
old infants with autism spectrum disorder versus mental retardation. Development
and psychopathology, 14(2), 239-251.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579402002031
• Risi, S., Lord, C., Gotham, K., Corsello, C., Chrysler, C., Szatmari, P., ... &
Pickles, A. (2006). Combining information from multiple sources in the diagnosis
of autism spectrum disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child &
Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(9), 1094-1103.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000227880.42780.0e
• Ventola, P., Kleinman, J., Pandey, J., Wilson, L., Esser, E., Boorstein, H., ... &
Fein, D. (2007). Differentiating between autism spectrum disorders and other
developmental disabilities in children who failed a screening instrument for
 ASD. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 37(3), 425-436.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0177-z
• King, B. H., & Lord, C. (2011). Is schizophrenia on the autism spectrum?. Brain
research, 1380, 34-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.031
• Moss, J., Howlin, P., & Oliver, C. (2011). The assessment and presentation of
autism spectrum disorder and associated characteristics in individuals with severe
intellectual disability and genetic syndromes. In The Oxford handbook of
intellectual disability and development (pp. 275-302). Oxford University Press,
New York.
• Gotham, K., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2012). Trajectories of autism severity in
children using standardized ADOS scores. Pediatrics, 130(5), e1278-e1284. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3668
• Norbury, C. F. (2014). Practitioner review: Social (pragmatic) communication
disorder conceptualization, evidence and clinical implications. Journal of Child
Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(3), 204-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12154
• McDuffie, A., Thurman, A. J., Hagerman, R. J., & Abbeduto, L. (2015).
Symptoms of autism in males with fragile X syndrome: A comparison to
nonsyndromic ASD using current ADI-R scores. Journal of autism and
developmental disorders, 45(7), 1925-1937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-
2013-6
• Grzadzinski, R., Dick, C., Lord, C., & Bishop, S. (2016). Parent-reported and
clinician-observed autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms in children with
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): implications for practice under
DSM-5. Molecular autism, 7(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0072-1
• Zheng, Z., Zheng, P., & Zou, X. (2018). Association between schizophrenia and
autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Autism
Research, 11(8), 1110-1119. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1977
• Thurm, A., Farmer, C., Salzman, E., Lord, C., & Bishop, S. (2019). State of the
field: differentiating intellectual disability from autism spectrum
disorder. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 526.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00526
• Shulman, C., Rice, C. E., Morrier, M. J., & Esler, A. (2020). The role of
diagnostic instruments in dual and differential diagnosis in autism spectrum
disorder across the lifespan. Psychiatric Clinics, 43(4), 605-628.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2020.08.002

Assessment of ASD in Adults

• Sappok, T., Diefenbacher, A., Budczies, J., Schade, C., Grubich, C., Bergmann,
T., ... & Dziobek, I. (2013). Diagnosing autism in a clinical sample of adults with
intellectual disabilities: How useful are the ADOS and the ADI-R?. Research in
developmental disabilities, 34(5), 1642-1655.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.01.028
 • Fusar-Poli, L., Brondino, N., Rocchetti, M., Panisi, C., Provenzani, U., Damiani,
S., & Politi, P. (2017). Diagnosing ASD in adults without ID: accuracy of the
ADOS-2 and the ADI-R. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 47(11),
3370-3379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3258-2
• Langmann, A., Becker, J., Poustka, L., Becker, K., & Kamp-Becker, I. (2017).
Diagnostic utility of the autism diagnostic observation schedule in a clinical
sample of adolescents and adults. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 34, 34-
43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2016.11.012
• Lewis, L. F. (2017). A mixed methods study of barriers to formal diagnosis of
autism spectrum disorder in adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental
Disorders, 47(8), 2410–2424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3168-3
• Talari, S., Balaji, K., & Stansfield, A. J. (2017). What is the association between
ADI-R scores and final diagnosis of autism in an all IQ adult autism diagnostic
service?. Advances in Autism. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-05-2017-0012
• Green, R. M., Travers, A. M., Howe, Y., & McDougle, C. J. (2019). Women and
autism spectrum disorder: Diagnosis and implications for treatment of adolescents
and adults. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(4), 1-
8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1006-3
• Huang, Y., Arnold, S. R., Foley, K. R., & Trollor, J. N. (2020). Diagnosis of
autism in adulthood: A scoping review. Autism, 24(6), 1311-
1327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320903128
• Fusar-Poli, L., Brondino, N., Politi, P., & Aguglia, E. (2020). Missed diagnoses
and misdiagnoses of adults with autism spectrum disorder. European archives of
psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-020-
01189-w

Assessment of ASD in Very Young Children

• Le Couteur, A., Haden, G., Hammal, D., & McConachie, H. (2008). Diagnosing
autism spectrum disorders in pre-school children using two standardised
assessment instruments: the ADI-R and the ADOS. Journal of autism and
developmental disorders, 38(2), 362-372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-
0403-3
• Wiggins, L. D., & Robins, D. L. (2008). Brief report: Excluding the ADI-R
behavioral domain improves diagnostic agreement in toddlers. Journal of autism
and developmental disorders, 38(5), 972-976. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-
0456-3
• Kim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2012). Combining information from multiple sources in the
diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders using the new ADI-R algorithms for toddlers
from 12 to 47 months of age. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(2), 143-
151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02458.x
• Corsello, C. M., Akshoomoff, N., & Stahmer, A. C. (2013). Diagnosis of autism
spectrum disorders in 2‐year‐olds: a study of community practice. Journal of Child
 Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(2), 178-185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-
7610.2012.02607.x
• Wiggins, L. D., Reynolds, A., Rice, C. E., Moody, E. J., Bernal, P., Blaskey, L., ...
& Levy, S. E. (2015). Using standardized diagnostic instruments to classify
children with autism in the study to explore early development. Journal of autism
and developmental disorders, 45(5), 1271-1280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-
014-2287-3
• Kim, S. H., Hus, V., Benrey, N., Choi, Y.B., Guthrie, W., Colombi, C., & Lord, C.
(2018). Variability in autism symptom trajectories using repeated observations
from 14 to 36 months of age. Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(11), 837-848.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.05.026
• Ozonoff, S., Gangi, D., Hanzel, E. P., Hill, A., Hill, M. M., Miller, M., ... & Iosif,
A. M. (2018). Onset patterns in autism: Variation across informants, methods, and
timing. Autism Research, 11(5), 788-797. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1943
• Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Brian, J., Charman, T., Shephard, E., Solish, A., &
Zwaigenbaum, L. (2018). Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder after age 5 in
children evaluated longitudinally since infancy. Journal of the American Academy
of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(11), 849-857.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.022
• Ozonoff, S., & Iosif, A. M. (2019). Changing conceptualizations of regression:
What prospective studies reveal about the onset of autism spectrum
disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 100, 296-304.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.012
• Berger, N. I., Wainer, A. L., Kuhn, J., Bearss, K., Attar, S., Carter, A. S., ... &
Stone, W. L. (2021). Characterizing available tools for synchronous virtual
assessment of toddlers with suspected autism spectrum disorder: a brief
report. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04911-2
• Stenberg, N., Schjølberg, S., Shic, F., Volkmar, F., Øyen, A. S., Bresnahan, M., ...
& Øien, R. A. (2021). Functional outcomes of children identified early in the
developmental period as at risk for ASD utilizing the The Norwegian Mother,
Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Journal of Autism and Developmental
Disorders, 51, 922-932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04539-8
• Zwaigenbaum, L., Brian, J., Smith, I. M., Sacrey, L. A. R., Franchini, M., Bryson,
S. E., ... & Roncadin, C. (2021). Symptom trajectories in the first 18 months and
autism risk in a prospective high‐risk cohort. Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13417

Assessment of ASD in Medically Complex Populations

• Szymanski, C. A., Brice, P. J., Lam, K. H., & Hotto, S. A. (2012). Deaf children
with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of autism and developmental
disorders, 42(10), 2027-2037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1452-9
• Meinzen-Derr, J., Wiley, S., Bishop, S., Manning-Courtney, P., Choo, D. I., &
Murray, D. (2014). Autism spectrum disorders in 24 children who are deaf or hard
of hearing. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 78(1), 112-
118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.10.065
• Williams, M. E., Fink, C., Zamora, I., & Borchert, M. (2014). Autism assessment
in children with optic nerve hypoplasia and other vision
impairments. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 56(1), 66-72.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12264
• Oberman, L. M., Boccuto, L., Cascio, L., Sarasua, S., & Kaufmann, W. E. (2015).
Autism spectrum disorder in Phelan-McDermid syndrome: initial characterization
and genotype-phenotype correlations. Orphanet journal of rare diseases, 10(1), 1-
9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-015-0323-9
• Butchart, M., Long, J. J., Brown, M., McMillan, A., Bain, J., & Karatzias, T.
(2017). Autism and visual impairment: A review of the literature. Review Journal
of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 4(2), 118-131.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-016-0101-1
• Do, B., Lynch, P., Macris, E. M., Smyth, B., Stavrinakis, S., Quinn, S., &
Constable, P. A. (2017). Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the association of
Autism Spectrum Disorder in visually or hearing impaired children. Ophthalmic
and Physiological Optics, 37(2), 212-224. https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12350
• de Vaan, G., Vervloed, M. P., Peters-Scheffer, N. C., van Gent, T., Knoors, H., &
Verhoeven, L. (2018). Assessing autism spectrum disorder in people with sensory
impairments combined with intellectual disabilities. Journal of developmental and
physical disabilities, 30(4), 471-487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-018-9597-x
• Hansen, S., & Scott, J. (2018). A systematic review of the autism research with
children who are deaf or hard of hearing. Communication Disorders
Quarterly, 39(2), 330-334. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1525740117728475
• Soorya, L., Leon, J., Trelles, M. P., & Thurm, A. (2018). Framework for assessing
individuals with rare genetic disorders associated with profound intellectual and
multiple disabilities (PIMD): the example of Phelan McDermid syndrome. The
Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(7), 1226-1255.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1413211
• Wright, B., Phillips, H., Le Couteur, A., Sweetman, J., Hodkinson, R., Ralph-
Lewis, A., ... & Allgar, V. (2020). Modifying and validating the social
responsiveness scale edition 2 for use with deaf children and young people. PloS
one, 15(12), e0243162. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243162
• Wright, B., Phillips, H., Allgar, V., Sweetman, J., Hodkinson, R., Hayward, E., ...
& Le Couteur, A. (2021). Adapting and validating the Autism Diagnostic
Interview-Revised for use with deaf children and young people. Autism,
13623613211029116. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F13623613211029116
Cultural and Gender Issues in Diagnostic Assessment of
ASD
• Giarelli, E., Wiggins, L. D., Rice, C. E., Levy, S. E., Kirby, R. S., Pinto-Martin, J.,
& Mandell, D. (2010). Sex differences in the evaluation and diagnosis of autism
spectrum disorders among children. Disability and health journal, 3(2), 107-116.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2009.07.001
• Kim, S. H., Kim, Y. S., Koh, Y. J., Lim, E. C., Kim, S. J., & Leventhal, B. L.
(2016). Often asked but rarely answered: can asians meet DSM-5/ICD-10 autism
spectrum disorder criteria?. Journal of child and adolescent
psychopharmacology, 26(9), 835-842. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2016.0021
• Vanegas, S. B., Magaña, S., Morales, M., & McNamara, E. (2016). Clinical
validity of the ADI-R in a US-based Latino population. Journal of autism and
developmental disorders, 46(5), 1623-1635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-
2690-4
• Harrison, A. J., Long, K. A., Tommet, D. C., & Jones, R. N. (2017). Examining
the role of race, ethnicity, and gender on social and behavioral ratings within the
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Journal of Autism and Developmental
Disorders, 47(9), 2770-2782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3176-3
• Havdahl, K. A., Bishop, S. L., Surén, P., Øyen, A. S., Lord, C., Pickles, A., ... &
Stoltenberg, C. (2017). The influence of parental concern on the utility of autism
diagnostic instruments. Autism Research, 10(10), 1672-1686.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1817
• Magaña, S., & Vanegas, S. B. (2017). Diagnostic Utility of the ADI-R and DSM-5
in the Assessment of Latino Children and Adolescents. Journal of autism and
developmental disorders, 47(5), 1278-1287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-
3043-2
• Tillmann, J., Ashwood, K., Absoud, M., Bölte, S., Bonnet-Brilhault, F., Buitelaar,
J. K., ... & Charman, T. (2018). Evaluating sex and age differences in ADI-R and
ADOS scores in a large European multi-site sample of individuals with autism
spectrum disorder. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 48(7), 2490-
2505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3510-4
• Constantino, J. N., Abbacchi, A. M., Saulnier, C., Klaiman, C., Mandell, D. S.,
Zhang, Y., ... & Geschwind, D. H. (2020). Timing of the diagnosis of autism in
African American children. Pediatrics, 146(3). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-
3629
• Wiggins, L. D., Durkin, M., Esler, A., Lee, L. C., Zahorodny, W., Rice, C., ... &
Baio, J. (2020). Disparities in documented diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder
based on demographic, individual, and service factors. Autism Research, 13(3),
464-473. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2255
• Kaat, A. J., Shui, A. M., Ghods, S. S., Farmer, C. A., Esler, A. N., Thurm, A., ... &
Bishop, S. L. (2021). Sex differences in scores on standardized measures of autism
 symptoms: a multisite integrative data analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry, 62(1), 97-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13242
• Stevanovic, D., Costanzo, F., Fucà, E., Valeri, G., Vicari, S., Robins, D. L., ... &
Knez, R. (2021). Measurement invariance of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale
(CARS) across six countries. Autism Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2586
• Zuckerman, K. E., Chavez, A. E., Wilson, L., Unger, K., Reuland, C., Ramsey, K.,
... & Fombonne, E. (2021). Improving autism and developmental screening and
referral in US primary care practices serving Latinos. Autism, 25(1), 288-299.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1362361320957461
• Oh, M., Song, D. Y., Bong, G., Yoon, N. H., Kim, S. Y., Kim, J. H., ... & Yoo, H.
J. (2021). Validating the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised in the Korean
Population. Psychiatry investigation, 18(3),
196. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0337

ADOS & ADI-R Updates & Revisions

• Gotham, K., Risi, S., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2007). The Autism Diagnostic
Observation Schedule: revised algorithms for improved diagnostic
validity. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 37(4), 613-627.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0280-1
• Gotham, K., Risi, S., Dawson, G., Tager-Flusberg, H., Joseph, R., Carter, A., ... &
Lord, C. (2008). A replication of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
(ADOS) revised algorithms. Journal of the American Academy of Child &
Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(6), 642-651.
https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816bffb7
• Luyster, R., Gotham, K., Guthrie, W., Coffing, M., Petrak, R., Pierce, K., ... &
Lord, C. (2009). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Toddler Module:
A new module of a standardized diagnostic measure for autism spectrum
disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 39(9), 1305-1320.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0746-z
• Kim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2012). New autism diagnostic interview-revised
algorithms for toddlers and young preschoolers from 12 to 47 months of
age. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 42(1), 82-93.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1213-1
• Kim, S. H., Thurm, A., Shumway, S., & Lord, C. (2013). Multisite study of new
autism diagnostic interview-revised (ADI-R) algorithms for toddlers and young
preschoolers. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 43(7), 1527-1538.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1696-4
• Hus, V., & Lord, C. (2014). The autism diagnostic observation schedule, module
4: revised algorithm and standardized severity scores. Journal of autism and
developmental disorders, 44(8), 1996-2012. 10.1007/s10803-014-2080-3
• Hus, V., Gotham, K., & Lord, C. (2014). Standardizing ADOS domain scores:
Separating severity of social affect and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Journal
 of autism and developmental disorders, 44(10), 2400-2412.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1719-1
• Esler, A. N., Bal, V. H., Guthrie, W., Wetherby, A., Weismer, S. E., & Lord, C.
(2015). The autism diagnostic observation schedule, toddler module: standardized
severity scores. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 45(9), 2704-2720.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2432-7
• Bal, V. H., Maye, M., Salzman, E., Huerta, M., Pepa, L., Risi, S., & Lord, C.
(2020). The adapted ADOS: A new module set for the assessment of minimally
verbal adolescents and adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental
Disorders, 50(3), 719-729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04302-8
• Hong, J. S., Singh, V., Kalb, L., Ashkar, A., & Landa, R. (2021). Replication
study of ADOS‐2 Toddler Module cut‐off scores for autism spectrum disorder
classification. Autism Research, 14(6), 1284-1295.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2496
• Zander, E., Sturm, H., & Bölte, S. (2015). The added value of the combined use of
the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised and the Autism Diagnostic Observation
Schedule: Diagnostic validity in a clinical Swedish sample of toddlers and young
preschoolers. Autism, 19(2), 187-199.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1362361313516199

Original ADOS/ADI Papers

• Le Couteur, A., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Rios, P., Robertson, S., Holdgrafer, M., &
McLennan, J. (1989). Autism diagnostic interview: a standardized investigator-
based instrument. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 19(3), 363-387.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02212936
• Lord, C., Rutter, M., Goode, S., Heemsbergen, J., Jordan, H., Mawhood, L., &
Schopler, E. (1989). Austism diagnostic observation schedule: A standardized
observation of communicative and social behavior. Journal of autism and
developmental disorders, 19(2), 185-212. 10.1007/BF02211841
• Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism Diagnostic Interview-
Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals
with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of autism and
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